{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":23,"id":"book-23","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας ψ","translated":"Book 23 — Penelope Knows Her Husband; The Secret of the Bed"},"section":"The Homecoming","summary":"Penelope will not believe the news. She tests the stranger with the secret of their bed, built around a living olive tree, and he passes.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/23","lines":371},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/22","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/24","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b23-l1","source":"γρηῢς δʼ εἰς ὑπερῷʼ ἀνεβήσετο καγχαλόωσα,","translation":"The old woman went up to the upper room, laughing aloud,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀνεβήσετο","gloss":"the old woman","note":"γρηῦς, the aged nurse Eurycleia, unmarked epic term for an old woman"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, into"},{"surface":"ὑπερῷ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"upper room","note":"ὑπερῷον = the women's chamber upstairs, where Penelope sleeps"},{"surface":"ἀνεβήσετο","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went up","note":"aorist middle of ἀναβαίνω 'go up' — middle voice marks self-propelled motion"},{"surface":"καγχαλόωσα","lemma":"καγχαλάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνεβήσετο","gloss":"laughing aloud"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b23-l2","source":"δεσποίνῃ ἐρέουσα φίλον πόσιν ἔνδον ἐόντα·","translation":"to tell her mistress that her dear husband was within;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεσποίνῃ","lemma":"δέσποινα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρέουσα","gloss":"to her mistress"},{"surface":"ἐρέουσα","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνεβήσετο","gloss":"to tell","note":"future participle expressing purpose: 'in order to tell'"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐόντα","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"inside, within"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐρέουσα","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b23-l3","source":"γούνατα δʼ ἐρρώσαντο, πόδες δʼ ὑπερικταίνοντο.","translation":"her knees moved fast, and her feet stumbled with haste.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γούνατα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐρρώσαντο","gloss":"her knees"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρρώσαντο","lemma":"ῥώομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"moved fast","note":"ῥώομαι 'stir quickly' — vivid physical image of excited hurrying"},{"surface":"πόδες","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπερικταίνοντο","gloss":"her feet"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπερικταίνοντο","lemma":"ὑπερικταίνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stumbled in haste"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b23-l4","source":"στῆ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν·","translation":"She stood above her head and spoke a word to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she stood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲρ","gloss":"her head","note":"στῆ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς is a stock formula for standing over a sleeper to wake or address them"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν, the formulaic epic phrase for 'addressed her'"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b23-l5","source":"ἔγρεο, Πηνελόπεια, φίλον τέκος, ὄφρα ἴδηαι","translation":"\"Wake up, Penelope, dear child, so that you may see","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄφρα ἴδηαι","title":"Purpose clause with subjunctive","body":"ὄφρα with the aorist subjunctive ἴδηαι expresses purpose: 'so that you may see.' This is a standard Homeric way to mark intended result."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγρεο","lemma":"ἐγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wake up","note":"aorist middle imperative of ἐγείρω, an urgent command form"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Penelope"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child","note":"τέκος, an affectionate vocative the old nurse uses for Penelope"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδηαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b23-l6","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι τεοῖσι τά τʼ ἔλδεαι ἤματα πάντα.","translation":"with your own eyes what you have longed for all your days.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδηαι","gloss":"with your eyes"},{"surface":"τεοῖσι","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμοῖσι","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔλδεαι","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔλδεαι","lemma":"ἔλδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἴδηαι","gloss":"you long for"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλδεαι","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b23-l7","source":"ἦλθʼ Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ οἶκον ἱκάνεται, ὀψέ περ ἐλθών.","translation":"Odysseus has come, he has reached his home, late though he comes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has come","note":"aorist ἦλθε here carries present-perfect force, 'has come'; a blunt announcement of the news"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνεται","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεται","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has reached"},{"surface":"ὀψέ","lemma":"ὀψέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθών","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though","note":"περ concessive: 'though he comes late'"},{"surface":"ἐλθών","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"having come"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b23-l8","source":"μνηστῆρας δʼ ἔκτεινεν ἀγήνορας, οἵ θʼ ἑὸν οἶκον","translation":"He has killed the proud suitors, who used to trouble his house,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκτεινεν","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκτεινεν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"ἀγήνορας","lemma":"ἀγήρωρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"proud, overbearing","note":"ἀγήνωρ, a standard epithet marking the suitors' arrogance"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κήδεσκον","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b23-l9","source":"κήδεσκον καὶ κτήματʼ ἔδον βιόωντό τε παῖδα.","translation":"and devour his goods, and bully his son.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κήδεσκον","title":"Iterative imperfect","body":"The iterative suffix -σκ- on κήδεσκον marks repeated, habitual past action; βιόωντο does not carry this suffix — it is a plain Homeric imperfect middle of βιόω: the suitors 'kept on' troubling the house. Homer favors this iterative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"κήδεσκον","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"kept troubling"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδον","gloss":"his goods"},{"surface":"ἔδον","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"devoured","note":"iterative imperfect: 'kept eating up' his stores, habitual suitor abuse"},{"surface":"βιόωντό","lemma":"βιάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"bullied"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βιόωντό","gloss":"his son"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b23-l10","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered her in turn:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise, prudent","note":"περίφρων, Penelope's recurring epithet marking her famous good sense"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b23-l11","source":"μαῖα φίλη, μάργην σε θεοὶ θέσαν, οἵ τε δύνανται","translation":"\"Dear nurse, the gods have made you mad — they who can","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse","note":"μαῖα, affectionate address 'dear nurse/granny' used for Eurycleia"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μαῖα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"μάργην","lemma":"μάργος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"complement of θέσαν","gloss":"mad","note":"μάργην, predicate adjective: 'made you crazy/reckless'"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θέσαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύνανται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"can, are able"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b23-l12","source":"ἄφρονα ποιῆσαι καὶ ἐπίφρονά περ μάλʼ ἐόντα,","translation":"make foolish even one who is very prudent,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄφρονα","lemma":"ἄφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ποιῆσαι","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ποιῆσαι","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύνανται","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐπίφρονά","lemma":"ἐπίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wise, prudent one","note":"ironic pairing: the gods can make even the ἐπίφρων 'sensible one' foolish"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of ποιῆσαι","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b23-l13","source":"καί τε χαλιφρονέοντα σαοφροσύνης ἐπέβησαν·","translation":"and set the feeble-minded on the path of good sense;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλιφρονέοντα","lemma":"χαλιφρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of ἐπέβησαν","gloss":"one thinking foolishly"},{"surface":"σαοφροσύνης","lemma":"σαοφροσύνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβησαν","gloss":"good sense","note":"σαοφροσύνης, genitive of the goal after ἐπιβαίνω 'set foot on/upon'"},{"surface":"ἐπέβησαν","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"set upon, brought to"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b23-l14","source":"οἵ σέ περ ἔβλαψαν· πρὶν δὲ φρένας αἰσίμη ἦσθα.","translation":"it is they who have hurt you, for before your wits were sound.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβλαψαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔβλαψαν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔβλαψαν","lemma":"βλάπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"harmed"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσθα","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦσθα","gloss":"in your wits","note":"φρένας, accusative of respect: 'sound in your wits'"},{"surface":"αἰσίμη","lemma":"αἴσιμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sound, sane"},{"surface":"ἦσθα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you were"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b23-l15","source":"τίπτε με λωβεύεις πολυπενθέα θυμὸν ἔχουσαν","translation":"Why do you mock me, when my heart is full of grief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of λωβεύεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"λωβεύεις","lemma":"λωβεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you mock"},{"surface":"πολυπενθέα","lemma":"πολυπενθής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"grief-laden","note":"πολυπενθής, compound adjective 'full of much grief', modifying θυμὸν"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσαν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔχουσαν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b23-l16","source":"ταῦτα παρὲξ ἐρέουσα καὶ ἐξ ὕπνου μʼ ἀνεγείρεις","translation":"telling me this wild tale, and rousing me from sleep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέουσα","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέουσα","gloss":"idly, wildly"},{"surface":"ἐρέουσα","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to λωβεύεις","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνεγείρεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνεγείρεις","lemma":"ἀνεγείρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you rouse"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b23-l17","source":"ἡδέος, ὅς μʼ ἐπέδησε φίλα βλέφαρʼ ἀμφικαλύψας;","translation":"sweet sleep, that bound me and wrapped close my dear eyelids?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡδέος","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνου","gloss":"sweet","note":"ἡδέος modifies ὕπνου from the previous line, delayed genitive across the line break"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέδησε","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέδησε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέδησε","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὕπνου","gloss":"bound","note":"πεδάω 'fetter', vivid metaphor of sleep as chains"},{"surface":"φίλα","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βλέφαρ᾽","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"βλέφαρ","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμφικαλύψας","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"ἀμφικαλύψας","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέδησε","gloss":"having covered over"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b23-l18","source":"οὐ γάρ πω τοιόνδε κατέδραθον, ἐξ οὗ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"Never have I slept so soundly since Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever yet"},{"surface":"τοιόνδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to κατέδραθον","gloss":"so soundly"},{"surface":"κατέδραθον","lemma":"καταδαρθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I slept"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b23-l19","source":"ᾤχετʼ ἐποψόμενος Κακοΐλιον οὐκ ὀνομαστήν.","translation":"went away to see that evil Ilion, not to be named.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤχετ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to κατέδραθον","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"ἐποψόμενος","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ᾤχετ᾽","gloss":"to look upon"},{"surface":"Κακοΐλιον","lemma":"Κακοίλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐποψόμενος","gloss":"evil Ilion","note":"Κακοίλιος, bitter wordplay coining 'Ilion-of-evil' instead of the usual name"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὀνομαστήν","lemma":"ὀνομαστός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Κακοΐλιον","gloss":"to be named"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b23-l20","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν κατάβηθι καὶ ἂψ ἔρχευ μέγαρόνδε.","translation":"Come now, go back down and away into the hall.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κατάβηθι","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go down","note":"aorist imperative, brisk command to leave the upper room"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχευ","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἔρχευ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"μέγαρόνδε","lemma":"μέγαρόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρχευ","gloss":"to the hall","note":"μέγαρόνδε, directional -δε suffix 'to/into the hall'"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b23-l21","source":"εἰ γάρ τίς μʼ ἄλλη γε γυναικῶν, αἵ μοι ἔασι,","translation":"For if any other of the women who serve me","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the women"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔασι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔασι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναικῶν","gloss":"are, serve"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b23-l22","source":"ταῦτʼ ἐλθοῦσʼ ἤγγειλε καὶ ἐξ ὕπνου ἀνέγειρεν,","translation":"had come and told me this and roused me out of sleep,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἤγγειλε","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἐλθοῦσ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἤγγειλε","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"ἤγγειλε","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἀνέγειρεν","lemma":"ἀνεγείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"roused"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b23-l23","source":"τῷ κε τάχα στυγερῶς μιν ἐγὼν ἀπέπεμψα νέεσθαι","translation":"I would soon have sent her packing in bitter disgrace","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"then, therefore"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (particle)","note":"κε with the aorist ἀπέπεμψα forms a past unreal-conditional 'would have sent'"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"στυγερῶς","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"in disgrace, harshly"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀπέπεμψα","lemma":"ἀποπέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent away"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀπέπεμψα","gloss":"to go back"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b23-l24","source":"αὖτις ἔσω μέγαρον· σὲ δὲ τοῦτό γε γῆρας ὀνήσει.","translation":"back into the hall; but this time your age will save you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νέεσθαι","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ἔσω","lemma":"ἔσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέγαρον","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσω","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ὀνήσει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοῦτό","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ὀνήσει","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀνήσει","gloss":"old age","note":"γῆρας personified as the subject that 'will save' the old nurse from punishment"},{"surface":"ὀνήσει","lemma":"ὀνίνημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will save, benefit"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b23-l25","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b23-l26","source":"οὔ τί σε λωβεύω, τέκνον φίλον, ἀλλʼ ἔτυμόν τοι","translation":"\"I am not mocking you at all, dear child; truly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of λωβεύω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"λωβεύω","lemma":"λωβεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I mock"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτυμόν","lemma":"ἔτυμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"truly, in truth","note":"ἔτυμον, emphatic adverbial accusative reinforcing her sincerity"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b23-l27","source":"ἦλθʼ Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ οἶκον ἱκάνεται, ὡς ἀγορεύω,","translation":"Odysseus has come, he has reached his home, as I tell you —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνεται","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεται","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has reached"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I say, tell"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b23-l28","source":"ὁ ξεῖνος, τὸν πάντες ἀτίμων ἐν μεγάροισι.","translation":"the stranger whom they all dishonored in the hall.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies ξεῖνος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"stranger","note":"ξεῖνος — the disguised beggar the suitors mocked, now revealed as Odysseus"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀτίμων","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀτίμων","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀτίμων","lemma":"ἀτιμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ξεῖνος","gloss":"dishonored"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b23-l29","source":"Τηλέμαχος δʼ ἄρα μιν πάλαι ᾔδεεν ἔνδον ἐόντα,","translation":"Telemachus has long known that he was within,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀλλὰ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾔδεεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πάλαι","lemma":"πάλαι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ᾔδεεν","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"ᾔδεεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had known","note":"Pluperfect of οἶδα ('had come to know') gives 'has long known' — a perfect-stem verb with present sense, past-of-that sense here."},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being","note":"Participle of εἰμί completes ᾔδεεν...ἐόντα, 'knew (him) being within' — indirect statement via participle, typical Homeric syntax."}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b23-l30","source":"ἀλλὰ σαοφροσύνῃσι νοήματα πατρὸς ἔκευθεν,","translation":"but in his prudence he kept his father's plans hidden,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σαοφροσύνῃσι","lemma":"σαοφροσύνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκευθεν","gloss":"in prudence","note":"Dative plural of manner σαοφροσύνῃσι, an epic variant spelling of σωφροσύνη."},{"surface":"νοήματα","lemma":"νόημα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκευθεν","gloss":"thoughts, plans"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νοήματα","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"ἔκευθεν","lemma":"κεύθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept hidden"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b23-l31","source":"ὄφρʼ ἀνδρῶν τίσαιτο βίην ὑπερηνορεόντων.","translation":"so that he might punish the violence of those overbearing men.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τίσαιτο","title":"Optative in a purpose clause","body":"After the past-tense main verb ἔκευθεν, the purpose clause uses the optative τίσαιτο ('that he might punish'). Greek shifts purpose clauses to the optative in secondary (past) sequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βίην","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"τίσαιτο","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"might punish","note":"Aorist middle optative expressing purpose after ὄφρα — 'so that he might take vengeance for.'"},{"surface":"βίην","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίσαιτο","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"ὑπερηνορεόντων","lemma":"ὑπερηνορέων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"overbearing"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b23-l32","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, ἡ δʼ ἐχάρη καὶ ἀπὸ λέκτροιο θοροῦσα","translation":"So she spoke, and Penelope rejoiced, and leaping from her bed","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐχάρη","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"λέκτροιο","lemma":"λέκτρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"θοροῦσα","lemma":"θρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to περιπλέχθη","gloss":"leaping up","note":"Aorist participle θοροῦσα ('having leapt') vividly frames the main verb's action, a common Homeric technique of scene-setting with an aorist participle."}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b23-l33","source":"γρηῒ περιπλέχθη, βλεφάρων δʼ ἀπὸ δάκρυον ἧκεν·","translation":"she threw her arms around the old woman, and let a tear fall from her eyes;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γρηῒ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of περιπλέχθη","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"περιπλέχθη","lemma":"περιπλέκω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"embraced","note":"Passive περιπλέχθη used with a near-reflexive/reciprocal sense, 'was wound around' = 'threw her arms around.'"},{"surface":"βλεφάρων","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"from her eyes"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"δάκρυον","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἧκεν","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"ἧκεν","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fall"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b23-l34","source":"καί μιν φωνήσασʼ ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and she spoke to her and addressed her with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Formulaic epithet: winged words","body":"'Winged words' (ἔπεα πτερόεντα) is one of Homer's most frequent formulas, introducing direct speech. The image is of words flying like birds from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φωνήσασ","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"calling out"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words' — a stock Homeric formula introducing direct speech, appears dozens of times in the epics."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b23-l35","source":"εἰ δʼ ἄγε δή μοι, μαῖα φίλη, νημερτὲς\n                     ἐνίσπες,","translation":"\"Come now, dear nurse, tell me truly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε, 'come now' — a fossilized exhortation formula, not a real conditional 'if.'"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μαῖα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσπες","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b23-l36","source":"εἰ ἐτεὸν δὴ οἶκον ἱκάνεται, ὡς ἀγορεύεις,","translation":"if he has really reached his home, as you say,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ἐτεὸν","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνεται","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνεται","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεται","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"has reached"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνεται","gloss":"you say"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b23-l37","source":"ὅππως δὴ μνηστῆρσιν ἀναιδέσι χεῖρας ἐφῆκε","translation":"how then did he lay his hands on the shameless suitors,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅππως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφῆκε","gloss":"on the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀναιδέσι","lemma":"ἀναιδής","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρσιν","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφῆκε","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ἐφῆκε","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"laid, let loose","note":"ἐφίημι + χεῖρας, 'set hands upon' — idiom for launching a violent attack."}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b23-l38","source":"μοῦνος ἐών, οἱ δʼ αἰὲν ἀολλέες ἔνδον ἔμιμνον.","translation":"being alone, while they always stayed gathered within?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μοῦνος","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφῆκε","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔμιμνον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμιμνον","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gathered together"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμιμνον","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἔμιμνον","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"remained","note":"Contrast μοῦνος ('alone') with ἀολλέες ('massed together') — Penelope's disbelief at one man against many is built into the word choice."}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b23-l39","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b23-l40","source":"οὐκ ἴδον, οὐ πυθόμην, ἀλλὰ στόνον οἶον ἄκουσα","translation":"\"I did not see it, I did not learn it, I only heard the groaning","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πυθόμην","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I learned"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"στόνον","lemma":"στόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄκουσα","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ἄκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heard","note":"Anaphora οὐκ...οὐ..., piling up negatives for emphasis before the single positive ἄκουσα — a classic Homeric rhetorical build."}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b23-l41","source":"κτεινομένων· ἡμεῖς δὲ μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτων","translation":"of men being killed; we sat in a corner of the strong-built chambers,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτεινομένων","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies στόνον","gloss":"being slain"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μυχῷ","lemma":"μυχός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"in a corner"},{"surface":"θαλάμων","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μυχῷ","gloss":"of the chambers"},{"surface":"εὐπήκτων","lemma":"εὔπηκτος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμων","gloss":"well-built"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b23-l42","source":"ἥμεθʼ ἀτυζόμεναι, σανίδες δʼ ἔχον εὖ ἀραρυῖαι,","translation":"cowering in fear, and the close-fitted doors held us fast,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμεθ","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we sat","note":"Pluperfect ἥμεθα with imperfect force, 'we were sitting' — common in Homer for the perfect-stem verb ἧμαι."},{"surface":"ἀτυζόμεναι","lemma":"ἀτύζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἥμεθ᾽","gloss":"cowering in fear"},{"surface":"σανίδες","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυῖαι","gloss":"well, tightly"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαι","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies σανίδες","gloss":"close-fitted"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b23-l43","source":"πρίν γʼ ὅτε δή με σὸς υἱὸς ἀπὸ μεγάροιο κάλεσσε","translation":"until your son called me out from the hall —","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κάλεσσε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"σὸς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"κάλεσσε","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b23-l44","source":"Τηλέμαχος· τὸν γάρ ῥα πατὴρ προέηκε καλέσσαι.","translation":"Telemachus; for his father had sent him to call me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προέηκε","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"καλέσσαι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to προέηκε","gloss":"to call"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b23-l45","source":"εὗρον ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆα μετὰ κταμένοισι νέκυσσιν","translation":"Then I found Odysseus among the slaughtered corpses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I found"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὗρον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὗρον","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"κταμένοισι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies νέκυσσιν","gloss":"slain"},{"surface":"νέκυσσιν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"corpses"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b23-l46","source":"ἑσταόθʼ· οἱ δέ μιν ἀμφί, κραταίπεδον οὖδας ἔχοντες,","translation":"standing; and around him, covering the hard-packed floor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταόθ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing","note":"Perfect participle ἑσταότα, 'having taken a stand' = standing firm — perfect stem used for a present-resulting-state."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κείατ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφί","gloss":"around him"},{"surface":"ἀμφί","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κραταίπεδον","lemma":"κραταίπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies οὖδας","gloss":"hard-packed"},{"surface":"οὖδας","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κείατ᾽","gloss":"covering"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b23-l47","source":"κείατʼ ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν· ἰδοῦσά κε θυμὸν ἰάνθης.","translation":"they lay one upon another; you would have warmed your heart to see him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἰδοῦσά κε ... ἰάνθης","title":"Past potential with κε","body":"The particle κε with the aorist indicative ἰάνθης expresses an unreal past potential: 'you would have warmed your heart.' The participle ἰδοῦσα ('having seen') supplies the implied condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"κείατ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they lay"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἰδοῦσά","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἰάνθης","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (have)","note":"κε + aorist indicative ἰάνθης = past potential, 'you would have been warmed' — irrealis condition without εἰ, standard Homeric idiom."},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰάνθης","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἰάνθης","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"been warmed"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b23-l48","source":"νῦν δʼ οἱ μὲν δὴ πάντες ἐπʼ αὐλείῃσι θύρῃσιν","translation":"But now they are all together at the courtyard gates,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"αὐλείῃσι","lemma":"αὔλειος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρῃσιν","gloss":"courtyard"},{"surface":"θύρῃσιν","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"gates"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b23-l50","source":"ἀθρόοι, αὐτὰρ ὁ δῶμα θεειοῦται περικαλλές,","translation":"in a heap, while he is fumigating the lovely house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθρόοι","lemma":"ἀθρόος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"heaped together"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θεειοῦται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θεειοῦται","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"θεειοῦται","lemma":"θεειόω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is fumigating","note":"θεειόω, 'to purify with sulfur smoke' — ritual cleansing after bloodshed, a specific cultural practice worth flagging."},{"surface":"περικαλλές","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"very lovely"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b23-l51","source":"πῦρ μέγα κηάμενος· σὲ δέ με προέηκε καλέσσαι.","translation":"having kindled a great fire; and he sent me to call you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κηάμενος","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κηάμενος","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θεειοῦται","gloss":"having kindled"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of καλέσσαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"καλέσσαι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to προέηκε","gloss":"to call"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b23-l52","source":"ἀλλʼ ἕπευ, ὄφρα σφῶϊν ἐϋφροσύνης ἐπιβῆτον","translation":"So come, that you both may enter into joy","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕπευ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"σφῶϊν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative dual pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"you two","note":"Dual pronoun σφῶϊν — Homeric Greek preserves the dual number for exactly two people, here Odysseus and Penelope."},{"surface":"ἐϋφροσύνης","lemma":"εὐφροσύνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβῆτον","gloss":"of joy"},{"surface":"ἐπιβῆτον","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may enter","note":"Dual verb ending -τον (ἐπιβῆτον) agrees with the dual σφῶϊν, 'you two may step into.'"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b23-l53","source":"ἀμφοτέρω φίλον ἦτορ, ἐπεὶ κακὰ πολλὰ πέποσθε.","translation":"in your two dear hearts, since you have suffered many evils.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"of you both"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐπιβῆτον","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πέποσθε","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"πέποσθε","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you have suffered"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b23-l54","source":"νῦν δʼ ἤδη τόδε μακρὸν ἐέλδωρ ἐκτετέλεσται·","translation":"Now at last this long-cherished wish has been fulfilled:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκτετέλεσται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκτετέλεσται","gloss":"now, already"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἐέλδωρ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐέλδωρ","gloss":"long-cherished"},{"surface":"ἐέλδωρ","lemma":"ἔλδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐκτετέλεσται","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"ἐκτετέλεσται","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has been fulfilled"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b23-l55","source":"ἦλθε μὲν αὐτὸς ζωὸς ἐφέστιος, εὗρε δὲ καὶ σὲ","translation":"he has come alive himself to his own hearth, and found both you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἐφέστιος","lemma":"ἐφέστιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to his own hearth"},{"surface":"εὗρε","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he found"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b23-l56","source":"καὶ παῖδʼ ἐν μεγάροισι· κακῶς δʼ οἵ πέρ μιν ἔρεζον","translation":"and his son in the halls; and those who did him wrong,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"κακῶς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρεζον","gloss":"badly, wrongfully"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρεζον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔρεζον","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοὺς","gloss":"treated","note":"κακῶς ἔρεζον, 'did (things) badly to him' — a relative clause identifying the suitors, resolved by the noun in the next line (enjambment)."}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b23-l57","source":"μνηστῆρες, τοὺς πάντας ἐτίσατο ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.","translation":"the suitors — he has paid them all back in his own house.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐτίσατο","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοὺς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐτίσατο","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"paid back","note":"Middle voice ἐτίσατο, 'exacted payment for himself' — the middle underscores Odysseus acting in his own interest/vengeance."},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b23-l58","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered her in turn:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered","note":"προσεῖπον is a suppletive aorist 'spoke to'; this formulaic answering-line recurs verbatim through the poem."},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων 'circumspect' is Penelope's stock epithet, always paired with her name."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b23-l59","source":"μαῖα φίλη, μή πω μέγʼ ἐπεύχεο καγχαλόωσα.","translation":"\"Dear nurse, do not yet exult and laugh aloud too soon.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse","note":"Vocative μαῖα 'nurse/mother' with no verb of address stated — vocatives often stand with an implied 'I say to you'."},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μαῖα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπεύχεο","gloss":"greatly","note":"Neuter accusative μέγα used adverbially, 'greatly' — a common Homeric adverbial accusative with verbs of emotion."},{"surface":"ἐπεύχεο","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"exult"},{"surface":"καγχαλόωσα","lemma":"καγχαλάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεύχεο","gloss":"laughing loud"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b23-l60","source":"οἶσθα γὰρ ὥς κʼ ἀσπαστὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισι φανείη","translation":"You know how welcome he would appear in these halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσθα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know","note":"οἶδα is a perfect form with present meaning, 'I know' — one of Greek's classic perfect-as-present verbs."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"ἀσπαστὸς","lemma":"ἀσπαστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"φανείη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὥς","gloss":"would appear","note":"Aorist passive optative with κε = potential 'would appear', a common Homeric future-less-vivid construction."}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b23-l61","source":"πᾶσι, μάλιστα δʼ ἐμοί τε καὶ υἱέϊ, τὸν τεκόμεσθα·","translation":"to all, and most of all to me and to the son we bore;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱέϊ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to the son"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τεκόμεσθα","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τεκόμεσθα","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing υἱέϊ","gloss":"we bore","note":"τεκόμεσθα, 1st plural aorist middle of τίκτω — the middle voice underscores the couple's shared act of bearing the child."}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b23-l62","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔσθʼ ὅδε μῦθος ἐτήτυμος, ὡς ἀγορεύεις,","translation":"but this is not a true account, the way you tell it.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μῦθος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μῦθος","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσθ᾽","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"ἐτήτυμος","lemma":"ἐτήτυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσθ᾽","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῦθος","gloss":"you tell it"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b23-l63","source":"ἀλλά τις ἀθανάτων κτεῖνε μνηστῆρας ἀγαυούς,","translation":"Rather, some immortal has killed the proud suitors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κτεῖνε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the immortals","note":"Partitive genitive ἀθανάτων with τις — 'one of the immortals', typical epic vagueness about which god acted."},{"surface":"κτεῖνε","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κτεῖνε","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἀγαυούς","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b23-l64","source":"ὕβριν ἀγασσάμενος θυμαλγέα καὶ κακὰ ἔργα.","translation":"in outrage at their heart-grieving insolence and evil deeds.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕβριν","lemma":"ὕβρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"outrage"},{"surface":"ἀγασσάμενος","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κτεῖνε","gloss":"resenting","note":"ἀγασσάμενος from ἄγαμαι, 'feeling indignation at' — a middle participle expressing the god's inner reaction, causal to the killing."},{"surface":"θυμαλγέα","lemma":"θυμαλγής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὕβριν","gloss":"heart-grieving"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b23-l65","source":"οὔ τινα γὰρ τίεσκον ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων,","translation":"For they honored no one of men who walk the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τίεσκον","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίεσκον","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"honored","note":"τίεσκον is an iterative imperfect in -σκον, marking repeated/habitual past action: 'they used to honor'."},{"surface":"ἐπιχθονίων","lemma":"ἐπιχθόνιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινα","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b23-l66","source":"οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν, ὅτις σφέας εἰσαφίκοιτο·","translation":"neither base nor noble, whoever came among them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor indeed"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὅτις","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"σφέας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκοιτο","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκοιτο","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τινα","gloss":"came among","note":"εἰσαφίκοιτο, aorist middle optative in a general relative clause — the optative of indefinite frequency, 'whoever might come'."}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b23-l67","source":"τῷ διʼ ἀτασθαλίας ἔπαθον κακόν· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"so through their own recklessness they suffered evil. But Odysseus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπαθον","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίας","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δι᾽","gloss":"recklessness"},{"surface":"ἔπαθον","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔπαθον","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b23-l68","source":"ὤλεσε τηλοῦ νόστον Ἀχαιΐδος, ὤλετο δʼ αὐτός.","translation":"has lost his return from Achaea, far away, and is himself lost.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤλεσε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lost","note":"ὤλεσε (active, transitive 'destroyed/lost') vs. ὤλετο below (middle, intransitive 'perished') — same root, sharp voice contrast in one line."},{"surface":"τηλοῦ","lemma":"τηλοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὤλεσε","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσε","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιΐδος","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"from Achaea"},{"surface":"ὤλετο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b23-l69","source":"τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"Eurycleia"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b23-l70","source":"τέκνον ἐμόν, ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων,","translation":"\"My child, what a word has escaped the barrier of your teeth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων","title":"Formula: the barrier of the teeth","body":"'The barrier of the teeth' (ἕρκος ὀδόντων) is a recurring Homeric image for the mouth as a fence that words must pass through. Here it gently rebukes Penelope for a rash word."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ποῖόν","lemma":"ποῖος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φύγεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"φύγεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped","note":"φύγεν, root aorist of φεύγω — the vivid idiom 'a word fled the barrier of your teeth' for 'you blurted something out'."},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"barrier"},{"surface":"ὀδόντων","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of teeth"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b23-l71","source":"ἣ πόσιν ἔνδον ἐόντα παρʼ ἐσχάρῃ οὔ ποτʼ ἔφησθα","translation":"you who said your husband would never come home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔφησθα","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεσθαι","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἐσχάρῃ","lemma":"ἐσχάρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"hearth"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἔφησθα","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σε","gloss":"you kept saying","note":"ἔφησθα, 2nd singular imperfect of φημί, 'you kept saying/insisting' — imperfect for a repeated stubborn claim."}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b23-l72","source":"οἴκαδʼ ἐλεύσεσθαι· θυμὸς δέ τοι αἰὲν ἄπιστος.","translation":"though he is here within, beside the hearth; but your heart is always doubting.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλεύσεσθαι","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔφησθα","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἄπιστος","lemma":"ἄπιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"doubting"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b23-l73","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε τοι καὶ σῆμα ἀριφραδὲς ἄλλο τι εἴπω,","translation":"Come, let me tell you yet another clear and certain sign:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"ἄγε, frozen imperative of ἄγω used as a discourse particle 'come now', common to introduce a new point."},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴπω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"ἀριφραδὲς","lemma":"ἀριφραδής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me tell"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b23-l74","source":"οὐλήν, τήν ποτέ μιν σῦς ἤλασε λευκῷ ὀδόντι.","translation":"the scar that long ago a boar dealt him with its white tusk.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐλήν","lemma":"οὐλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"scar","note":"οὐλή, 'scar' — the famous scar-of-Odysseus token, central recognition motif of Book 19 recalled here."},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤλασε","gloss":"boar"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οὐλήν","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"λευκῷ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδόντι","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ὀδόντι","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"tusk"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b23-l75","source":"τὴν ἀπονίζουσα φρασάμην, ἔθελον δὲ σοὶ αὐτῇ","translation":"I noticed it while washing him, and I wanted to tell you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φρασάμην","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἀπονίζουσα","lemma":"ἀπονίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φρασάμην","gloss":"washing"},{"surface":"φρασάμην","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I noticed"},{"surface":"ἔθελον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἰπέμεν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σοὶ","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b23-l76","source":"εἰπέμεν· ἀλλά με κεῖνος ἑλὼν ἐπὶ μάστακα χερσὶν","translation":"yes, you yourself; but he, gripping my mouth with his hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπέμεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔθελον","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰπέμεναι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔα","gloss":"that one","note":"κεῖνος, deictic 'that man there' — the emphatic distal demonstrative marking Odysseus even before he's named."},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔα","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"μάστακα","lemma":"μάσταξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἑλὼν","gloss":"with hands"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b23-l77","source":"οὐκ ἔα εἰπέμεναι πολυϊδρείῃσι νόοιο.","translation":"would not let me speak, in the great cunning of his mind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"εἰπέμεναι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔα","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"πολυϊδρείῃσι","lemma":"πολυιδρεία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔα","gloss":"in the shrewdness"},{"surface":"νόοιο","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πολυϊδρείῃσι","gloss":"of mind","note":"πολυϊδρείῃσι νόοιο, 'by the great cunning of his mind' — praises Odysseus's characteristic μῆτις even in Eurycleia's complaint."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b23-l78","source":"ἀλλʼ ἕπευ· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐμέθεν περιδώσομαι αὐτῆς,","translation":"So come with me; and I will wager my own self on it:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕπευ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"follow","note":"ἕπευ, imperative 'come along with me' — Eurycleia takes the lead, urging Penelope downstairs."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of περιδώσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐμέθεν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of περιδώσομαι","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"περιδώσομαι","lemma":"περιδίδομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will stake"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμέθεν","gloss":"my own self"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b23-l79","source":"αἴ κέν σʼ ἐξαπάφω, κτεῖναί μʼ οἰκτίστῳ ὀλέθρῳ.","translation":"if I am deceiving you, kill me by the most wretched death.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐξαπάφω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐξαπάφω","lemma":"ἐξαπαφίσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"κτεῖναί","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of περιδώσομαι","gloss":"kill","note":"κτεῖναί, aorist infinitive used as a bold imperative 'kill me!' — a vivid oath formula staking her own life."},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κτεῖναί","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἰκτίστῳ","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀλέθρῳ","gloss":"most wretched"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρῳ","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κτεῖναί","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b23-l80","source":"τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered her in turn:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b23-l81","source":"μαῖα φίλη, χαλεπόν σε θεῶν αἰειγενετάων","translation":"\"Dear nurse, it is hard for you to trace the designs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μαῖα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"χαλεπόν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἴρυσθαι","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δήνεα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"αἰειγενετάων","lemma":"αἰειγενέτης","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"everlasting","note":"αἰειγενέτης, 'ever-born/eternal', an epic-only compound epithet applied to the gods, echoing their timeless power over mortal knowledge."}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b23-l82","source":"δήνεα εἴρυσθαι, μὰλα περ πολύϊδριν ἐοῦσαν.","translation":"of the gods who live forever, however shrewd you are.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήνεα","lemma":"δῆνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἴρυσθαι","gloss":"designs","note":"δήνεα, 'plans, counsels' — a rare poetic word almost exclusively for divine or deeply cunning schemes."},{"surface":"εἴρυσθαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to trace"},{"surface":"μὰλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"πολύϊδριν","lemma":"πολύιδρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"shrewd"},{"surface":"ἐοῦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b23-l83","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔμπης ἴομεν μετὰ παῖδʼ ἐμόν, ὄφρα ἴδωμαι","translation":"But all the same let us go to my son, so that I may see","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"ἴομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδωμαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"I may see"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b23-l84","source":"ἄνδρας μνηστῆρας τεθνηότας, ἠδʼ ὃς ἔπεφνεν.","translation":"the suitors lying dead, and the man who killed them.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"τεθνηότας","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"lying dead"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνεν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"killed","note":"ἔπεφνεν, an old root aorist of θείνω ('slay') distinct from the ordinary present — a poetic, almost archaic-sounding verb of killing."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b23-l85","source":"ὣς φαμένη κατέβαινʼ ὑπερώϊα· πολλὰ δέ οἱ κῆρ","translation":"So saying she went down from the upper room; and much her heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαμένη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φαμένη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέβαιν᾽","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"κατέβαιν","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"ὑπερώϊα","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατέβαιν᾽","gloss":"upper room"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὥρμαιν᾽","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὥρμαιν᾽","gloss":"heart","note":"κῆρ 'heart' begins the enjambed thought completed next line — a suspended subject typical of Homeric run-on syntax."}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b23-l86","source":"ὥρμαινʼ, ἢ ἀπάνευθε φίλον πόσιν ἐξερεείνοι,","translation":"debated, whether to question her dear husband from a distance,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥρμαιν","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"debated","note":"Iterative-feeling imperfect: she kept turning the question over in her mind."},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἀπάνευθε","lemma":"ἀπάνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξερεείνοι","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξερεείνοι","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἐξερεείνοι","lemma":"ἐξερεείνω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"question","note":"Optative in an indirect deliberative question: 'whether she should question him.'"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b23-l87","source":"ἦ παρστᾶσα κύσειε κάρη καὶ χεῖρε λαβοῦσα.","translation":"or to stand beside him and kiss his head and take his hands.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἢ ... ἦ","title":"Indirect deliberative question","body":"The optatives ἐξερεείνοι and κύσειε in the ἢ...ἦ ('whether...or') construction render Penelope's inward deliberation as an indirect question in past sequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"παρστᾶσα","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κύσειε","gloss":"standing beside","note":"Aorist participle παρίστημι: single decisive act of stepping up to him, prior to the kiss."},{"surface":"κύσειε","lemma":"κυνέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρε","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative dual feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands","note":"Dual form χεῖρε: Homeric Greek still marks 'two hands' grammatically, not just plural."},{"surface":"λαβοῦσα","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κύσειε","gloss":"taking"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b23-l88","source":"ἡ δʼ ἐπεὶ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὑπέρβη λάϊνον οὐδόν,","translation":"But when she had entered and crossed the stone threshold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εἰσῆλθεν","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπέρβη","lemma":"ὑπερβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"λάϊνον","lemma":"λάινος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐδόν","gloss":"stone","note":"λάϊνον οὐδόν 'stone threshold' is a stock Homeric formula marking entry into the hall."},{"surface":"οὐδόν","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπέρβη","gloss":"threshold"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b23-l89","source":"ἕζετʼ ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἐναντίη, ἐν πυρὸς αὐγῇ,","translation":"she sat down across from Odysseus, in the firelight,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕζετ","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐναντίη","gloss":"Odysseus'"},{"surface":"ἐναντίη","lemma":"ἐναντίος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"across from","note":"ἐναντίη 'facing' governs the genitive Ὀδυσῆος: 'opposite Odysseus.'"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies αὐγῇ","gloss":"of the fire"},{"surface":"αὐγῇ","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b23-l90","source":"τοίχου τοῦ ἑτέρου· ὁ δʼ ἄρα πρὸς κίονα μακρὴν","translation":"by the far wall; and he sat against a tall pillar,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοίχου","lemma":"τοῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine article","role":"modifies ἑτέρου","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἑτέρου","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοίχου","gloss":"far, other"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧστο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"κίονα","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρὸς","gloss":"pillar","note":"κίονα is feminine in Homer though the noun looks masculine-declined; note for learners expecting κίων=masc."},{"surface":"μακρὴν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κίονα","gloss":"tall"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b23-l91","source":"ἧστο κάτω ὁρόων, ποτιδέγμενος εἴ τί μιν εἴποι","translation":"looking down, waiting to see whether his noble wife","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧστο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat","note":"Pluperfect ἧστο used with imperfect force: 'he was sitting,' typical of this verb in Homer."},{"surface":"κάτω","lemma":"κάτω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρόων","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ὁρόων","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ποτιδέγμενος","lemma":"προσδέχομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἴποι","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴποι","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"εἴποι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"would say","note":"Optative in a future-indirect question after a verb of waiting/expecting."}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b23-l92","source":"ἰφθίμη παράκοιτις, ἐπεὶ ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν.","translation":"would say something to him, now that she saw him with her eyes.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰφθίμη","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παράκοιτις","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"παράκοιτις","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἴποι","gloss":"wife","note":"παράκοιτις 'bedmate, wife' — an epic-register word, more elevated than γυνή."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"now that"},{"surface":"ἴδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδεν","gloss":"with her eyes"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b23-l93","source":"ἡ δʼ ἄνεω δὴν ἧστο, τάφος δέ οἱ ἦτορ ἵκανεν·","translation":"But she sat a long time in silence, and astonishment came over her heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧστο","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνεω","lemma":"ἄνεω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"δὴν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἧστο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"τάφος","lemma":"τάφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἵκανεν","gloss":"astonishment","note":"τάφος 'amazement, stupor' — vivid word for the shock that grips her heart."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκανεν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἵκανεν","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b23-l94","source":"ὄψει δʼ ἄλλοτε μέν μιν ἐνωπαδίως ἐσίδεσκεν,","translation":"at one moment she would gaze straight into his face,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐσίδεσκεν","title":"Iterative imperfect","body":"The -σκ- forms ἐσίδεσκεν ('she would look') and ἀγνώσασκε ('she would fail to recognize') depict Penelope's wavering: again and again she looks, then again fails to know him."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄψει","lemma":"ὄψις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσίδεσκεν","gloss":"with a glance","note":"Instrumental dative ὄψει 'with her look/gaze,' set up against the ἄλλοτε...ἄλλοτε 'now...now' contrast in these two lines."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσίδεσκεν","gloss":"at one moment"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐσίδεσκεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐνωπαδίως","lemma":"ἐνωπαδίως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσίδεσκεν","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"ἐσίδεσκεν","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gazed at"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b23-l95","source":"ἄλλοτε δʼ ἀγνώσασκε κακὰ χροῒ εἵματʼ ἔχοντα.","translation":"and at another she failed to know him in the poor clothes he wore.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγνώσασκε","gloss":"at another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀγνώσασκε","lemma":"ἀγνοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"failed to know","note":"Iterative -σκε suffix (ἀγνώσασκε) marks repeated action: 'she kept failing to recognize him.'"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματ᾽","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"on his skin"},{"surface":"εἵματ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wearing"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b23-l96","source":"Τηλέμαχος δʼ ἐνένιπεν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·","translation":"Then Telemachus rebuked her, and spoke and called her by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνένιπεν","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"ἔκ...ὀνόμαζε is a split (tmesis) compound 'called out by name' — the preposition ἐκ separated from its verb, common in Homer."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b23-l97","source":"μῆτερ ἐμή, δύσμητερ, ἀπηνέα θυμὸν ἔχουσα,","translation":"\"Mother of mine, cruel mother, with your unfeeling heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆτερ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ἐμή","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτερ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δύσμητερ","lemma":"δυσμήτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"cruel mother","note":"δύσμητερ is a nonce coinage (δυσ- 'bad' + μήτηρ) found only here — Telemachus inventing a bitter epithet."},{"surface":"ἀπηνέα","lemma":"ἀπηνής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, vocative singular feminine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b23-l98","source":"τίφθʼ οὕτω πατρὸς νοσφίζεαι, οὐδὲ παρʼ αὐτὸν","translation":"why do you hold yourself so far from my father? Why not sit","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίφθ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νοσφίζεαι","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of νοσφίζεαι","gloss":"from father"},{"surface":"νοσφίζεαι","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold yourself apart","note":"νοσφίζεαι 'keep aloof from' governs the genitive πατρὸς: 'stand off from father.'"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of παρ᾽","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b23-l99","source":"ἑζομένη μύθοισιν ἀνείρεαι οὐδὲ μεταλλᾷς;","translation":"beside him, and ask him questions and inquire?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑζομένη","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνείρεαι","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀνείρεαι","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"μεταλλᾷς","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"inquire"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b23-l100","source":"οὐ μέν κʼ ἄλλη γʼ ὧδε γυνὴ τετληότι θυμῷ","translation":"No other woman would stand off like this, with stubborn heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κ(ε) + optative = potential mood: 'no other woman would...'"},{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"τετληότι","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b23-l101","source":"ἀνδρὸς ἀφεσταίη, ὅς οἱ κακὰ πολλὰ μογήσας","translation":"from her husband, who after suffering many hardships for her","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἀφεσταίη","lemma":"ἀφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand apart from","note":"Perfect optative ἀφεσταίη with potential force: 'would keep herself away.'"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθοι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλθοι","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μογήσας","gloss":"hardships"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μογήσας","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"having suffered"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b23-l102","source":"ἔλθοι ἐεικοστῷ ἔτεϊ ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν·","translation":"had come in the twentieth year to his native land;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἐεικοστῷ","lemma":"εἰκοστός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτεϊ","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"ἔτεϊ","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"year","note":"ἐεικοστῷ ἔτεϊ: the famous 'twentieth year' formula marking the full span of Odysseus' absence."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b23-l103","source":"σοὶ δʼ αἰεὶ κραδίη στερεωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο.","translation":"but your heart is always harder than a stone.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶ","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"στερεωτέρη","lemma":"στερεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"harder","note":"στερεωτέρη + genitive λίθοιο: comparative 'harder' takes a genitive of comparison, 'harder than stone.'"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"λίθοιο","lemma":"λίθος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies στερεωτέρη","gloss":"than a stone"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b23-l104","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων Πηνελόπεια is Penelope's standing epithet — 'circumspect/very wise' — used whenever she speaks."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b23-l105","source":"τέκνον ἐμόν, θυμός μοι ἐνὶ στήθεσσι τέθηπεν,","translation":"\"My child, the heart within my breast is stunned,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέθηπεν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμός","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"τέθηπεν","lemma":"τέθηπα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is stunned","note":"Perfect τέθηπεν of an archaic root: state of amazed paralysis, not a completed single action."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b23-l106","source":"οὐδέ τι προσφάσθαι δύναμαι ἔπος οὐδʼ ἐρέεσθαι","translation":"and I am unable to say a word to him or to ask anything,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐδέ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"προσφάσθαι","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to speak to him"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am able"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προσφάσθαι","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"οὐδ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἐρέεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b23-l107","source":"οὐδʼ εἰς ὦπα ἰδέσθαι ἐναντίον. εἰ δʼ ἐτεὸν δὴ","translation":"nor even to look him in the face. But if truly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὦπα","lemma":"ὤψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδέσθαι","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐτεὸν","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b23-l108","source":"ἔστʼ Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ οἶκον ἱκάνεται, ἦ μάλα νῶϊ","translation":"this is Odysseus, and he has reached his home, then surely we two","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"is","note":"ἔστ(ι) here is emphatic existential 'he really is/exists as' Odysseus, not just copula."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνεται","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκάνεται","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"has reached"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γνωσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"we two","note":"Dual νῶϊ: Penelope and Odysseus as a pair, set apart grammatically from everyone else."}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b23-l109","source":"γνωσόμεθʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ λώϊον· ἔστι γὰρ ἡμῖν","translation":"shall know each other, and the better for it; for we have","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶϊ","title":"First-person dual","body":"νῶϊ ('we two') is the dual pronoun, used for the intimate pair of Odysseus and Penelope. Homer keeps the dual alive for natural couples and partners."}],"words":[{"surface":"γνωσόμεθ","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall know","note":"Future middle γνωσόμεθα with reciprocal ἀλλήλων: 'we shall recognize each other.'"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of γνωσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"λώϊον","lemma":"λωίων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to γνωσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔστι","gloss":"to us"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b23-l110","source":"σήμαθʼ, ἃ δὴ καὶ νῶϊ κεκρυμμένα ἴδμεν ἀπʼ ἄλλων.","translation":"signs, secret ones, that the two of us know, hidden from all others.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σήμαθ","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"ἃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδμεν","gloss":"we two","note":"Dual νῶϊ again — the private, shared knowledge of the couple, echoing l108."},{"surface":"κεκρυμμένα","lemma":"κρύπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἃ","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σήμαθ᾽","gloss":"know","note":"Perfect ἴδμεν of οἶδα used as present: 'we know.'"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b23-l111","source":"ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"So she spoke, and much-enduring noble Odysseus smiled,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Formulaic epithet","body":"A fixed noun-epithet phrase, 'much-enduring noble Odysseus,' filling the line's end. Such epithets are metrical building blocks of oral verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"μείδησεν","lemma":"μειδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολύτλας","lemma":"πολύτλας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"much-enduring","note":"πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς: stacked epithets, a full-line formula marking a significant character beat."},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μείδησεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b23-l112","source":"αἶψα δὲ Τηλέμαχον ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and at once spoke winged words to Telemachus:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' — one of Homer's most famous formulas, introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b23-l113","source":"Τηλέμαχʼ, ἦ τοι μητέρʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔασον","translation":"\"Telemachus, leave your mother there in the halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μητέρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πειράζειν","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἔασον","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leave, let"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b23-l114","source":"πειράζειν ἐμέθεν· τάχα δὲ φράσεται καὶ ἄρειον.","translation":"to test me; soon she will recognize me even better.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πειράζειν","lemma":"πειράζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔασον","gloss":"to test","note":"πειράζειν ἐμέθεν 'to put me to the test' — infinitive of purpose after ἔασον, governing genitive ἐμέθεν."},{"surface":"ἐμέθεν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πειράζειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράσεται","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φράσεται","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will discern"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἄρειον","lemma":"ἀρείων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to φράσεται","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b23-l115","source":"νῦν δʼ ὅττι ῥυπόω, κακὰ δὲ χροῒ εἵματα εἷμαι,","translation":"For now I am filthy, and wear poor clothes on my body,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ῥυπόω","lemma":"ῥυπάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"I am filthy"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἷμαι","gloss":"on my body","note":"χρώς 'skin/body' as dative of place-where, no preposition needed"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἷμαι","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"εἷμαι","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"I wear","note":"perfect εἷμαι from ἕννυμι has present force: 'I am clad in'"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b23-l116","source":"τοὔνεκʼ ἀτιμάζει με καὶ οὔ πω φησὶ τὸν εἶναι.","translation":"and for that reason she scorns me and does not yet say I am he.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὔνεκ","lemma":"τοὔνεκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀτιμάζει","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"ἀτιμάζει","lemma":"ἀτιμάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she scorns"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀτιμάζει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"φησὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"him","note":"τόν here is the pronoun 'that man,' object of εἶναι, not the article"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φησὶ","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b23-l117","source":"ἡμεῖς δὲ φραζώμεθʼ ὅπως ὄχʼ ἄριστα γένηται.","translation":"But let us consider how things may turn out best by far.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φραζώμεθʼ","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"First-person plural subjunctive used as an exhortation, 'let us consider.' Homeric Greek regularly uses the subjunctive this way for proposals."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φραζώμεθ᾽","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φραζώμεθ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us consider","note":"hortatory subjunctive, 1st plural: 'let us plan'"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ὄχ","lemma":"ὄχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστα","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅπως","gloss":"may turn out"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b23-l118","source":"καὶ γάρ τίς θʼ ἕνα φῶτα κατακτείνας ἐνὶ δήμῳ,","translation":"For even when a man has killed a single person among his people,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φεύγει","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φῶτα","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"φῶτα","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτείνας","gloss":"person","note":"φώς, epic word for 'man, mortal,' distinct from the everyday ἀνήρ used later in this passage"},{"surface":"κατακτείνας","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φεύγει","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"his people"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b23-l119","source":"ᾧ μὴ πολλοὶ ἔωσιν ἀοσσητῆρες ὀπίσσω,","translation":"one who leaves behind no great host of avengers,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔωσιν","gloss":"whom","note":"dative ᾧ picks up the killer of l118, 'for whom'"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοσσητῆρες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἔωσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φῶτα","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"ἀοσσητῆρες","lemma":"ἀοσσητήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔωσιν","gloss":"avengers"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔωσιν","gloss":"behind, hereafter"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b23-l120","source":"φεύγει πηούς τε προλιπὼν καὶ πατρίδα γαῖαν·","translation":"he flees, abandoning his kinsmen and his native land;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φεύγει","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he flees"},{"surface":"πηούς","lemma":"πηός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προλιπὼν","lemma":"προλείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φεύγει","gloss":"leaving behind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b23-l121","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ ἕρμα πόληος ἀπέκταμεν, οἳ μέγʼ ἄριστοι","translation":"but we have killed the bulwark of the city, the very best","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἕρμα πόληος","title":"Bulwark of the city","body":"Literally a 'prop' or 'support' of the city; the slain suitors were the leading young men whose families and faction give the killing graver consequences."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέκταμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕρμα","lemma":"ἕρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπέκταμεν","gloss":"the bulwark","note":"ἕρμα literally 'prop, stay' — vivid metaphor for the city's defenders"},{"surface":"πόληος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἕρμα","gloss":"of the city"},{"surface":"ἀπέκταμεν","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have killed"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b23-l122","source":"κούρων εἰν Ἰθάκῃ· τὰ δέ σε φράζεσθαι ἄνωγα.","translation":"of the young men in Ithaca; this I urge you to weigh.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρων","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of the young men"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκῃ","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εἰν","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of φράζεσθαι","gloss":"this","note":"τά picks up 'this matter' as object of φράζεσθαι, fronted for emphasis"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of φράζεσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φράζεσθαι","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωγα","gloss":"to weigh, consider"},{"surface":"ἄνωγα","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I urge"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b23-l123","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then wise Telemachus answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"wise","note":"πεπνυμένος, stock epithet 'of sound mind,' regularly paired with Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in answer"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b23-l124","source":"αὐτὸς ταῦτά γε λεῦσσε, πάτερ φίλε· σὴν γὰρ ἀρίστην","translation":"\"See to this yourself, dear father; for they say your counsel is the best","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"ταῦτά","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λεῦσσε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λεῦσσε","lemma":"λεύσσω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"see to"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"φίλε","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάτερ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μῆτιν","gloss":"your","note":"σήν modifies μῆτιν in the next line, split across the line-break (hyperbaton)"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀρίστην","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b23-l125","source":"μῆτιν ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπους φάσʼ ἔμμεναι, οὐδέ κέ τίς τοι","translation":"among men, and no other man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆτιν","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"counsel","note":"μῆτις, the very word tied to Odysseus's epithet πολύμητις later in this passage"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐπ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"φάσ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φάσ᾽","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρίσειε","gloss":"with you"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b23-l126","source":"ἄλλος ἀνὴρ ἐρίσειε καταθνητῶν ἀνθρώπων.","translation":"of mortal men could rival you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρίσειε","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐρίσειε","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could rival","note":"aorist optative with κε = potential optative, 'no man would rival'"},{"surface":"καταθνητῶν","lemma":"καταθνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b23-l127","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐμμεμαῶτες ἅμʼ ἑψόμεθʼ, οὐδέ τί φημι","translation":"We will follow eagerly at your side, and I think we will not","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑψόμεθ᾽","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμμεμαῶτες","lemma":"ἐμμεμαώς","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑψόμεθ᾽","gloss":"eager","note":"ἐμμεμαῶτες, perfect participle with present force, 'straining forward'"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑψόμεθ᾽","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἑψόμεθ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will follow"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b23-l128","source":"ἀλκῆς δευήσεσθαι, ὅση δύναμίς γε πάρεστιν.","translation":"fall short in courage, so far as our strength holds out.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of δευήσεσθαι","gloss":"in courage"},{"surface":"δευήσεσθαι","lemma":"δεύω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"we will fall short"},{"surface":"ὅση","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δύναμίς","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"δύναμίς","lemma":"δύναμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πάρεστιν","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάρεστιν","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δευήσεσθαι","gloss":"holds out"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b23-l129","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"Then Odysseus of many devices answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς","title":"Epithet 'of many devices'","body":"A signature epithet stressing Odysseus' cunning intelligence (mētis). It is a standard line-ending formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many devices","note":"πολύμητις, Odysseus's signature epithet, echoing μῆτιν from Telemachus's speech"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b23-l130","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα.","translation":"\"Then I will tell you how it seems to me to be best.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιγὰρ","lemma":"τοιγάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δοκεῖ","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δοκεῖ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δοκεῖ","lemma":"δοκέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέω","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δοκεῖ","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄριστα","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b23-l131","source":"πρῶτα μὲν ἂρ λούσασθε καὶ ἀμφιέσασθε χιτῶνας,","translation":"First wash yourselves and put on your tunics,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"λούσασθε","title":"Aorist middle imperative","body":"Middle voice marks the action as done to or for oneself, 'wash yourselves.' The middle is common for actions on one's own body."}],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[then]"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"λούσασθε","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wash yourselves","note":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural: command for immediate action"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιέσασθε","lemma":"ἀμφιάζω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"χιτῶνας","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφιέσασθε","gloss":"tunics"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b23-l132","source":"δμῳὰς δʼ ἐν μεγάροισιν ἀνώγετε εἵμαθʼ ἑλέσθαι·","translation":"and bid the serving-women in the halls to take up their garments;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῳὰς","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"serving-women"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"ἀνώγετε","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"εἵμαθ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"ἑλέσθαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγετε","gloss":"to take up"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b23-l133","source":"αὐτὰρ θεῖος ἀοιδὸς ἔχων φόρμιγγα λίγειαν","translation":"and let the divine singer with his clear-toned lyre","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῖος","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδὸς","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸς","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἡγείσθω","gloss":"singer"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἡγείσθω","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"φόρμιγγα","lemma":"φόρμιγξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"lyre"},{"surface":"λίγειαν","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φόρμιγγα","gloss":"clear-toned"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b23-l134","source":"ἡμῖν ἡγείσθω φιλοπαίγμονος ὀρχηθμοῖο,","translation":"lead off for us a merry dance,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἡγείσθω","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"ἡγείσθω","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"present middle imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him lead"},{"surface":"φιλοπαίγμονος","lemma":"φιλοπαίγμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies ὀρχηθμοῖο","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"ὀρχηθμοῖο","lemma":"ὀρχηθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἡγείσθω","gloss":"dance","note":"a false wedding-feast as cover story, staged to fool the neighbors after the suitors' slaughter"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b23-l135","source":"ὥς κέν τις φαίη γάμον ἔμμεναι ἐκτὸς ἀκούων,","translation":"so that anyone hearing from outside might say there is a wedding,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φαίη","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"φαίη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"might say"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"a wedding"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φαίη","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ἐκτὸς","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκούων","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"ἀκούων","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b23-l136","source":"ἢ ἀνʼ ὁδὸν στείχων, ἢ οἳ περιναιετάουσι·","translation":"whether passing along the road, or among those who dwell nearby;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀν᾽","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"στείχων","lemma":"στείχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of περιναιετάουσι","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"περιναιετάουσι","lemma":"περιναιετάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἢ","gloss":"dwell nearby"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b23-l137","source":"μὴ πρόσθε κλέος εὐρὺ φόνου κατὰ ἄστυ γένηται","translation":"so that no wide rumor of the slaughter spreads through the town","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κλέος εὐρὺ","title":"Wide report","body":"Kleos here means 'report' or 'rumor' in its plain sense of what is heard and spread, not the heroic 'glory' it often carries in epic."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[not]","note":"μὴ + subjunctive γένηται here expresses purpose: 'so that ... may not spread'"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένηται","gloss":"before, ahead"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"φόνου","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"of the slaughter"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spreads"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b23-l138","source":"ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, πρίν γʼ ἡμέας ἐλθέμεν ἔξω","translation":"of the suitors, before we have gone out","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φόνου","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ἐλθέμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρίν","gloss":"have gone"},{"surface":"ἔξω","lemma":"ἔξω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b23-l139","source":"ἀγρὸν ἐς ἡμέτερον πολυδένδρεον· ἔνθα δʼ ἔπειτα","translation":"to our farm with its many trees; and there afterward","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρὸν","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"farm"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἡμέτερον","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγρὸν","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"πολυδένδρεον","lemma":"πολύδενδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγρὸν","gloss":"with many trees"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φρασσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φρασσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b23-l140","source":"φρασσόμεθʼ ὅττι κε κέρδος Ὀλύμπιος ἐγγυαλίξῃ.","translation":"we will consider whatever advantage the Olympian may grant us.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φρασσόμεθ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will consider"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies κέρδος","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"κέρδος","lemma":"κέρδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐγγυαλίξῃ","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐγγυαλίξῃ","gloss":"the Olympian","note":"epic epithet standing alone for Zeus, 'the one of Olympus'"},{"surface":"ἐγγυαλίξῃ","lemma":"ἐγγυαλίζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of φρασσόμεθ᾽","gloss":"may grant"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b23-l141","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα τοῦ μάλα μὲν κλύον ἠδʼ\n                  ἐπίθοντο","translation":"So he spoke, and they listened well to him and obeyed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κλύον","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλύον","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλύον","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed","note":"κλύον...ἐπίθοντο pairs hearing and obeying, a common formulaic doublet of instant compliance"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b23-l142","source":"πρῶτα μὲν οὖν λούσαντο καὶ ἀμφιέσαντο χιτῶνας,","translation":"First, then, they washed and put on their tunics,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"main verb","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[then]"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so, then"},{"surface":"λούσαντο","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they washed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιέσαντο","lemma":"ἀμφιέννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"χιτῶνας","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφιέσαντο","gloss":"tunics","note":"line nearly repeats l131's command verbatim, now fulfilled in narrated action"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b23-l143","source":"ὅπλισθεν δὲ γυναῖκες· ὁ δʼ εἵλετο θεῖος ἀοιδὸς","translation":"and the women dressed; and the divine singer took up","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅπλισθεν","lemma":"ὁπλίζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were arrayed","note":"Passive of ὁπλίζω 'equip' used for dressing/adorning — the maids 'were got ready'."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ὅπλισθεν","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies ἀοιδὸς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took up","note":"Middle voice εἵλετο: took up (the lyre) for himself, marking personal engagement."},{"surface":"θεῖος","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδὸς","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸς","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἵλετο","gloss":"singer","note":"θεῖος ἀοιδός, formulaic epithet for the bard — poets are semi-sacred figures in Homer."}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b23-l144","source":"φόρμιγγα γλαφυρήν, ἐν δέ σφισιν ἵμερον ὦρσε","translation":"his hollow lyre, and stirred in them the desire","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φόρμιγγα","lemma":"φόρμιγξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"the lyre"},{"surface":"γλαφυρήν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φόρμιγγα","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφισιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in them"},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred up","note":"ὄρνυμι 'rouse, stir' — vivid verb for inciting an urge, here the desire to dance."}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b23-l145","source":"μολπῆς τε γλυκερῆς καὶ ἀμύμονος ὀρχηθμοῖο.","translation":"for sweet song and for the faultless dance.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μολπῆς","lemma":"μολπή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of song"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλυκερῆς","lemma":"γλυκερός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μολπῆς","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies ὀρχηθμοῖο","gloss":"faultless"},{"surface":"ὀρχηθμοῖο","lemma":"ὀρχηθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of dancing","note":"ὀρχηθμός 'dance' — paired with μολπή 'song' as the two arts the bard incites."}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b23-l146","source":"τοῖσιν δὲ μέγα δῶμα περιστεναχίζετο ποσσὶν","translation":"And the great house resounded all around with the feet","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to περιστεναχίζετο","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of περιστεναχίζετο","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"περιστεναχίζετο","lemma":"περιστεναχίζομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"resounded around","note":"περι- prefix 'all around' + στεναχίζομαι 'groan/resound' — the house reverberates with dancing feet."},{"surface":"ποσσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περιστεναχίζετο","gloss":"with feet"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b23-l147","source":"ἀνδρῶν παιζόντων καλλιζώνων τε γυναικῶν.","translation":"of dancing men and fair-girdled women.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"καλλιζώνων","title":"Fair-girdled women","body":"A compound epithet, 'with beautiful girdles,' a conventional descriptor of well-dressed women in Homer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"παιζόντων","lemma":"παίζω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"καλλιζώνων","lemma":"καλλίζωνος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"fair-girdled","note":"καλλίζωνος, a stock feminine epithet 'beautiful-girdled' — formulaic praise of women's dress/figure."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of women"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b23-l148","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκε δόμων ἔκτοσθεν ἀκούων·","translation":"And thus would one say, hearing it from outside the house:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"Iterative -σκ- suffix (εἴπεσκε) marks repeated/habitual past action: 'kept saying', not a single utterance."},{"surface":"δόμων","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκτοσθεν","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"ἔκτοσθεν","lemma":"ἔκτοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"from outside"},{"surface":"ἀκούων","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b23-l149","source":"ἦ μάλα δή τις ἔγημε πολυμνήστην βασίλειαν·","translation":"\"Truly someone has married the queen with her many suitors.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔγημε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἔγημε","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has married"},{"surface":"πολυμνήστην","lemma":"πολυμνήστη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βασίλειαν","gloss":"much-wooed","note":"πολυμνήστη 'wooed by many' — a pointed epithet for Penelope given by the outside gossips, ironic since it's really Odysseus."},{"surface":"βασίλειαν","lemma":"βασίλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔγημε","gloss":"the queen"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b23-l150","source":"σχετλίη, οὐδʼ ἔτλη πόσιος οὗ κουριδίοιο","translation":"Hard-hearted woman, she could not bear, for her wedded husband,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχετλίη","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"hard-hearted woman","note":"σχετλίη, vocative-like exclamation of blame — the bystander's mistaken assumption that Penelope remarried."},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of husband"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιος","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"κουριδίοιο","lemma":"κουρίδιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιος","gloss":"wedded"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b23-l151","source":"εἴρυσθαι μέγα δῶμα διαμπερές, ἧος ἵκοιτο.","translation":"to guard the great house to the end, until he should come.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴρυσθαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλη","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴρυσθαι","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴρυσθαι","gloss":"steadfastly","note":"διαμπερές 'right through, to the end' — stresses Penelope's unbroken constancy, which the gossip wrongly doubts."},{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἵκοιτο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"he should come"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b23-l152","source":"ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκε, τὰ δʼ οὐκ ἴσαν ὡς ἐτέτυκτο.","translation":"So one would say, but they did not know how things truly stood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς ἐτέτυκτο","title":"Pluperfect 'how it stood'","body":"The pluperfect of τεύχω describes a state already brought about, here 'how matters had been arranged' — that is, the real situation hidden from the speakers."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"Iterative again — the poet frames the gossip as recurring chatter contrasted with the truth in the next clause."},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐτέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"truly stood","note":"ἐτέτυκτο, pluperfect of τεύχω 'was wrought/was the case' — idiom for 'how things really were'."}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b23-l153","source":"αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσῆα μεγαλήτορα ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ","translation":"Meanwhile great-hearted Odysseus, in his own house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορα","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆα","gloss":"great-hearted","note":"μεγαλήτωρ, standard heroic epithet 'great-hearted', marking Odysseus's stature as the scene shifts to him."},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b23-l154","source":"Εὐρυνόμη ταμίη λοῦσεν καὶ χρῖσεν ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"was bathed by Eurynome the housekeeper and anointed with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρυνόμη","lemma":"Εὐρυνόμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"Eurynome"},{"surface":"ταμίη","lemma":"ταμία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρυνόμη","gloss":"housekeeper"},{"surface":"λοῦσεν","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bathed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρῖσεν","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"anointed"},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to χρῖσεν","gloss":"with oil"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b23-l155","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν φᾶρος καλὸν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα·","translation":"and she cast about him a fair cloak and a tunic;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φᾶρος","lemma":"φᾶρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φᾶρος","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast about","note":"βάλεν 'threw' used for dressing — she 'threw' the cloak and tunic around him."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνα","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tunic"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b23-l156","source":"αὐτὰρ κὰκ κεφαλῆς κάλλος πολὺ χεῦεν Ἀθήνη","translation":"and over his head Athena poured down great beauty,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κὰκ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over","note":"κὰκ = κατά elided/assimilated before κ — 'down along/over' his head."},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κὰκ","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"κάλλος","lemma":"κάλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χεῦεν","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάλλος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"χεῦεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of χεῦεν","gloss":"Athena","note":"Athena's divine beautification of Odysseus mirrors her earlier transformations of him — a recurring epic motif."}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b23-l157","source":"μείζονά τʼ εἰσιδέειν καὶ πάσσονα· κὰδ δὲ κάρητος","translation":"making him taller and broader to look upon; and from his head","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μείζονά","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"complement","gloss":"taller"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσιδέειν","lemma":"εἰσείδω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"to look upon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάσσονα","lemma":"πάσσων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"complement","gloss":"broader"},{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from","note":"κὰδ = κατά before δ, 'down from' his head, echoing κὰκ above — a formulaic prepositional variant."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάρητος","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of κὰδ","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b23-l158","source":"οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ ἄνθει ὁμοίας.","translation":"she let his curling locks fall, like the hyacinth flower.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔλας","lemma":"οὖλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"curling"},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fall"},{"surface":"κόμας","lemma":"κόμη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"locks"},{"surface":"ὑακινθίνῳ","lemma":"ὑακίνθινος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄνθει","gloss":"hyacinth-like"},{"surface":"ἄνθει","lemma":"ἄνθος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ὁμοίας","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"ὁμοίας","lemma":"ὁμοῖος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόμας","gloss":"like","note":"Simile comparing his curling hair to the hyacinth flower — a rare floral image for a hero's beauty."}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b23-l159","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε τις χρυσὸν περιχεύεται ἀργύρῳ ἀνὴρ","translation":"As when a man pours gold over silver,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε","title":"Epic simile marker","body":"The phrase 'as when' introduces an extended Homeric simile, comparing Athena's gilding of Odysseus to a craftsman overlaying silver with gold."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"χρυσὸν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περιχεύεται","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"περιχεύεται","lemma":"περιχέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"overlays","note":"περιχεύεται 'pours around' — technical image of gold-plating silver, an extended Homeric simile for divine adornment."},{"surface":"ἀργύρῳ","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περιχεύεται","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of περιχεύεται","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b23-l160","source":"ἴδρις, ὃν Ἥφαιστος δέδαεν καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"a skilled man whom Hephaestus and Pallas Athena have taught","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδρις","lemma":"ἴδρις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"skilled","note":"ἴδρις 'knowing, skilled' — describes the craftsman of the simile, taught by two gods."},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δέδαεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ἥφαιστος","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Hephaestus"},{"surface":"δέδαεν","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνὴρ","gloss":"has taught"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b23-l161","source":"τέχνην παντοίην, χαρίεντα δὲ ἔργα τελείει·","translation":"every kind of craft, and he completes graceful works;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέχνην","lemma":"τέχνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δέδαεν","gloss":"craft"},{"surface":"παντοίην","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τέχνην","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"χαρίεντα","lemma":"χαρίεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"graceful"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τελείει","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"τελείει","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"completes"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b23-l162","source":"ὣς μὲν τῷ περίχευε χάριν κεφαλῇ τε καὶ ὤμοις.","translation":"so she poured grace over his head and shoulders.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to περίχευε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of περίχευε","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"περίχευε","lemma":"περιχέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"περίχευε echoes περιχεύεται from the simile (l159), closing the comparison — Athena as the divine craftsman."},{"surface":"χάριν","lemma":"χάρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of περίχευε","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"on head"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤμοις","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b23-l163","source":"ἐκ δʼ ἀσαμίνθου βῆ δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος·","translation":"He stepped out of the bath, in body like the immortals;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσαμίνθου","lemma":"ἀσάμινθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the bath"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ὁμοῖος","gloss":"in body"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὁμοῖος","gloss":"to the immortals"},{"surface":"ὁμοῖος","lemma":"ὅμοιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like","note":"δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος, a formulaic phrase 'in form like the immortals' marking heroic transformation."}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b23-l164","source":"ἂψ δʼ αὖτις κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετʼ ἐπὶ θρόνου ἔνθεν ἀνέστη,","translation":"and he sat down again on the chair from which he had risen,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕζετ᾽","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἕζετ","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀνέστη","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"ἀνέστη","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θρόνου","gloss":"he had risen","note":"Ring-composition detail — he returns to the exact seat he left, framing the bathing/transformation scene."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b23-l165","source":"ἀντίον ἧς ἀλόχου, καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπε·","translation":"facing his wife, and he spoke a word to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"preposition","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχου","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἀλόχου","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀντίον","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b23-l166","source":"δαιμονίη, περί σοί γε γυναικῶν θηλυτεράων","translation":"\"Strange woman, beyond all soft women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιμονίη","title":"'Strange one'","body":"A vocative of affectionate exasperation, addressed to someone whose behavior the speaker cannot fathom; no single English word captures it, but 'strange woman' conveys the tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμονίη","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange woman","note":"δαιμονίη, an exasperated address ('you strange/possessed woman') — Odysseus's mild reproach opening his speech."},{"surface":"περί","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκαν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to περί","gloss":"of women"},{"surface":"θηλυτεράων","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"softer"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b23-l167","source":"κῆρ ἀτέραμνον ἔθηκαν Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχοντες·","translation":"the dwellers on Olympus have given you an unyielding heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔθηκαν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀτέραμνον","lemma":"ἀτέραμνος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"unyielding"},{"surface":"ἔθηκαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"τίθημι here 'made/placed' — idiomatic for 'gave her' an unyielding heart, i.e. made her this way."},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπια","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματ᾽","gloss":"Olympian"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"homes"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"subject of ἔθηκαν","gloss":"holding","note":"Ὀλύμπια δώματ' ἔχοντες, formulaic epithet for the gods, 'holding Olympian homes'."}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b23-l168","source":"οὐ μέν κʼ ἄλλη γʼ ὧδε γυνὴ τετληότι θυμῷ","translation":"no other woman would hold herself apart, with such a steadfast heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"τετληότι","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"steadfast","note":"τετληότι θυμῷ 'with an enduring heart' — perfect participle of τλάω, echoing Odysseus's own epithet πολύτλας."},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b23-l169","source":"ἀνδρὸς ἀφεσταίη, ὅς οἱ κακὰ πολλὰ μογήσας","translation":"from her husband, who after suffering many hardships","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀφεσταίη","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"ἀφεσταίη","lemma":"ἀφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would hold apart"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθοι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλθοι","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μογήσας","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μογήσας","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"having toiled","note":"μογήσας, aorist participle 'having suffered/toiled' — sums up Odysseus's twenty years of hardship in one word."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b23-l170","source":"ἔλθοι ἐεικοστῷ ἔτεϊ ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.","translation":"comes home in the twentieth year to his native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐεικοστῷ ἔτεϊ","title":"Dative of time","body":"The dative case marks the time within which the return happens, 'in the twentieth year.' Greek uses the dative for the point or span of time."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ἐεικοστῷ","lemma":"εἰκοστός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτεϊ","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"ἔτεϊ","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλθοι","gloss":"in year","note":"ἐεικοστῷ ἔτεϊ 'in the twentieth year' — the epic's own reckoning of the length of Odysseus's absence."},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b23-l171","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι, μαῖα, στόρεσον λέχος, ὄφρα καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"But come, nurse, spread me a bed, so that I myself","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε: fossilized 2nd-sg imperative used as an interjection, 'come!'"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to στόρεσον","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"μαῖα","lemma":"μαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"στόρεσον","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread","note":"στόρεσον: aorist imperative from στορέννυμι, 'strew/make up' a bed"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of στόρεσον","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b23-l172","source":"λέξομαι· ἦ γὰρ τῇ γε σιδήρεον ἐν φρεσὶ ἦτορ.","translation":"may lie down; for surely the heart in her breast is of iron.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σιδήρεον ἦτορ","title":"Heart of iron","body":"A vivid metaphor for emotional hardness, the heart 'made of iron'; the same image survives in modern speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"λέξομαι","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may lie down","note":"λέξομαι: aorist middle subjunctive of λέγω 'lay,' here 'lie down to sleep,' answering ὄφρα"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"her","note":"τῇ: demonstrative pronoun used for 'she/her,' Homeric use of ὁ/ἡ as pronoun"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σιδήρεον","lemma":"σιδήρεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"heart","note":"ἦτορ: poetic word for heart/spirit, common Homeric formula 'iron heart'"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b23-l173","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων: standing epithet of Penelope, 'circumspect, prudent'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b23-l174","source":"δαιμόνιʼ, οὔτʼ ἄρ τι μεγαλίζομαι οὔτʼ ἀθερίζω","translation":"\"Strange man, I am neither setting myself above you nor making light of you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμόνιʼ","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange man","note":"Penelope addresses Odysseus. Masculine vocative (elided from δαιμόνιε), 'sir,' 'strange one.'"},{"surface":"οὔτʼ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μεγαλίζομαι","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μεγαλίζομαι","lemma":"μεγαλίζομαι","morphology":"present middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I set myself above, exalt myself"},{"surface":"οὔτʼ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἀθερίζω","lemma":"ἀθερίζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I disdain, make light of"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b23-l175","source":"οὔτε λίην ἄγαμαι, μάλα δʼ εὖ οἶδʼ οἷος ἔησθα","translation":"nor am I overly amazed; I know very well what kind of man you were","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄγαμαι","gloss":"overly"},{"surface":"ἄγαμαι","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am amazed","note":"ἄγαμαι: middle voice, 'marvel at, be awed'"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδ᾽","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"οἶδ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know","note":"οἶδα: perfect with present meaning, 'I know'"},{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"ἔησθα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of οἶδ᾽","gloss":"you were","note":"ἔησθα: Homeric imperfect 2nd-sg of εἰμί (Attic ἦσθα)"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b23-l176","source":"ἐξ Ἰθάκης ἐπὶ νηὸς ἰὼν δολιχηρέτμοιο.","translation":"when you went away from Ithaca on the long-oared ship.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολιχηρέτμοιο","title":"Long-oared","body":"A compound epithet for ships, 'with long oars,' typical of Homeric description of seagoing vessels."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔησθα","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"δολιχηρέτμοιο","lemma":"δολιχήρετμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"long-oared","note":"δολιχηρέτμοιο: compound epithet, 'long-oared,' Homeric ship formula"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b23-l177","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε οἱ στόρεσον πυκινὸν λέχος, Εὐρύκλεια,","translation":"But come, Eurykleia, spread for him the well-made bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to στόρεσον","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"στόρεσον","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχος","gloss":"well-made"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of στόρεσον","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eurykleia","note":"line echoes l171 almost verbatim, a Homeric repeated-command formula"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b23-l178","source":"ἐκτὸς ἐϋσταθέος θαλάμου, τόν ῥʼ αὐτὸς ἐποίει·","translation":"outside the well-built bedchamber that he made himself;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκτὸς","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"ἐϋσταθέος","lemma":"εὐσταθής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμου","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"θαλάμου","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκτὸς","gloss":"bedchamber"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐποίει","gloss":"that (which)"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself","note":"αὐτὸς: emphatic, Odysseus stresses he built it with his own hands"},{"surface":"ἐποίει","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θαλάμου","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b23-l179","source":"ἔνθα οἱ ἐκθεῖσαι πυκινὸν λέχος ἐμβάλετʼ εὐνήν,","translation":"there set out the strong bedstead for him and throw bedding upon it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκθεῖσαι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐκθεῖσαι","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἐκθεῖσαι","lemma":"ἐκτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐμβάλετ᾽","gloss":"setting out","note":"ἐκθεῖσαι: aorist participle, feminine plural, agrees with the maidservants implied as addressees"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχος","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκθεῖσαι","gloss":"bedstead"},{"surface":"ἐμβάλετ","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"throw on","note":"ἐμβάλετ᾽: aorist imperative 2nd plural, addressed to the serving women"},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"bedding"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b23-l180","source":"κώεα καὶ χλαίνας καὶ ῥήγεα σιγαλόεντα.","translation":"fleeces and cloaks and glossy coverlets.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κώεα","lemma":"κῶας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fleeces"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χλαίνας","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"coverlets"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"glossy"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b23-l181","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη πόσιος πειρωμένη· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"So she spoke, testing her husband; but Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πειρωμένη","title":"Present participle of intent","body":"The present middle participle 'testing' conveys ongoing purpose: Penelope speaks in order to test him. Participles often carry such circumstantial force."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πειρωμένη","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"πειρωμένη","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔφη","gloss":"testing","note":"πειρωμένη: present participle, key word — Penelope is deliberately testing Odysseus with a false command"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b23-l182","source":"ὀχθήσας ἄλοχον προσεφώνεε κεδνὰ ἰδυῖαν·","translation":"in anger, spoke to his wife, who knew careful thoughts:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"vexed","note":"ὀχθήσας: aorist participle, 'having become angry/troubled,' a Homeric formula introducing an emotional reply"},{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεε","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"κεδνὰ","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἰδυῖαν","gloss":"careful (things)"},{"surface":"ἰδυῖαν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies ἄλοχον","gloss":"who knew","note":"κεδνὰ ἰδυῖαν: formulaic epithet, 'knowing careful/prudent things,' i.e. sensible"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b23-l183","source":"ὦ γύναι, ἦ μάλα τοῦτο ἔπος θυμαλγὲς ἔειπες·","translation":"\"Woman, truly this is a word that pains the heart, that you have spoken!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"θυμαλγὲς","lemma":"θυμαλγής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"heart-paining","note":"θυμαλγὲς: compound adjective 'grieving the θυμός,' emphasizes how wounding her words are"},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you spoke"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b23-l184","source":"τίς δέ μοι ἄλλοσε θῆκε λέχος; χαλεπὸν δέ κεν εἴη","translation":"Who has set my bed elsewhere? It would be hard,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θῆκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies λέχος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἄλλοσε","lemma":"ἄλλοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"χαλεπὸν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (be)"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it would be","note":"εἴη: optative of εἰμί expressing potential, 'it would be' — sets up the impossibility argument"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b23-l185","source":"καὶ μάλʼ ἐπισταμένῳ, ὅτε μὴ θεὸς αὐτὸς ἐπελθὼν","translation":"even for one very skilled, unless a god himself came","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένῳ","lemma":"ἐπίσταμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"object of εἴη","gloss":"skilled","note":"ἐπισταμένῳ: dative participle, 'for one who knows (how),' concessive"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θείη","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἐπελθὼν","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θείη","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b23-l186","source":"ῥηϊδίως ἐθέλων θείη ἄλλῃ ἐνὶ χώρῃ.","translation":"and easily, if he wished, set it in another place.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίως","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θείη","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ἐθέλων","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θείη","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"θείη","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"could set","note":"θείη: aorist optative of τίθημι, apodosis of the unreal condition begun with ὅτε μὴ...θεὸς"},{"surface":"ἄλλῃ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χώρῃ","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῃ","lemma":"χώρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b23-l187","source":"ἀνδρῶν δʼ οὔ κέν τις ζωὸς βροτός, οὐδὲ μάλʼ ἡβῶν,","translation":"But of living men no mortal, not even one in his prime,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βροτός","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βροτός","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτός","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"βροτός","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἡβῶν","lemma":"ἡβάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"in his prime","note":"ἡβῶν: 'being in youthful vigor,' stresses that not even strength could move the bed"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b23-l188","source":"ῥεῖα μετοχλίσσειεν, ἐπεὶ μέγα σῆμα τέτυκται","translation":"could easily pry it loose, since a great token is built","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σῆμα","title":"Token / sign","body":"Sēma means a sign, mark, or proof; here the bed itself is the secret 'token' that proves identity, a key word throughout the recognition scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετοχλίσσειεν","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"μετοχλίσσειεν","lemma":"μετοχλίζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could pry loose","note":"μετοχλίσσειεν: rare compound verb, 'lever/wrench away,' vivid for the bed's immovability"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"token","note":"σῆμα: 'sign, token' — the bed itself is the secret proof of identity, key plot word"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"is built"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b23-l189","source":"ἐν λέχει ἀσκητῷ· τὸ δʼ ἐγὼ κάμον οὐδέ τις ἄλλος.","translation":"into the well-made bed; I worked it, and no one else.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λέχει","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"ἀσκητῷ","lemma":"ἀσκητός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχει","gloss":"well-crafted"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κάμον","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κάμον","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"worked","note":"κάμον: 'toiled at, fashioned' — Odysseus proving unique knowledge only he could have"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b23-l190","source":"θάμνος ἔφυ τανύφυλλος ἐλαίης ἕρκεος ἐντός,","translation":"A long-leafed olive tree grew inside the courtyard,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θάμνος","lemma":"θάμνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφυ","gloss":"a bush/tree"},{"surface":"ἔφυ","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"τανύφυλλος","lemma":"τανύφυλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάμνος","gloss":"long-leafed","note":"τανύφυλλος: compound epithet for the olive tree, repeated at l195"},{"surface":"ἐλαίης","lemma":"ἐλαία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θάμνος","gloss":"olive"},{"surface":"ἕρκεος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐντός","gloss":"of the courtyard"},{"surface":"ἐντός","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b23-l191","source":"ἀκμηνὸς θαλέθων· πάχετος δʼ ἦν ἠΰτε κίων.","translation":"in full flourish, thick as a pillar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀκμηνὸς","lemma":"ἀκμηνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"full-grown"},{"surface":"θαλέθων","lemma":"θαλέθω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"flourishing"},{"surface":"πάχετος","lemma":"πάχετος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"κίων","lemma":"κίων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πάχετος","gloss":"a pillar","note":"κίων: simile comparing the olive trunk's girth to a column"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b23-l192","source":"τῷ δʼ ἐγὼ ἀμφιβαλὼν θάλαμον δέμον, ὄφρʼ ἐτέλεσσα,","translation":"Around it I built my bedchamber, until I finished it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφιβαλὼν","gloss":"around it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβαλὼν","lemma":"ἀμφιβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δέμον","gloss":"building around","note":"ἀμφιβαλὼν: 'throwing walls around,' i.e. enclosing the tree within the room's walls"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δέμον","gloss":"bedchamber"},{"surface":"δέμον","lemma":"δέμω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I built"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσα","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I finished"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b23-l193","source":"πυκνῇσιν λιθάδεσσι, καὶ εὖ καθύπερθεν ἔρεψα,","translation":"with close-set stones, and I roofed it over well,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυκνῇσιν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies λιθάδεσσι","gloss":"close-set"},{"surface":"λιθάδεσσι","lemma":"λιθάς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δέμον","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρεψα","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"καθύπερθεν","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρεψα","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ἔρεψα","lemma":"ἐρέφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I roofed"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b23-l194","source":"κολλητὰς δʼ ἐπέθηκα θύρας, πυκινῶς ἀραρυίας.","translation":"and added jointed doors, closely fitted.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κολλητὰς","lemma":"κολλητός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"jointed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέθηκα","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I added"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέθηκα","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκινός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυίας","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"ἀραρυίας","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"fitted","note":"ἀραρυίας: perfect participle of ἀραρίσκω, 'fitted together,' stresses careful craftsmanship"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b23-l195","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀπέκοψα κόμην τανυφύλλου ἐλαίης,","translation":"And then I cut away the crown of the long-leafed olive,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέκοψα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"ἀπέκοψα","lemma":"ἀποκόπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I cut off"},{"surface":"κόμην","lemma":"κόμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπέκοψα","gloss":"the crown","note":"κόμην: literally 'hair/foliage,' the leafy top of the tree"},{"surface":"τανυφύλλου","lemma":"τανύφυλλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐλαίης","gloss":"long-leafed"},{"surface":"ἐλαίης","lemma":"ἐλαία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κόμην","gloss":"of the olive"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b23-l196","source":"κορμὸν δʼ ἐκ ῥίζης προταμὼν ἀμφέξεσα χαλκῷ","translation":"and trimming the trunk up from the root, I smoothed it with bronze","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κορμὸν","lemma":"κορμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προταμὼν","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ῥίζης","lemma":"ῥίζα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"the root"},{"surface":"προταμὼν","lemma":"προτέμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀμφέξεσα","gloss":"cutting off","note":"προταμὼν: aorist participle, 'trimming off in front,' technical carpentry term"},{"surface":"ἀμφέξεσα","lemma":"ἀμφιξέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I smoothed"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφέξεσα","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b23-l197","source":"εὖ καὶ ἐπισταμένως, καὶ ἐπὶ στάθμην ἴθυνα,","translation":"well and skillfully, and made it true to the line,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπισταμένως","lemma":"ἐπισταμένως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"στάθμην","lemma":"στάθμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the line","note":"στάθμην: carpenter's chalk-line, 'made it straight to the line'"},{"surface":"ἴθυνα","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I made straight"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b23-l198","source":"ἑρμῖνʼ ἀσκήσας, τέτρηνα δὲ πάντα τερέτρῳ.","translation":"fashioning the bedpost, and I bored it all through with an auger.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑρμῖν","lemma":"ἑρμίς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀσκήσας","gloss":"bedpost"},{"surface":"ἀσκήσας","lemma":"ἀσκέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴθυνα","gloss":"fashioning"},{"surface":"τέτρηνα","lemma":"τετραίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I bored through","note":"τέτρηνα: aorist of τετραίνω, 'drilled,' with the auger τερέτρῳ"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of τέτρηνα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τερέτρῳ","lemma":"τέρετρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τέτρηνα","gloss":"with an auger"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b23-l199","source":"ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἀρχόμενος λέχος ἔξεον, ὄφρʼ ἐτέλεσσα,","translation":"Beginning from this, I planed the bed until I finished it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἀρχόμενος","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔξεον","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔξεον","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"ἔξεον","lemma":"ξέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I planed","note":"ἔξεον: imperfect of ξέω, 'scraped/planed smooth,' final step of the construction narrative"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσα","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I finished"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b23-l200","source":"δαιδάλλων χρυσῷ τε καὶ ἀργύρῳ ἠδʼ ἐλέφαντι·","translation":"inlaying it with gold and silver and ivory;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιδάλλων","lemma":"δαιδάλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔξεον","gloss":"inlaying, adorning","note":"Present participle describing ongoing craft work while Odysseus builds the bed."},{"surface":"χρυσῷ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"with gold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργύρῳ","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"with silver"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντι","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"with ivory","note":"Triple dative list (gold, silver, ivory) shows Homeric love of cataloguing precious materials."}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b23-l201","source":"ἐκ δʼ ἐτάνυσσα ἱμάντα βοὸς φοίνικι φαεινόν.","translation":"and I stretched across it an oxhide thong, bright with crimson.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"across, out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐτάνυσσα","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stretched","note":"1st-sg aorist: Odysseus himself narrates building the marriage bed, the story's key proof-token."},{"surface":"ἱμάντα","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐτάνυσσα","gloss":"a thong"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies ἱμάντα","gloss":"of oxhide"},{"surface":"φοίνικι","lemma":"φοῖνιξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φαεινόν","gloss":"crimson"},{"surface":"φαεινόν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱμάντα","gloss":"bright, gleaming"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b23-l202","source":"οὕτω τοι τόδε σῆμα πιφαύσκομαι· οὐδέ τι οἶδα,","translation":"So I declare this token to you; but I do not know,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πιφαύσκομαι","gloss":"thus, so"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of πιφαύσκομαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πιφαύσκομαι","gloss":"token, sign","note":"σῆμα 'sign' is the poem's key word here: the secret bed is Penelope's test of identity."},{"surface":"πιφαύσκομαι","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know","note":"Perfect οἶδα with present sense ('I know'), a common Greek irregular perfect."}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b23-l203","source":"ἤ μοι ἔτʼ ἔμπεδόν ἐστι, γύναι, λέχος, ἦέ τις ἤδη","translation":"woman, whether my bed is still fixed in place, or whether by now some","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδόν","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fixed, in place"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman","note":"Vocative addressing Penelope directly, softening the anxious question about the bed."},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἦέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θῆκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θῆκε","gloss":"already, by now"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b23-l204","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἄλλοσε θῆκε, ταμὼν ὕπο πυθμένʼ ἐλαίης.","translation":"man has set it elsewhere, cutting through the olive's base.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἄλλοσε","lemma":"ἄλλοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"has set","note":"Gnomic aorist θῆκε used for a hypothetical past act — 'has (perhaps) set it.'"},{"surface":"ταμὼν","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θῆκε","gloss":"cutting"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"under, below"},{"surface":"πυθμέν","lemma":"πυθμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ταμὼν","gloss":"the trunk, base"},{"surface":"ἐλαίης","lemma":"ἐλαία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πυθμέν᾽","gloss":"of the olive tree","note":"The bed was built around a living olive-tree trunk — this is the secret proof only Odysseus could know."}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b23-l205","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῆς δʼ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον\n                  ἦτορ,","translation":"So he spoke, and on the spot her knees and dear heart went slack,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"λύτο γούνατα","title":"Aorist passive 'were loosened'","body":"The aorist middle λύτο (3rd singular of λύω), used intransitively with passive sense, is a formula for collapse under strong emotion; here Penelope's knees give way as she recognizes the proof."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λύτο","gloss":"on the spot"},{"surface":"λύτο","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way, melted","note":"λύτο γούνατα, 'her knees were loosed' — a stock Homeric formula for overwhelming emotion/recognition."},{"surface":"γούνατα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b23-l206","source":"σήματʼ ἀναγνούσῃ τά οἱ ἔμπεδα πέφραδʼ Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"as she recognized the sure tokens Odysseus showed her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σήματ","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναγνούσῃ","gloss":"tokens, signs"},{"surface":"ἀναγνούσῃ","lemma":"ἀναγιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"recognizing"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδα","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"sure, certain"},{"surface":"πέφραδ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σήματ᾽","gloss":"declared, showed","note":"φράζω here means 'point out, reveal' — Odysseus proves himself by describing the bed."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέφραδ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b23-l207","source":"δακρύσασα δʼ ἔπειτʼ ἰθὺς δράμεν, ἀμφὶ δὲ χεῖρας","translation":"Then weeping she ran straight to him, and around his neck","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρύσασα","lemma":"δακρύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to δράμεν","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δράμεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δράμεν","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"δράμεν","lemma":"τρέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she ran"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of βάλλ᾽","gloss":"arms, hands"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b23-l208","source":"δειρῇ βάλλʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ, κάρη δʼ ἔκυσʼ ἠδὲ προσηύδα·","translation":"she threw her arms, and kissed his head, and spoke:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειρῇ","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βάλλ᾽","gloss":"around the neck","note":"δειρῇ βάλλ᾽: 'threw (her arms) around his neck' — object χεῖρας split off in previous line, a common Homeric enjambment."},{"surface":"βάλλ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw, cast"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆϊ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δειρῇ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκυσ᾽","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκυσ","lemma":"κυνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to him"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b23-l209","source":"μή μοι, Ὀδυσσεῦ, σκύζευ, ἐπεὶ τά περ ἄλλα\n                     μάλιστα","translation":"\"Do not be angry with me, Odysseus, since in all else you were","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not, do not"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of σκύζευ","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"σκύζευ","lemma":"σκύζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be angry","note":"Present imperative μή + σκύζευ: a direct plea, 'don't be angry with me.'"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to πέπνυσο","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τά","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέπνυσο","gloss":"most"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b23-l210","source":"ἀνθρώπων πέπνυσο· θεοὶ δʼ ὤπαζον ὀϊζύν,","translation":"the most understanding of men; the gods gave us misery,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μάλιστα","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"πέπνυσο","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you were wise","note":"Pluperfect πέπνυσο, 'you have always been (and are) understanding' — a superlative compliment to Odysseus's cunning mind."},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤπαζον","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤπαζον","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave, sent"},{"surface":"ὀϊζύν","lemma":"ὀιζύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὤπαζον","gloss":"misery, suffering"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b23-l211","source":"οἳ νῶϊν ἀγάσαντο παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι μένοντε","translation":"they who begrudged us that we should stay beside each other","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μένοντε","title":"Dual participle","body":"The form is dual, marking exactly two people remaining together — Odysseus and Penelope. Homer uses the dual for natural pairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγάσαντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγάσαντο","gloss":"us two"},{"surface":"ἀγάσαντο","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοὶ","gloss":"begrudged","note":"ἄγαμαι here means 'envy, resent' — the gods begrudged the couple a life together."},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of παρ᾽","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"μένοντε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"remaining, staying","note":"Dual participle μένοντε agrees with 'we two' — dual number marks the couple as a pair."}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b23-l212","source":"ἥβης ταρπῆναι καὶ γήραος οὐδὸν ἱκέσθαι.","translation":"and take our joy in youth, and reach the threshold of old age.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"γήραος οὐδὸν","title":"Threshold of old age","body":"A standing metaphor in Homer, the 'threshold of old age' as the doorway one steps over into one's later years."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἥβης","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ταρπῆναι","gloss":"of youth"},{"surface":"ταρπῆναι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to take joy in"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γήραος","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies οὐδὸν","gloss":"of old age"},{"surface":"οὐδὸν","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b23-l213","source":"αὐτὰρ μὴ νῦν μοι τόδε χώεο μηδὲ νεμέσσα,","translation":"But now do not be angry with me for this, nor resentful,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not, do not"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of χώεο","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of χώεο","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"χώεο","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"νεμέσσα","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be resentful"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b23-l214","source":"οὕνεκά σʼ οὐ τὸ πρῶτον, ἐπεὶ ἴδον, ὧδʼ ἀγάπησα.","translation":"that I did not greet you so lovingly the moment I first saw you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκά","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀγάπησα","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρῶτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀγάπησα","gloss":"first, at once","note":"τὸ πρῶτον, adverbial accusative: 'the first (moment)' — explains her initial cool reserve."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγάπησα","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἀγάπησα","lemma":"ἀγαπάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to οὕνεκά","gloss":"I embraced, welcomed"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b23-l215","source":"αἰεὶ γάρ μοι θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισιν","translation":"For always the heart in my own breast","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρρίγει","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρρίγει","gloss":"heart, spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"φίλοισιν","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies στήθεσσι","gloss":"own, dear"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b23-l216","source":"ἐρρίγει μή τίς με βροτῶν ἀπάφοιτο ἔπεσσιν","translation":"was shuddering, lest some mortal should deceive me with his words,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή τίς με βροτῶν ἀπάφοιτο","title":"Fear clause with optative","body":"After a verb of fearing, 'lest' introduces the feared event, here with the optative in secondary sequence: she dreaded that someone might deceive her."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρρίγει","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was shuddering","note":"ῥιγέω 'to shudder/dread' vividly conveys Penelope's persistent fear of being deceived."},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπάφοιτο","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπάφοιτο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἀπάφοιτο","lemma":"ἀπαφίσκω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"might deceive"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπάφοιτο","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b23-l217","source":"ἐλθών· πολλοὶ γὰρ κακὰ κέρδεα βουλεύουσιν.","translation":"coming here; for many men plot wicked gains.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθών","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπάφοιτο","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of βουλεύουσιν","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κέρδεα","gloss":"evil, wicked"},{"surface":"κέρδεα","lemma":"κέρδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βουλεύουσιν","gloss":"gains, profits"},{"surface":"βουλεύουσιν","lemma":"βουλεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plot, scheme","note":"Gnomic present: a general maxim justifying Penelope's caution — 'many men plot wicked gains.'"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b23-l218","source":"οὐδέ κεν Ἀργείη Ἑλένη, Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα,","translation":"Not even Argive Helen, born of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (have)"},{"surface":"Ἀργείη","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Helen","note":"Penelope invokes Helen as the mythic counter-example of a wife who was deceived/unfaithful."},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐκγεγαυῖα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"born"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b23-l219","source":"ἀνδρὶ παρʼ ἀλλοδαπῷ ἐμίγη φιλότητι καὶ εὐνῇ,","translation":"would have joined a foreign man in love and bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"with a man"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀλλοδαπῷ","lemma":"ἀλλοδαπός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"ἐμίγη","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"joined, united"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"and bed"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b23-l220","source":"εἰ ᾔδη ὅ μιν αὖτις ἀρήϊοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"had she known that the warlike sons of the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ᾔδη","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"she had known"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀξέμεναι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀξέμεναι","gloss":"again, back"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊοι","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμελλον","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b23-l221","source":"ἀξέμεναι οἶκόνδε φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔμελλον.","translation":"would bring her back home, to her own dear native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀξέμεναι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλον","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"οἶκόνδε","lemma":"οἶκόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀξέμεναι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"dear, own"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"ἔμελλον","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ὅ","gloss":"were about to, would"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b23-l222","source":"τὴν δʼ ἦ τοι ῥέξαι θεὸς ὤρορεν ἔργον ἀεικές·","translation":"It was a god that drove her to commit that shameful deed;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέξαι","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥέξαι","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὤρορεν","gloss":"to do, commit"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρορεν","gloss":"a god","note":"Penelope's excuse for Helen: divine compulsion, not free will, drove the shameful act."},{"surface":"ὤρορεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred, drove"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥέξαι","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ἀεικές","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"shameful"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b23-l223","source":"τὴν δʼ ἄτην οὐ πρόσθεν ἑῷ ἐγκάτθετο θυμῷ","translation":"and she had not stored up in her own heart, before that,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine article","role":"modifies ἄτην","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄτην","lemma":"ἄτη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"folly, ruin","note":"ἄτη — the Homeric concept of blind, god-sent delusion leading to disaster, here applied to Helen."},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἑῷ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"ἐγκάτθετο","lemma":"ἐγκατατίθεμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid up, stored"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐγκάτθετο","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b23-l224","source":"λυγρήν, ἐξ ἧς πρῶτα καὶ ἡμέας ἵκετο πένθος.","translation":"that grievous blindness, from which sorrow first came upon us too.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄτην","title":"atê — ruinous folly","body":"Atê is the goddess-sent delusion or blind folly that leads mortals into ruin. Penelope frames Helen's fault as something a god put in her, not a free choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"λυγρήν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"grievous, baneful"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵκετο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵκετο","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ἵκετο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἵκετο","gloss":"grief, sorrow"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b23-l225","source":"νῦν δʼ, ἐπεὶ ἤδη σήματʼ ἀριφραδέα κατέλεξας","translation":"But now, since you have recounted the unmistakable signs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πείθεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέλεξας","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"σήματ","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατέλεξας","gloss":"tokens, signs"},{"surface":"ἀριφραδέα","lemma":"ἀριφραδής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies σήματ᾽","gloss":"unmistakable, clear"},{"surface":"κατέλεξας","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you have told, recounted"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b23-l226","source":"εὐνῆς ἡμετέρης, ἣν οὐ βροτὸς ἄλλος ὀπώπει,","translation":"of our marriage-bed, which no other mortal has ever seen,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies σήματ᾽","gloss":"of the bed"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρης","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"βροτὸς","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀπώπει","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτὸς","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ὀπώπει","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"had seen","note":"Pluperfect ὀπώπει stresses no one had ever seen the bed — the ultimate proof of Odysseus's identity."}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b23-l227","source":"ἀλλʼ οἶοι σύ τʼ ἐγώ τε καὶ ἀμφίπολος μία μούνη,","translation":"but you and I alone, and one single handmaid,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἶοι","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολος","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"handmaid"},{"surface":"μία","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀμφίπολος","gloss":"one, single"},{"surface":"μούνη","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only, alone","note":"Triple emphasis (οἶοι...μία μούνη) on the tiny circle who knew the bed's secret."}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b23-l228","source":"Ἀκτορίς, ἥν μοι δῶκε πατὴρ ἔτι δεῦρο κιούσῃ,","translation":"Aktoris, whom my father gave me when I came here,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀκτορίς","lemma":"Ἀκτορίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Aktoris"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"whom","note":"Relative pronoun ὅς referring back to Aktoris, object of δῶκε."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κιούσῃ","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κιούσῃ","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"κιούσῃ","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming","note":"κιούσῃ from κίω agrees with an implied 'me' (dative), 'when I came here'."}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b23-l229","source":"ἣ νῶϊν εἴρυτο θύρας πυκινοῦ θαλάμοιο,","translation":"who kept the doors of our close-built bedchamber for us both,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴρυτο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἴρυτο","gloss":"for us both","note":"Dual dative νῶϊν — Homer's dual number for 'the two of us', Penelope and Odysseus."},{"surface":"εἴρυτο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"guarded"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἴρυτο","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"πυκινοῦ","lemma":"πυκινός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμοιο","gloss":"close-built"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύρας","gloss":"bedchamber"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b23-l230","source":"πείθεις δή μευ θυμόν, ἀπηνέα περ μάλʼ ἐόντα.","translation":"you do indeed convince my heart, hard though it has been.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πείθεις","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you persuade"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πείθεις","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀπηνέα","lemma":"ἀπηνής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard","note":"ἀπηνέα predicate adjective: 'my heart, hard though it is'."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being","note":"Concessive participle ἐόντα with περ: 'although being very hard'."}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b23-l231","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῷ δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον ὑφʼ ἵμερον ὦρσε\n                  γόοιο·","translation":"So she spoke, and in him she stirred still more the longing for tears;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὦρσε","title":"Aorist of stirring","body":"ὦρσε is the aorist of ὄρνυμι, 'to rouse, stir up.' The aorist marks the single decisive welling-up of grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρσε","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ὑφ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"under","note":"ὑπό here intensifies ὦρσε ('stirred up from beneath'), a common Homeric verb-prefix-like usage."},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵμερον","gloss":"for weeping"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b23-l232","source":"κλαῖε δʼ ἔχων ἄλοχον θυμαρέα, κεδνὰ ἰδυῖαν.","translation":"and he wept, holding his heart's-delight wife, who knew his loyal mind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖε","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he wept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖε","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"θυμαρέα","lemma":"θυμαρής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"heart's-delight","note":"θυμαρής, 'pleasing to the θυμός', a formulaic epic epithet for a beloved spouse."},{"surface":"κεδνὰ","lemma":"κεδνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἰδυῖαν","gloss":"loyal things"},{"surface":"ἰδυῖαν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"knowing","note":"ἰδυῖαν, perfect participle of οἶδα used adjectivally: 'knowing/wise in loyal things'."}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b23-l233","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἀσπάσιος γῆ νηχομένοισι φανήῃ,","translation":"As when land appears, welcome, to men swimming for it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀσπάσιος","title":"Welcome land","body":"ἀσπάσιος ('welcome, longed-for') opens an extended simile comparing Penelope's joy at seeing Odysseus to shipwrecked swimmers sighting shore. The same root recurs at line 238 and 239."}],"words":[{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀσπάσιος","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"γῆ","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φανήῃ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"νηχομένοισι","lemma":"νήχω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of φανήῃ","gloss":"to swimmers","note":"νηχομένοισι, dative participle 'to men swimming', begins the famous shipwreck simile."},{"surface":"φανήῃ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"appears"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b23-l234","source":"ὧν τε Ποσειδάων εὐεργέα νῆʼ ἐνὶ πόντῳ","translation":"whose well-built ship, out on the deep, Poseidon","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies νῆ᾽","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥαίσῃ","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"εὐεργέα","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆ᾽","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"νῆ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥαίσῃ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b23-l235","source":"ῥαίσῃ, ἐπειγομένην ἀνέμῳ καὶ κύματι πηγῷ·","translation":"has smashed, as it was driven on by wind and swollen wave;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥαίσῃ","lemma":"ῥαίω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νηχομένοισι","gloss":"smashed","note":"ῥαίσῃ, subjunctive of general condition ('whenever Poseidon smashes...'), matching ὅτ᾽ ἄν in l233."},{"surface":"ἐπειγομένην","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"driven on"},{"surface":"ἀνέμῳ","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"by wind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύματι","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"by wave"},{"surface":"πηγῷ","lemma":"πηγός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κύματι","gloss":"swollen"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b23-l236","source":"παῦροι δʼ ἐξέφυγον πολιῆς ἁλὸς ἤπειρόνδε","translation":"few have escaped the grey sea, swimming toward the shore,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῦροι","lemma":"παῦρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐξέφυγον","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξέφυγον","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξέφυγον","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἤπειρόνδε","lemma":"ἤπειρόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νηχόμενοι","gloss":"to the shore","note":"-δε suffix on ἤπειρόνδε marks motion toward, 'shoreward' — a common Homeric directional ending."}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b23-l237","source":"νηχόμενοι, πολλὴ δὲ περὶ χροῒ τέτροφεν ἅλμη,","translation":"and thick is the brine crusted all over their skin,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηχόμενοι","lemma":"νήχω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξέφυγον","gloss":"swimming"},{"surface":"πολλὴ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλμη","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"τέτροφεν","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"has crusted","note":"τέτροφεν, pluperfect used with present force: 'brine stands thick on their skin'."},{"surface":"ἅλμη","lemma":"ἅλμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέτροφεν","gloss":"brine"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b23-l238","source":"ἀσπάσιοι δʼ ἐπέβαν γαίης, κακότητα φυγόντες·","translation":"and gladly they set foot on land, having fled disaster;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπάσιοι","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέβαν","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβαν","gloss":"onto land"},{"surface":"κακότητα","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φυγόντες","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"φυγόντες","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέβαν","gloss":"having fled"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b23-l239","source":"ὣς ἄρα τῇ ἀσπαστὸς ἔην πόσις εἰσοροώσῃ,","translation":"so welcome to her was her husband as she gazed upon him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"so","note":"ὣς...ὣς frames the full simile: as shipwreck survivors welcome land, so welcome was Odysseus to Penelope."},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔην","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἀσπαστὸς","lemma":"ἀσπαστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"εἰσοροώσῃ","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gazing upon him"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b23-l240","source":"δειρῆς δʼ οὔ πω πάμπαν ἀφίετο πήχεε λευκώ.","translation":"and her white arms she would not at all let go from his neck.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πήχεε λευκώ","title":"Dual: 'two white arms'","body":"πήχεε λευκώ is a dual form, 'the pair of white arms' — Homer uses the dual naturally for things that come in twos."}],"words":[{"surface":"δειρῆς","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφίετο","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφίετο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἀφίετο","lemma":"ἀφίημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"πήχεε","lemma":"πῆχυς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ἀφίετο","gloss":"her two arms","note":"πήχεε λευκώ, dual forms — the archaic dual highlights the pair of arms clasped around his neck."},{"surface":"λευκώ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies πήχεε","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b23-l241","source":"καί νύ κʼ ὀδυρομένοισι φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"And now rosy-fingered Dawn would have shone upon them weeping,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"Rosy-fingered Dawn","body":"The standard epithet for Dawn. Here it is set in a 'would have... had not' construction (the verb φάνη is unfulfilled), since Athena holds night back."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάνη","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένοισι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of φάνη","gloss":"to the weeping pair"},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος, the classic Homeric epithet formula for Dawn (Ἠώς)."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b23-l242","source":"εἰ μὴ ἄρʼ ἄλλʼ ἐνόησε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη.","translation":"had not the goddess, grey-eyed Athena, devised otherwise.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνόησε","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"grey-eyed","note":"γλαυκῶπις, standing epithet for Athena, always paired with her name in formula."},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b23-l243","source":"νύκτα μὲν ἐν περάτῃ δολιχὴν σχέθεν, Ἠῶ δʼ αὖτε","translation":"The long night she held back at its setting, and Dawn in turn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύκτα","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχέθεν","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"περάτῃ","lemma":"περάτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"its setting"},{"surface":"δολιχὴν","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύκτα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"σχέθεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥύσατ᾽","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b23-l244","source":"ῥύσατʼ ἐπʼ Ὠκεανῷ χρυσόθρονον, οὐδʼ ἔα ἵππους","translation":"she stayed at Ocean, the golden-throned, nor let her yoke the horses","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥύσατ","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed","note":"ῥύσατ᾽ (ῥύομαι) here means 'held back, restrained', not its usual 'rescued' — Athena literally delays Dawn."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανῷ","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"Ocean"},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονον","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠῶ","gloss":"golden-throned"},{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let, allowed"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b23-l245","source":"ζεύγνυσθʼ ὠκύποδας, φάος ἀνθρώποισι φέροντας,","translation":"the swift-footed, that bring the light to mortals,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζεύγνυσθ","lemma":"ζεύγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔα","gloss":"be yoked"},{"surface":"ὠκύποδας","lemma":"ὠκύπους","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φέροντας","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέροντας","gloss":"to mortals"},{"surface":"φέροντας","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b23-l246","source":"Λάμπον καὶ Φαέθονθʼ, οἵ τʼ Ἠῶ πῶλοι ἄγουσι.","translation":"Lampos and Phaethon, the colts that draw the Dawn.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λάμπον","lemma":"Λάμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Lampos","note":"Lampos and Phaethon, the named horses of Dawn's chariot — a rare bit of Homeric equine mythology."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φαέθονθ","lemma":"Φαέθων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Phaethon"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄγουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγουσι","gloss":"Dawn"},{"surface":"πῶλοι","lemma":"πῶλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"colts"},{"surface":"ἄγουσι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"draw"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b23-l247","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἄρʼ ἣν ἄλοχον προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"And then to his wife spoke Odysseus of many counsels:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"Odysseus of many counsels","body":"πολύμητις, 'of many devices/counsels,' is one of Odysseus's defining epithets, marking his cunning intelligence."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλοχον","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many counsels","note":"πολύμητις, Odysseus's recurring epithet marking his cunning intelligence."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b23-l248","source":"ὦ γύναι, οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατʼ ἀέθλων","translation":"\"Wife, we have not yet come to the end of all our trials;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλων","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"limits","note":"πείρατα, 'ends/limits', governs the genitive ἀέθλων: 'the ends of all our trials'."},{"surface":"ἀέθλων","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πείρατ᾽","gloss":"of trials"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b23-l249","source":"ἤλθομεν, ἀλλʼ ἔτʼ ὄπισθεν ἀμέτρητος πόνος ἔσται,","translation":"but there will still be ahead of us toil beyond measure,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλθομεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"ἀμέτρητος","lemma":"ἀμέτρητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόνος","gloss":"immeasurable"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b23-l250","source":"πολλὸς καὶ χαλεπός, τὸν ἐμὲ χρὴ πάντα τελέσσαι.","translation":"much and hard, all of which I must carry through to the end.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὸς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλεπός","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τελέσσαι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τελέσσαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"must","note":"χρή takes an accusative subject (ἐμὲ) plus infinitive, the standard impersonal construction 'it is necessary that I...'."},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τελέσσαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of χρὴ","gloss":"accomplish"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b23-l251","source":"ὣς γάρ μοι ψυχὴ μαντεύσατο Τειρεσίαο","translation":"For so the spirit of Teiresias foretold to me","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ψυχὴ","title":"psychê — the dead man's shade","body":"Here ψυχή means the disembodied 'spirit' or 'shade' of the dead seer Teiresias, whom Odysseus consulted in the underworld."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαντεύσατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μαντεύσατο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μαντεύσατο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"μαντεύσατο","lemma":"μαντεύομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχὴ","gloss":"of Teiresias"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b23-l252","source":"ἤματι τῷ ὅτε δὴ κατέβην δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω,","translation":"on that day when I went down into the house of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to μαντεύσατο","gloss":"on the day"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατέβην","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὅτε","gloss":"I went down"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἀίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into","note":"εἴσω as postposed preposition governing δόμον, common in Homeric word order."}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b23-l253","source":"νόστον ἑταίροισιν διζήμενος ἠδʼ ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ.","translation":"seeking a way home for my companions and for myself.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διζήμενος","gloss":"a way home"},{"surface":"ἑταίροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"for companions"},{"surface":"διζήμενος","lemma":"δίζημαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέβην","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"for myself"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμοὶ","gloss":"self"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b23-l254","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔρχευ, λέκτρονδʼ ἴομεν, γύναι, ὄφρα καὶ ἤδη","translation":"But come, let us go to bed, wife, so that now at last","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔρχευ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"λέκτρονδ","lemma":"λέκτρον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴομεν","gloss":"to bed","note":"λέκτρονδ᾽, again the directional -δε suffix, 'bedward'."},{"surface":"ἴομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ταρπώμεθα","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b23-l255","source":"ὕπνῳ ὕπο γλυκερῷ ταρπώμεθα κοιμηθέντε.","translation":"we may take our delight beneath sweet sleep, lying down together.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κοιμηθέντε","title":"Dual participle","body":"κοιμηθέντε is a dual aorist participle, 'the two of us having lain down,' fitting the reunited pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὕπνῳ","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὕπο","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"γλυκερῷ","lemma":"γλυκερός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνῳ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ταρπώμεθα","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"we may delight"},{"surface":"κοιμηθέντε","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ταρπώμεθα","gloss":"lying down together","note":"κοιμηθέντε, dual participle — the poem's final dual form, closing the reunion scene on the pair united."}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b23-l256","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered","note":"προσεῖπον is a suppletive aorist 'spoke to' used as the standard Homeric verb of address."},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise, circumspect","note":"περίφρων 'very-minded' is Penelope's fixed epithet, always paired with her name in this formula line."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b23-l257","source":"εὐνὴ μὲν δή σοί γε τότʼ ἔσσεται ὁππότε θυμῷ","translation":"\"Your bed shall be ready for you at whatever time","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνὴ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσεται","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be","note":"ἔσσεται is the epic future of εἰμί, built on the older ἐσ- stem instead of Attic ἔσται."},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλῃς","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b23-l258","source":"σῷ ἐθέλῃς, ἐπεὶ ἄρ σε θεοὶ ποίησαν ἱκέσθαι","translation":"your heart desires, now that the gods have brought you back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃς","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁππότε","gloss":"you wish","note":"subjunctive with ὁππότε gives a general 'whenever you wish' clause, no ἄν needed after κε-type particles in Homer."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ποίησαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"ποίησαν","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"caused, made"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ποίησαν","gloss":"to arrive","note":"ποιέω + infinitive 'made (you) come' - causative construction, θεοὶ ... ποίησαν ἱκέσθαι."}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b23-l259","source":"οἶκον ἐϋκτίμενον καὶ σὴν ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν·","translation":"to your well-built house and to your own native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐϋκτίμενον","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b23-l260","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ ἐφράσθης καί τοι θεὸς ἔμβαλε θυμῷ,","translation":"But since you have spoken of it, and a god has put it in your heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἐφράσθης","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"you spoke of it","note":"aorist passive of φράζω, 'you were made to think of/mention it' - i.e. brought it up yourself."},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλε","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"put, cast"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"in your heart","note":"ἐμβάλλω θυμῷ 'throw into the heart' - stock Homeric idiom for a god implanting an impulse."}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b23-l261","source":"εἴπʼ ἄγε μοι τὸν ἄεθλον, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὄπισθεν, ὀΐω,","translation":"come, tell me of this trial, since later, I think,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴπ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell","note":"εἶπον's imperative εἰπέ elides to εἴπ᾽ before the following vowel-initial ἄγε."},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of εἴπ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴπ᾽","gloss":"trial, ordeal","note":"ἆθλος here refers to the oar-planting task Teiresias set Odysseus - the story he's about to reveal."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεύσομαι","gloss":"later, hereafter"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b23-l262","source":"πεύσομαι, αὐτίκα δʼ ἐστὶ δαήμεναι οὔ τι χέρειον.","translation":"I shall learn of it, and it is no worse to know it at once.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεύσομαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"I will learn"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαήμεναι","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"δαήμεναι","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"to know","note":"δαήμεναι is an epic athematic infinitive of δάω 'to learn/know', archaic -μεναι ending."},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"χέρειον","lemma":"χερείων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"worse"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b23-l263","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις\n                  Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then Odysseus of many counsels answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said, spoke","note":"πρόσφημι, an epic-only verb of address, imperfect προσέφη used narratively like an aorist."},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"resourceful, of many wiles","note":"πολύμητις is Odysseus's fixed epithet, 'of many devices,' anchoring the verse-end formula with his name."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b23-l264","source":"δαιμονίη, τί τʼ ἄρʼ αὖ με μάλʼ ὀτρύνουσα κελεύεις","translation":"\"Strange woman, why do you so urgently press me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l264.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιμονίη","title":"daimoniê — 'strange one'","body":"A vocative of affectionate exasperation, literally 'one driven by a daimon.' It can scold or endear; here it is gently chiding."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμονίη","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange one","note":"δαιμονίη is a wondering, half-exasperated vocative Homeric heroes use for someone acting oddly - not literally 'demonic.'"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπέμεν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰπέμεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀτρύνουσα","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνουσα","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bid, press"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b23-l265","source":"εἰπέμεν; αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ἐπικεύσω.","translation":"to tell it? Still, I will speak out and hide nothing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰπέμεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κελεύεις","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet, but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will speak out"},{"surface":"ἐπικεύσω","lemma":"ἐπικεύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will hide","note":"ἐπικεύθω (fut. of ἐπικεύθω/ἐπικεύσω) - Odysseus promises full disclosure, echoing his own epithet as a man of concealment doing the opposite."}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b23-l266","source":"οὐ μέν τοι θυμὸς κεχαρήσεται· οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὸς","translation":"Yet your heart will take no joy in it; nor do I myself","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κεχαρήσεται","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"κεχαρήσεται","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"future perfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will rejoice","note":"future perfect middle of χαίρω used with future sense - Homeric reduplicated future stressing the resulting state."},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b23-l267","source":"χαίρω, ἐπεὶ μάλα πολλὰ βροτῶν ἐπὶ ἄστεʼ ἄνωγεν","translation":"rejoice, since he bade me go to very many cities of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαίρω","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄστε᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστε᾽","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄστε","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"ἄνωγεν","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he bade, ordered","note":"ἄνωγα is a perfect form with present/imperfect meaning, 'he commands/commanded' - Teiresias's original instruction."}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b23-l268","source":"ἐλθεῖν, ἐν χείρεσσιν ἔχοντʼ εὐῆρες ἐρετμόν,","translation":"carrying in my hands a well-balanced oar,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωγεν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χείρεσσιν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχοντ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"εὐῆρες","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμόν","gloss":"well-balanced"},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντ᾽","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b23-l269","source":"εἰς ὅ κε τοὺς ἀφίκωμαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι θάλασσαν","translation":"until I come to those men who know nothing of the sea","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"(point) which"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀφίκωμαι","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ἀφίκωμαι","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"I arrive at","note":"aorist subjunctive with εἰς ὅ κε 'until,' the standard Homeric temporal-limit construction."},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴσασι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"they know"},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσασι","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b23-l270","source":"ἀνέρες, οὐδέ θʼ ἅλεσσι μεμιγμένον εἶδαρ ἔδουσιν·","translation":"and eat no food mixed with salt;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἅλεσσι","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μεμιγμένον","gloss":"with salt","note":"ἅλεσσι is an old epic dative plural of ἅλς - salt as the mark of coastal, sea-going peoples."},{"surface":"μεμιγμένον","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"modifies εἶδαρ","gloss":"mixed"},{"surface":"εἶδαρ","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδουσιν","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"ἔδουσιν","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b23-l271","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα τοί γʼ ἴσασι νέας φοινικοπαρῄους,","translation":"nor do they know of ships with crimson-painted cheeks,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἴσασι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"νέας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσασι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"φοινικοπαρῄους","lemma":"φοινικοπάρῃος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νέας","gloss":"crimson-cheeked","note":"φοινικοπάρῃος 'red-cheeked' describes the painted bows of Homeric ships - a formulaic maritime epithet."}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b23-l272","source":"οὐδʼ εὐήρεʼ ἐρετμά, τά τε πτερὰ νηυσὶ πέλονται.","translation":"nor of well-balanced oars, which are the wings of ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐήρε","lemma":"εὐήρης","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρετμά","gloss":"well-balanced"},{"surface":"ἐρετμά","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"oars"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of πέλονται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(enclitic particle)"},{"surface":"πτερὰ","lemma":"πτερόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wings","note":"πτερὰ νηυσί 'wings for ships' - a striking Homeric metaphor comparing oars to feathers."},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πτερὰ","gloss":"for ships"},{"surface":"πέλονται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐρετμά","gloss":"are, serve as"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b23-l273","source":"σῆμα δέ μοι τόδʼ ἔειπεν ἀριφραδές, οὐδέ σε κεύσω·","translation":"And he told me this unmistakable sign — I will not hide it from you:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l273.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σῆμα","title":"sêma — sign, token","body":"A sêma is a recognizable sign or proof. The recognition-tokens are a running theme of this book; here the 'sign' is the prophesied sign that Odysseus has reached the inland people."}],"words":[{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"sign, token"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told, said"},{"surface":"ἀριφραδές","lemma":"ἀριφραδής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of κεύσω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κεύσω","lemma":"κεύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will hide"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b23-l274","source":"ὁππότε κεν δή μοι ξυμβλήμενος ἄλλος ὁδίτης","translation":"when another traveler, meeting me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ξυμβλήμενος","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ξυμβλήμενος","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φήῃ","gloss":"meeting","note":"ξυμβλήμενος = συμβλήμενος, aorist middle participle of συμβάλλω with the epic assimilated ξυν- form."},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδίτης","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ὁδίτης","lemma":"ὁδίτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φήῃ","gloss":"traveler"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b23-l275","source":"φήῃ ἀθηρηλοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ,","translation":"says I have a winnowing-fan on my shining shoulder,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l275.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀθηρηλοιγὸν","title":"'Chaff-destroyer' — the winnowing fan","body":"ἀθηρηλοιγός literally means 'destroyer of chaff,' a kenning for a winnowing shovel. Inland people, ignorant of oars, mistake the oar for this farm tool."}],"words":[{"surface":"φήῃ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"says","note":"φήῃ, present subjunctive of φημί, governs the indirect statement ἀθηρηλοιγὸν ἔχειν, 'says (that) I have a winnowing-fan.'"},{"surface":"ἀθηρηλοιγὸν","lemma":"ἀθηρηλοιγός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχειν","gloss":"winnowing-fan","note":"ἀθηρηλοιγός, a hapax-like coinage meaning 'chaff-destroyer' - the traveler mistakes the oar for a farm tool, the sign Teiresias foretold."},{"surface":"ἔχειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φήῃ","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, upon"},{"surface":"φαιδίμῳ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὤμῳ","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ὤμῳ","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b23-l276","source":"καὶ τότε μʼ ἐν γαίῃ πήξαντʼ ἐκέλευεν ἐρετμόν,","translation":"then he bade me fix my oar in the earth","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"πήξαντ","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"planting","note":"aorist participle of πήγνυμι, 'having fixed/planted' the oar upright in the ground."},{"surface":"ἐκέλευεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade, ordered"},{"surface":"ἐρετμόν","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πήξαντ᾽","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b23-l277","source":"ἔρξανθʼ ἱερὰ καλὰ Ποσειδάωνι ἄνακτι,","translation":"and make fine offerings to lord Poseidon,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρξανθ","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"performing, making"},{"surface":"ἱερὰ","lemma":"ἱερόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sacred offerings"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱερὰ","gloss":"fine, goodly"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάωνι","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρξανθ᾽","gloss":"to Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἄνακτι","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάωνι","gloss":"lord","note":"ἄναξ 'lord' in apposition to Ποσειδάωνι - honorific address to the sea-god whose wrath drove Odysseus's wanderings."}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b23-l278","source":"ἀρνειὸν ταῦρόν τε συῶν τʼ ἐπιβήτορα κάπρον,","translation":"a ram, a bull, and a boar that mounts the sows,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνειὸν","lemma":"ἀρνειός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"ram"},{"surface":"ταῦρόν","lemma":"ταῦρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"bull"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συῶν","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβήτορα","gloss":"of sows"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιβήτορα","lemma":"ἐπιβήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κάπρον","gloss":"mounter, breeder","note":"ἐπιβήτωρ 'one who mounts' as a term for a breeding boar — a vivid agricultural epithet."},{"surface":"κάπρον","lemma":"κάπρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"boar"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b23-l279","source":"οἴκαδʼ ἀποστείχειν, ἔρδειν θʼ ἱερὰς ἑκατόμβας","translation":"and then to set off home and offer sacred hecatombs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀποστείχειν","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἀποστείχειν","lemma":"ἀποστείχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"to go back"},{"surface":"ἔρδειν","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"to offer, perform"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱερὰς","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρδειν","gloss":"hecatombs","note":"ἑκατόμβη, literally 'hundred-ox sacrifice,' a grand ritual offering owed to all the gods."}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b23-l280","source":"ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσι,","translation":"to the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρδειν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοῖσι","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b23-l281","source":"πᾶσι μάλʼ ἑξείης· θάνατος δέ μοι ἐξ ἁλὸς αὐτῷ","translation":"to all in due order; and for me death from the sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξείης","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρδειν","gloss":"in order","note":"ἑξείης 'in due sequence' - each god honored in proper turn, a formulaic ritual phrase."},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλεύσεται","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μοι","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b23-l282","source":"ἀβληχρὸς μάλα τοῖος ἐλεύσεται, ὅς κέ με πέφνῃ","translation":"will come, a death so gentle, that will slay me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀβληχρὸς","lemma":"ἀβληχρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέφνῃ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέφνῃ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πέφνῃ","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θάνατος","gloss":"will slay","note":"πέφνῃ is a rare reduplicated aorist subjunctive of θείνω 'to strike/slay' - archaic root surviving only in a handful of Homeric forms."}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b23-l283","source":"γήρα’ ὕπο λιπαρῷ ἀρημένον· ἀμφὶ δὲ λαοὶ","translation":"worn out by sleek old age; and around me my people","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under, from"},{"surface":"λιπαρῷ","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γήρας","gloss":"sleek, comfortable","note":"λιπαρός 'sleek/glistening' describes an easeful old age, unusual praise for something normally dreaded."},{"surface":"ἀρημένον","lemma":"ἀράω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσονται","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσονται","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b23-l284","source":"ὄλβιοι ἔσσονται· τὰ δέ μοι φάτο πάντα τελεῖσθαι.","translation":"will be prosperous. All this, he said, would come to pass.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄλβιοι","lemma":"ὄλβιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαοὶ","gloss":"prosperous"},{"surface":"ἔσσονται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of τελεῖσθαι","gloss":"these things","note":"τὰ...πάντα split by the verb φάτο in hyperbaton, framing the promise."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τελεῖσθαι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"φάτο, middle of φημί, common epic 'said/spoke' in narration."},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τὰ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τελεῖσθαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"come to pass"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b23-l285","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then wise Penelope answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered","note":"προσέειπε is the formulaic epic verb introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"wise","note":"περίφρων is Penelope's standing epithet, 'circumspect/prudent.'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b23-l286","source":"εἰ μὲν δὴ γῆράς γε θεοὶ τελέουσιν ἄρειον,","translation":"\"If the gods are bringing to pass a better old age,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γῆράς","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τελέουσιν","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέουσιν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"τελέουσιν","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"bring to pass"},{"surface":"ἄρειον","lemma":"ἀρείων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies γῆράς","gloss":"better","note":"ἄρειον, comparative of ἀγαθός, agreeing with neuter γῆρας."}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b23-l287","source":"ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα κακῶν ὑπάλυξιν ἔσεσθαι.","translation":"then there is hope that there will be an escape from troubles.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλπωρή","lemma":"ἐλπωρή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"hope","note":"ἐλπωρή is a rare epic noun for 'hope,' used only a few times in Homer."},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὑπάλυξιν","gloss":"of troubles"},{"surface":"ὑπάλυξιν","lemma":"ὑπάλυξις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"ἔσεσθαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b23-l288","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον·","translation":"So they spoke such things to one another;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l288.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οἱ μὲν","title":"men... resumptive","body":"The μέν here (with no answering δέ in the same line) marks 'these two, for their part,' setting them off against the women preparing the bed in the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τοιαῦτα","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"imperfect ἀγόρευον marks ongoing conversation, not a single utterance."}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b23-l289","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἄρʼ Εὐρυνόμη τε ἰδὲ τροφὸς ἔντυον εὐνὴν","translation":"meanwhile Eurynome and the nurse were making ready the bed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔντυον","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Εὐρυνόμη","lemma":"Εὐρυνόμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"Eurynome"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"ἔντυον","lemma":"ἐντύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were preparing","note":"imperfect ἔντυον, the domestic bed-making happening in parallel to the dialogue above."},{"surface":"εὐνὴν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔντυον","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b23-l290","source":"ἐσθῆτος μαλακῆς, δαΐδων ὕπο λαμπομενάων.","translation":"with soft bedding, by the light of blazing torches.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθῆτος","lemma":"ἐσθής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εὐνὴν","gloss":"of bedding"},{"surface":"μαλακῆς","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐσθῆτος","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"δαΐδων","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"of torches"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"λαμπομενάων","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"modifies δαΐδων","gloss":"blazing","note":"λαμπομενάων, genitive plural participle agreeing with δαΐδων, 'shining/blazing.'"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b23-l291","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ στόρεσαν πυκινὸν λέχος ἐγκονέουσαι,","translation":"But when they had busily spread the close-built bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"στόρεσαν","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχος","gloss":"close-built"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of στόρεσαν","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἐγκονέουσαι","lemma":"ἐγκονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to στόρεσαν","gloss":"busily working","note":"ἐγκονέουσαι, present participle stressing eager haste while spreading the bed."}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b23-l292","source":"γρηῢς μὲν κείουσα πάλιν οἶκόνδε βεβήκει,","translation":"the old woman went back to her own room to lie down,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γρηῢς","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"κείουσα","lemma":"κείω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"to lie down","note":"κείουσα, desiderative-flavored participle, 'intending to sleep.'"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"οἶκόνδε","lemma":"οἶκόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of βεβήκει","gloss":"homeward","note":"οἶκόνδε, directional -δε suffix meaning 'to/toward home.'"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b23-l293","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Εὐρυνόμη θαλαμηπόλος ἡγεμόνευεν","translation":"and Eurynome the chambermaid led the way for them,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρυνόμη","lemma":"Εὐρυνόμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"Eurynome"},{"surface":"θαλαμηπόλος","lemma":"θαλαμηπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρυνόμη","gloss":"chambermaid"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνευεν","lemma":"ἡγεμονεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led the way"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b23-l294","source":"ἐρχομένοισι λέχοσδε, δάος μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχουσα·","translation":"as they went to bed, holding a torch in her hands;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένοισι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"λέχοσδε","lemma":"λέχοσδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρχομένοισι","gloss":"to bed","note":"λέχοσδε, directional -δε suffix, 'toward the bed.'"},{"surface":"δάος","lemma":"δάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"torch"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἡγεμόνευεν","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b23-l295","source":"ἐς θάλαμον δʼ ἀγαγοῦσα πάλιν κίεν. οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα","translation":"and when she had brought them to the chamber she went back. They then,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγαγοῦσα","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κίεν","gloss":"having led"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κίεν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"κίεν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκοντο","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b23-l296","source":"ἀσπάσιοι λέκτροιο παλαιοῦ θεσμὸν ἵκοντο·","translation":"gladly, came to the place of their old bed, its custom established.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπάσιοι","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gladly","note":"ἀσπάσιοι agrees with the implied subjects (Odysseus and Penelope), 'welcome/glad.'"},{"surface":"λέκτροιο","lemma":"λέκτρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies θεσμὸν","gloss":"of bed"},{"surface":"παλαιοῦ","lemma":"παλαιός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέκτροιο","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"θεσμὸν","lemma":"θεσμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"custom","note":"θεσμόν λέχους, 'the rite/custom of the bed' — their marriage bed itself is the recognition token."},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came to"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b23-l297","source":"αὐτὰρ Τηλέμαχος καὶ βουκόλος ἠδὲ συβώτης","translation":"Meanwhile Telemachus and the herdsman and the swineherd","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βουκόλος","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"herdsman"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτης","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"swineherd"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b23-l298","source":"παῦσαν ἄρʼ ὀρχηθμοῖο πόδας, παῦσαν δὲ γυναῖκας,","translation":"stayed their feet from the dance, and made the women stay too,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῦσαν","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped","note":"παῦσαν repeated (anaphora): 'stopped...stopped', stressing the household settling for the night."},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀρχηθμοῖο","lemma":"ὀρχηθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παῦσαν","gloss":"from dancing"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παῦσαν","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"παῦσαν","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παῦσαν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b23-l299","source":"αὐτοὶ δʼ εὐνάζοντο κατὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα.","translation":"and they themselves lay down to sleep throughout the shadowy halls.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"they themselves"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐνάζοντο","lemma":"εὐνάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down to sleep"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"μέγαρα","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέγαρα","gloss":"shadowy","note":"σκιόεντα, formulaic epithet for the dim, torch-lit halls at night."}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b23-l300","source":"τὼ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν φιλότητος ἐταρπήτην ἐρατεινῆς,","translation":"But when the two had taken their delight in lovely love,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l300.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ... ἐταρπήτην","title":"Dual subject and verb","body":"τώ ('the two of them') and the verb ἐταρπήτην are both dual, marking Odysseus and Penelope as an inseparable pair throughout this reunion."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τερπέσθην","gloss":"the two of them","note":"τὼ, dual number, marking Odysseus and Penelope as a pair."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φιλότητος","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐταρπήτην","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"ἐταρπήτην","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had delighted","note":"ἐταρπήτην, dual aorist passive, matching τὼ — grammar itself enacts the couple's reunion."},{"surface":"ἐρατεινῆς","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φιλότητος","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b23-l301","source":"τερπέσθην μύθοισι, πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐνέποντε,","translation":"they took delight in talk, telling each other their stories,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τερπέσθην","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"delighted","note":"dual τερπέσθην again, echoing l300's ἐταρπήτην — the pleasure of talk mirrors that of love."},{"surface":"μύθοισι","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τερπέσθην","gloss":"in talk"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἐνέποντε","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τερπέσθην","gloss":"telling"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b23-l302","source":"ἡ μὲν ὅσʼ ἐν μεγάροισιν ἀνέσχετο δῖα γυναικῶν,","translation":"she, the queenly woman, all she had endured in the halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀνέσχετο","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἀνέσχετο","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἀνέσχετο","gloss":"queenly","note":"δῖα γυναικῶν, 'shining among women,' a standard epithet formula for Penelope."},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of women"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b23-l303","source":"ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων ἐσορῶσʼ ἀΐδηλον ὅμιλον,","translation":"looking upon the ruinous throng of the suitors,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ἐσορῶσ","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσχετο","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"ἀΐδηλον","lemma":"ἀίδηλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"ruinous","note":"ἀΐδηλον, 'destructive/unseen-making,' a strong epic word branding the suitors as a blight."},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσορῶσ᾽","gloss":"throng"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b23-l304","source":"οἳ ἕθεν εἵνεκα πολλά, βόας καὶ ἴφια μῆλα,","translation":"who for her sake slaughtered many cattle and fat sheep,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσφαζον","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"for her sake","note":"ἕθεν εἵνεκα, archaic genitive pronoun + preposition, 'because of her.'"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"πολλά","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφια","lemma":"ἴφιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b23-l305","source":"ἔσφαζον, πολλὸς δὲ πίθων ἠφύσσετο οἶνος·","translation":"and much wine was drawn from the jars;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσφαζον","lemma":"σφάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"πολλὸς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνος","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίθων","lemma":"πίθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠφύσσετο","gloss":"of jars"},{"surface":"ἠφύσσετο","lemma":"ἀφύσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"was drawn","note":"ἠφύσσετο, imperfect passive of ἀφύσσω 'draw/ladle out,' used of wine from storage jars."},{"surface":"οἶνος","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠφύσσετο","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b23-l306","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ διογενὴς Ὀδυσεὺς ὅσα κήδεʼ ἔθηκεν","translation":"and Zeus-born Odysseus, all the woes he had brought","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ὀδυσεὺς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"διογενὴς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσεὺς","gloss":"Zeus-born","note":"διογενής, formulaic heroic epithet, 'sprung from Zeus.'"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλεγ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήδε᾽","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"woes"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b23-l307","source":"ἀνθρώποις ὅσα τʼ αὐτὸς ὀϊζύσας ἐμόγησε,","translation":"upon men, and all that he himself had toiled through in misery,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώποις","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"upon men"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμόγησε","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ὀϊζύσας","lemma":"ὀιζύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμόγησε","gloss":"suffering grief"},{"surface":"ἐμόγησε","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"toiled through"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b23-l308","source":"πάντʼ ἔλεγʼ· ἡ δʼ ἄρʼ ἐτέρπετʼ ἀκούουσʼ, οὐδέ οἱ ὕπνος","translation":"he told it all; and she rejoiced to listen, nor did sleep","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλεγ᾽","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔλεγ","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐτέρπετ᾽","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐτέρπετ","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced","note":"ἐτέρπετ᾽, imperfect, ongoing delight as she listens to his tale."},{"surface":"ἀκούουσ","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐτέρπετ᾽","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πῖπτεν","gloss":"upon her"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πῖπτεν","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b23-l309","source":"πῖπτεν ἐπὶ βλεφάροισι πάρος καταλέξαι ἅπαντα.","translation":"fall upon her eyelids before he had recounted everything.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῖπτεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell","note":"πῖπτεν, imperfect describing sleep's approach delayed until the tale is finished."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"βλεφάροισι","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"καταλέξαι","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πάρος","gloss":"recounting"},{"surface":"ἅπαντα","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καταλέξαι","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b23-l310","source":"ἤρξατο δʼ ὡς πρῶτον Κίκονας δάμασʼ, αὐτὰρ\n                  ἔπειτα","translation":"He began with how he first overcame the Kikones, and then","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤρξατο","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δάμασ᾽","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Κίκονας","lemma":"Κίκονες","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δάμασ᾽","gloss":"Kikones","note":"the first tribe Odysseus raids after leaving Troy, opening his wandering narrative."},{"surface":"δάμασ","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"overcame"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθ᾽","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b23-l311","source":"ἦλθʼ ἐς Λωτοφάγων ἀνδρῶν πίειραν ἄρουραν·","translation":"how he came to the rich land of the Lotus-eaters;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Λωτοφάγων","lemma":"Λωτοφάγοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of Lotus-eaters","note":"Λωτοφάγοι, the fabled land whose fruit made men forget their homecoming."},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄρουραν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"πίειραν","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουραν","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ἄρουραν","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b23-l312","source":"ἠδʼ ὅσα Κύκλωψ ἔρξε, καὶ ὡς ἀπετίσατο ποινὴν","translation":"and all that the Cyclops did, and how he made him pay the penalty","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔρξε","gloss":"all that","note":"ὅσος 'as much as' introduces the relative clause of things recounted."},{"surface":"Κύκλωψ","lemma":"Κύκλωψ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρξε","gloss":"Cyclops"},{"surface":"ἔρξε","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἀπετίσατο","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"exacted","note":"ἀποτίνω middle = 'made pay back for oneself,' i.e. got repaid/avenged."},{"surface":"ποινὴν","lemma":"ποινή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπετίσατο","gloss":"penalty"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b23-l313","source":"ἰφθίμων ἑτάρων, οὓς ἤσθιεν οὐδʼ ἐλέαιρεν·","translation":"for his strong companions, whom he ate and showed no pity;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰφθίμων","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"strong","note":"ἴφθιμος is a stock epic epithet for warriors/companions, formulaic filler for the line."},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποινὴν","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἤσθιεν","lemma":"ἐσθίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"he was eating"},{"surface":"ἐλέαιρεν","lemma":"ἐλεαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"pitied","note":"ἐλέαιρεν with negative οὐδ᾽ = 'showed no pity,' imperfect for ongoing cruelty."}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b23-l314","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς Αἴολον ἵκεθʼ, ὅ μιν πρόφρων ὑπέδεκτο","translation":"and how he came to Aeolus, who received him kindly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Αἴολον","lemma":"Αἴολος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκεθ᾽","gloss":"Aeolus"},{"surface":"ἵκεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πρόφρων","lemma":"πρόφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"kindly","note":"πρόφρων 'eager/kindly-minded,' adverbial predicate describing manner of receiving."},{"surface":"ὑπέδεκτο","lemma":"ὑποδέχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b23-l315","source":"καὶ πέμπʼ, οὐδέ πω αἶσα φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἱκέσθαι","translation":"and sent him on; but it was not yet his fate to reach","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πέμπ","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"sent him off"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"αἶσα","lemma":"αἶσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fate","note":"αἶσα as predicate noun with infinitive ἱκέσθαι: 'it was not fate for him to reach...'"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ἤην","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b23-l316","source":"ἤην, ἀλλά μιν αὖτις ἀναρπάξασα θύελλα","translation":"his dear native land, for a storm-gust snatched him up again","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"it was","note":"ἤην is an epic/Ionic imperfect of εἰμί, alternate to ἦν."},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἀναρπάξασα","lemma":"ἀναρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"snatching up","note":"aorist participle ἀναρπάξασα agrees with θύελλα (fem.), the storm as agent."},{"surface":"θύελλα","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"storm-gust"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b23-l317","source":"πόντον ἐπʼ ἰχθυόεντα φέρεν βαρέα στενάχοντα·","translation":"and bore him over the fish-filled sea, groaning heavily;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fish-filled","note":"ἰχθυόεις, a Homeric compound epithet formed for the meter, 'teeming with fish.'"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"bore him"},{"surface":"βαρέα","lemma":"βαρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στενάχοντα","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"στενάχοντα","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"groaning"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b23-l318","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς Τηλέπυλον Λαιστρυγονίην ἀφίκανεν,","translation":"and how he came to Telepylos of the Laestrygonians,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Τηλέπυλον","lemma":"Τηλέπυλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφίκανεν","gloss":"Telepylos"},{"surface":"Λαιστρυγονίην","lemma":"Λαιστρυγονίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τηλέπυλον","gloss":"Laestrygonian"},{"surface":"ἀφίκανεν","lemma":"ἀφικάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b23-l319","source":"οἳ νῆάς τʼ ὄλεσαν καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδας ἑταίρους","translation":"who destroyed his ships and his well-greaved companions","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄλεσαν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"νῆάς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄλεσαν","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Λαιστρυγονίην","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"well-greaved","note":"ἐυκνήμις, a standard Homeric epithet for Achaean warriors, describes their leg-armor."},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b23-l320","source":"πάντας· Ὀδυσσεὺς δʼ οἶος ὑπέκφυγε νηῒ μελαίνῃ·","translation":"all of them; Odysseus alone escaped in his black ship;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπέκφυγε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἶος 'alone' stresses Odysseus as the sole survivor, key theme of the recap."},{"surface":"ὑπέκφυγε","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"νηῒ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπέκφυγε","gloss":"in ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῒ","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b23-l321","source":"καὶ Κίρκης κατέλεξε δόλον πολυμηχανίην τε,","translation":"and he told of Circe's guile and her many wiles,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κίρκης","lemma":"Κίρκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"Circe's"},{"surface":"κατέλεξε","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told of"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"trickery"},{"surface":"πολυμηχανίην","lemma":"πολυμηχανία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"cunning wiles","note":"πολυμηχανία 'much-deviceness,' an abstract noun echoing Odysseus's own epithet πολυμήχανος."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b23-l322","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς εἰς Ἀΐδεω δόμον ἤλυθεν εὐρώεντα,","translation":"and how he went to the dank house of Hades","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδεω","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"Hades'"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"εὐρώεντα","lemma":"εὐρώεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"dank","note":"εὐρώεις 'moldy/dank,' a formulaic epithet for the house of Hades."}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b23-l323","source":"ψυχῇ χρησόμενος Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο,","translation":"to consult the spirit of Theban Teiresias,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχῇ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χρησόμενος","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"χρησόμενος","lemma":"χράω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθεν","gloss":"to consult","note":"χράομαι + dative, future participle of purpose: 'in order to consult.'"},{"surface":"Θηβαίου","lemma":"Θηβαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τειρεσίαο","gloss":"Theban"},{"surface":"Τειρεσίαο","lemma":"Τειρεσίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχῇ","gloss":"Teiresias"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b23-l324","source":"νηῒ πολυκλήϊδι, καὶ εἴσιδε πάντας ἑταίρους","translation":"in his many-oared ship, and saw all his companions","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῒ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθεν","gloss":"in ship"},{"surface":"πολυκλήϊδι","lemma":"πολυκλήις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νηῒ","gloss":"many-oared"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴσιδε","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b23-l325","source":"μητέρα θʼ, ἥ μιν ἔτικτε καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα·","translation":"and his mother, who bore him and reared him when he was little;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μητέρα","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔτικτε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφε","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"little","note":"τυτθόν 'small,' predicate adjective with participle ἐόντα: 'being little.'"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b23-l326","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς Σειρήνων ἁδινάων φθόγγον ἄκουσεν,","translation":"and how he heard the voice of the thronging Sirens,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Σειρήνων","lemma":"Σειρήν","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies φθόγγον","gloss":"Sirens'"},{"surface":"ἁδινάων","lemma":"ἀδινός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σειρήνων","gloss":"thronging","note":"ἀδινός 'dense/throbbing,' vivid epithet for the massed, insistent sound of the Sirens' song."},{"surface":"φθόγγον","lemma":"φθόγγος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄκουσεν","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἄκουσεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b23-l327","source":"ὥς θʼ ἵκετο Πλαγκτὰς πέτρας δεινήν τε Χάρυβδιν","translation":"and how he came to the Wandering Rocks and dread Charybdis","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκετο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"Πλαγκτὰς","lemma":"Πλαγκταί","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πέτρας","gloss":"Wandering","note":"Πλαγκταί 'the Wandering (Rocks),' a substantivized adjective naming the moving crags."},{"surface":"πέτρας","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"δεινήν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Χάρυβδιν","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χάρυβδιν","lemma":"Χάρυβδις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Charybdis"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b23-l328","source":"Σκύλλην θʼ, ἣν οὔ πώ ποτʼ ἀκήριοι ἄνδρες ἄλυξαν·","translation":"and Scylla, whom no men have ever escaped unscathed;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σκύλλην","lemma":"Σκύλλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"Scylla"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἄλυξαν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀκήριοι","lemma":"ἀκήριος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unscathed","note":"ἀκήριος 'without harm,' predicate adjective describing the state men would need to be in to escape."},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄλυξαν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἄλυξαν","lemma":"ἀλύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Σκύλλην","gloss":"escaped"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b23-l329","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς Ἠελίοιο βόας κατέπεφνον ἑταῖροι·","translation":"and how his companions slew the cattle of the Sun;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"Sun's","note":"Ἠέλιος, the sun-god Helios, genitive marking possession of the sacred cattle."},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κατέπεφνον","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"κατέπεφνον","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object","gloss":"slew"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέπεφνον","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b23-l330","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς νῆα θοὴν ἔβαλε ψολόεντι κεραυνῷ","translation":"and how Zeus the high-thunderer struck the swift ship with a smoking bolt,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l330.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","title":"Zeus the high-thunderer","body":"ὑψιβρεμέτης ('thundering on high') is a formulaic epithet of Zeus, evoking his sky-god power as he wields the thunderbolt."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔβαλε","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἔβαλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ψολόεντι","lemma":"ψολόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κεραυνῷ","gloss":"smoking","note":"ψολόεις 'smoky/sooty,' epithet for Zeus's thunderbolt describing its scorched trail."},{"surface":"κεραυνῷ","lemma":"κεραυνός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλε","gloss":"thunderbolt"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b23-l331","source":"Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης, ἀπὸ δʼ ἔφθιθεν ἐσθλοὶ ἑταῖροι","translation":"Zeus the high-thunderer, and his brave companions perished,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l331.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","title":"High-thundering Zeus","body":"A standard epithet of Zeus, in the nominative as the subject of the verb. Formulaic epithets like this are a hallmark of Homeric style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβαλε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","lemma":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"high-thunderer","note":"ὑψιβρεμέτης, a grand cult epithet of Zeus, 'thundering on high.'"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφθιθεν","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"ἐσθλοὶ","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφθιθεν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b23-l332","source":"πάντες ὁμῶς, αὐτὸς δὲ κακὰς ὑπὸ κῆρας ἄλυξεν·","translation":"all alike, while he alone escaped the cruel fates of death;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁμῶς","lemma":"ὁμῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφθιθεν","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἄλυξεν","gloss":"he himself","note":"αὐτός contrasts Odysseus alone against πάντες ὁμῶς, 'all the rest alike' who died."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κακὰς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρας","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἄλυξεν","gloss":"fates of death"},{"surface":"ἄλυξεν","lemma":"ἀλύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"escaped"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b23-l333","source":"ὥς θʼ ἵκετʼ Ὠγυγίην νῆσον νύμφην τε Καλυψώ,","translation":"and how he came to the island of Ogygia and the nymph Calypso,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκετ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"Ὠγυγίην","lemma":"Ὠγυγία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῆσον","gloss":"Ogygia"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"νύμφην","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Καλυψώ","gloss":"nymph"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Καλυψώ","lemma":"Καλυψώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Calypso"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b23-l334","source":"ἣ δή μιν κατέρυκε, λιλαιομένη πόσιν εἶναι,","translation":"who held him back, longing for him to be her husband,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l334.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"λιλαιομένη","title":"Participle of longing","body":"A present middle participle agreeing with Calypso, expressing her continuous desire as she detained Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"δή adds emphasis: 'who indeed held him back,' underscoring Calypso's persistent detention."},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέρυκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κατέρυκε","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"λιλαιομένη","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέρυκε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of λιλαιομένη","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b23-l335","source":"ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, καὶ ἔτρεφεν ἠδὲ ἔφασκε","translation":"in her hollow caves, and fed him, and kept promising","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σπέσσι","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"caves"},{"surface":"γλαφυροῖσι","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπέσσι","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφεν","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"fed him"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφασκε","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"kept promising"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b23-l336","source":"θήσειν ἀθάνατον καὶ ἀγήραον ἤματα πάντα·","translation":"to make him immortal and ageless for all his days;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θήσειν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφασκε","gloss":"to make","note":"future infinitive θήσειν after ἔφασκε, standard for reported future promises."},{"surface":"ἀθάνατον","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγήραον","lemma":"ἀγήραος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of καὶ","gloss":"ageless"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b23-l337","source":"ἀλλὰ τοῦ οὔ ποτε θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἔπειθεν·","translation":"but never did she persuade the heart within his breast.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"his","note":"τοῦ, genitive of possession pointing back to Odysseus, 'the heart of him.'"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπειθεν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἔπειθεν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"persuaded"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b23-l338","source":"ἠδʼ ὡς ἐς Φαίηκας ἀφίκετο πολλὰ μογήσας,","translation":"And how he came to the Phaeacians after much suffering,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Φαίηκας","lemma":"Φαίαξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Phaeacians"},{"surface":"ἀφίκετο","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μογήσας","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"μογήσας","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀφίκετο","gloss":"suffering","note":"aorist participle μογήσας, 'having toiled/suffered much,' sums up the whole wandering."}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b23-l339","source":"οἳ δή μιν περὶ κῆρι θεὸν ὣς τιμήσαντο","translation":"who honored him in their hearts like a god","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κῆρι","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as","note":"θεὸν ὣς, anastrophe of ὡς 'as/like,' a common Homeric comparison formula."},{"surface":"τιμήσαντο","lemma":"τιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"honored"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b23-l340","source":"καὶ πέμψαν σὺν νηῒ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν,","translation":"and sent him by ship to his own dear native land,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πέμψαν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"sent","note":"3rd pl aorist ‘they sent’ — the Phaeacians, unnamed subject carried from context."},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"νηῒ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear","note":"φίλην ‘dear’ modifies γαῖαν — epic formula ‘dear native land,’ not literally ‘his own.’"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b23-l341","source":"χαλκόν τε χρυσόν τε ἅλις ἐσθῆτά τε δόντες.","translation":"giving him bronze and gold and clothing in abundance.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκόν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσόν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅλις","lemma":"ἅλις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δόντες","gloss":"abundantly","note":"ἅλις ‘in heaps/abundance,’ an old adverb of quantity, common in gift-giving scenes."},{"surface":"ἐσθῆτά","lemma":"ἐσθής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δόντες","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πέμψαν","gloss":"giving","note":"δόντες, nom. pl. participle agreeing with the unstated ‘they’ of πέμψαν — describes how they sent him."}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b23-l342","source":"τοῦτʼ ἄρα δεύτατον εἶπεν ἔπος, ὅτε οἱ γλυκὺς ὕπνος","translation":"This was the last word he spoke, when sweet sleep,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δεύτατον","lemma":"δεύτατος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"last","note":"δεύτατον ‘last of all’ — superlative adverbial accusative, stressing this was the final word before sleep took him."},{"surface":"εἶπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶπεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γλυκὺς","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet","note":"γλυκὺς ὕπνος ‘sweet sleep’ — a fixed Homeric collocation for the onset of sleep."},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b23-l343","source":"λυσιμελὴς ἐπόρουσε, λύων μελεδήματα θυμοῦ.","translation":"loosener of limbs, fell upon him, releasing the cares of his heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l343.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λυσιμελής","title":"Limb-loosening sleep","body":"A vivid compound meaning 'loosening the limbs,' describing how sleep dissolves bodily tension. The same epithet is elsewhere applied to desire."}],"words":[{"surface":"λυσιμελὴς","lemma":"λυσιμελής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"limb-loosening","note":"λυσιμελής, epithet of sleep/death/desire — ‘that loosens the limbs,’ a striking compound epithet."},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσε","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"fell upon","note":"ἐπόρουσε ‘rushed/sprang upon’ — vivid verb personifying sleep as an attacker."},{"surface":"λύων","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"releasing"},{"surface":"μελεδήματα","lemma":"μελέδημα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λύων","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"θυμοῦ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μελεδήματα","gloss":"of heart"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b23-l344","source":"ἡ δʼ αὖτʼ ἄλλʼ ἐνόησε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"Then the goddess, grey-eyed Athena, thought of another thing.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l344.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γλαυκῶπις","title":"Grey-eyed Athena","body":"A recurring epithet of Athena in the nominative, marking her as subject. The image suggests bright, gleaming eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again","note":"αὖτε ‘again, in turn’ — marks a new episode beginning, common transition particle in Homer."},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνόησε","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"grey-eyed","note":"γλαυκῶπις, Athena's standing epithet ‘bright/owl-eyed,’ almost always paired with her name in formula."},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b23-l345","source":"ὁππότε δή ῥʼ Ὀδυσῆα ἐέλπετο ὃν κατὰ θυμὸν","translation":"When she judged that Odysseus had in his heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ταρπήμεναι","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐέλπετο","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"judged","note":"ἐέλπετο, imperfect middle of ἔλπω ‘hope/expect’ — reduplicated epic form, ‘she supposed.’"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b23-l346","source":"εὐνῆς ἧς ἀλόχου ταρπήμεναι ἠδὲ καὶ ὕπνου,","translation":"taken his fill of his wife's bed and of sleep,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχου","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἀλόχου","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"wife's"},{"surface":"ταρπήμεναι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐέλπετο","gloss":"taken his fill","note":"ταρπήμεναι, aorist passive infinitive of τέρπω ‘delight’ — ‘to have had his fill of delight,’ epic infinitive ending -μεναι."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"of sleep"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b23-l347","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἀπʼ Ὠκεανοῦ χρυσόθρονον ἠριγένειαν","translation":"at once from Ocean she roused gold-enthroned Dawn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρσεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῦ","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός, the river encircling the world in Homeric cosmology, from which Dawn rises each day."},{"surface":"χρυσόθρονον","lemma":"χρυσόθρονος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠριγένειαν","gloss":"gold-throned","note":"χρυσόθρονος, standing epithet of Dawn/Hera — formulaic compound adjective."},{"surface":"ἠριγένειαν","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὦρσεν","gloss":"early-born Dawn"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b23-l348","source":"ὦρσεν, ἵνʼ ἀνθρώποισι φόως φέροι· ὦρτο δʼ Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"the early-born, to bring light to humankind; and Odysseus rose","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέροι","gloss":"to mankind"},{"surface":"φόως","lemma":"φόως","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φέροι","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"φέροι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"might bring","note":"φέροι, present optative in a purpose clause after ἵνα — optative of purpose in a past-time narrative."},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose","note":"ὦρτο, aorist middle of ὄρνυμι, intransitive ‘arose’ — contrasts with active ὦρσεν ‘roused (someone else)’ just before."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b23-l349","source":"εὐνῆς ἐκ μαλακῆς, ἀλόχῳ δʼ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν·","translation":"from the soft bed, and laid a charge upon his wife:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μαλακῆς","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῆς","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"ἀλόχῳ","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"to wife"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔτελλεν","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"ἔτελλεν","lemma":"τέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid","note":"ἔτελλεν, imperfect of τέλλω ‘command, enjoin’ — same command-root as ἐπιτέλλω in line 361."}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b23-l350","source":"ὦ γύναι, ἤδη μὲν πολέων κεκορήμεθʼ ἀέθλων","translation":"\"Wife, by now we have had our fill of many trials,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O","note":"ὦ, vocative exclamation opening direct speech, typical Homeric address marker."},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεκορήμεθ᾽","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλων","gloss":"of many"},{"surface":"κεκορήμεθ","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had our fill","note":"κεκορήμεθα, perfect middle ‘we are sated’ — perfect stresses the lasting state after long toil."},{"surface":"ἀέθλων","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορήμεθ᾽","gloss":"trials"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b23-l351","source":"ἀμφοτέρω, σὺ μὲν ἐνθάδʼ ἐμὸν πολυκηδέα νόστον","translation":"both of us: you here weeping over my grief-laden return,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κλαίουσ᾽","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαίουσ᾽","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πολυκηδέα","lemma":"πολυκηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστον","gloss":"grief-laden","note":"πολυκηδής, compound epithet ‘full of many cares,’ describing his hard-won return."},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κλαίουσ᾽","gloss":"return"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b23-l352","source":"κλαίουσʼ. αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ Ζεὺς ἄλγεσι καὶ θεοὶ ἄλλοι","translation":"while Zeus and the other gods kept fettering me with sorrows","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l352.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεδάασκον","title":"Iterative imperfect","body":"An imperfect with the -σκ- suffix marking repeated or habitual past action: the gods kept hindering him again and again."}],"words":[{"surface":"κλαίουσ","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κεκορήμεθ᾽","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεδάασκον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἄλγεσι","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πεδάασκον","gloss":"with sorrows"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b23-l353","source":"ἱέμενον πεδάασκον ἐμῆς ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης·","translation":"as I yearned to return, far from my native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενον","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yearning","note":"ἱέμενον, present participle of ἵημι ‘long for,’ agrees with ἐμὲ — ‘me, though yearning.’"},{"surface":"πεδάασκον","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept fettering","note":"πεδάασκον, iterative imperfect ‘kept binding/hindering’ — the -σκ- suffix marks repeated past action, epic dialect feature."},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b23-l354","source":"νῦν δʼ ἐπεὶ ἀμφοτέρω πολυήρατον ἱκόμεθʼ εὐνήν,","translation":"But now that we have both come to the bed we longed for,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κομιζέμεν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"πολυήρατον","lemma":"πολυήρατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνήν","gloss":"much-longed-for","note":"πολυήρατος, compound epithet ‘much beloved/desired,’ vivid for the marriage bed after twenty years."},{"surface":"ἱκόμεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we have come"},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"to bed"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b23-l355","source":"κτήματα μὲν τά μοι ἔστι, κομιζέμεν ἐν μεγάροισι,","translation":"take care of the property that is mine here in the halls.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κομιζέμεν","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔστι","gloss":"is mine"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κτήματα","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"κομιζέμεν","lemma":"κομίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"take care of","note":"κομιζέμεν, epic infinitive (-μεν) used as an imperative, giving a command ‘see to/manage.’"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b23-l356","source":"μῆλα δʼ ἅ μοι μνηστῆρες ὑπερφίαλοι κατέκειραν,","translation":"As for the flocks the overbearing suitors have ravaged,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ληΐσσομαι","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of κατέκειραν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κατέκειραν","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέκειραν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ὑπερφίαλοι","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρες","gloss":"overbearing","note":"ὑπερφίαλος, recurring epithet of the suitors throughout the poem — ‘arrogant, overweening.’"},{"surface":"κατέκειραν","lemma":"κατακείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῆλα","gloss":"ravaged"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b23-l357","source":"πολλὰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἐγὼ ληΐσσομαι, ἄλλα δʼ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"many I will plunder back myself, and others the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ληΐσσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ληΐσσομαι","lemma":"ληίζομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will plunder back","note":"ληΐσσομαι, future middle ‘I will take as plunder for myself’ — Odysseus plans raids to replenish stock, a raw Bronze-Age economic detail."},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δώσουσ᾽","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δώσουσ᾽","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b23-l358","source":"δώσουσʼ, εἰς ὅ κε πάντας ἐνιπλήσωσιν ἐπαύλους.","translation":"will give, until they have filled all my pens again.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώσουσ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐνιπλήσωσιν","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[modal particle]"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπαύλους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐνιπλήσωσιν","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"have filled","note":"ἐνιπλήσωσιν, aorist subjunctive with κε/εἰς ὅ — indefinite temporal clause, ‘until such time as they fill.’"},{"surface":"ἐπαύλους","lemma":"ἔπαυλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλήσωσιν","gloss":"pens"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b23-l359","source":"ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι μὲν ἐγὼ πολυδένδρεον ἀγρὸν ἔπειμι,","translation":"But now I am going to the well-wooded farm","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on my part"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπειμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πολυδένδρεον","lemma":"πολύδενδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγρὸν","gloss":"well-wooded","note":"πολυδένδρεος, compound epithet ‘rich in trees,’ describing Laertes' rustic farm."},{"surface":"ἀγρὸν","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπειμι","gloss":"farm"},{"surface":"ἔπειμι","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am going"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b23-l360","source":"ὀψόμενος πατέρʼ ἐσθλόν, ὅ μοι πυκινῶς ἀκάχηται·","translation":"to see my noble father, who grieves bitterly for me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀψόμενος","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπειμι","gloss":"to see","note":"ὀψόμενος, future participle expressing purpose — ‘going in order to see.’"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀψόμενος","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀκάχηται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀκάχηται","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"πυκινῶς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκάχηται","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"ἀκάχηται","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πατέρ᾽","gloss":"grieves","note":"ἀκάχηται, from the same root as ἄχος ‘grief’ — expresses a lasting state of sorrow, here Laertes grieving over Odysseus."}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b23-l361","source":"σοὶ δέ, γύναι, τάδʼ ἐπιτέλλω, πινυτῇ περ ἐούσῃ·","translation":"And to you, wife, I give this charge, though you are prudent:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιτέλλω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"τάδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιτέλλω","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἐπιτέλλω","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I charge","note":"ἐπιτέλλω, related to ἔτελλεν above — the same command root repeated, framing his instructions to Penelope."},{"surface":"πινυτῇ","lemma":"πινυτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"ἐούσῃ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being","note":"περ ἐούσῃ ‘though you are [prudent]’ — concessive use of περ with the participle, ‘even though wise, still heed this.’"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b23-l362","source":"αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμʼ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι","translation":"for at once, with the rising of the sun, word will spread","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶσιν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"φάτις","lemma":"φάτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἶσιν","gloss":"word","note":"φάτις ‘rumor, report’ — news of the suitors' deaths will spread fast; Odysseus fears reprisal."},{"surface":"εἶσιν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will spread"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"ἀνιόντι","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rising"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b23-l363","source":"ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν·","translation":"about the suitors whom I killed in the halls;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φάτις","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκτανον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔκτανον","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μνηστήρων","gloss":"I killed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b23-l364","source":"εἰς ὑπερῷʼ ἀναβᾶσα σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξὶν","translation":"go up to your upper room with your serving women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὑπερῷ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"upper room","note":"ὑπερῷον, the women's quarters upstairs — where Odysseus tells Penelope to retreat and stay quiet."},{"surface":"ἀναβᾶσα","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἧσθαι","gloss":"having gone up"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξὶν","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b23-l365","source":"ἧσθαι, μηδέ τινα προτιόσσεο μηδʼ ἐρέεινε.","translation":"and sit there; look at no one and ask no questions.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l365.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μηδέ ... ἐρέεινε","title":"Negative commands","body":"Imperatives with μηδέ give prohibitions: 'do not look,' 'do not ask.' Homer uses the imperative mood for direct instructions."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἧσθαι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"μηδέ","lemma":"μηδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προτιόσσεο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"προτιόσσεο","lemma":"προτιόσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"look at"},{"surface":"μηδ","lemma":"μηδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἐρέεινε","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b23-l366","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ ἀμφʼ ὤμοισιν ἐδύσετο τεύχεα καλά,","translation":"He spoke, and around his shoulders he put on his fine armor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"ἦ, archaic 3rd sg. of ἠμί ‘said/spoke,’ formulaic verb closing direct speech before narrative resumes."},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on","note":"ἐδύσετο, aorist middle of δύω ‘don/enter into’ — middle voice marks he arms himself."},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐδύσετο","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b23-l367","source":"ὦρσε δὲ Τηλέμαχον καὶ βουκόλον ἠδὲ συβώτην,","translation":"and roused Telemachus and the cowherd and the swineherd,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βουκόλον","lemma":"βουκόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cowherd"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"συβώτην","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"swineherd","note":"συβώτης, epithet-title for the loyal Eumaeus, one of Odysseus' key allies in the vengeance plot."}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b23-l368","source":"πάντας δʼ ἔντεʼ ἄνωγεν ἀρήϊα χερσὶν ἑλέσθαι.","translation":"and bade them all take their war-gear in their hands.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔντε","lemma":"ἔντεα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"war-gear"},{"surface":"ἄνωγεν","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade","note":"ἄνωγεν, perfect with present meaning ‘commands/bids’ — common defective-perfect verb of command in Homer."},{"surface":"ἀρήϊα","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔντε᾽","gloss":"martial"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἑλέσθαι","gloss":"in hands"},{"surface":"ἑλέσθαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωγεν","gloss":"take up"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b23-l369","source":"οἱ δέ οἱ οὐκ ἀπίθησαν, ἐθωρήσσοντο δὲ χαλκῷ,","translation":"They did not disobey him, but armed themselves in bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l369.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὐκ ἀπίθησαν","title":"Aorist of obedience","body":"A litotes ('they did not disobey') in the aorist, a formulaic way of saying they promptly complied."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and","note":"δέ links clauses, not adversative here—'and' not 'but'"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπίθησαν","gloss":"him","note":"οἱ = enclitic dat. of ἕ 'him', distinct from the nom. οἱ 'they' just before it"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησαν","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disobeyed","note":"ἀπιθέω governs the dative οἱ 'disobeyed him'"},{"surface":"ἐθωρήσσοντο","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"armed themselves","note":"imperfect middle: put armor on themselves, ongoing action"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐθωρήσσοντο","gloss":"in bronze"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b23-l370","source":"ὤϊξαν δὲ θύρας, ἐκ δʼ ἤϊον· ἦρχε δʼ Ὀδυσσεύς.","translation":"and opened the doors and went out; Odysseus led the way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤϊξαν","lemma":"οἴγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened","note":"ὤϊξαν, epic aorist of οἴγω/οἴγνυμι 'open'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύρας","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὤϊξαν","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"ἐκ...ἤϊον is a tmesis: preposition split from its verb, 'went out'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤϊον","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"imperfect of εἶμι 'go', paired with ἐκ in tmesis to mean 'went out'"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b23-l371","source":"ἤδη μὲν φάος ἦεν ἐπὶ χθόνα, τοὺς δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀθήνη","translation":"By now there was light over the earth, but Athena","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"μέν sets up a contrast answered by δʼ later in the line"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the earth","note":"χθόνα, accusative of χθών ‘earth, ground’ — object of ἐπί, ‘over the earth.’"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξῆγε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξῆγε","gloss":"Athena","note":"line breaks off mid-sentence; Athena is subject of a verb (e.g. 'led out') completed in the next line"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b23-l372","source":"νυκτὶ κατακρύψασα θοῶς ἐξῆγε πόληος.","translation":"hid them in night and swiftly led them out of the city.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b23-l372.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κατακρύψασα","title":"Aorist participle","body":"An aorist participle agreeing with Athena, describing the action that accompanies her leading them out: 'having hidden them, she led them.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"νυκτὶ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατακρύψασα","gloss":"in night"},{"surface":"κατακρύψασα","lemma":"κατακρύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐξῆγε","gloss":"having hidden them"},{"surface":"θοῶς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξῆγε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἐξῆγε","lemma":"ἐξάγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led them out"},{"surface":"πόληος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξῆγε","gloss":"of the city"}]}]}