{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":4,"id":"book-04","title":{"source":"Ὀδυσσείας δ","translated":"Book 4 — Telemachus in Sparta; Menelaus, Helen, and the Old Man of the Sea"},"section":"The Telemachy","summary":"Menelaus and Helen remember Odysseus. Menelaus tells how he trapped the Old Man of the Sea and learned Odysseus is alive. The suitors plan to kill Telemachus.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4","lines":847},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray/Allen text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-l1","source":"οἱ δʼ ἷξον κοίλην Λακεδαίμονα κητώεσσαν,","translation":"And they came to Lacedaemon, low-lying and full of hollow ravines,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἷξον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἷξον","lemma":"ἵκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came to","note":"ἷξον = root aorist of ἵκω 'come/reach', no thematic vowel — a compact epic aorist."},{"surface":"κοίλην","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονα","gloss":"hollow, low-lying"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονα","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἷξον","gloss":"Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"κητώεσσαν","lemma":"κητώεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονα","gloss":"full of ravines","note":"κητώεις is a fixed Homeric epithet for Lacedaemon, of disputed sense ('hollow'/'full of chasms')."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-l2","source":"πρὸς δʼ ἄρα δώματʼ ἔλων Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο.","translation":"and drove on toward the house of glorious Menelaus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house, halls"},{"surface":"ἔλων","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove","note":"ἔλων: imperfect of ἐλαύνω 'drive (a chariot)', picturing the ongoing approach by chariot."},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματ᾽","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious","note":"κυδάλιμος + Μενελάου is a recurring formula, filling the line's end whenever Menelaus is named."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-l3","source":"τὸν δʼ εὗρον δαινύντα γάμον πολλοῖσιν ἔτῃσιν","translation":"They found him giving a wedding feast for his many kinsmen,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εὗρον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"δαινύντα","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies τὸν","gloss":"feasting, giving","note":"δαινύντα: present participle of δαίνυμι 'give a feast', vivid scene-setting for the arrival."},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαινύντα","gloss":"wedding, marriage"},{"surface":"πολλοῖσιν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔτῃσιν","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἔτῃσιν","lemma":"ἔτης","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δαινύντα","gloss":"kinsmen"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-l4","source":"υἱέος ἠδὲ θυγατρὸς ἀμύμονος ᾧ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.","translation":"for the marriage of his son and his blameless daughter, there in his house.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμύμονος","title":"blameless","body":"A standard Homeric epithet meaning faultless or excellent, applied to people of high standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέος","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of his son"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυγατρὸς","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of his daughter"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies θυγατρὸς","gloss":"blameless","note":"ἀμύμων, a stock Homeric epithet of praise, often untranslatable literally beyond 'faultless'."},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"his own","note":"ᾧ here is the possessive adjective ἑός/ὅς 'his own', not the relative pronoun — easy to confuse."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-l5","source":"τὴν μὲν Ἀχιλλῆος ῥηξήνορος υἱέι πέμπεν·","translation":"The girl he was sending to the son of Achilles, breaker of men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ῥηξήνορος","title":"breaker of men","body":"An epithet of Achilles, literally 'shatterer of the battle-line of warriors'."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέμπεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέι","gloss":"of Achilles"},{"surface":"ῥηξήνορος","lemma":"ῥηξήνωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλῆος","gloss":"breaker of men","note":"ῥηξήνωρ, 'breaker of men's ranks,' is a recurring Homeric epithet of Achilles (also Od. 11.467, 24.15), not unique to this line."},{"surface":"υἱέι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέμπεν","gloss":"to the son"},{"surface":"πέμπεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was sending"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-l6","source":"ἐν Τροίῃ γὰρ πρῶτον ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσε","translation":"for at Troy he had first promised and given his nod of consent","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπέσχετο","lemma":"ὑπισχνέομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατένευσε","lemma":"κατανεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nodded assent","note":"κατανεύω, 'nod down' in assent — the same verb used of Zeus's binding nod, here of Menelaus's promise."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-l7","source":"δωσέμεναι, τοῖσιν δὲ θεοὶ γάμον ἐξετέλειον.","translation":"to give her to him, and now the gods were bringing the marriage to fulfillment.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δωσέμεναι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to give her","note":"δωσέμεναι is the archaic future infinitive of δίδωμι (-μεναι ending), an epic form beside classical δώσειν."},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξετέλειον","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξετέλειον","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξετέλειον","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"ἐξετέλειον","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-l8","source":"τὴν ἄρʼ ὅ γʼ ἔνθʼ ἵπποισι καὶ ἅρμασι πέμπε νέεσθαι","translation":"So now he was sending her on her way with horses and chariots","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέμπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέμπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέμπε","gloss":"there, then"},{"surface":"ἵπποισι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅρμασι","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"chariots"},{"surface":"πέμπε","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was sending"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of πέμπε","gloss":"to go home","note":"νέεσθαι, infinitive of purpose after πέμπε: 'sent her to go home'."}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-l9","source":"Μυρμιδόνων προτὶ ἄστυ περικλυτόν, οἷσιν ἄνασσεν.","translation":"to the famous city of the Myrmidons, over whom her husband ruled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μυρμιδόνων","lemma":"Μυρμιδόνες","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of the Myrmidons"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"περικλυτόν","lemma":"περικλυτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"far-famed"},{"surface":"οἷσιν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄνασσεν","gloss":"over whom"},{"surface":"ἄνασσεν","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Μυρμιδόνων","gloss":"ruled"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-l10","source":"υἱέι δὲ Σπάρτηθεν Ἀλέκτορος ἤγετο κούρην,","translation":"And for his son he was bringing home from Sparta the daughter of Alector,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤγετο","gloss":"for his son"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σπάρτηθεν","lemma":"Σπάρτηθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἤγετο","gloss":"from Sparta","note":"Σπάρτηθεν: the -θεν suffix marks motion 'from' a place, an adverbial ablative ending common in epic."},{"surface":"Ἀλέκτορος","lemma":"Ἀλέκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρην","gloss":"of Alector"},{"surface":"ἤγετο","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was bringing","note":"ἤγετο, middle voice of ἄγω: 'was leading (home) for himself/his own', the marriage-middle sense."},{"surface":"κούρην","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤγετο","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-l11","source":"ὅς οἱ τηλύγετος γένετο κρατερὸς Μεγαπένθης","translation":"for his late-born son, strong Megapenthes, had been born to him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τηλύγετος","title":"late-born / dearly loved","body":"An obscure Homeric word for a cherished child, often one born late or an only son."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γένετο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"τηλύγετος","lemma":"τηλύγετος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"late-born, cherished","note":"τηλύγετος describes a child born late to a parent, often an only or especially cherished son."},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing υἱέι","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"κρατερὸς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μεγαπένθης","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"Μεγαπένθης","lemma":"Μεγαπένθης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Megapenthes"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-l12","source":"ἐκ δούλης· Ἑλένῃ δὲ θεοὶ γόνον οὐκέτʼ ἔφαινον,","translation":"of a slave woman; for to Helen the gods gave no more offspring","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δούλης","lemma":"δούλη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"a slave woman","note":"Megapenthes was born ἐκ δούλης, 'from a slave woman' — not by Helen, explaining her childlessness next."},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔφαινον","gloss":"to Helen"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφαινον","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"γόνον","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔφαινον","gloss":"offspring"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔφαινον","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"granted"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-l13","source":"ἐπεὶ δὴ τὸ πρῶτον ἐγείνατο παῖδʼ ἐρατεινήν,","translation":"after she had borne her first child, her lovely daughter,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"after, since"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρῶτον","gloss":"the (first)"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐγείνατο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐγείνατο","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"bore, begot","note":"ἐγείνατο is the aorist middle of γείνομαι 'give birth to', used of the mother's own act of bearing."},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"child, daughter"},{"surface":"ἐρατεινήν","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδ᾽","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-l14","source":"Ἑρμιόνην, ἣ εἶδος ἔχε χρυσέης Ἀφροδίτης.","translation":"Hermione, who had the beauty of golden Aphrodite.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἶδος ἔχε","title":"imperfect 'had'","body":"The verb is imperfect, describing an ongoing state: she possessed the look of golden Aphrodite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἑρμιόνην","lemma":"Ἑρμιόνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Hermione"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"beauty, form"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἑρμιόνην","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"χρυσέης","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτης","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτης","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εἶδος","gloss":"of Aphrodite","note":"Comparing a mortal woman's εἶδος to Aphrodite's is a standard Homeric compliment of beauty."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-l15","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν δαίνυντο καθʼ ὑψερεφὲς μέγα δῶμα","translation":"So they were feasting throughout the great high-roofed hall,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντο","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"δαίνυντο","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were feasting"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ὑψερεφὲς","lemma":"ὑψερεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καθ᾽","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-l16","source":"γείτονες ἠδὲ ἔται Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο,","translation":"the neighbors and kinsmen of glorious Menelaus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γείτονες","lemma":"γείτων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔται","lemma":"ἔτης","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-l17","source":"τερπόμενοι· μετὰ δέ σφιν ἐμέλπετο θεῖος ἀοιδὸς","translation":"taking their delight; and among them a divine singer made music,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τερπόμενοι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δαίνυντο","gloss":"taking delight"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἐμέλπετο","lemma":"μέλπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made music","note":"μέλπω of a bard's performance: singing accompanied by dance/instrument, not just 'sang'."},{"surface":"θεῖος","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοιδὸς","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"ἀοιδὸς","lemma":"ἀοιδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐμέλπετο","gloss":"singer"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-l18","source":"φορμίζων, δοιὼ δὲ κυβιστητῆρε κατʼ αὐτούς,","translation":"playing the lyre, while two tumblers among them,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φορμίζων","lemma":"φορμίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμέλπετο","gloss":"playing the lyre","note":"φορμίζων, from φόρμιγξ 'lyre' — denominative verb built directly on the instrument's name."},{"surface":"δοιὼ","lemma":"δοιώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies κυβιστητῆρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, while"},{"surface":"κυβιστητῆρε","lemma":"κυβιστητήρ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδίνευον","gloss":"tumblers","note":"κυβιστητῆρε: dual form, two acrobats performing together, matching δοιώ 'a pair'."},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-l19","source":"μολπῆς ἐξάρχοντος, ἐδίνευον κατὰ μέσσους.","translation":"as he led off the song, whirled through the middle of the crowd.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μολπῆς","lemma":"μολπή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξάρχοντος","gloss":"of the song"},{"surface":"ἐξάρχοντος","lemma":"ἐξάρχων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐδίνευον","gloss":"leading off","note":"ἐξάρχοντος: genitive absolute-like construction, 'as he led off (the song)', framing the tumblers' act."},{"surface":"ἐδίνευον","lemma":"δινεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"whirled, spun"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"μέσσους","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the middle"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-l20","source":"τὼ δʼ αὖτʼ ἐν προθύροισι δόμων αὐτώ τε καὶ\n                  ἵππω,","translation":"Meanwhile in the forecourt of the house those two, both the men and the horses,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αὐτώ τε καὶ ἵππω","title":"the dual number","body":"Homer uses the dual forms here for the pair of men and the pair of horses, a number distinct from the plural for things in twos."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of στῆσαν","gloss":"they two","note":"τὼ...αὐτώ...ἵππω: dual forms run through the sentence, since it describes exactly two men and two horses."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again, meanwhile"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προθύροισι","lemma":"πρόθυρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"forecourt"},{"surface":"δόμων","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies προθύροισι","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"αὐτώ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵππω","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-l21","source":"Τηλέμαχός θʼ ἥρως καὶ Νέστορος ἀγλαὸς υἱός,","translation":"Telemachus the hero and the splendid son of Nestor,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχός","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχός","gloss":"the hero"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Νέστορος","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Nestor"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὸς","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-l22","source":"στῆσαν· ὁ δὲ προμολὼν ἴδετο κρείων Ἐτεωνεύς,","translation":"halted; and lord Eteoneus, coming forward, saw them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆσαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"halted, stopped"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προμολὼν","lemma":"προβλώσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴδετο","gloss":"coming forward","note":"προβλώσκω survives in epic almost only in this aorist participle προμολών, 'having come forward'."},{"surface":"ἴδετο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw","note":"ἴδετο: an aorist middle form of the suppletive verb 'see' (εἶδον), rare middle voice for a normally active verb."},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐτεωνεύς","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἐτεωνεύς","lemma":"Ἐτεωνεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Eteoneus"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-l23","source":"ὀτρηρὸς θεράπων Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο,","translation":"the ready attendant of glorious Menelaus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀτρηρὸς","lemma":"ὀτρηρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράπων","gloss":"ready, brisk"},{"surface":"θεράπων","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θεράπων","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-l24","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων διὰ δώματα ποιμένι λαῶν,","translation":"and he went off through the house to bring word to the shepherd of the people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ποιμένι λαῶν","title":"shepherd of the people","body":"A recurring epithet for a king, casting the ruler as protector and herdsman of his folk."}],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"βῆ δ᾽ ἴμεν, 'he went off to go', is a common Homeric formula pairing an aorist of motion with an infinitive of purpose."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἀγγελέων","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to announce"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"halls, house"},{"surface":"ποιμένι","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγγελέων","gloss":"to the shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένι","gloss":"of the people","note":"ποιμένι λαῶν, 'shepherd of the people(s)', a classic Homeric epithet for a king or leader."}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-l25","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱστάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and standing close beside him spoke winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"winged words","body":"The most common Homeric formula for speech, picturing words as flying swiftly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱστάμενος","gloss":"near, close"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστάμενος","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words', the stock Homeric phrase introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-l26","source":"ξείνω δή τινε τώδε, διοτρεφὲς ὦ Μενέλαε,","translation":"\"There are two strangers here, Menelaus, nurtured by Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνω","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"two strangers"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τινε","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative dual pronoun","role":"modifies ξείνω","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"τώδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ξείνω","gloss":"these","note":"ξείνω...τινε...τώδε: three dual forms agreeing, all describing the two strangers as one unit."},{"surface":"διοτρεφὲς","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"διοτρεφής, 'fostered by Zeus', a formulaic honorific for kings, here addressed to Menelaus."},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-l27","source":"ἄνδρε δύω, γενεῇ δὲ Διὸς μεγάλοιο ἔικτον.","translation":"two men, and in build they resemble the line of great Zeus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρε","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"two men"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἄνδρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"γενεῇ","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔικτον","gloss":"in lineage, build"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γενεῇ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔικτον","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"resemble","note":"ἔικτον is a dual perfect of ἔοικα 'seem/resemble', matching the dual subject ἄνδρε 'two men'."}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-l28","source":"ἀλλʼ εἴπʼ, ἤ σφωιν καταλύσομεν ὠκέας ἵππους,","translation":"But tell me, shall we unyoke their swift horses for them,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἴπ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"σφωιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"καταλύσομεν","lemma":"καταλύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"shall we unyoke","note":"καταλύσομεν: deliberative subjunctive, 'shall we unyoke?', asking for a decision rather than stating a fact."},{"surface":"ὠκέας","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καταλύσομεν","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-l29","source":"ἦ ἄλλον πέμπωμεν ἱκανέμεν, ὅς κε φιλήσῃ.","translation":"or send them on to some other man who may welcome them?\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πέμπωμεν","title":"deliberative subjunctive","body":"The subjunctive here asks a real question about what to do: 'are we to send them?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἱκανέμεν","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"πέμπωμεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"should we send"},{"surface":"ἱκανέμεν","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of πέμπωμεν","gloss":"to go/reach"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φιλήσῃ","gloss":"who","note":"ὅς κε + subjunctive = indefinite relative clause, 'whoever may...'"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indef. particle)"},{"surface":"φιλήσῃ","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλον","gloss":"may welcome"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-l30","source":"τὸν δὲ μέγʼ ὀχθήσας προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Then deeply angered, fair-haired Menelaus said to him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ξανθὸς Μενέλαος","title":"fair-haired Menelaus","body":"A fixed epithet for Menelaus; 'xanthos' denotes blond or tawny hair, a mark of heroic beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/then"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀχθήσας","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"angered","note":"ὀχθέω 'be vexed'; aorist participle sets mood before the main verb προσέφη"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said to"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"epithet formula ξανθὸς Μενέλαος, fixed epic tag for this hero"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-l31","source":"οὐ μὲν νήπιος ἦσθα, Βοηθοΐδη Ἐτεωνεῦ,","translation":"\"You were no fool before this, Eteoneus, son of Boethoos,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"foolish","note":"predicate adjective with ἦσθα: 'you were (a) foolish (one)'"},{"surface":"ἦσθα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you were","note":"ἦσθα is the 2nd person singular imperfect of εἰμί ('you were'), a form shared by both epic and Attic Greek."},{"surface":"Βοηθοΐδη","lemma":"Βοηθοΐδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐτεωνεῦ","gloss":"son of Boethoos"},{"surface":"Ἐτεωνεῦ","lemma":"Ἐτεωνεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Eteoneus"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-l32","source":"τὸ πρίν· ἀτὰρ μὲν νῦν γε πάϊς ὣς νήπια βάζεις.","translation":"but now you babble foolishness like a child.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πρίν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσθα","gloss":"before","note":"τὸ πρίν, adverbial phrase 'in time past', contrasted with νῦν next line"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάζεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like","note":"ὣς postpositive 'like' after πάϊς, forming the simile 'like a child'"},{"surface":"νήπια","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of βάζεις","gloss":"foolish things"},{"surface":"βάζεις","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you babble"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-l33","source":"ἦ μὲν δὴ νῶι ξεινήια πολλὰ φαγόντε","translation":"Surely we two ourselves ate much hospitality","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"we two","note":"νῶι, dual 'we two' — refers to Menelaus and Helen on their own journey home; Odysseus is not present in this scene."},{"surface":"ξεινήια","lemma":"ξεινήιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φαγόντε","gloss":"hospitality"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξεινήια","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"φαγόντε","lemma":"φαγεῖν","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"having eaten","note":"dual participle φαγόντε agreeing with νῶι, matching the dual subject"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-l34","source":"ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων δεῦρʼ ἱκόμεθʼ, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς","translation":"from other men before we came here, in hope that Zeus","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"of other"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ξεινήια","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἱκόμεθ᾽","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἱκόμεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we came","note":"ἱκόμεθ(α), aorist middle of ἱκνέομαι, 'we arrived/came'"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"in hope that","note":"αἴ κε + subjunctive = wish/purpose clause, 'in hope that Zeus might...'"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(hope particle)"},{"surface":"ποθι","lemma":"ποθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παύσῃ","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-l35","source":"ἐξοπίσω περ παύσῃ ὀιζύος. ἀλλὰ λύʼ ἵππους","translation":"might someday put an end to our misery. So unyoke the horses","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξοπίσω","lemma":"ἐξοπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παύσῃ","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"παύσῃ","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"might end"},{"surface":"ὀιζύος","lemma":"ὀιζύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of παύσῃ","gloss":"of misery"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"λύ","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"unyoke","note":"imperative λῦ(ε) 'loose!' — Menelaus's command breaking off his rebuke"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λύ᾽","gloss":"the horses"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-l36","source":"ξείνων, ἐς δʼ αὐτοὺς προτέρω ἄγε θοινηθῆναι.","translation":"of the strangers, and bring the men themselves inside to feast.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξείνων","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"of the strangers"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἄγε","gloss":"them themselves"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγε","gloss":"further in"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"θοινηθῆναι","lemma":"θοινάω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἄγε","gloss":"to feast","note":"θοινηθῆναι, passive infinitive with active sense 'to be feasted/to feast', epic idiom"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-l37","source":"ὣς φάθʼ, ὁ δὲ μεγάροιο διέσσυτο, κέκλετο δʼ\n                  ἄλλους","translation":"So he spoke, and Eteoneus rushed through the hall and called the other","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάθ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διέσσυτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διέσσυτο","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"διέσσυτο","lemma":"διασεύομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed through","note":"διασεύομαι, vivid compound verb 'darted/rushed through' the hall"},{"surface":"κέκλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he called"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράποντας","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-l38","source":"ὀτρηροὺς θεράποντας ἅμα σπέσθαι ἑοῖ αὐτῷ.","translation":"ready attendants to come along with him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀτρηροὺς","lemma":"ὀτρηρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράποντας","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"θεράποντας","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σπέσθαι","gloss":"attendants"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σπέσθαι","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"σπέσθαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"to follow","note":"σπέσθαι, aorist middle infinitive of ἕπομαι 'to accompany'"},{"surface":"ἑοῖ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σπέσθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑοῖ","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-l39","source":"οἱ δʼ ἵππους μὲν λῦσαν ὑπὸ ζυγοῦ ἱδρώοντας,","translation":"They loosed the sweating horses from under the yoke,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of λῦσαν","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λῦσαν","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"loosed"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"ζυγοῦ","lemma":"ζυγόν","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"the yoke"},{"surface":"ἱδρώοντας","lemma":"ἱδρόω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sweating","note":"ἱδρόω participle, vivid physical detail of the tired horses"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-l40","source":"καὶ τοὺς μὲν κατέδησαν ἐφʼ ἱππείῃσι κάπῃσι,","translation":"and tied them up at the horses' mangers,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέδησαν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατέδησαν","lemma":"καταδέομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tied up"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἱππείῃσι","lemma":"ἵππειος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κάπῃσι","gloss":"horses'","note":"ἵππειος adjective 'of horses', modifying κάπῃσι (mangers)"},{"surface":"κάπῃσι","lemma":"κάπη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφ᾽","gloss":"mangers"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-l41","source":"πὰρ δʼ ἔβαλον ζειάς, ἀνὰ δὲ κρῖ λευκὸν ἔμιξαν,","translation":"and threw down spelt for them, mixing in white barley,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they threw down"},{"surface":"ζειάς","lemma":"ζειά","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔβαλον","gloss":"spelt"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρῖ","lemma":"κρῖ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔμιξαν","gloss":"barley","note":"κρῖ, indeclinable epic noun for barley-grain"},{"surface":"λευκὸν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρῖ","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ἔμιξαν","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they mixed"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-l42","source":"ἅρματα δʼ ἔκλιναν πρὸς ἐνώπια παμφανόωντα,","translation":"and they leaned the chariot against the gleaming wall,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἅρματα","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκλιναν","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκλιναν","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they leaned"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἐνώπια","lemma":"ἐνώπια","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"wall","note":"ἐνώπια, the front/porch wall facing the entrance of the hall"},{"surface":"παμφανόωντα","lemma":"παμφανόων","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἐνώπια","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-l43","source":"αὐτοὺς δʼ εἰσῆγον θεῖον δόμον. οἱ δὲ ἰδόντες","translation":"and led the men into the godlike house. And when they saw it","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσῆγον","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσῆγον","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led in"},{"surface":"θεῖον","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσῆγον","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θαύμαζον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδόντες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θαύμαζον","gloss":"having seen"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-l44","source":"θαύμαζον κατὰ δῶμα διοτρεφέος βασιλῆος·","translation":"they marveled throughout the hall of the Zeus-nurtured king;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διοτρεφέος","title":"Zeus-nurtured","body":"A royal epithet meaning 'reared by Zeus', marking kings as favored and legitimated by the chief god."}],"words":[{"surface":"θαύμαζον","lemma":"θαυμάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they marveled"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"διοτρεφέος","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"διοτρεφής, formulaic epithet 'nurtured/fostered by Zeus' applied to kings"},{"surface":"βασιλῆος","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of the king"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-l45","source":"ὥς τε γὰρ ἠελίου αἴγλη πέλεν ἠὲ σελήνης","translation":"for there was a radiance as of the sun or the moon","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(epic particle)"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἠελίου","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠὲ","gloss":"of the sun"},{"surface":"αἴγλη","lemma":"αἴγλη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέλεν","gloss":"radiance","note":"αἴγλη 'gleam/radiance', vivid image comparing the palace's splendor to sun or moon"},{"surface":"πέλεν","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σελήνης","lemma":"σελήνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠὲ","gloss":"of the moon"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-l46","source":"δῶμα καθʼ ὑψερεφὲς Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο.","translation":"throughout the high-roofed house of glorious Menelaus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καθ᾽","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ὑψερεφὲς","lemma":"ὑψερεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-l47","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ τάρπησαν ὁρώμενοι ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"But when they had taken their fill of gazing with their eyes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τάρπησαν","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had had their fill","note":"τέρπω passive 'be satisfied/delighted', here 'took their fill of'"},{"surface":"ὁρώμενοι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τάρπησαν","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρώμενοι","gloss":"with their eyes"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-l48","source":"ἔς ῥʼ ἀσαμίνθους βάντες ἐυξέστας λούσαντο.","translation":"they stepped into the polished bathtubs and washed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἀσαμίνθους","lemma":"ἀσάμινθος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔς","gloss":"bathtubs"},{"surface":"βάντες","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to λούσαντο","gloss":"having stepped"},{"surface":"ἐυξέστας","lemma":"εὔξεστος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσαμίνθους","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"λούσαντο","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they washed","note":"λούσαντο middle voice, 'washed themselves', vs. active λοῦσαν (others washed them) next line"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-l49","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν δμῳαὶ λοῦσαν καὶ χρῖσαν ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"And when the serving women had bathed them and anointed them with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δμῳαὶ","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"serving women"},{"surface":"λοῦσαν","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"bathed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρῖσαν","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"anointed"},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χρῖσαν","gloss":"with oil"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-l50","source":"ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρα χλαίνας οὔλας βάλον ἠδὲ χιτῶνας,","translation":"and thrown thick wool cloaks and tunics about them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χλαίνας","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"οὔλας","lemma":"οὖλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαίνας","gloss":"thick wool","note":"οὖλος 'thick/woolly', describing the fine cloaks given to guests"},{"surface":"βάλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"they threw"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνας","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"tunics"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-l51","source":"ἔς ῥα θρόνους ἕζοντο παρʼ Ἀτρεΐδην Μενέλαον.","translation":"they sat down on chairs beside Menelaus, son of Atreus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θρόνους","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔς","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"ἕζοντο","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sat down"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδην","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"patronymic Ἀτρεΐδης, used in apposition with Μενέλαον"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρ᾽","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-l52","source":"χέρνιβα δʼ ἀμφίπολος προχόῳ ἐπέχευε φέρουσα","translation":"A handmaid brought water and poured it from a pitcher,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χέρνιβα","lemma":"χέρνιψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"water for washing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολος","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"a handmaid"},{"surface":"προχόῳ","lemma":"πρόχοος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέχευε","gloss":"from a pitcher"},{"surface":"ἐπέχευε","lemma":"ἐπιχέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"ἐπιχέω 'pour over/upon', part of formulaic hand-washing hospitality scene"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχευε","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-l53","source":"καλῇ χρυσείῃ ὑπὲρ ἀργυρέοιο λέβητος,","translation":"a beautiful golden one, over a silver basin,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλῇ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies προχόῳ","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"χρυσείῃ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies προχόῳ","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἀργυρέοιο","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέβητος","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"λέβητος","lemma":"λέβης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲρ","gloss":"basin"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-l54","source":"νίψασθαι· παρὰ δὲ ξεστὴν ἐτάνυσσε τράπεζαν.","translation":"for them to wash; and she drew up a polished table beside them.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νίψασθαι","lemma":"νίζω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἐπέχευε","gloss":"to wash","note":"νίψασθαι, aorist middle infinitive purpose clause completing ἐπέχευε — 'poured...for washing'"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξεστὴν","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τράπεζαν","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ἐτάνυσσε","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"τράπεζαν","lemma":"τράπεζα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐτάνυσσε","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-l55","source":"σῖτον δʼ αἰδοίη ταμίη παρέθηκε φέρουσα,","translation":"The honored housekeeper brought bread and set it before them,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρέθηκε","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰδοίη","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ταμίη","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"ταμίη","lemma":"ταμία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of παρέθηκε","gloss":"housekeeper"},{"surface":"παρέθηκε","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set before"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-l56","source":"εἴδατα πόλλʼ ἐπιθεῖσα, χαριζομένη παρεόντων.","translation":"laying out many dishes, glad to give from her stores.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδατα","lemma":"εἶδαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπιθεῖσα","gloss":"dishes","note":"εἶδαρ 'food/dish', plural εἴδατα as generic 'foodstuffs' served at the feast"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἴδατα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἐπιθεῖσα","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"laying out"},{"surface":"χαριζομένη","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"gladly giving"},{"surface":"παρεόντων","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"object of χαριζομένη","gloss":"of what was at hand","note":"παρεόντων, genitive of πάρειμι 'being present/available', i.e. 'from her stores'"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-l57","source":"δαιτρὸς δὲ κρειῶν πίνακας παρέθηκεν ἀείρας","translation":"The carver lifted platters of meat and set them out,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιτρὸς","lemma":"δαιτρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παρέθηκεν","gloss":"the carver","note":"δαιτρός, \"divider\" of the meat, from δαίομαι \"divide\""},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρειῶν","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies πίνακας","gloss":"of meats"},{"surface":"πίνακας","lemma":"πίναξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παρέθηκεν","gloss":"platters"},{"surface":"παρέθηκεν","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set beside","note":"παρα-τίθημι, \"place beside/before\" — the standard verb for serving food"},{"surface":"ἀείρας","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to παρέθηκεν","gloss":"having lifted"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-l58","source":"παντοίων, παρὰ δέ σφι τίθει χρύσεια κύπελλα.","translation":"meats of every kind, and placed golden cups beside them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παντοίων","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρειῶν","gloss":"of every kind"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"them","note":"σφι, epic dative plural of the 3rd-person pronoun, used for both σφεῖς and σφε"},{"surface":"τίθει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept placing"},{"surface":"χρύσεια","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κύπελλα","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"κύπελλα","lemma":"κύπελλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τίθει","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-l59","source":"τὼ καὶ δεικνύμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"And in welcome fair-haired Menelaus said to them:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of δεικνύμενος","gloss":"the two of them","note":"τὼ, dual pronoun — Telemachus and Peisistratus treated as a pair throughout this scene"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δεικνύμενος","lemma":"δείκνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"gesturing"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ξανθὸς Μενέλαος, a fixed Homeric epithet-name formula"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-l60","source":"σίτου θʼ ἅπτεσθον καὶ χαίρετον. αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"\"Help yourselves to the food, and be glad. Then afterward,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἅπτεσθον","title":"dual imperative","body":"The verb is a dual imperative addressed to exactly the two guests: 'you two, lay hold of the food.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"σίτου","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἅπτεσθον","gloss":"of food"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπτεσθον","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take hold of","note":"dual imperative -σθον, addressed to the two young guests together"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαίρετον","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be glad"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρησόμεθ᾽","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-l61","source":"δείπνου πασσαμένω εἰρησόμεθʼ, οἵ τινές ἐστον","translation":"when you two have eaten supper, we shall ask who you are","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείπνου","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of πασσαμένω","gloss":"of supper"},{"surface":"πασσαμένω","lemma":"πατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰρησόμεθ᾽","gloss":"having tasted","note":"dual participle agreeing with the two guests, from πατέομαι \"partake of\""},{"surface":"εἰρησόμεθ","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will ask","note":"future middle of ἔρομαι, \"inquire\" — polite delay of the guest-question until after the meal"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τινές","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἵ","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐστον","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd dual verb","role":"object of εἰρησόμεθ᾽","gloss":"you two are"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-l62","source":"ἀνδρῶν· οὐ γὰρ σφῷν γε γένος ἀπόλωλε τοκήων,","translation":"among men; for the stock of your fathers has not been lost in you,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινές","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφῷν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive dual pronoun","role":"modifies τοκήων","gloss":"of you two","note":"σφῷν, genitive dual of the 2nd-person pronoun — Menelaus is speaking to both young men at once"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀπόλωλε","gloss":"the stock"},{"surface":"ἀπόλωλε","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has perished","note":"perfect ἀπόλωλε: the line of descent has not \"died out\" — perfect stresses the lasting state"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"of fathers"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-l63","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀνδρῶν γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων","translation":"but you are of the line of Zeus-nurtured kings,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stock"},{"surface":"ἐστὲ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"διοτρεφέων","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλήων","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"διοτρεφής, stock epithet marking kings as favored/descended in Zeus's care"},{"surface":"βασιλήων","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of kings"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-l64","source":"σκηπτούχων, ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν.","translation":"scepter-bearers, since base men could not father sons like these.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τέκοιεν","title":"potential optative","body":"The optative with 'ke' expresses what could or would be: base men would not beget such sons."}],"words":[{"surface":"σκηπτούχων","lemma":"σκηπτοῦχος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλήων","gloss":"scepter-bearing"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"κε(ν) + optative τέκοιεν = potential mood, \"base men could not father\""},{"surface":"κακοὶ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τέκοιεν","gloss":"base men"},{"surface":"τοιούσδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκοιεν","gloss":"such as these"},{"surface":"τέκοιεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"beget"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-l65","source":"ὣς φάτο, καί σφιν νῶτα βοὸς παρὰ πίονα θῆκεν","translation":"So he spoke, and set before them the rich chine of an ox","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"φάτο, formulaic aorist of φημί closing a speech introduction"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of θῆκεν","gloss":"for them","note":"σφιν, dative pronoun object of θῆκεν (\"for them\"); the spatial sense \"beside/before\" belongs to παρὰ (w7), not to this pronoun"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θῆκεν","gloss":"chine"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"rich, fat"},{"surface":"θῆκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set","note":"θῆκεν, aorist of τίθημι — echoes παρέθηκεν/τίθει above, the recurring verb of serving"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-l66","source":"ὄπτʼ ἐν χερσὶν ἑλών, τά ῥά οἱ γέρα πάρθεσαν αὐτῷ.","translation":"taking it roasted in his hands, which had been served to him as the portion of honor.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄπτ","lemma":"ὀπτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἑλών","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἑλών","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θῆκεν","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πάρθεσαν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πάρθεσαν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"γέρα","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"complement of πάρθεσαν","gloss":"portion of honor","note":"γέρας, the special cut of meat marking a guest's status at a feast"},{"surface":"πάρθεσαν","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὄπτ᾽","gloss":"had been served"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"to him himself"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-l67","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐπʼ ὀνείαθʼ ἑτοῖμα προκείμενα χεῖρας ἴαλλον.","translation":"And they reached out their hands to the good things lying ready before them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴαλλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ὀνείαθ","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"good things"},{"surface":"ἑτοῖμα","lemma":"ἑτοῖμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείαθ᾽","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"προκείμενα","lemma":"πρόκειμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ὀνείαθ᾽","gloss":"lying before them"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴαλλον","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἴαλλον","lemma":"ἰάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached out","note":"ἴαλλον, epic verb \"send/dart forth\" the hands toward food, a vivid Homeric idiom"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-l68","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,","translation":"But when they had put away their desire for drink and food,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο","title":"put away desire","body":"A formulaic line for finishing a meal: literally 'they sent forth the desire' for food and drink, i.e. satisfied it."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πόσιος","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of drink"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐδητύος","lemma":"ἐδητύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of food"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"ἔρον","lemma":"ἔρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕντο","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"ἕντο","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"put away","note":"ἐξ...ἕντο, tmesis: ἐξίημι split by ἔρον — \"sent out/away their desire\", i.e. satisfied it"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-l69","source":"δὴ τότε Τηλέμαχος προσεφώνεε Νέστορος υἱόν,","translation":"then Telemachus spoke to the son of Nestor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεε","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"Νέστορος","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"of Nestor"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-l70","source":"ἄγχι σχὼν κεφαλήν, ἵνα μὴ πευθοίαθʼ οἱ ἄλλοι·","translation":"holding his head close, so that the others might not hear:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of σχὼν","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"σχὼν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχὼν","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πευθοίαθ","lemma":"πεύθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"might hear","note":"optative in a purpose clause after a past main verb — secondary sequence"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλοι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πευθοίαθ᾽","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-l71","source":"φράζεο, Νεστορίδη, τῷ ἐμῷ κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ,","translation":"\"Look, son of Nestor, you who delight my heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φράζεο","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mark, notice"},{"surface":"Νεστορίδη","lemma":"Νεστορίδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Nestor","note":"vocative patronymic, addressing Peisistratus directly"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κεχαρισμένε","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, vocative singular masculine","role":"modifies Νεστορίδη","gloss":"dear to","note":"perfect participle κεχαρισμένος, \"one who has become dear\" — a Homeric term of affection"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεχαρισμένε","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-l72","source":"χαλκοῦ τε στεροπὴν κὰδ δώματα ἠχήεντα","translation":"at the gleam of bronze through the echoing halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκοῦ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of bronze"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στεροπὴν","lemma":"στεροπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φράζεο","gloss":"gleam"},{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through","note":"κὰδ = κατά by apocope before δ, epic elision spelling"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κὰδ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἠχήεντα","lemma":"ἠχήεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"echoing"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-l73","source":"χρυσοῦ τʼ ἠλέκτρου τε καὶ ἀργύρου ἠδʼ ἐλέφαντος.","translation":"and of gold and amber and silver and ivory.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρυσοῦ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of gold"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠλέκτρου","lemma":"ἤλεκτρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of amber"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργύρου","lemma":"ἄργυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of silver"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντος","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ᾽","gloss":"of ivory"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-l74","source":"Ζηνός που τοιήδε γʼ Ὀλυμπίου ἔνδοθεν αὐλή,","translation":"Such, surely, is the court of Olympian Zeus within,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζηνός","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐλή","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τοιήδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ὀλυμπίου","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζηνός","gloss":"Olympian"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθεν","lemma":"ἔνδοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"αὐλή","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"court","note":"Telemachus compares Menelaus's palace to the court of Zeus — awed hyperbole"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-l75","source":"ὅσσα τάδʼ ἄσπετα πολλά· σέβας μʼ ἔχει εἰσορόωντα.","translation":"so countless are these riches; awe holds me as I gaze.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰσορόωντα","title":"participle of seeing","body":"The present participle modifies 'me': awe holds me while looking, conveying the ongoing act of gazing in wonder."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"τάδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἄσπετα","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδ᾽","gloss":"unspeakable, countless"},{"surface":"πολλά","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδ᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"σέβας","lemma":"σέβας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"awe","note":"σέβας, religious wonder/reverence — the same word used for awe before gods"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωντα","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies μ᾽","gloss":"gazing"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-l76","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἀγορεύοντος ξύνετο ξανθὸς Μενέλαος,","translation":"Fair-haired Menelaus overheard him as he spoke,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ξύνετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύοντος","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies τοῦ","gloss":"as he spoke"},{"surface":"ξύνετο","lemma":"συνίημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took note","note":"Genitive of the person heard/perceived, governed by ξύνετο."},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-l77","source":"καί σφεας φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and lifting his voice he spoke winged words to them:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφεας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of φωνήσας","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"having raised his voice"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"'Winged words' (ἔπεα πτερόεντα) is a stock Homeric formula introducing speech."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-l78","source":"τέκνα φίλʼ, ἦ τοι Ζηνὶ βροτῶν οὐκ ἄν τις\n                     ἐρίζοι·","translation":"\"Dear children, with Zeus no mortal could contend;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐρίζοι","title":"potential optative","body":"The optative with 'an' marks possibility: no mortal could rival Zeus."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative plural neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"φίλ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ζηνὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρίζοι","gloss":"with Zeus"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρίζοι","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἐρίζοι","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could contend"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-l79","source":"ἀθάνατοι γὰρ τοῦ γε δόμοι καὶ κτήματʼ ἔασιν·","translation":"for his house and his possessions are immortal.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δόμοι","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήματ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἔασιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-l80","source":"ἀνδρῶν δʼ ἤ κέν τίς μοι ἐρίσσεται, ἠὲ καὶ οὐκί,","translation":"But among men, one might or might not rival me","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐρίσσεται","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might rival"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"οὐκί","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-l81","source":"κτήμασιν. ἦ γὰρ πολλὰ παθὼν καὶ πόλλʼ ἐπαληθεὶς","translation":"in possessions. For indeed, having suffered much and wandered much,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"παθὼν καὶ ἐπαληθεὶς","title":"aorist participles","body":"Two aorist participles sum up Menelaus' completed ordeals: having suffered and having wandered."}],"words":[{"surface":"κτήμασιν","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"in possessions"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of παθὼν","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"παθὼν","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"having suffered"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπαληθεὶς","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἐπαληθεὶς","lemma":"ἐπαλάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"having wandered","note":"ἐπαλάομαι, \"roam over\" — Menelaus's own wandering echoes Odysseus's, a deliberate parallel"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-l82","source":"ἠγαγόμην ἐν νηυσὶ καὶ ὀγδοάτῳ ἔτει ἦλθον,","translation":"I brought these things home in my ships, and came back in the eighth year,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠγαγόμην","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I brought home","note":"middle voice ἠγαγόμην marks personal gain — goods brought home for himself"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀγδοάτῳ","lemma":"ὀγδόατος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔτει","gloss":"eighth"},{"surface":"ἔτει","lemma":"ἔτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἦλθον","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I came"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-l83","source":"Κύπρον Φοινίκην τε καὶ Αἰγυπτίους ἐπαληθείς,","translation":"after wandering to Cyprus and Phoenicia and the Egyptians,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κύπρον","lemma":"Κύπρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Cyprus"},{"surface":"Φοινίκην","lemma":"φοινίκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Phoenicia"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἰγυπτίους","lemma":"Αἰγύπτιος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Egyptians"},{"surface":"ἐπαληθείς","lemma":"ἐπαλάομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθον","gloss":"having wandered"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-l84","source":"Αἰθίοπάς θʼ ἱκόμην καὶ Σιδονίους καὶ Ἐρεμβοὺς","translation":"and I reached the Ethiopians and the Sidonians and the Erembi,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰθίοπάς","lemma":"Αἰθίοψ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Ethiopians"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱκόμην","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I reached"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σιδονίους","lemma":"Σιδόνιος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Sidonians"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐρεμβοὺς","lemma":"Ἐρεμβοί","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Erembi","note":"an obscure people, unidentified in antiquity — part of Menelaus's exotic-travels catalog"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-l85","source":"καὶ Λιβύην, ἵνα τʼ ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι.","translation":"and Libya, where the lambs grow horns at once,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Λιβύην","lemma":"Λιβύη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Libya"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέθουσι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρνες","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέθουσι","gloss":"lambs"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies κεραοὶ","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"κεραοὶ","lemma":"κεραός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"horned","note":"a marvel-motif: lambs born already horned, part of the fabled wonders of Libya"},{"surface":"τελέθουσι","lemma":"τελέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Λιβύην","gloss":"grow, become"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-l86","source":"τρὶς γὰρ τίκτει μῆλα τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτόν.","translation":"for the ewes bear young three times within the full circle of the year.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τίκτει","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίκτει","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bears young"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τίκτει","gloss":"the flock"},{"surface":"τελεσφόρον","lemma":"τελεσφόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνιαυτόν","gloss":"full, completing"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτόν","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-l87","source":"ἔνθα μὲν οὔτε ἄναξ ἐπιδευὴς οὔτε τι ποιμὴν","translation":"There neither master nor shepherd goes short","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"lord","note":"ἄναξ...οὔτε τι ποιμὴν: elided negative correlative (οὔτε...οὔτε) sets up \"neither master nor shepherd\""},{"surface":"ἐπιδευὴς","lemma":"ἐπιδευής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ποιμὴν","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"shepherd"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-l88","source":"τυροῦ καὶ κρειῶν οὐδὲ γλυκεροῖο γάλακτος,","translation":"of cheese or of meat or of sweet milk,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τυροῦ","lemma":"τυρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of cheese"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρειῶν","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of meats"},{"surface":"γλυκεροῖο","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γάλακτος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"γάλακτος","lemma":"γάλα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"milk"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-l89","source":"ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ παρέχουσιν ἐπηετανὸν γάλα θῆσθαι.","translation":"but they always furnish milk in plenty to draw.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρέχουσιν","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"παρέχουσιν","lemma":"παρέχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they furnish"},{"surface":"ἐπηετανὸν","lemma":"ἐπηετανός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γάλα","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"γάλα","lemma":"γάλα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of παρέχουσιν","gloss":"milk","note":"γάλα, neut. noun in -α, gives us 'galaxy' (milky way) via γαλαξίας."},{"surface":"θῆσθαι","lemma":"θάω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to παρέχουσιν","gloss":"to draw/suck"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-l90","source":"ἧος ἐγὼ περὶ κεῖνα πολὺν βίοτον συναγείρων","translation":"While I was wandering in those lands, gathering much wealth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠλώμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around/in"},{"surface":"κεῖνα","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"those lands"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βίοτον","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"βίοτον","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of συναγείρων","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"συναγείρων","lemma":"συναγείρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠλώμην","gloss":"gathering","note":"present participle 'gathering' frames the whole clause as background to the main verb ἠλώμην in the next line."}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-l91","source":"ἠλώμην, τῆός μοι ἀδελφεὸν ἄλλος ἔπεφνεν","translation":"meanwhile another man killed my brother","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠλώμην","lemma":"ἀλάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"I was wandering"},{"surface":"τῆός","lemma":"τέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀδελφεὸν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀδελφεὸν","lemma":"ἀδελφός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔπεφνεν","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνεν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed","note":"ἔπεφνεν is from θείνω 'strike/slay'; the aorist stem is unrelated-looking to the present, a classic Homeric suppletive verb."}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-l92","source":"λάθρῃ, ἀνωιστί, δόλῳ οὐλομένης ἀλόχοιο·","translation":"in secret, unawares, by the cunning of his accursed wife.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οὐλομένης","title":"accursed","body":"Literally 'destructive, ruinous'; a strong epithet of curse, here for Clytemnestra, who plotted with Aegisthus to kill Agamemnon."}],"words":[{"surface":"λάθρῃ","lemma":"λάθρῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"in secret"},{"surface":"ἀνωιστί","lemma":"ἀνωιστί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"unawares","note":"ἀνωιστί 'unexpectedly' occurs almost only here in Homer — a rare adverb built to match λάθρῃ in sound and sense."},{"surface":"δόλῳ","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"by treachery"},{"surface":"οὐλομένης","lemma":"οὐλόμενος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχοιο","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"ἀλόχοιο","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δόλῳ","gloss":"of his wife","note":"ἄλοχος 'wife' points to Clytemnestra, murderer of Agamemnon — the recurring cautionary parallel in the Odyssey."}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-l93","source":"ὣς οὔ τοι χαίρων τοῖσδε κτεάτεσσιν ἀνάσσω.","translation":"So it is with no joy that I am lord over these riches.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνάσσω","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"χαίρων","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνάσσω","gloss":"rejoicing","note":"οὔ τοι χαίρων ('not rejoicing') is litotes: he owns vast wealth yet insists he takes no joy in it."},{"surface":"τοῖσδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies κτεάτεσσιν","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"κτεάτεσσιν","lemma":"κτέαρ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνάσσω","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσω","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I rule over"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-l94","source":"καὶ πατέρων τάδε μέλλετʼ ἀκουέμεν, οἵ τινες ὑμῖν","translation":"You are bound to have heard this from your fathers, whoever they are","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατέρων","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκουέμεν","gloss":"of fathers"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἀκουέμεν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μέλλετ","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are bound"},{"surface":"ἀκουέμεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of μέλλετ᾽","gloss":"to have heard","note":"ἀκουέμεν is the epic infinitive ending -έμεν(αι), an archaic form beside the classical -ειν."},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσίν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τινες","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἵ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"modifies οἵ","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-l95","source":"εἰσίν, ἐπεὶ μάλα πολλὰ πάθον, καὶ ἀπώλεσα οἶκον","translation":"for you, since I suffered very much, and lost a house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰσίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πατέρων","gloss":"they are"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάθον","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"πάθον","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I suffered","note":"πάθον is the root seen in English 'pathos'; the aorist of πάσχω has a wholly different stem from the present."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπώλεσα","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I lost"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-l96","source":"εὖ μάλα ναιετάοντα, κεχανδότα πολλὰ καὶ ἐσθλά.","translation":"well and richly settled, holding many fine things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναιετάοντα","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"richly"},{"surface":"ναιετάοντα","lemma":"ναιετάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"situated","note":"ναιετάοντα 'well-situated/inhabited' describes a house as a living, settled place — common in Homeric domestic description."},{"surface":"κεχανδότα","lemma":"χανδάνω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"holding","note":"κεχανδότα is a perfect participle 'having held/contained' — perfect aspect stresses the house's lasting stock of goods."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλά","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fine things"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-l97","source":"ὧν ὄφελον τριτάτην περ ἔχων ἐν δώμασι μοῖραν","translation":"Would that I dwelt in my halls with only a third part of all this,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies μοῖραν","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ὄφελον","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would that I","note":"ὄφελον + infinitive is the standard Homeric wish-formula ('would that'), regretting an unfulfilled state."},{"surface":"τριτάτην","lemma":"τρίτατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖραν","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even/only"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ναίειν","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δώμασι","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"share/portion"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-l98","source":"ναίειν, οἱ δʼ ἄνδρες σόοι ἔμμεναι, οἳ τότʼ ὄλοντο","translation":"and that those men were safe who then perished","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄφελον ... ναίειν","title":"unattainable wish","body":"'Ophelon' with the infinitive expresses a wish that cannot be fulfilled: 'would that I dwelt... and that they were safe.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"ναίειν","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to dwell"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"σόοι","lemma":"σῶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"safe","note":"σόοι 'safe/sound' is the Homeric form behind classical σῶς/σῶος."},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρες","gloss":"perished"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-l99","source":"Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ ἑκὰς Ἄργεος ἱπποβότοιο.","translation":"in wide Troy, far from horse-pasturing Argos.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἱπποβότοιο","title":"horse-pasturing","body":"A standing epithet of Argos, evoking its fertile plains where horses graze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in Troy"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εὐρείῃ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίῃ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἑκὰς","lemma":"ἑκάς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far from"},{"surface":"Ἄργεος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἑκὰς","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"ἱπποβότοιο","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργεος","gloss":"horse-pasturing","note":"ἱπποβότοιο is a stock Homeric epithet for Argos, tying the region's fame to horse-breeding."}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-l100","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔμπης πάντας μὲν ὀδυρόμενος καὶ ἀχεύων","translation":"Yet even so, though I mourn and grieve for all of them,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὀδυρόμενος","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀχεύων","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"grieving"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-l101","source":"πολλάκις ἐν μεγάροισι καθήμενος ἡμετέροισιν","translation":"often as I sit in our halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλάκις","lemma":"πολλάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"καθήμενος","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"sitting","note":"καθήμενος is built on ἧμαι 'sit', with perfect-tense morphology but present sense — a common quirk of this stative verb."},{"surface":"ἡμετέροισιν","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-l102","source":"ἄλλοτε μέν τε γόῳ φρένα τέρπομαι, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε","translation":"at times I ease my heart with weeping, and at other times again","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέρπομαι","gloss":"at one time"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γόῳ","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέρπομαι","gloss":"with weeping"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τέρπομαι","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"τέρπομαι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I delight","note":"τέρπομαι 'delight/ease' used with γόῳ 'weeping' is a striking pairing — grief itself brings a bittersweet relief."},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παύομαι","gloss":"at another time"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-l103","source":"παύομαι· αἰψηρὸς δὲ κόρος κρυεροῖο γόοιο.","translation":"I leave off; for a man is soon sated with chilling lament.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παύομαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stop"},{"surface":"αἰψηρὸς","lemma":"αἰψηρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"quick","note":"αἰψηρὸς 'swift' modifying κόρος 'satiety' makes the gnomic point: even grief soon reaches its fill."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κόρος","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"satiety/surfeit"},{"surface":"κρυεροῖο","lemma":"κρυερός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"chilling"},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κόρος","gloss":"of lament"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-l104","source":"τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι, ἀχνύμενός περ,","translation":"Yet for none of them all do I grieve so much, sorrowful though I am,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῶν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ὀδύρομαι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I grieve"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενός","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-l105","source":"ὡς ἑνός, ὅς τέ μοι ὕπνον ἀπεχθαίρει καὶ ἐδωδὴν","translation":"as for one, who makes sleep and food hateful to me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἑνός","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"for one","note":"ἑνός 'one' picks out Odysseus by understatement, unnamed until two lines later (Ὀδυσεὺς in l107) — a deliberate Homeric suspension."},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπεχθαίρει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπεχθαίρει","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὕπνον","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἀπεχθαίρει","lemma":"ἀπεχθαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑνός","gloss":"makes hateful"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐδωδὴν","lemma":"ἐδωδή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-l106","source":"μνωομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὔ τις Ἀχαιῶν τόσσʼ ἐμόγησεν,","translation":"when I remember him, since no one of the Achaeans toiled so much","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνωομένῳ","lemma":"μνάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"remembering him","note":"μνωομένῳ 'as I recall him' — the dative participle agrees with the implied 'me' of μοι, a loose but common Homeric construction."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"function word","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"τόσσ","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ἐμόγησεν","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"toiled"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-l107","source":"ὅσσʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἐμόγησε καὶ ἤρατο. τῷ δʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλεν","translation":"as Odysseus toiled and endured. For him it was destined","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ὀδυσεὺς ἐμόγησε","title":"Odysseus the toiler","body":"Homer often pairs Odysseus with words of suffering and toil; his very name is bound up with the theme of hardship endured."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus","note":"the name finally lands here after being withheld since 'one' in l105 — a deliberate Homeric suspension."},{"surface":"ἐμόγησε","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"toiled"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤρατο","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔμελλεν","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it was destined"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-l108","source":"αὐτῷ κήδεʼ ἔσεσθαι, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἄχος αἰὲν ἄλαστον","translation":"to have sorrows himself, and for me a grief never to be forgotten","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄλαστον","title":"unforgettable grief","body":"'Alaston' means 'not to be forgotten,' an enduring, inconsolable sorrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῷ","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ἔσεσθαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλεν","gloss":"to be","note":"κήδεʼ ἔσεσθαι 'sorrows were to be' — a future infinitive with μέλλω expressing fated destiny, common in prophecy-tinged speech."},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἄλαστον","lemma":"ἄλαστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unforgettable"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-l109","source":"κείνου, ὅπως δὴ δηρὸν ἀποίχεται, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν,","translation":"for him, since he has been gone so long, and we do not know","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"for that man"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀποίχεται","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἀποίχεται","lemma":"ἀποίχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"he has been gone"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἴδμεν","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"we know","note":"ἴδμεν, a perfect-with-present-sense from οἶδα ('I know'), shares its root with English 'wit/wisdom.'"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-l110","source":"ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκεν. ὀδύρονταί νύ που αὐτὸν","translation":"whether he lives or has died. Surely they are mourning for him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ζώει ... ἦ τέθνηκεν","title":"present vs. perfect","body":"The contrast is between the present 'he lives' and the perfect 'he has died' (a completed state still in effect)."}],"words":[{"surface":"ζώει","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he lives"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τέθνηκεν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"has died"},{"surface":"ὀδύρονταί","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they mourn"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρονταί","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀδύρονταί","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-l111","source":"Λαέρτης θʼ ὁ γέρων καὶ ἐχέφρων Πηνελόπεια","translation":"old Laertes and prudent Penelope mourn for him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐχέφρων","title":"prudent Penelope","body":"ἐχέφρων literally means 'holding one's mind' — sound-minded, sensible. It is a recurring epithet for Penelope, marking her self-possession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Λαέρτης","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Laertes"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐχέφρων","lemma":"ἐχέφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"ἐχέφρων 'wise/prudent' is Penelope's stock Homeric epithet, marking her steady judgment throughout the poem."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-l112","source":"Τηλέμαχός θʼ, ὃν ἔλειπε νέον γεγαῶτʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.","translation":"and Telemachus, whom he left newly born in his house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχός","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θ᾽","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλειπε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔλειπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Τηλέμαχός","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γεγαῶτ᾽","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"γεγαῶτ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"born","note":"γεγαῶτ᾽ is a perfect participle of γίγνομαι ('be born') — its reduplicated stem γεγα- is a classic epic perfect form."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-l113","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῷ δʼ ἄρα πατρὸς ὑφʼ ἵμερον ὦρσε\n                  γόοιο.","translation":"So he spoke, and in him he stirred a longing to weep for his father.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὦρσε","title":"Aorist \"stirred\"","body":"ὦρσε is the aorist of ὄρνυμι, 'rouse, stir up.' The aorist presents the action as a single completed event — Menelaus' words instantly provoked the urge to weep."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"φάτο is the epic mid. aorist of φημί, the standard Homeric tag closing a speech before narrative resumes."},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"for his father"},{"surface":"ὑφ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred up","note":"ὦρσε from ὄρνυμι 'rouse/stir' vividly frames grief as a physical force set in motion within Telemachus."},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵμερον","gloss":"of weeping"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-l114","source":"δάκρυ δʼ ἀπὸ βλεφάρων χαμάδις βάλε πατρὸς ἀκούσας,","translation":"A tear fell from his eyelids to the ground when he heard his father named,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"βλεφάρων","lemma":"βλέφαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"χαμάδις","lemma":"χαμάδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"to the ground","note":"χαμάδις 'to the ground' is a rare directional adverb in -δις, vividly marking the tear's fall."},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he cast/dropped"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσας","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-l115","source":"χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχὼν","translation":"and he held up his purple cloak before his eyes","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χλαῖναν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχὼν","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"purple","note":"πορφυρέην 'purple' marks costly, high-status dye — gives us English 'porphyry.'"},{"surface":"ἄντ","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive dual masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντ᾽","gloss":"eyes","note":"ὀφθαλμοῖιν is a dual form ('both eyes'), an archaic number Homer still uses for natural pairs."},{"surface":"ἀνασχὼν","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"holding up"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-l116","source":"ἀμφοτέρῃσιν χερσί. νόησε δέ μιν Μενέλαος,","translation":"with both his hands. But Menelaus noticed him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρῃσιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσί","gloss":"with both"},{"surface":"χερσί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχὼν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"νόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νόησε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-l117","source":"μερμήριξε δʼ ἔπειτα κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν,","translation":"and then he pondered in his mind and in his heart","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μερμήριξε","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pondered","note":"epic aorist of μερμηρίζω, 'weighed in mind' — formulaic decision-verb"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριξε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"mind","note":"κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν is a stock Homeric formula for inward deliberation"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-l118","source":"ἠέ μιν αὐτὸν πατρὸς ἐάσειε μνησθῆναι","translation":"whether to let him recall his father on his own,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μνησθῆναι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"himself","note":"αὐτὸν intensifies μιν: 'him on his own', i.e. without prompting"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μνησθῆναι","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"ἐάσειε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"should let","note":"optative ἐάσειε marks an indirect deliberative question ('whether he should let...')"},{"surface":"μνησθῆναι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐάσειε","gloss":"recall"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-l119","source":"ἦ πρῶτʼ ἐξερέοιτο ἕκαστά τε πειρήσαιτο.","translation":"or whether to question him first and test him point by point.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐξερέοιτο... πειρήσαιτο","title":"Optatives in indirect deliberation","body":"Both verbs are optatives following the main verb of pondering, expressing the alternatives Menelaus weighs. The optative is regular in such indirect-question deliberations in past-tense narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"πρῶτ","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέοιτο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐξερέοιτο","lemma":"ἐξέρομαι","morphology":"present middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of τε","gloss":"question him","note":"middle voice ἐξέρομαι, 'question out' — draw out information"},{"surface":"ἕκαστά","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πειρήσαιτο","gloss":"each thing"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πειρήσαιτο","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of τε","gloss":"test him"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-l120","source":"ἧος ὁ ταῦθʼ ὥρμαινε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν,","translation":"While he was turning this over in his mind and in his heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὥρμαινε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ταῦθ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ὥρμαινε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὥρμαινε","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"was turning over","note":"imperfect ὥρμαινε = ongoing mental churning, matches 'was turning this over'"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-l121","source":"ἐκ δʼ Ἑλένη θαλάμοιο θυώδεος ὑψορόφοιο","translation":"Helen came out of her fragrant high-roofed chamber,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"chamber","note":"genitive of place-from-which governed by ἐκ; ἐκ is itself separated from its verb ἤλυθεν (next line) in a Homeric tmesis-like split"},{"surface":"θυώδεος","lemma":"θυώδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμοιο","gloss":"fragrant"},{"surface":"ὑψορόφοιο","lemma":"ὑψόροφος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμοιο","gloss":"high-roofed"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-l122","source":"ἤλυθεν Ἀρτέμιδι χρυσηλακάτῳ ἐικυῖα.","translation":"like Artemis of the golden distaff.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐικυῖα","title":"Likeness participle","body":"ἐικυῖα is the perfect participle of ἔοικα, 'resemble,' agreeing with Helen. Homer often introduces a divine simile through such a participle ('like to...')."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she came","note":"ἤλυθεν, epic aorist of ἔρχομαι, completes ἐκ...ἤλυθεν 'came out'"},{"surface":"Ἀρτέμιδι","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐικυῖα","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"χρυσηλακάτῳ","lemma":"χρυσηλάκατος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀρτέμιδι","gloss":"golden-distaffed","note":"epithet χρυσηλάκατος, 'of the golden distaff', describing Artemis (not Helen) — part of the simile likening Helen to the goddess"},{"surface":"ἐικυῖα","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-l123","source":"τῇ δʼ ἄρʼ ἅμʼ Ἀδρήστη κλισίην εὔτυκτον ἔθηκεν,","translation":"Adraste set a well-made chair beside her,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"beside her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"Ἀδρήστη","lemma":"Ἀδρήστη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"Adraste"},{"surface":"κλισίην","lemma":"κλισία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"εὔτυκτον","lemma":"εὔτυκτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κλισίην","gloss":"well-made"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set","note":"ἔθηκεν, aorist of τίθημι, standard 'set/placed' verb for furniture"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-l124","source":"Ἀλκίππη δὲ τάπητα φέρεν μαλακοῦ ἐρίοιο,","translation":"Alcippe brought a rug of soft wool,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀλκίππη","lemma":"Ἀλκίππη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"Alcippe"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τάπητα","lemma":"τάπης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"rug"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"μαλακοῦ","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐρίοιο","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"ἐρίοιο","lemma":"ἔριον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies τάπητα","gloss":"of wool"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-l125","source":"Φυλὼ δʼ ἀργύρεον τάλαρον φέρε, τόν οἱ ἔθηκεν","translation":"and Phylo carried a silver basket, which had been given her","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Φυλὼ","lemma":"Φυλώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"Phylo"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργύρεον","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τάλαρον","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"τάλαρον","lemma":"τάλαρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"basket"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"which","note":"τόν picks up τάλαρον, relative clause completed in next line by Ἀλκάνδρη ... ἔθηκεν"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τάλαρον","gloss":"had given"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-l126","source":"Ἀλκάνδρη, Πολύβοιο δάμαρ, ὃς ἔναιʼ ἐνὶ Θήβῃς","translation":"by Alcandra, the wife of Polybus, who lived in Thebes","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀλκάνδρη","lemma":"Ἀλκάνδρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Alcandra"},{"surface":"Πολύβοιο","lemma":"Πόλυβος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δάμαρ","gloss":"of Polybus"},{"surface":"δάμαρ","lemma":"δάμαρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔναι᾽","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἔναι","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Πολύβοιο","gloss":"lived","note":"ναίω imperfect, 'dwelt' — epic verb for inhabiting a place"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Θήβῃς","lemma":"Θῆβαι","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"Thebes"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-l127","source":"Αἰγυπτίῃς, ὅθι πλεῖστα δόμοις ἐν κτήματα κεῖται·","translation":"of Egypt, where the most treasures lie stored in the houses;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰγυπτίῃς","lemma":"Αἰγύπτιος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θήβῃς","gloss":"Egyptian","note":"Αἰγυπτίῃς modifies Θήβῃς: this is Egyptian Thebes, distinct from Greek Thebes"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖται","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πλεῖστα","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήματα","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"δόμοις","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"in houses"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Θήβῃς","gloss":"lie stored"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-l128","source":"ὃς Μενελάῳ δῶκε δύʼ ἀργυρέας ἀσαμίνθους,","translation":"he gave Menelaus two silver bathing-tubs,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"to Menelaus"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀσαμίνθους","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀργυρέας","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσαμίνθους","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"ἀσαμίνθους","lemma":"ἀσάμινθος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"bathing-tubs"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-l129","source":"δοιοὺς δὲ τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ χρυσοῖο τάλαντα.","translation":"two tripods, and ten talents of gold.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοιοὺς","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τρίποδας","gloss":"two","note":"δοιοί, poetic dual-sense numeral 'two', distinct from δύο"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίποδας","lemma":"τρίπους","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"tripods"},{"surface":"δέκα","lemma":"δέκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies τάλαντα","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσοῖο","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τάλαντα","gloss":"of gold"},{"surface":"τάλαντα","lemma":"τάλαντον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"talents"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-l130","source":"χωρὶς δʼ αὖθʼ Ἑλένῃ ἄλοχος πόρε κάλλιμα δῶρα·","translation":"And separately his wife gave Helen lovely gifts:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χωρὶς","lemma":"χωρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πόρε","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"to Helen"},{"surface":"ἄλοχος","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"his wife","note":"ἄλοχος, 'wife', refers to Polybus' wife Alcandra giving Helen a separate personal gift"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"κάλλιμα","lemma":"κάλλιμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-l131","source":"χρυσέην τʼ ἠλακάτην τάλαρόν θʼ ὑπόκυκλον ὄπασσεν","translation":"she presented a golden distaff and a basket on wheels,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρυσέην","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠλακάτην","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠλακάτην","lemma":"ἠλακάτη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"distaff"},{"surface":"τάλαρόν","lemma":"τάλαρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"basket"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπόκυκλον","lemma":"ὑπόκυκλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τάλαρόν","gloss":"on wheels","note":"ὑπόκυκλος, 'running on wheels' — a rare concrete household detail"},{"surface":"ὄπασσεν","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"presented"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-l132","source":"ἀργύρεον, χρυσῷ δʼ ἐπὶ χείλεα κεκράαντο.","translation":"of silver, and its rims were finished off with gold.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργύρεον","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τάλαρόν","gloss":"of silver"},{"surface":"χρυσῷ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκράαντο","gloss":"with gold"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on/upon"},{"surface":"χείλεα","lemma":"χεῖλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεκράαντο","gloss":"rims"},{"surface":"κεκράαντο","lemma":"κεράννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were finished","note":"κεράννυμι here idiomatically 'were finished/worked' — describes the gold rim worked onto the silver basket"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-l133","source":"τόν ῥά οἱ ἀμφίπολος Φυλὼ παρέθηκε φέρουσα","translation":"This the maidservant Phylo carried and set beside her,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρέθηκε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of παρέθηκε","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολος","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"handmaid"},{"surface":"Φυλὼ","lemma":"Φυλώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Phylo"},{"surface":"παρέθηκε","lemma":"παρατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set beside"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to παρέθηκε","gloss":"carrying"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-l134","source":"νήματος ἀσκητοῖο βεβυσμένον· αὐτὰρ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"filled with finely spun yarn; and across it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήματος","lemma":"νῆμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of βεβυσμένον","gloss":"of yarn"},{"surface":"ἀσκητοῖο","lemma":"ἀσκητός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies νήματος","gloss":"finely spun"},{"surface":"βεβυσμένον","lemma":"βύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies τόν","gloss":"filled","note":"perfect passive participle βεβυσμένον, 'stuffed/filled' — describes the basket's contents"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-l135","source":"ἠλακάτη τετάνυστο ἰοδνεφὲς εἶρος ἔχουσα.","translation":"the distaff was laid, holding violet-dark wool.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠλακάτη","lemma":"ἠλακάτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τετάνυστο","gloss":"distaff"},{"surface":"τετάνυστο","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was laid","note":"pluperfect passive τετάνυστο, 'lay stretched/laid out' — describes resting position across the basket"},{"surface":"ἰοδνεφὲς","lemma":"ἰοδνεφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἶρος","gloss":"violet-dark"},{"surface":"εἶρος","lemma":"εἶρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσα","gloss":"wool"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies ἠλακάτη","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-l136","source":"ἕζετο δʼ ἐν κλισμῷ, ὑπὸ δὲ θρῆνυς ποσὶν ἦεν.","translation":"She sat down on the chair, and beneath her feet was a footstool.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕζετο","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on/in"},{"surface":"κλισμῷ","lemma":"κλισμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρῆνυς","lemma":"θρῆνυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"footstool"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦεν","gloss":"for her feet"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-l137","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἥ γʼ ἐπέεσσι πόσιν ἐρέεινεν ἕκαστα·","translation":"At once she questioned her husband about every detail:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέεινεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέεινεν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"emphatic γε, 'she indeed', underlining Helen as the one who took the initiative"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρέεινεν","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρέεινεν","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἐρέεινεν","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"ἕκαστα","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέεινεν","gloss":"every detail"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-l138","source":"ἴδμεν δή, Μενέλαε διοτρεφές, οἵ τινες οἵδε","translation":"\"Do we know, Menelaus nurtured by Zeus, who these men","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διοτρεφές","title":"Nurtured by Zeus","body":"διοτρεφής, 'cherished/nurtured by Zeus,' is a standing epithet for kings, marking their authority as god-given. It is in the vocative here as Helen addresses Menelaus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do we know","note":"perfect ἴδμεν with present sense ('do we know') from οἶδα — common epic perfect-as-present"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"nurtured by Zeus","note":"διοτρεφής, stock heroic epithet 'Zeus-nurtured', honorific vocative address"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τινες","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἵ","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"οἵδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὐχετόωνται","gloss":"these here"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-l139","source":"ἀνδρῶν εὐχετόωνται ἱκανέμεν ἡμέτερον δῶ;","translation":"claim to be who have come to our house?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινες","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"εὐχετόωνται","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"claim to be","note":"middle εὐχετάομαι, 'boast/claim themselves to be' — used for stating one's lineage"},{"surface":"ἱκανέμεν","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὐχετόωνται","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"ἡμέτερον","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"δῶ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκανέμεν","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-l140","source":"ψεύσομαι ἦ ἔτυμον ἐρέω; κέλεται δέ με θυμός.","translation":"Shall I be wrong, or speak the truth? My heart bids me speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ψεύσομαι... ἐρέω","title":"Future deliberation","body":"Both verbs are future indicatives used as a deliberative question ('shall I...?'). Homer regularly uses the future this way to weigh between two courses."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψεύσομαι","lemma":"ψεύδω","morphology":"future indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall I be wrong","note":"deliberative future ψεύσομαι, 'shall I speak falsely?' — rhetorical self-questioning"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἔτυμον","lemma":"ἔτυμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall I speak"},{"surface":"κέλεται","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κέλεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κέλεται","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-l141","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ τινά φημι ἐοικότα ὧδε ἰδέσθαι","translation":"For I say I have never yet seen anyone so alike —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever yet"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ἐοικότα","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies τινά","gloss":"so like","note":"perfect participle ἐοικότα, 'having become like' — repeated ἔοικε root ties the whole speech together"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐοικότα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-l142","source":"οὔτʼ ἄνδρʼ οὔτε γυναῖκα, σέβας μʼ ἔχει εἰσορόωσαν,","translation":"no man and no woman — awe holds me as I look —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"σέβας","lemma":"σέβας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"awe","note":"σέβας, personified 'awe/reverence' as grammatical subject taking hold of Helen"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωσαν","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I look"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-l143","source":"ὡς ὅδʼ Ὀδυσσῆος μεγαλήτορος υἷι ἔοικε,","translation":"as this man resembles the son of great-hearted Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔοικε","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔοικε","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷι","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"great-hearted","note":"μεγαλήτωρ, standard heroic epithet for Odysseus"},{"surface":"υἷι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἔοικε","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐοικότα","gloss":"resembles"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-l144","source":"Τηλεμάχῳ, τὸν ἔλειπε νέον γεγαῶτʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ","translation":"Telemachus, whom that man left newly born in his house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλειπε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔλειπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Τηλεμάχῳ","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γεγαῶτ᾽","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"γεγαῶτ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"born","note":"perfect participle γεγαῶτ(α) from γίγνομαι, 'having been born' — with νέον, 'newly born'"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-l145","source":"κεῖνος ἀνήρ, ὅτʼ ἐμεῖο κυνώπιδος εἵνεκʼ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"when for the sake of me, shameless creature, the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυνώπιδος","title":"\"Dog-faced\" — Helen's self-reproach","body":"κυνῶπις literally means 'dog-eyed/dog-faced,' a term of shamelessness. Helen applies it to herself in bitter self-blame for the war her flight caused."}],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνήρ","gloss":"that","note":"Epic demonstrative, 'that man' — refers to Odysseus."},{"surface":"ἀνήρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλειπε","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκ᾽","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"κυνώπιδος","lemma":"κυνώπης","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐμεῖο","gloss":"shameless one","note":"Helen's self-directed epithet κυνῶπις, 'dog-eyed,' i.e. shameless."},{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἤλθεθ᾽","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-l146","source":"ἤλθεθʼ ὑπὸ Τροίην πόλεμον θρασὺν ὁρμαίνοντες.","translation":"came to Troy, stirring up bold war.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλθεθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ᾽","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Τροίην","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρμαίνοντες","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"θρασὺν","lemma":"θρασύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"ὁρμαίνοντες","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλθεθ᾽","gloss":"stirring up","note":"Present participle, 'urging on/pondering,' modifying the Achaeans as they set out."}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-l147","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Answering her, fair-haired Menelaus spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","title":"Present middle participle of reply","body":"ἀπαμειβόμενος is a present middle participle, 'answering,' part of the recurring speech-frame 'answering, X spoke.' The middle voice fits a verb of reciprocal exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Formulaic Homeric speech-verb closing the line, 'spoke to (her/him).'"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"Standing epithet of Menelaus, 'tawny/golden-haired.'"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-l148","source":"οὕτω νῦν καὶ ἐγὼ νοέω, γύναι, ὡς σὺ ἐίσκεις·","translation":"\"So now I too think it, wife, as you reckon it;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νοέω","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νοέω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νοέω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"νοέω","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife","note":"Vocative direct address to Helen."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐίσκεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐίσκεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐίσκεις","lemma":"ἐίσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to νοέω","gloss":"reckon"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-l149","source":"κείνου γὰρ τοιοίδε πόδες τοιαίδε τε χεῖρες","translation":"for such were that man's feet, and such his hands,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδες","gloss":"that man's"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοιοίδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"πόδες","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τοιαίδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρες","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-l150","source":"ὀφθαλμῶν τε βολαὶ κεφαλή τʼ ἐφύπερθέ τε χαῖται.","translation":"the glances of his eyes, his head, and the hair above.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βολαὶ","gloss":"of his eyes"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βολαὶ","lemma":"βολή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"glances","note":"Literally 'throws/casts' of the eyes — vivid Homeric term for a look or glance."},{"surface":"κεφαλή","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφύπερθέ","lemma":"ἐφύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαῖται","lemma":"χαίτη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-l151","source":"καὶ νῦν ἦ τοι ἐγὼ μεμνημένος ἀμφʼ Ὀδυσῆι","translation":"And just now, remembering Odysseus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to αὐτὰρ","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μυθεόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μεμνημένος","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μυθεόμην","gloss":"remembering","note":"Perfect participle with present force: 'having in mind,' i.e. still thinking of."},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆι","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-l152","source":"μυθεόμην, ὅσα κεῖνος ὀιζύσας ἐμόγησεν","translation":"I was telling how much that man toiled and suffered","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυθεόμην","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was telling"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"ὀιζύσας","lemma":"ὀιζύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"having suffered","note":"Aorist participle paired with ἐμόγησεν for emphasis — 'suffering, he toiled.'"},{"surface":"ἐμόγησεν","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"toiled"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-l153","source":"ἀμφʼ ἐμοί, αὐτὰρ ὁ πικρὸν ὑπʼ ὀφρύσι δάκρυον εἶβε,","translation":"for my sake; and he let a bitter tear fall from beneath his brows,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶβε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"πικρὸν","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυον","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beneath"},{"surface":"ὀφρύσι","lemma":"ὀφρύς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπ᾽","gloss":"his brows"},{"surface":"δάκρυον","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶβε","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"εἶβε","lemma":"εἴβω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let fall","note":"Imperfect: 'was letting well up,' picturing the tear forming, not a single drop."}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-l154","source":"χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχών.","translation":"holding up his purple cloak before his eyes.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χλαῖναν","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχών","gloss":"cloak"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαῖναν","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"ἄντ","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive dual masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντ᾽","gloss":"his eyes","note":"Dual number ὀφθαλμοῖιν, 'both eyes' — Homeric dual survives in body-part pairs."},{"surface":"ἀνασχών","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶβε","gloss":"holding up"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-l155","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Νεστορίδης Πεισίστρατος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then Nestor's son Peisistratus answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Νεστορίδης","lemma":"Νεστορίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πεισίστρατος","gloss":"son of Nestor"},{"surface":"Πεισίστρατος","lemma":"Πεισίστρατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Peisistratus"},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-l156","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη Μενέλαε διοτρεφές, ὄρχαμε λαῶν,","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, Menelaus nurtured by Zeus, leader of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"nurtured by Zeus","note":"Standard epic epithet διοτρεφής for kings, 'Zeus-nourished.'"},{"surface":"ὄρχαμε","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμε","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-l157","source":"κείνου μέν τοι ὅδʼ υἱὸς ἐτήτυμον, ὡς ἀγορεύεις·","translation":"this man is indeed that one's son, as you say;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"that man's"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἐτήτυμον","lemma":"ἐτήτυμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"truly","note":"Adverbial accusative ἐτήτυμον, 'in very truth,' reinforcing the claim."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"you say"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-l158","source":"ἀλλὰ σαόφρων ἐστί, νεμεσσᾶται δʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ","translation":"but he is modest, and feels shame in his heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σαόφρων","title":"Self-controlled","body":"σαόφρων (later σώφρων) means 'sound-minded, self-restrained.' Peisistratus explains Telemachus' silence as becoming reticence rather than rudeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σαόφρων","lemma":"σώφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"ἐστί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"νεμεσσᾶται","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"feels shame","note":"νεμεσσᾶται: social discomfort at seeming presumptuous as a guest speaking first."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"his heart"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-l159","source":"ὧδʼ ἐλθὼν τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεσβολίας ἀναφαίνειν","translation":"to come here for the first time and let loose a flood of words","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθὼν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νεμεσσᾶται","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρῶτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐλθὼν","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"ἐπεσβολίας","lemma":"ἐπεσβολία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀναφαίνειν","gloss":"a flood of words","note":"Rare epic word for presumptuous, overbold speech."},{"surface":"ἀναφαίνειν","lemma":"ἀναφαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of νεμεσσᾶται","gloss":"to display"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-l160","source":"ἄντα σέθεν, τοῦ νῶι θεοῦ ὣς τερπόμεθʼ αὐδῇ.","translation":"before you, in whose voice we two delight as in a god's.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι... τερπόμεθα","title":"Dual subject","body":"νῶι is the dual pronoun 'we two,' referring to Telemachus and Peisistratus. Homeric Greek keeps the dual alive for natural pairs, here governing a plural verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἄντα","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐδῇ","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τερπόμεθ᾽","gloss":"we two","note":"Dual pronoun νῶι — Telemachus and Peisistratus together."},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"a god's"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τερπόμεθ","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σέθεν","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"αὐδῇ","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τερπόμεθ᾽","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-l161","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ προέηκε Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ","translation":"But Gerenian Nestor, the horseman, sent me forth","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ","title":"Gerenian horseman Nestor","body":"A fixed epithet-formula for Nestor: 'Gerenian' (likely from the town Gerenia) plus 'horseman/charioteer.' Such epithets fit the meter and characterize the hero."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent forth"},{"surface":"Γερήνιος","lemma":"Γερήνιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱππότα","gloss":"Gerenian","note":"Recurring epithet of Nestor, of uncertain origin, perhaps a place-name."},{"surface":"ἱππότα","lemma":"ἱππότης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"horseman","note":"Epic epithet for Nestor, 'the charioteer/knight.'"},{"surface":"Νέστωρ","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Nestor"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-l162","source":"τῷ ἅμα πομπὸν ἕπεσθαι· ἐέλδετο γάρ σε ἰδέσθαι,","translation":"to follow as his escort; for he longed to see you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"πομπὸν","lemma":"πομπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as escort"},{"surface":"ἕπεσθαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"to follow"},{"surface":"ἐέλδετο","lemma":"ἔλδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"longed","note":"Reduplicated epic imperfect ἐέλδετο, intensifying the yearning."},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἰδέσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐέλδετο","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-l163","source":"ὄφρα οἱ ἤ τι ἔπος ὑποθήσεαι ἠέ τι ἔργον.","translation":"so that you might suggest to him some word or deed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὑποθήσεαι","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠέ","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ὑποθήσεαι","lemma":"ὑποτίθημι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you might suggest"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠέ","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-l164","source":"πολλὰ γὰρ ἄλγεʼ ἔχει πατρὸς πάϊς οἰχομένοιο","translation":"For a son has many griefs when his father is gone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγε᾽","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"griefs"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχει","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"οἰχομένοιο","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies πατρὸς","gloss":"gone","note":"Genitive participle οἰχομένοιο, 'being away' — genitive absolute-like sense with πατρός."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-l165","source":"ἐν μεγάροις, ᾧ μὴ ἄλλοι ἀοσσητῆρες ἔωσιν,","translation":"in his halls, if there are no others to help him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροις","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔωσιν","gloss":"for whom"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀοσσητῆρες","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ἀοσσητῆρες","lemma":"ἀοσσητήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔωσιν","gloss":"helpers","note":"Rare epic word ἀοσσητήρ, 'helper/defender'; probably related to ὀπάων 'companion' (cf. ἕπομαι 'follow'), not to any word for 'voice.'"},{"surface":"ἔωσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάϊς","gloss":"there are","note":"Subjunctive ἔωσιν in a conditional relative clause, 'if there should be.'"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-l166","source":"ὡς νῦν Τηλεμάχῳ ὁ μὲν οἴχεται, οὐδέ οἱ ἄλλοι","translation":"as now for Telemachus the one is gone, and there are no others","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οἴχεται","gloss":"for Telemachus"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴχεται","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"οἴχεται","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"is gone"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴσ᾽","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of εἴσ᾽","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-l167","source":"εἴσʼ οἵ κεν κατὰ δῆμον ἀλάλκοιεν κακότητα.","translation":"to ward off evil from him throughout the land.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀλάλκοιεν","title":"Potential optative","body":"ἀλάλκοιεν is an aorist optative in a relative clause, expressing the kind of men who 'could ward off' evil — a potential/characterizing sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλάλκοιεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ἀλάλκοιεν","lemma":"ἄλαλκε","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλοι","gloss":"ward off","note":"Rare defective aorist optative ἀλάλκοιεν, 'keep away/defend against' — no present stem survives."},{"surface":"κακότητα","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλάλκοιεν","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-l168","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Answering him, fair-haired Menelaus spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Same formulaic speech-line as l147, now closing to a male addressee."},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-l169","source":"ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ φίλου ἀνέρος υἱὸς ἐμὸν δῶ","translation":"\"Well now! Truly the son of a man dear to me has come","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὢ πόποι","title":"Exclamation \"alas/well now\"","body":"ὢ πόποι is a common Homeric exclamation expressing surprise, dismay, or strong feeling. Tone shifts with context; here it marks glad astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"well now","note":"Exclamation of surprise, 'oh!' — paired with πόποι."},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"exclamation","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"well now","note":"Separate ancient exclamation of dismay/astonishment, often paired with ὢ; not formed by doubling it."},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φίλου","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀνέρος","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκεθ᾽","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δῶ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκεθ᾽","gloss":"house","note":"Contracted epic form δῶ for δῶμα, 'house/home.'"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-l170","source":"ἵκεθʼ, ὃς εἵνεκʼ ἐμεῖο πολέας ἐμόγησεν ἀέθλους·","translation":"to my house — one who endured many trials for my sake.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵκεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκ᾽","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πολέας","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλους","gloss":"many","note":"Epic form πολέας for πολλούς, common metrical variant."},{"surface":"ἐμόγησεν","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρος","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"ἀέθλους","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐμόγησεν","gloss":"trials"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-l171","source":"καί μιν ἔφην ἐλθόντα φιλησέμεν ἔξοχον ἄλλων","translation":"And I had thought, when he came, to honor him beyond all other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φιλησέμεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔφην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I had thought"},{"surface":"ἐλθόντα","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"when he came"},{"surface":"φιλησέμεν","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔφην","gloss":"to honor","note":"Future infinitive with epic ending -μεν, φιλησέμεν, 'to cherish/welcome.'"},{"surface":"ἔξοχον","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀργείων","gloss":"all other"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-l172","source":"Ἀργείων, εἰ νῶιν ὑπεὶρ ἅλα νόστον ἔδωκε","translation":"Argives, if Olympian Zeus of the wide gaze had granted","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐρύοπα Ζεύς","title":"Wide-seeing/wide-thundering Zeus","body":"εὐρύοπα is a fixed Zeus epithet, understood as 'wide-seeing' or 'wide-thundering.' It scans to fill the line's close and underscores his all-encompassing power."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔξοχον","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"νῶιν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκε","gloss":"to us two","note":"Dual pronoun νῶιν — Menelaus and Odysseus imagined returning together."},{"surface":"ὑπεὶρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὑπεὶρ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γενέσθαι","gloss":"return home"},{"surface":"ἔδωκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had granted"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-l173","source":"νηυσὶ θοῇσι γενέσθαι Ὀλύμπιος εὐρύοπα Ζεύς.","translation":"the two of us a homecoming over the sea in our swift ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to γενέσθαι","gloss":"in ships"},{"surface":"θοῇσι","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔδωκε","gloss":"to come about","note":"γενέσθαι here is the object of an unstated ἔδωκε ('granted [it] to happen'), a common epic infinitive-of-result construction."},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"Olympian"},{"surface":"εὐρύοπα","lemma":"εὐρύοπα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"wide-thundering","note":"εὐρύοπα is a fixed epithet of Zeus; its -α ending looks accusative but functions as nominative, a frozen epic form."},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδωκε","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-l174","source":"καί κέ οἱ Ἄργεϊ νάσσα πόλιν καὶ δώματʼ ἔτευξα,","translation":"And I would have settled him a city in Argos and built him a house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"καί κε... ἔτευξα","title":"Unreal past with κε","body":"The aorist indicative with the modal particle κε expresses an unrealized past consequence — 'I would have built.' This marks Menelaus' wish as a counterfactual that never came true."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κέ (=ἄν) with the aorist indicative νάσσα marks an unreal past condition: 'I would have settled...'"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"Ἄργεϊ","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"in Argos"},{"surface":"νάσσα","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of νάσσα","gloss":"a city"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔτευξα","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"ἔτευξα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"built"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-l175","source":"ἐξ Ἰθάκης ἀγαγὼν σὺν κτήμασι καὶ τέκεϊ ᾧ","translation":"bringing him from Ithaca with his goods and his child","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἀγαγὼν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"κτήμασι","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέκεϊ","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies τέκεϊ","gloss":"his own","note":"ᾧ here is a possessive use of the relative/reflexive pronoun, epic idiom for 'his own.'"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-l176","source":"καὶ πᾶσιν λαοῖσι, μίαν πόλιν ἐξαλαπάξας,","translation":"and all his people, after sacking one city","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαοῖσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"λαοῖσι","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"μίαν","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαλαπάξας","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἐξαλαπάξας","lemma":"ἐξαλαπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having sacked","note":"ἐξαλαπάξας: intensive ἐκ- prefix on ἀλαπάζω 'sack, destroy utterly,' vivid war vocabulary."}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-l177","source":"αἳ περιναιετάουσιν, ἀνάσσονται δʼ ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ.","translation":"of those that lie round about and are ruled by me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"περιναιετάουσιν","lemma":"περιναιετάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"lie round about"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσονται","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"are ruled","note":"ἀνάσσονται is passive ('are ruled'), with dative of agent ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ 'by me myself.'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνάσσονται","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμοὶ","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-l178","source":"καί κε θάμʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθʼ· οὐδέ κεν ἡμέας","translation":"And often, being here, we would have met; nor would anything","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (have)"},{"surface":"θάμ","lemma":"θαμά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντες","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐόντες","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμισγόμεθ᾽","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐμισγόμεθ","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we would meet","note":"ἐμισγόμεθ᾽: imperfect middle 'mingled together,' i.e. visited one another socially."},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (have)"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of διέκρινεν","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-l179","source":"ἄλλο διέκρινεν φιλέοντέ τε τερπομένω τε,","translation":"else have parted us two, loving and delighting in each other,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φιλέοντέ τε τερπομένω τε","title":"Dual participles","body":"Both participles are in the dual, agreeing with the unstated 'we two.' The paired dual endings (-ε, -ω) underline the close bond Menelaus imagines."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of διέκρινεν","gloss":"anything else"},{"surface":"διέκρινεν","lemma":"διακρίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"φιλέοντέ","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"loving","note":"φιλέοντέ and τερπομένω are rare dual participles, referring to the pair Menelaus and Odysseus together."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τερπομένω","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"delighting"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-l180","source":"πρίν γʼ ὅτε δὴ θανάτοιο μέλαν νέφος ἀμφεκάλυψεν.","translation":"until the black cloud of death wrapped us round.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νέφος","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies νέφος","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"νέφος","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"cloud","note":"'black cloud of death' (θανάτοιο ... νέφος) is a Homeric death-metaphor formula."},{"surface":"ἀμφεκάλυψεν","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"covered over"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-l181","source":"ἀλλὰ τὰ μέν που μέλλεν ἀγάσσεσθαι θεὸς αὐτός,","translation":"But this, I suppose, the god himself was bound to begrudge,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἀγάσσεσθαι","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"μέλλεν","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"ἀγάσσεσθαι","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of μέλλεν","gloss":"to begrudge","note":"ἀγάσσεσθαι 'to feel resentment/envy' — gods begrudging mortal happiness is a recurring Homeric idea."},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μέλλεν","gloss":"the god"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b4-l182","source":"ὃς κεῖνον δύστηνον ἀνόστιμον οἶον ἔθηκεν.","translation":"who made that unhappy man, him alone, never to return.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνόστιμον","title":"\"Without return\"","body":"ἀνόστιμος, 'returnless, denied a homecoming,' is built on νόστος, the theme-word of the whole poem. It crystallizes Odysseus' plight: alive, yet cut off from home."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"δύστηνον","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κεῖνον","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"ἀνόστιμον","lemma":"ἀνόστιμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"without return","note":"ἀνόστιμον ... ἔθηκεν, 'made [him] without-return,' a periphrasis for being doomed never to come home."},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεὸς","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b4-l183","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοῖσι δὲ πᾶσιν ὑφʼ ἵμερον ὦρσε γόοιο.","translation":"So he spoke, and in them all he stirred a longing to weep.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"ὣς φάτο is a formulaic line-closing phrase marking the end of a speech."},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"in them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοῖσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὑφ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred","note":"ὑφ᾽...ὦρσε is tmesis: the preposition ὑπό is split off from the verb ὄρνυμι it intensifies."},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵμερον","gloss":"of weeping"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b4-l184","source":"κλαῖε μὲν Ἀργείη Ἑλένη, Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα,","translation":"Argive Helen wept, sprung from Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","title":"Perfect participle \"born from\"","body":"ἐκγεγαυῖα is the perfect participle of ἐκγίγνομαι, 'be born/sprung from,' agreeing with Helen. The perfect stresses her enduring status as Zeus' daughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖε","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(on one hand)"},{"surface":"Ἀργείη","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κλαῖε","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐκγεγαυῖα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"sprung from","note":"ἐκγεγαυῖα: perfect participle 'born of,' marking Helen's divine parentage as an epithet."}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b4-l185","source":"κλαῖε δὲ Τηλέμαχός τε καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης Μενέλαος,","translation":"and Telemachus wept, and Atreus' son Menelaus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖε","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχός","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"Ἀτρεΐδης is a patronymic in -ίδης, the standard epic way of naming a hero by his father."},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b4-l186","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα Νέστορος υἱὸς ἀδακρύτω ἔχεν ὄσσε·","translation":"nor did Nestor's son keep his eyes free of tears;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀδακρύτω... ὄσσε","title":"Dual for the eyes","body":"ὄσσε ('eyes') is a dual, and its adjective ἀδακρύτω agrees in the dual — the two eyes form a natural pair. Homer routinely keeps body-parts that come in twos in the dual."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Νέστορος","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Nestor"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχεν","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀδακρύτω","lemma":"ἀδάκρυτος","morphology":"accusative dual neuter adjective","role":"complement of ἔχεν","gloss":"tearless","note":"ἀδακρύτω and ὄσσε below are rare dual forms — Homeric Greek keeps the dual for paired body parts like eyes."},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept, held"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχεν","gloss":"his (two) eyes"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b4-l187","source":"μνήσατο γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο,","translation":"for he remembered in his heart noble Antilochus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνήσατο","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in (his) heart"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Ἀντιλόχοιο","gloss":"blameless","note":"ἀμύμων 'blameless' is a stock epic epithet applied to many heroes."},{"surface":"Ἀντιλόχοιο","lemma":"Ἀντίλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μνήσατο","gloss":"Antilochus"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b4-l188","source":"τόν ῥʼ Ἠοῦς ἔκτεινε φαεινῆς ἀγλαὸς υἱός·","translation":"whom the glorious son of shining Dawn had killed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκτεινε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἠοῦς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Dawn"},{"surface":"ἔκτεινε","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀντιλόχοιο","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"φαεινῆς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠοῦς","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὸς","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"glorious","note":"'son of shining Dawn' is a periphrasis for Memnon, who killed Antilochus and was then slain by Achilles himself in revenge — not by Achilles' son."},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκτεινε","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b4-l189","source":"τοῦ ὅ γʼ ἐπιμνησθεὶς ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ ἀγόρευεν·","translation":"Remembering him, he spoke winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, 'winged words,' is among the most famous Homeric formulas, picturing speech as flying swiftly from speaker to hearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιμνησθεὶς","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπιμνησθεὶς","lemma":"ἐπιμιμνήσκομαι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"having remembered"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"words","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα 'winged words' is the classic Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"πτερόεντ","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευεν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b4-l190","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη, περὶ μέν σε βροτῶν πεπνυμένον εἶναι","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, that you are beyond mortals wise in mind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond, exceedingly","note":"περὶ functions here as a preposition governing the genitive of comparison βροτῶν, 'beyond mortals' (the fixed morphology marks it as a preposition, not an adverb)."},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"than mortals"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένον","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wise, prudent"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φάσχ᾽","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b4-l191","source":"Νέστωρ φάσχʼ ὁ γέρων, ὅτʼ ἐπιμνησαίμεθα σεῖο","translation":"old Nestor used to say, whenever we recalled you","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπιμνησαίμεθα","title":"Iterative optative","body":"The optative in the temporal clause with ὅτε expresses repeated past action — 'whenever we recalled.' Homeric Greek uses the optative for such habitual past occurrences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Νέστωρ","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Nestor"},{"surface":"φάσχ","lemma":"φάσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἐπιμνησαίμεθα","lemma":"ἐπιμιμνήσκομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"we recalled","note":"ἐπιμνησαίμεθα: iterative optative, 'whenever we would recall,' marking repeated past action."},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιμνησαίμεθα","gloss":"of you"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b4-l192","source":"οἷσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι, καὶ ἀλλήλους ἐρέοιμεν.","translation":"in his halls, and questioned one another.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρέοιμεν","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἐρέοιμεν","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"we would ask","note":"ἐρέοιμεν is another iterative optative, paired with ἐπιμνησαίμεθα for habitual past action."}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b4-l193","source":"καὶ νῦν, εἴ τί που ἔστι, πίθοιό μοι· οὐ γὰρ ἐγώ γε","translation":"And now, if it is at all possible, heed me; for I","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοιό","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"it is possible"},{"surface":"πίθοιό","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heed me","note":"πίθοιό is an optative of wish, 'may you heed me' — a polite request form."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πίθοιό","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τέρπομ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b4-l194","source":"τέρπομʼ ὀδυρόμενος μεταδόρπιος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἠὼς","translation":"take no pleasure in weeping after supper, but also Dawn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέρπομ","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take pleasure","note":"τέρπομ᾽ ὀδυρόμενος is negated by οὐ in the preceding line: 'I take no pleasure in lamenting after supper' — a practical statement about ending mourning for the night, not a paradox of grief-as-pleasure."},{"surface":"ὀδυρόμενος","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρπομ᾽","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"μεταδόρπιος","lemma":"μεταδόρπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"after supper"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἠὼς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b4-l195","source":"ἔσσεται ἠριγένεια· νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδὲν","translation":"will come, early-born; not that I find any fault at all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἠριγένεια","title":"Early-born Dawn","body":"ἠριγένεια, 'early-born,' is a standing epithet of Dawn (Eos), marking her as the first daughter of each day. It often pairs with 'rosy-fingered.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠὼς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια, 'early-born,' is Dawn's stock epic epithet."},{"surface":"νεμεσσῶμαί","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I find fault"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to νεμεσσῶμαί","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b4-l196","source":"κλαίειν ὅς κε θάνῃσι βροτῶν καὶ πότμον ἐπίσπῃ.","translation":"in weeping for whatever mortal dies and meets his fate.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαίειν","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of νεμεσσῶμαί","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indefinite marker)","note":"κε with the subjunctive θάνῃσι forms a generalizing relative clause, 'whoever dies' — a common Homeric construction."},{"surface":"θάνῃσι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπίσπῃ","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἐπίσπῃ","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"meets"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b4-l197","source":"τοῦτό νυ καὶ γέρας οἶον ὀιζυροῖσι βροτοῖσιν,","translation":"This indeed is the only honor for wretched mortals:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτό","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"honor","note":"γέρας 'honor-gift' is used ironically: the only privilege left to mortals is mourning."},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ὀιζυροῖσι","lemma":"ὀιζυρός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοῖσιν","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσιν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"mortals"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b4-l198","source":"κείρασθαί τε κόμην βαλέειν τʼ ἀπὸ δάκρυ παρειῶν.","translation":"to cut one's hair and let a tear fall from the cheeks.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείρασθαί","lemma":"κείρω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to cut","note":"κείρασθαί, middle voice, 'cut one's own hair' — a ritual mourning gesture, an offering to the dead."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κόμην","lemma":"κόμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κείρασθαί","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"βαλέειν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to let fall"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βαλέειν","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"παρειῶν","lemma":"παρειά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"cheeks"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b4-l199","source":"καὶ γὰρ ἐμὸς τέθνηκεν ἀδελφεός, οὔ τι κάκιστος","translation":"For my own brother too has died, by no means the worst","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀδελφεός","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"τέθνηκεν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has died","note":"τέθνηκεν, perfect tense, stresses the abiding state 'is dead' rather than just the past event."},{"surface":"ἀδελφεός","lemma":"ἀδελφός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέθνηκεν","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"κάκιστος","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀδελφεός","gloss":"worst"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b4-l200","source":"Ἀργείων· μέλλεις δὲ σὺ ἴδμεναι· οὐ γὰρ ἐγώ γε","translation":"of the Argives; and you are likely to have known him; but I","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κάκιστος","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"μέλλεις","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are likely"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μέλλεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἴδμεναι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of μέλλεις","gloss":"to have known","note":"ἴδμεναι is the epic perfect infinitive of οἶδα, an alternate form of εἰδέναι 'to know.'"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b4-l201","source":"ἤντησʼ οὐδὲ ἴδον· περὶ δʼ ἄλλων φασὶ γενέσθαι","translation":"never met him nor saw him; but they say that beyond others","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤντησ","lemma":"ἀντάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I met"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"beyond","note":"περί here means \"beyond, more than others,\" governing ἄλλων in a common Homeric idiom of excelling."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies περὶ","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"φασὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of φασὶ","gloss":"to have become","note":"γενέσθαι + περὶ ἄλλων = \"to have excelled beyond others,\" a set epic phrase of praise."}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b4-l202","source":"Ἀντίλοχον, πέρι μὲν θείειν ταχὺν ἠδὲ μαχητήν.","translation":"Antilochus was outstanding — swift to run and a fighter.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντίλοχον","lemma":"Ἀντίλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γενέσθαι","gloss":"Antilochus"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θείειν","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ταχὺν","gloss":"in running","note":"epexegetic infinitive specifying in what respect Antilochus excelled — \"swift at running.\""},{"surface":"ταχὺν","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μαχητήν","lemma":"μαχητής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"a fighter"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b4-l203","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Answering him, fair-haired Menelaus spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"προσέφη, an epic verb of address used almost exclusively to introduce direct speech in Homer."},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ξανθὸς Μενέλαος is a fixed Homeric epithet-name formula, always in this metrical slot."},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b4-l204","source":"ὦ φίλʼ, ἐπεὶ τόσα εἶπες, ὅσʼ ἂν πεπνυμένος ἀνὴρ","translation":"\"My friend, since you have said all that a sensible man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"φίλ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friend","note":"vocative φίλε with elided ε; an elided noun understood, addressed affectionately to Telemachus."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"τόσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἶπες","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"εἶπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you said"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"sensible","note":"perfect participle of πέπνυμαι used adjectivally, \"wise/prudent\" — a stock Homeric term of praise for good judgment."},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b4-l205","source":"εἴποι καὶ ῥέξειε, καὶ ὃς προγενέστερος εἴη·","translation":"might say and do, even one who were older —","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴποι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"might say"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥέξειε","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"might do"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"προγενέστερος","lemma":"προγενής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"older","note":"comparative προγενέστερος, \"more advanced in years\" — praising Telemachus as speaking wisely beyond his age."},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b4-l206","source":"τοίου γὰρ καὶ πατρός, ὃ καὶ πεπνυμένα βάζεις,","translation":"for you are of such a father, and so you speak wisely too;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοίου","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρός","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a father","note":"genitive of origin/quality: \"of such a father\" — implying Telemachus's wisdom comes from Odysseus."},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένα","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of βάζεις","gloss":"wise things","note":"neuter plural of πέπνυμαι used substantively, \"wise words,\" object of βάζεις."},{"surface":"βάζεις","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"you speak"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b4-l207","source":"ῥεῖα δʼ ἀρίγνωτος γόνος ἀνέρος ᾧ τε Κρονίων","translation":"easily known is the offspring of a man for whom the son of Cronos","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Κρονίων","title":"Son of Cronos","body":"Κρονίων, 'son of Cronos,' is a patronymic title for Zeus. Homer often names the gods by such patronymics, especially at line-end where the meter demands it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρίγνωτος","lemma":"ἀρίγνωτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"recognizable","note":"ἀρίγνωτος, \"easily known,\" epic compound adjective — the son of a great father is easy to spot."},{"surface":"γόνος","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"offspring"},{"surface":"ἀνέρος","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γόνος","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπικλώσῃ","gloss":"for whom"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπικλώσῃ","gloss":"the son of Cronos","note":"Κρονίων = Zeus, patronymic epithet used as a proper name in epic."}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b4-l208","source":"ὄλβον ἐπικλώσῃ γαμέοντί τε γεινομένῳ τε,","translation":"spins out prosperity, both at his marriage and his birth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄλβον","lemma":"ὄλβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπικλώσῃ","gloss":"prosperity"},{"surface":"ἐπικλώσῃ","lemma":"ἐπικλώθω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρος","gloss":"spins out","note":"ἐπικλώθω, \"to spin thread onto,\" a metaphor from the Fates spinning a person's destiny."},{"surface":"γαμέοντί","lemma":"γαμέω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at his marrying"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"γεινομένῳ","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at his being born"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b4-l209","source":"ὡς νῦν Νέστορι δῶκε διαμπερὲς ἤματα πάντα","translation":"as now he has granted Nestor, continually all his days,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῶκε","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῶκε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Νέστορι","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"to Nestor"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπικλώσῃ","gloss":"has granted"},{"surface":"διαμπερὲς","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῶκε","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to αὖ","gloss":"his days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b4-l210","source":"αὐτὸν μὲν λιπαρῶς γηρασκέμεν ἐν μεγάροισιν,","translation":"to grow old in comfort within his halls,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of γηρασκέμεν","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"λιπαρῶς","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γηρασκέμεν","gloss":"in comfort","note":"λιπαρῶς, literally \"sleekly, richly\" — an epic idiom for a comfortable, well-fed old age."},{"surface":"γηρασκέμεν","lemma":"γηράσκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of αὖ","gloss":"to grow old"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"his halls"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b4-l211","source":"υἱέας αὖ πινυτούς τε καὶ ἔγχεσιν εἶναι ἀρίστους.","translation":"and to have sons both prudent and best with the spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέας","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"πινυτούς","lemma":"πινυτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγχεσιν","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀρίστους","gloss":"with spears","note":"dative of respect: \"best with spears,\" i.e. best in fighting."},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of αὖ","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b4-l212","source":"ἡμεῖς δὲ κλαυθμὸν μὲν ἐάσομεν, ὃς πρὶν ἐτύχθη,","translation":"But let us leave off the weeping that came before,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐάσομεν","title":"Hortatory future","body":"ἐάσομεν, future of ἐάω 'let be,' functions as an exhortation, 'let us leave off.' Homer often uses the first-person plural future this way for a proposal to the group."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐάσομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κλαυθμὸν","lemma":"κλαυθμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐάσομεν","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐάσομεν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us leave off","note":"aorist subjunctive with hortatory force, \"let us set aside\" — Menelaus steering the mood from grief to feasting."},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐτύχθη","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτύχθη","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἐτύχθη","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κλαυθμὸν","gloss":"came about"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b4-l213","source":"δόρπου δʼ ἐξαῦτις μνησώμεθα, χερσὶ δʼ ἐφʼ ὕδωρ","translation":"and let us turn again to supper, and over our hands let them pour","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δόρπου","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of μνησώμεθα","gloss":"of supper"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξαῦτις","lemma":"ἐξαῦτις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνησώμεθα","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"μνησώμεθα","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us think","note":"μιμνήσκομαι + genitive, \"to turn our minds to, remember\" — here \"let us turn again to supper.\""},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of χευάντων","gloss":"on hands"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χευάντων","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b4-l214","source":"χευάντων. μῦθοι δὲ καὶ ἠῶθέν περ ἔσονται","translation":"water. There will be words in the morning as well","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χευάντων","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let them pour","note":"3rd-plural imperative, an impersonal command to the attendants, continuing the sense from the previous line."},{"surface":"μῦθοι","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσονται","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἠῶθέν","lemma":"ἠῶθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσονται","gloss":"at dawn"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔσονται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there will be"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b4-l215","source":"Τηλεμάχῳ καὶ ἐμοὶ διαειπέμεν ἀλλήλοισιν.","translation":"for Telemachus and me to speak through with each other.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for Telemachus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"διαειπέμεν","lemma":"διεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἔσονται","gloss":"to speak through","note":"διεῖπον/διαειπέμεν, \"to talk fully through, discuss\" — an epic infinitive of purpose."},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of διαειπέμεν","gloss":"with each other"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b4-l216","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀσφαλίων δʼ ἄρʼ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας\n                  ἔχευεν,","translation":"So he spoke, and Asphalion poured water over their hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀσφαλίων","lemma":"Ἀσφαλίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Asphalion","note":"a minor named attendant, typical Homeric detail giving even small roles a proper name."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχευεν","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχευεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b4-l217","source":"ὀτρηρὸς θεράπων Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο.","translation":"the busy attendant of glorious Menelaus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυδαλίμοιο","title":"Glorious Menelaus","body":"κυδάλιμος, 'glorious, renowned,' is a recurring epithet of Menelaus (here genitive). The whole line is a repeated formula closing the hand-washing scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀτρηρὸς","lemma":"ὀτρηρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράπων","gloss":"busy","note":"ὀτρηρός, \"quick, diligent\" — a formulaic epithet for attendants performing service."},{"surface":"θεράπων","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θεράπων","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b4-l218","source":"οἱ δʼ ἐπʼ ὀνείαθʼ ἑτοῖμα προκείμενα χεῖρας ἴαλλον.","translation":"And they reached out their hands to the good things set ready before them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴαλλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὀνείαθ","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"good things"},{"surface":"ἑτοῖμα","lemma":"ἑτοῖμος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείαθ᾽","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"προκείμενα","lemma":"πρόκειμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ὀνείαθ᾽","gloss":"set before them"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴαλλον","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἴαλλον","lemma":"ἰάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached out","note":"ἴαλλον, \"sent forth, cast\" — vivid epic verb for stretching hands eagerly toward food."}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b4-l219","source":"ἔνθʼ αὖτʼ ἄλλʼ ἐνόησʼ Ἑλένη Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα·","translation":"Then Helen, sprung from Zeus, thought of something else:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνόησ᾽","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"ἐνόησ","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐνόησ᾽","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐκγεγαυῖα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"sprung","note":"perfect participle ἐκγεγαυῖα, \"having been born from,\" a formulaic epithet marking Helen's divine descent from Zeus."}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b4-l220","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἄρʼ εἰς οἶνον βάλε φάρμακον, ἔνθεν ἔπινον,","translation":"at once she cast a drug into the wine they were drinking,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"the wine"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she cast"},{"surface":"φάρμακον","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"a drug","note":"φάρμακον can mean both \"drug\" and \"charm/poison\" — here the famous nepenthe Helen slips into the wine."},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔπινον","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"ἔπινον","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἶνον","gloss":"they were drinking"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b4-l221","source":"νηπενθές τʼ ἄχολόν τε, κακῶν ἐπίληθον ἁπάντων.","translation":"one that banished grief and anger and made a man forget every sorrow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηπενθές","title":"nepenthes","body":"The drug's name means literally 'no-grief' (ne- + penthos), built right into the adjective. It became the English word 'nepenthe' for anything that brings forgetfulness of pain."}],"words":[{"surface":"νηπενθές","lemma":"νηπενθής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"griefless","note":"νηπενθές, \"banishing grief\" — the origin of the English word \"nepenthe,\" coined directly from this line."},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχολόν","lemma":"ἄχολος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"angerless","note":"ἄχολος, \"without bile/anger\" — paired with νηπενθές to describe the drug's calming effect."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπίληθον","gloss":"of evils"},{"surface":"ἐπίληθον","lemma":"ἐπίληθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"ἁπάντων","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακῶν","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b4-l222","source":"ὃς τὸ καταβρόξειεν, ἐπὴν κρητῆρι μιγείη,","translation":"Whoever swallowed it down, once it was mixed in the bowl,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"καταβρόξειεν","title":"Optative of indefinite condition","body":"The optative here marks a general, repeated case: 'whoever might drink it.' Homeric Greek uses the optative in such open-ended relative clauses about anyone at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καταβρόξειεν","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καταβρόξειεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"καταβρόξειεν","lemma":"καταβρόχω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"swallowed down"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κρητῆρι","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μιγείη","gloss":"in the bowl","note":"κρητήρ, the mixing-bowl for wine and water — central prop of Homeric feasting scenes."},{"surface":"μιγείη","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"was mixed"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b4-l223","source":"οὔ κεν ἐφημέριός γε βάλοι κατὰ δάκρυ παρειῶν,","translation":"would not let a tear fall down his cheeks for a whole day,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐφημέριός","lemma":"ἐφημέριος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"for that day","note":"ἐφημέριος, \"lasting a day,\" here adverbial: the drug's effect would last through that whole day."},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"βάλοι","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would let fall"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλοι","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"παρειῶν","lemma":"παρειά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"cheeks"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b4-l224","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ οἱ κατατεθναίη μήτηρ τε πατήρ τε,","translation":"not even if his mother and his father were to die,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"κατατεθναίη","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"were to die","note":"perfect optative in an unreal/hypothetical protasis (\"not even if his mother and father were to die\") — the published translation uses the conditional, not a simple past."},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πατήρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b4-l225","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ οἱ προπάροιθεν ἀδελφεὸν ἢ φίλον υἱὸν","translation":"not even if before his eyes men should cut down with bronze","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"προπάροιθεν","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"ἀδελφεὸν","lemma":"ἀδελφός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b4-l226","source":"χαλκῷ δηιόῳεν, ὁ δʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῷτο.","translation":"his brother or his own dear son, and he were watching it happen.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δηιόῳεν","gloss":"with bronze"},{"surface":"δηιόῳεν","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"should slay","note":"present optative in the same hypothetical protasis, matching the published translation's \"should cut down with bronze\" — not a completed past action."},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὁρῷτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρῷτο","gloss":"with his own eyes"},{"surface":"ὁρῷτο","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"were watching"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b4-l227","source":"τοῖα Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἔχε φάρμακα μητιόεντα,","translation":"Such cunning drugs the daughter of Zeus possessed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖα","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχε","gloss":"daughter","note":"θυγάτηρ Διός names Helen's divine parentage again, reinforcing her semi-divine, dangerous power."},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"φάρμακα","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"μητιόεντα","lemma":"μητιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"cunning"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b4-l228","source":"ἐσθλά, τά οἱ Πολύδαμνα πόρεν, Θῶνος παράκοιτις","translation":"good ones, which Polydamna had given her, the wife of Thon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλά","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"good","note":"ἐσθλά continues in apposition to φάρμακα μητιόεντα from the prior line — \"good ones.\""},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πόρεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πόρεν","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Πολύδαμνα","lemma":"Πολύδαμνα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Polydamna"},{"surface":"πόρεν","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμακα","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"Θῶνος","lemma":"Θῶν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παράκοιτις","gloss":"of Thon"},{"surface":"παράκοιτις","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"wife","note":"παράκοιτις, \"bedfellow, wife\" — Polydamna, wife of the Egyptian Thon, source of Helen's exotic drug lore."}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b4-l229","source":"Αἰγυπτίη, τῇ πλεῖστα φέρει ζείδωρος ἄρουρα","translation":"an Egyptian woman, where the grain-giving earth bears the most","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰγυπτίη","lemma":"Αἰγύπτιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παράκοιτις","gloss":"Egyptian (woman)","note":"epithet of Helen's homeland, feminine adjective standing for 'woman'"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πλεῖστα","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακα","gloss":"most, abundantly"},{"surface":"φέρει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Αἰγυπτίη","gloss":"bears, produces"},{"surface":"ζείδωρος","lemma":"ζείδωρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουρα","gloss":"grain-giving","note":"stock epic epithet for fertile earth, formed from ζείδωρος 'life-giving grain'"},{"surface":"ἄρουρα","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρει","gloss":"earth, soil"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b4-l230","source":"φάρμακα, πολλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ μεμιγμένα πολλὰ δὲ λυγρά·","translation":"drugs, many good when mixed and many baneful;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάρμακα","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέρει","gloss":"drugs, medicines"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand","note":"μὲν...δὲ pairs the two 'many' clauses: good ones vs. baneful ones"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὰ","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πολλὰ","gloss":"good, beneficial"},{"surface":"μεμιγμένα","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"mixed together"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δὲ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but, and"},{"surface":"λυγρά","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πολλὰ","gloss":"baneful, harmful"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b4-l231","source":"ἰητρὸς δὲ ἕκαστος ἐπιστάμενος περὶ πάντων","translation":"there every man is a healer skilled beyond all","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰητρὸς","lemma":"ἰατρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"healer, doctor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"ἐπιστάμενος","lemma":"ἐπίσταμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἰητρὸς","gloss":"skilled, knowing"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond, concerning"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"all (people)"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b4-l232","source":"ἀνθρώπων· ἦ γὰρ Παιήονός εἰσι γενέθλης.","translation":"other men, for they are of the race of Paeon.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies περὶ","gloss":"other men","note":"genitive after περὶ 'beyond', continuing the previous line"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly, indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Παιήονός","lemma":"Παιήων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γενέθλης","gloss":"Paeon","note":"Paeon, the healing god later merged with Apollo; genitive marks descent"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they are"},{"surface":"γενέθλης","lemma":"γενέθλη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"race, stock"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b4-l233","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐνέηκε κέλευσέ τε οἰνοχοῆσαι,","translation":"Now when she had cast it in and bidden them pour the wine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but, now"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"ἐνέηκε","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"had cast in","note":"aorist of ἐνίημι, referring to the drug she slipped into the wine"},{"surface":"κέλευσέ","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"bade, ordered"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰνοχοῆσαι","lemma":"οἰνοχοέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κέλευσέ","gloss":"to pour wine"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b4-l234","source":"ἐξαῦτις μύθοισιν ἀμειβομένη προσέειπεν·","translation":"she answered once more and spoke among them:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξαῦτις","lemma":"ἐξαῦτις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"once more, again"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένη","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to them"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b4-l235","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη Μενέλαε διοτρεφὲς ἠδὲ καὶ οἵδε","translation":"\"Menelaus, son of Atreus, cherished by Zeus, and you also,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"patronymic epithet for Menelaus"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"διοτρεφὲς","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"cherished by Zeus","note":"formulaic epithet διοτρεφής, 'Zeus-nurtured', for kings"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"also, even"},{"surface":"οἵδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"vocative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"you (these)"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b4-l236","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἐσθλῶν παῖδες· ἀτὰρ θεὸς ἄλλοτε ἄλλῳ","translation":"sons of noble men: God gives now to one man and now to another,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἐσθλῶν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"sons (vocative)","note":"vocative address 'sons of noble men', head noun elided from prior clause"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but, yet"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"god (Zeus)"},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διδοῖ","gloss":"at one time"},{"surface":"ἄλλῳ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of διδοῖ","gloss":"to another"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b4-l237","source":"Ζεὺς ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε διδοῖ· δύναται γὰρ ἅπαντα·","translation":"Zeus gives good and evil, for he is able to do all things.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"διδοῖ","title":"Present of habitual action","body":"The present tense states a timeless truth about Zeus: he gives, again and again, good and ill alike. Greek uses the present for such general, recurring acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἀγαθόν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of τε","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and (correlative)"},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of τε","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διδοῖ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"δύναται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is able"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἅπαντα","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δύναται","gloss":"all things"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b4-l238","source":"ἦ τοι νῦν δαίνυσθε καθήμενοι ἐν μεγάροισι","translation":"So now feast, sitting here in the hall,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly, indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed (emphatic)"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δαίνυσθε","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"feast!","note":"imperative addressed to the guests, shifting to direct speech command"},{"surface":"καθήμενοι","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δαίνυσθε","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the halls"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b4-l239","source":"καὶ μύθοις τέρπεσθε· ἐοικότα γὰρ καταλέξω.","translation":"and take pleasure in stories; for I will tell one that fits the hour.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μύθοις","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τέρπεσθε","gloss":"with stories"},{"surface":"τέρπεσθε","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take pleasure!"},{"surface":"ἐοικότα","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of καταλέξω","gloss":"fitting, suitable"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καταλέξω","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b4-l240","source":"πάντα μὲν οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ὀνομήνω,","translation":"I could not tell them all nor name every one,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would (potential)"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μυθήσομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"ὀνομήνω","lemma":"ὀνομαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"name, list","note":"aorist subjunctive with οὐκ ἄν expressing a modest denial ('I could not name them all')"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b4-l241","source":"ὅσσοι Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονός εἰσιν ἄεθλοι·","translation":"all the trials of enduring-hearted Odysseus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ταλασίφρονος","title":"Enduring-hearted","body":"A standing epithet of Odysseus, joining 'endure' (tlao) with 'mind/heart' (phren). It marks him as the hero defined by patient endurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as many as, all"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄεθλοι","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ταλασίφρονός","lemma":"ταλασίφρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"enduring-hearted","note":"standing epithet ταλασίφρων for Odysseus, 'of patient spirit'"},{"surface":"εἰσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάντα","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ἄεθλοι","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσιν","gloss":"trials, labors"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b4-l242","source":"ἀλλʼ οἷον τόδʼ ἔρεξε καὶ ἔτλη καρτερὸς ἀνὴρ","translation":"but here is one thing the strong man did and dared","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόδ᾽","gloss":"what sort, this thing"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἔρεξε","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dared, endured"},{"surface":"καρτερὸς","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"strong, mighty"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b4-l243","source":"δήμῳ ἔνι Τρώων, ὅθι πάσχετε πήματʼ Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"in the land of the Trojans, where you Achaeans suffered hardships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"in the land, among the people"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in","note":"ἔνι = tmesis/anastrophic form of ἐν 'in'"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάσχετε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πάσχετε","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δήμῳ","gloss":"you suffered"},{"surface":"πήματ","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχετε","gloss":"hardships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πάσχετε","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b4-l244","source":"αὐτόν μιν πληγῇσιν ἀεικελίῃσι δαμάσσας,","translation":"He mastered his own body with disfiguring blows,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δαμάσσας","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πληγῇσιν","lemma":"πληγή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δαμάσσας","gloss":"with blows"},{"surface":"ἀεικελίῃσι","lemma":"ἀεικέλιος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πληγῇσιν","gloss":"disfiguring, shameful"},{"surface":"δαμάσσας","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having mastered, disfigured","note":"δαμάζω here means self-inflicted mutilation to disguise himself, not defeat by another"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b4-l245","source":"σπεῖρα κάκʼ ἀμφʼ ὤμοισι βαλών, οἰκῆι ἐοικώς,","translation":"threw wretched rags about his shoulders, looking like a slave,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σπεῖρα","lemma":"σπεῖρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βαλών","gloss":"rags, cloak"},{"surface":"κάκ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπεῖρα","gloss":"wretched, vile"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about, around"},{"surface":"ὤμοισι","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ᾽","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"βαλών","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having thrown"},{"surface":"οἰκῆι","lemma":"οἰκεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικώς","gloss":"a slave, servant"},{"surface":"ἐοικώς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"looking like","note":"perfect ἐοικώς 'having come to resemble', common for disguise scenes"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b4-l246","source":"ἀνδρῶν δυσμενέων κατέδυ πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν·","translation":"and stole into the broad-streeted city of his enemies.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"δυσμενέων","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"hostile, enemy"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stole into, entered"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατέδυ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"εὐρυάγυιαν","lemma":"εὐρυάγυια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"broad-streeted","note":"epic compound epithet εὐρυάγυια, 'with wide streets', formulaic for cities"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b4-l247","source":"ἄλλῳ δʼ αὐτὸν φωτὶ κατακρύπτων ἤισκε,","translation":"He hid himself, made himself look like another man,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλῳ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φωτὶ","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of κατακρύπτων","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"φωτὶ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"man, person"},{"surface":"κατακρύπτων","lemma":"κατακρύπτω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤισκε","gloss":"disguising"},{"surface":"ἤισκε","lemma":"ἐίσκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made himself look","note":"ἐίσκω 'liken, make resemble' — the disguise verb governing the whole clause"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b4-l248","source":"δέκτῃ, ὃς οὐδὲν τοῖος ἔην ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"a beggar, one nothing like the man he was at the ships of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέκτῃ","lemma":"δέκτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"a beggar"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such, like that"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at, among"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b4-l249","source":"τῷ ἴκελος κατέδυ Τρώων πόλιν, οἱ δʼ ἀβάκησαν","translation":"In that likeness he slipped into the city of the Trojans, and they all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴκελος","gloss":"that one, him"},{"surface":"ἴκελος","lemma":"ἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like, resembling","note":"ἴκελος + dative τῷ, 'like that beggar' — repeats the disguise motif"},{"surface":"κατέδυ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stole into"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατέδυ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀβάκησαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἀβάκησαν","lemma":"ἀβακέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took no notice, were unaware"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b4-l250","source":"πάντες· ἐγὼ δέ μιν οἴη ἀνέγνων τοῖον ἐόντα,","translation":"took no notice; I alone knew him for who he was,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνέγνων","title":"Recognized him","body":"The verb means to 'know again,' to recognize. Helen alone sees through the disguise that fooled all of Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνέγνων","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνέγνων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"feminine οἴη agrees with Helen the speaker, 'I alone (a woman)'"},{"surface":"ἀνέγνων","lemma":"ἀναγιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"τοῖον","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such, that sort"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b4-l251","source":"καί μιν ἀνηρώτων· ὁ δὲ κερδοσύνῃ ἀλέεινεν.","translation":"and I questioned him; but he kept evading me with his cunning.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνηρώτων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀνηρώτων","lemma":"ἀνερωτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλέεινεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κερδοσύνῃ","lemma":"κερδοσύνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλέεινεν","gloss":"with cunning","note":"κερδοσύνη 'craftiness', a trait Helen credits to Odysseus even in disguise"},{"surface":"ἀλέεινεν","lemma":"ἀλεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept evading"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b4-l252","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή μιν ἐγὼ λόεον καὶ χρῖον ἐλαίῳ,","translation":"Yet when I had bathed him and anointed him with oil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"λόεον","lemma":"λούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"was bathing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρῖον","lemma":"χρίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"was anointing"},{"surface":"ἐλαίῳ","lemma":"ἔλαιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χρῖον","gloss":"with oil"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b4-l253","source":"ἀμφὶ δὲ εἵματα ἕσσα καὶ ὤμοσα καρτερὸν ὅρκον","translation":"and clothed him in garments, and sworn a mighty oath","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἕσσα","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"ἕσσα","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"clothed, put on him","note":"lemma listed as ἵζω but sense/context is aorist of ἕννυμι 'to clothe'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤμοσα","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"καρτερὸν","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤμοσα","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b4-l254","source":"μὴ μὲν πρὶν Ὀδυσῆα μετὰ Τρώεσσʼ ἀναφῆναι,","translation":"not to reveal Odysseus among the Trojans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀναφῆναι","title":"Infinitive in the oath","body":"The infinitive completes the oath: she swore 'not to reveal' him. Greek regularly uses the infinitive to express the content of a vow or promise."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed (particle)"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναφῆναι","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀναφῆναι","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσ","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀναφῆναι","lemma":"ἀναφαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὤμοσα","gloss":"to reveal"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b4-l255","source":"πρίν γε τὸν ἐς νῆάς τε θοὰς κλισίας τʼ ἀφικέσθαι,","translation":"until he had come back to the swift ships and the huts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before, until"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀφικέσθαι","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, unto"},{"surface":"νῆάς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θοὰς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆάς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"κλισίας","lemma":"κλισία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"the huts, tents"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀφικέσθαι","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρίν","gloss":"had come back","note":"πρίν...ἀφικέσθαι, 'before he came back' — the oath's time limit"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b4-l256","source":"καὶ τότε δή μοι πάντα νόον κατέλεξεν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"only then did he tell me the whole plan of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέλεξεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέλεξεν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"whole, all"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέλεξεν","gloss":"plan, mind"},{"surface":"κατέλεξεν","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told, related"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b4-l257","source":"πολλοὺς δὲ Τρώων κτείνας ταναήκεϊ χαλκῷ","translation":"He killed many of the Trojans with the long-edged bronze","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κτείνας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πολλοὺς","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"κτείνας","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"killing","note":"aorist participle 'having killed' sets up the main verb ἦλθε in the next line."},{"surface":"ταναήκεϊ","lemma":"ταναήκης","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"long-edged","note":"ταναήκης, epic compound adjective 'long-edged', a stock epithet for bronze weapons."},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κτείνας","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b4-l258","source":"ἦλθε μετʼ Ἀργείους, κατὰ δὲ φρόνιν ἤγαγε πολλήν.","translation":"and went back to the Argives, carrying off much knowledge.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went","note":"ἔρχομαι root ἐλ-/ἐλθ-; ἦλθε is the standard epic aorist 'came/went'."},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among/back to"},{"surface":"Ἀργείους","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ᾽","gloss":"the Argives"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down, indeed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρόνιν","lemma":"φρόνις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤγαγε","gloss":"knowledge","note":"φρόνις, a rare noun (only here in Homer) meaning 'understanding, knowledge gained'."},{"surface":"ἤγαγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he brought"},{"surface":"πολλήν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρόνιν","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b4-l259","source":"ἔνθʼ ἄλλαι Τρῳαὶ λίγʼ ἐκώκυον· αὐτὰρ ἐμὸν κῆρ","translation":"Then the other Trojan women wailed shrilly; but my own heart","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκώκυον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄλλαι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῳαὶ","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Τρῳαὶ","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐκώκυον","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"λίγ","lemma":"λίγα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκώκυον","gloss":"shrilly"},{"surface":"ἐκώκυον","lemma":"κωκύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wailed","note":"κωκύω is the epic verb for ritual keening/wailing, often used of women mourning."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of χαῖρ᾽","gloss":"heart","note":"κῆρ, poetic word for 'heart' (distinct from κήρ 'death spirit'), used for inner feeling."}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b4-l260","source":"χαῖρʼ, ἐπεὶ ἤδη μοι κραδίη τέτραπτο νέεσθαι","translation":"rejoiced, for by now my heart had turned toward going home","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαῖρ","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτραπτο","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέτραπτο","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"τέτραπτο","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"had turned","note":"pluperfect passive of τρέπω: 'had been turned', vivid Homeric image of the heart physically turning toward home."},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of τέτραπτο","gloss":"to go home"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b4-l261","source":"ἂψ οἶκόνδʼ, ἄτην δὲ μετέστενον, ἣν Ἀφροδίτη","translation":"back again, and I groaned over the madness that Aphrodite","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄτην","title":"ate (delusion)","body":"Ate is the blind ruinous folly sent by a god that drives a mortal to disaster. Helen blames it, and Aphrodite, for her flight to Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νέεσθαι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"οἶκόνδ","lemma":"οἶκόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νέεσθαι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἄτην","lemma":"ἄτη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μετέστενον","gloss":"madness/folly","note":"ἄτη: the ruinous delusion sent by a god, here Aphrodite — a key Homeric theological concept."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετέστενον","lemma":"μεταστένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"I groaned over"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δῶχ᾽","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δῶχ᾽","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b4-l262","source":"δῶχʼ, ὅτε μʼ ἤγαγε κεῖσε φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης,","translation":"gave me, when she led me there, away from my dear native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶχ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄτην","gloss":"gave","note":"δίδωμι aorist δῶκε with apocope/elision δῶχ᾽; Aphrodite 'gave' Helen the ἄτη (delusion)."},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤγαγε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἤγαγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"κεῖσε","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἤγαγε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"φίλης","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"land","note":"αἶα, epic poetic word for 'land/earth', metrically convenient variant of γαῖα."}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b4-l263","source":"παῖδά τʼ ἐμὴν νοσφισσαμένην θάλαμόν τε πόσιν τε","translation":"abandoning my child and my marriage chamber and my husband,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδά","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὴν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδά","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"νοσφισσαμένην","lemma":"νοσφίζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"abandoning","note":"aorist middle participle of νοσφίζομαι 'to turn away from, forsake' — Helen as the (understood) subject of this whole clause."},{"surface":"θάλαμόν","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"marriage chamber"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b4-l264","source":"οὔ τευ δευόμενον, οὔτʼ ἂρ φρένας οὔτε τι εἶδος.","translation":"a man lacking nothing, neither in mind nor in looks.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τευ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of δευόμενον","gloss":"of anything"},{"surface":"δευόμενον","lemma":"δεύω","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"lacking","note":"δευόμενον 'lacking' governs a genitive of the thing lacked (τευ), describing πόσιν 'a husband'."},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"in mind"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"in looks"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b4-l265","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Then fair-haired Menelaus answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ξανθὸς Μενέλαος","title":"Fair-haired Menelaus","body":"A recurring formulaic epithet for Menelaus, marking him by his blond hair. Such fixed epithets help the oral poet build the line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"πρόσφημι imperfect προσέφη, the standard Homeric formula introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ξανθός 'fair-haired/tawny', a fixed Homeric epithet for Menelaus."},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b4-l266","source":"ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε πάντα, γύναι, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες.","translation":"\"Yes, wife, all this you have told rightly and in order.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναὶ","lemma":"ναί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ταῦτά","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ταῦτά","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"due measure","note":"κατὰ μοῖραν, a fixed epic phrase meaning 'fittingly, in due order'."},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you spoke"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b4-l267","source":"ἤδη μὲν πολέων ἐδάην βουλήν τε νόον τε","translation":"By now I have learned the counsel and mind of many","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐδάην","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of many"},{"surface":"ἐδάην","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have learned","note":"ἐδάην, root aorist passive form of δάω/δαῆναι, epic verb 'to learn, come to know'."},{"surface":"βουλήν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b4-l268","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων, πολλὴν δʼ ἐπελήλυθα γαῖαν·","translation":"heroic men, and I have traveled over much of the earth;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἡρώων","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"heroic","note":"ἥρως genitive plural ἡρώων, 'of heroes', modifying ἀνδρῶν — the formulaic 'heroic men'."},{"surface":"πολλὴν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπελήλυθα","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have traveled over","note":"perfect of ἐπέρχομαι, stressing the lasting result: 'I have come to have traversed'."},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπελήλυθα","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b4-l269","source":"ἀλλʼ οὔ πω τοιοῦτον ἐγὼν ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"but never yet have I seen with my own eyes such a one","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τοιοῦτον","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδον","gloss":"I","note":"ἐγών, epic form of ἐγώ with movable ν before a vowel-initial word, common Homeric spelling."},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"with eyes"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b4-l270","source":"οἷον Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος ἔσκε φίλον κῆρ.","translation":"as was the steadfast heart of enduring-hearted Odysseus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ταλασίφρονος","lemma":"ταλασίφρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"steadfast-hearted","note":"ταλασίφρων, epithet meaning 'enduring in spirit', a hallmark descriptor of Odysseus."},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοιοῦτον","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b4-l271","source":"οἷον καὶ τόδʼ ἔρεξε καὶ ἔτλη καρτερὸς ἀνὴρ","translation":"Here is the kind of thing that strong man did and dared","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόδ᾽","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἔρεξε","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dared","note":"ἔτλη, aorist of τλάω 'to endure/dare', paired with ἔρεξε to stress bold action and endurance."},{"surface":"καρτερὸς","lemma":"καρτερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b4-l272","source":"ἵππῳ ἔνι ξεστῷ, ἵνʼ ἐνήμεθα πάντες ἄριστοι","translation":"inside the carved horse, where all we best men sat,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππῳ","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"horse","note":"the Trojan Horse, referred to simply as ἵππος 'horse' here."},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ξεστῷ","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππῳ","gloss":"carved/polished"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐνήμεθα","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἐνήμεθα","lemma":"ἐνῆμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἵππῳ","gloss":"we sat","note":"ἐνῆμαι pluperfect used with present sense in epic, 'we were sitting'."},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐνήμεθα","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b4-l273","source":"Ἀργείων Τρώεσσι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φέροντες.","translation":"we Argives, bringing slaughter and death to the Trojans.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέροντες","gloss":"to the Trojans"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death","note":"κήρ, the personified death-spirit, distinct from κῆρ 'heart' seen earlier — same spelling, different word and accent."},{"surface":"φέροντες","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνήμεθα","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b4-l274","source":"ἦλθες ἔπειτα σὺ κεῖσε· κελευσέμεναι δέ σʼ ἔμελλε","translation":"Then you came there; some power must have urged you on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you came"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθες","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἦλθες","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κεῖσε","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἦλθες","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κελευσέμεναι","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλε","gloss":"to urge on","note":"future infinitive κελευσέμεναι after ἔμελλε 'was destined/about to', epic periphrasis for fate compelling Helen."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of κελευσέμεναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔμελλε","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was destined"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b4-l275","source":"δαίμων, ὃς Τρώεσσιν ἐβούλετο κῦδος ὀρέξαι·","translation":"some divinity who wished to grant glory to the Trojans;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμελλε","gloss":"a divinity"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐβούλετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀρέξαι","gloss":"to the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐβούλετο","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δαίμων","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρέξαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὀρέξαι","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐβούλετο","gloss":"to grant"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b4-l276","source":"καί τοι Δηΐφοβος θεοείκελος ἕσπετʼ ἰούσῃ.","translation":"and godlike Deiphobus came with you as you walked.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἕσπετ᾽","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θεοείκελος","lemma":"θεοείκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δηΐφοβος","gloss":"godlike","note":"θεοείκελος 'god-resembling', a formulaic Homeric epithet for heroic figures."},{"surface":"ἕσπετ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed","note":"ἕπομαι aorist ἕσπετο, common epic verb 'to accompany, follow'."},{"surface":"ἰούσῃ","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as you went"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b4-l277","source":"τρὶς δὲ περίστειξας κοῖλον λόχον ἀμφαφόωσα,","translation":"Three times you circled the hollow ambush, feeling it over,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to περίστειξας","gloss":"three times","note":"τρίς, ritual number in Homer emphasizing the deliberate, testing nature of Helen's circling."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περίστειξας","lemma":"περιστείχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you circled"},{"surface":"κοῖλον","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λόχον","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"λόχον","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περίστειξας","gloss":"ambush"},{"surface":"ἀμφαφόωσα","lemma":"ἀμφαφάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to περίστειξας","gloss":"feeling over","note":"ἀμφαφάω 'to touch/feel all around', a vivid rare verb for Helen groping the horse's surface."}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b4-l278","source":"ἐκ δʼ ὀνομακλήδην Δαναῶν ὀνόμαζες ἀρίστους,","translation":"and you called out the best of the Danaans by name,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνομακλήδην","lemma":"ὀνομακλήδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀνόμαζες","gloss":"by name","note":"ὀνομακλήδην, a rare adverb 'calling out each by name', unique to this vivid scene."},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστους","gloss":"of the Danaans"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζες","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you called"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀνόμαζες","gloss":"best men"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b4-l279","source":"πάντων Ἀργείων φωνὴν ἴσκουσʼ ἀλόχοισιν.","translation":"making your voice like the voices of all the Argives' wives.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l279.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴσκουσʼ","title":"Participle of manner","body":"The participle 'likening' describes how Helen called: by imitating the wives' voices. Greek often uses a participle where English would use 'by doing' or a separate clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀργείων","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχοισιν","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"φωνὴν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσκουσ᾽","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἴσκουσ","lemma":"ἴσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὀνόμαζες","gloss":"making like","note":"ἴσκω 'to make resemble', describing Helen mimicking each wife's voice — a striking, uncanny epic detail."},{"surface":"ἀλόχοισιν","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσκουσ᾽","gloss":"to their wives"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b4-l280","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ καὶ Τυδεΐδης καὶ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"But I and the son of Tydeus and noble Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b4-l281","source":"ἥμενοι ἐν μέσσοισιν ἀκούσαμεν ὡς ἐβόησας.","translation":"sitting in the midst of them, heard how you cried out.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενοι","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκούσαμεν","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσοισιν","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"ἀκούσαμεν","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we heard"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐβόησας","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐβόησας","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἀκούσαμεν","gloss":"you cried out"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b4-l282","source":"νῶι μὲν ἀμφοτέρω μενεήναμεν ὁρμηθέντε","translation":"We two, both stirred up, were eager and longed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l282.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι ... ἀμφοτέρω ... ὁρμηθέντε","title":"Dual number","body":"The pronoun, adjective, and participle are all dual: a special Greek form for exactly two. Here it marks Menelaus and Diomedes acting as a pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μενεήναμεν","gloss":"we two","note":"νῶι, the dual pronoun 'we two', used for Menelaus and Diomedes together — dual number a distinctive Homeric feature."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies νῶι","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μενεήναμεν","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were eager"},{"surface":"ὁρμηθέντε","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"stirred up"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b4-l283","source":"ἢ ἐξελθέμεναι, ἢ ἔνδοθεν αἶψʼ ὑπακοῦσαι·","translation":"either to go out, or to answer you at once from within;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἐξελθέμεναι","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"to go out"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθεν","lemma":"ἔνδοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὑπακοῦσαι","gloss":"from within"},{"surface":"αἶψ","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπακοῦσαι","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ὑπακοῦσαι","lemma":"ὑπακούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"to answer"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b4-l284","source":"ἀλλʼ Ὀδυσεὺς κατέρυκε καὶ ἔσχεθεν ἱεμένω περ.","translation":"but Odysseus held us back and checked us, eager as we were.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"κατέρυκε","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχεθεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"checked","note":"ἔσχεθεν, epic 3rd singular indicative of ἔχω, 'held back, checked'."},{"surface":"ἱεμένω","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager","note":"ἱεμένω, dual participle of ἵημι 'to be eager/rush', agreeing with the dual pair Menelaus and Diomedes."},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b4-l285","source":"ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἀκὴν ἔσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"Then all the other sons of the Achaeans kept silent,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(unstressed)","note":"μὲν...δὲ marks contrast; balances against Anticlus alone wanting to speak next."},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀκὴν","lemma":"ἀκήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"silent","note":"Adverbial accusative ἀκήν used predicatively with εἰμί: 'were in silence.'"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept, were"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b4-l286","source":"Ἄντικλος δὲ σέ γʼ οἶος ἀμείψασθαι ἐπέεσσιν","translation":"but Anticlus alone wanted to answer you","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄντικλος","lemma":"Ἄντικλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤθελεν","gloss":"Anticlus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀμείψασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone","note":"οἶος 'alone' agrees with Anticlus, singling him out from the silent 'all others' of the prior line."},{"surface":"ἀμείψασθαι","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἤθελεν","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμείψασθαι","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b4-l287","source":"ἤθελεν. ἀλλʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἐπὶ μάστακα χερσὶ πίεζεν","translation":"with words. Yet Odysseus pressed his mouth shut with his hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤθελεν","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wanted","note":"Verb held back to the very end of the sentence (runs on from previous line) for suspense."},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon, over"},{"surface":"μάστακα","lemma":"μάσταξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πίεζεν","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πίεζεν","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"πίεζεν","lemma":"πιέζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pressed shut","note":"ἐπὶ...πίεζεν is a tmesis: preposition separated from its verb, split across the line by μάστακα χερσὶ."}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b4-l288","source":"νωλεμέως κρατερῇσι, σάωσε δὲ πάντας Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"relentlessly, with his strong hands, and so saved all the Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νωλεμέως","lemma":"νωλεμές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίεζεν","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"κρατερῇσι","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"strong","note":"κρατερῇσι modifies χερσὶ from the previous line — enjambment linking the two verses."},{"surface":"σάωσε","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of σάωσε","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b4-l289","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἔχʼ, ὄφρα σε νόσφιν ἀπήγαγε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη.","translation":"he held him until Pallas Athena led you away.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχ᾽","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπήγαγε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"νόσφιν","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀπήγαγε","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"ἀπήγαγε","lemma":"ἀπάγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"led away"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀπήγαγε","gloss":"Athena","note":"Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη, a fixed epic name-epithet formula filling the verse-end."}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b4-l290","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then thoughtful Telemachus answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"thoughtful","note":"πεπνυμένος 'wise/thoughtful,' Telemachus's standing epithet throughout the poem."},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in answer"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b4-l291","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη Μενέλαε διοτρεφές, ὄρχαμε λαῶν,","translation":"\"Menelaus, son of Atreus, cherished by Zeus, leader of armies,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l291.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διοτρεφές","title":"Cherished by Zeus","body":"A formulaic epithet for kings, literally 'Zeus-nourished,' marking a ruler's authority as god-given. It recurs throughout the address to Menelaus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"cherished by Zeus","note":"διοτρεφές, formulaic epithet for kings, literally 'Zeus-nurtured.'"},{"surface":"ὄρχαμε","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμε","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b4-l292","source":"ἄλγιον· οὐ γάρ οἵ τι τάδʼ ἤρκεσε λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον,","translation":"it is the more painful; for none of this warded off his grim death,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλγιον","lemma":"ἀλγίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more painful","note":"Comparative ἀλγίων used absolutely as a one-word exclamation continuing the sense from the prior speech."},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"τάδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἤρκεσε","lemma":"ἀρκέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"warded off"},{"surface":"λυγρὸν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b4-l293","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ οἱ κραδίη γε σιδηρέη ἔνδοθεν ἦεν.","translation":"not even though the heart within him were made of iron.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"his","note":"Dative of possession οἱ with κραδίη: 'the heart to him' = 'his heart.'"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σιδηρέη","lemma":"σιδήρεος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of iron"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθεν","lemma":"ἔνδοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b4-l294","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ εἰς εὐνὴν τράπεθʼ ἡμέας, ὄφρα καὶ ἤδη","translation":"But come, lead us off to bed, so that even now","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come!","note":"ἄγε(τ) used as a fossilized interjection ('come now') rather than a literal imperative of ἄγω here."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"εὐνὴν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"τράπεθ","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn, lead"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τράπεθ᾽","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ταρπώμεθα","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b4-l295","source":"ὕπνῳ ὕπο γλυκερῷ ταρπώμεθα κοιμηθέντες.","translation":"we may lie down and take our pleasure in sweet sleep.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕπνῳ","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὕπο","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in","note":"ὕπο with anastrophe (accent shifted back) as it follows its object ὕπνῳ instead of preceding it."},{"surface":"γλυκερῷ","lemma":"γλυκερός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνῳ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ταρπώμεθα","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"take our pleasure"},{"surface":"κοιμηθέντες","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ταρπώμεθα","gloss":"having lain down"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b4-l296","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀργείη δʼ Ἑλένη δμῳῇσι κέλευσεν","translation":"So he spoke, and Argive Helen bade the serving women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀργείη","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κέλευσεν","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"δμῳῇσι","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κέλευσεν","gloss":"serving women"},{"surface":"κέλευσεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b4-l297","source":"δέμνιʼ ὑπʼ αἰθούσῃ θέμεναι καὶ ῥήγεα καλὰ","translation":"set up beds beneath the portico, and lay on fine blankets,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέμνι","lemma":"δέμνιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θέμεναι","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αἰθούσῃ","lemma":"αἴθουσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπ᾽","gloss":"portico"},{"surface":"θέμεναι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to set up","note":"θέμεναι, an athematic infinitive of τίθημι — old epic ending -μεναι distinct from later Attic -ναι."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήγεα","lemma":"ῥῆγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμβαλέειν","gloss":"blankets"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b4-l298","source":"πορφύρεʼ ἐμβαλέειν στορέσαι τʼ ἐφύπερθε τάπητας,","translation":"purple ones, and spread coverlets over them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πορφύρε","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ῥήγεα","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"ἐμβαλέειν","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to lay on"},{"surface":"στορέσαι","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to spread"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφύπερθε","lemma":"ἐφύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of στορέσαι","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"τάπητας","lemma":"τάπης","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of στορέσαι","gloss":"coverlets","note":"A stacked catalog of bedding infinitives (θέμεναι, ἐμβαλέειν, στορέσαι) piles up domestic epic detail."}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b4-l299","source":"χλαίνας τʼ ἐνθέμεναι οὔλας καθύπερθεν ἕσασθαι.","translation":"and put thick woolen cloaks on top for them to wear.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χλαίνας","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνθέμεναι","gloss":"cloaks"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνθέμεναι","lemma":"ἐντίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τ᾽","gloss":"to put on"},{"surface":"οὔλας","lemma":"οὖλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χλαίνας","gloss":"thick, woolen"},{"surface":"καθύπερθεν","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐνθέμεναι","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"ἕσασθαι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies χλαίνας","gloss":"to wear","note":"ἕσασθαι here glossed per context as 'to wear'; the cloaks are laid so the guests can cover themselves."}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b4-l300","source":"αἱ δʼ ἴσαν ἐκ μεγάροιο δάος μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχουσαι,","translation":"They went out from the hall, torches in their hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"δάος","lemma":"δάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχουσαι","gloss":"torch"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχουσαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b4-l301","source":"δέμνια δὲ στόρεσαν· ἐκ δὲ ξείνους ἄγε κῆρυξ.","translation":"and made the beds; and a herald led the guests out.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δέμνια","lemma":"δέμνιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of στόρεσαν","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στόρεσαν","lemma":"στορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξείνους","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄγε","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄγε","gloss":"herald","note":"ἐκ...ἄγε is tmesis: 'led out,' the preverb ἐκ separated from ἄγε by δὲ ξείνους."}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b4-l302","source":"οἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐν προδόμῳ δόμου αὐτόθι κοιμήσαντο,","translation":"So they slept there in the forecourt of the house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(unstressed)"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προδόμῳ","lemma":"πρόδομος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"forecourt"},{"surface":"δόμου","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies προδόμῳ","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμήσαντο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κοιμήσαντο","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slept"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b4-l303","source":"Τηλέμαχός θʼ ἥρως καὶ Νέστορος ἀγλαὸς υἱός·","translation":"Telemachus the hero and the splendid son of Nestor;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχός","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχός","gloss":"hero","note":"ἥρως in apposition to Τηλέμαχος, a common epic honorific for a named warrior/prince."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Νέστορος","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Nestor"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὸς","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b4-l304","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ καθεῦδε μυχῷ δόμου ὑψηλοῖο,","translation":"but the son of Atreus slept in the inmost room of the high house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καθεῦδε","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καθεῦδε","lemma":"καθεύδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"μυχῷ","lemma":"μυχός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καθεῦδε","gloss":"in the inmost room"},{"surface":"δόμου","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μυχῷ","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"ὑψηλοῖο","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμου","gloss":"high"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b4-l305","source":"πὰρ δʼ Ἑλένη τανύπεπλος ἐλέξατο, δῖα γυναικῶν.","translation":"and beside him lay Helen of the trailing robe, lovely among women.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside","note":"πὰρ...ἐλέξατο is tmesis (= παρελέξατο, 'lay down beside'): the preposition is separated from its verb by δ᾽ Ἑλένη τανύπεπλος, not a case of anastrophe."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"τανύπεπλος","lemma":"τανύπεπλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"of the trailing robe","note":"τανύπεπλος, a fixed decorative epithet for Helen: 'long-robed.'"},{"surface":"ἐλέξατο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among women"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b4-l306","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"When early-born Dawn appeared, rosy-fingered,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l306.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"Rosy-fingered Dawn","body":"The most famous of Homer's formulaic epithets, opening countless new days in the epic. The image is of dawn's first light spreading like rosy fingers across the sky."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born"},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς, one of Homer's most famous formulaic epithets, recurring at dawn scenes."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b4-l307","source":"ὤρνυτʼ ἄρʼ ἐξ εὐνῆφι βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος","translation":"Menelaus, good at the war cry, rose from his bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤρνυτ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"εὐνῆφι","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"bed","note":"εὐνῆφι, archaic instrumental/ablative case ending -φι, largely obsolete outside epic formula."},{"surface":"βοὴν","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀγαθὸς","gloss":"war cry"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸς","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"good at","note":"βοὴν ἀγαθὸς, 'good at the war-cry,' a standard heroic epithet, here for Menelaus."},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ᾽","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b4-l308","source":"εἵματα ἑσσάμενος, περὶ δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ θέτʼ ὤμῳ,","translation":"put on his clothes, slung his sharp sword over his shoulder,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἑσσάμενος","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"ἑσσάμενος","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤρνυτ᾽","gloss":"having put on"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θέτ᾽","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"θέτ","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put, slung","note":"περὶ...θέτ᾽ is tmesis: 'put around' (slung), preverb περὶ separated from θέτ᾽ by δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ."},{"surface":"ὤμῳ","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θέτ᾽","gloss":"on his shoulder"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b4-l309","source":"ποσσὶ δʼ ὑπὸ λιπαροῖσιν ἐδήσατο καλὰ πέδιλα,","translation":"bound fine sandals beneath his shining feet,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποσσὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"λιπαροῖσιν","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσσὶ","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ἐδήσατο","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πέδιλα","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"πέδιλα","lemma":"πέδιλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐδήσατο","gloss":"sandals"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b4-l310","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος ἄντην,","translation":"and went out from his chamber, like a god to look upon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go","note":"ἴμεν, complementary infinitive after βῆ ('went to go'), typical Homeric periphrasis for simple motion."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"his chamber"},{"surface":"θεῷ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐναλίγκιος","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἐναλίγκιος","lemma":"ἐναλίγκιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like","note":"θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος ἄντην, 'like a god to look upon' — formulaic comparison elevating a hero's appearance."},{"surface":"ἄντην","lemma":"ἄντην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐναλίγκιος","gloss":"to look upon"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b4-l311","source":"Τηλεμάχῳ δὲ παρῖζεν, ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·","translation":"and sat down beside Telemachus, and spoke, and called him by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρῖζεν","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρῖζεν","lemma":"παρίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat beside"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζεν","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named him","note":"ἔπος...ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν, a formulaic full-line tag introducing direct speech throughout Homer."}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b4-l312","source":"τίπτε δέ σε χρειὼ δεῦρʼ ἤγαγε, Τηλέμαχʼ\n                     ἥρως,","translation":"\"What need has brought you here, Telemachus, hero,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies χρειὼ","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἤγαγε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρειὼ","lemma":"χρεώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤγαγε","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἤγαγε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχ᾽","gloss":"hero","note":"Vocative address Τηλέμαχ᾽ ἥρως echoes the same honorific pairing used for him in l303."}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b4-l313","source":"ἐς Λακεδαίμονα δῖαν, ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης;","translation":"to noble Lacedaemon, over the broad back of the sea?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l313.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης","title":"The broad back of the sea","body":"A vivid Homeric image picturing the sea's surface as a great animal's broad back, ridden by ships. It is a recurring formula for sea travel."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονα","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονα","gloss":"noble","note":"Stock epithet δῖος/δῖα for a place adds epic dignity, not literal description."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"εὐρέα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"back","note":"νῶτα θαλάσσης 'the sea's back' is a formulaic Homeric image for the open sea."},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b4-l314","source":"δήμιον ἦ ἴδιον; τόδε μοι νημερτὲς ἐνίσπες.","translation":"Is it public or private? Tell me this truly.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήμιον","lemma":"δήμιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἴδιον","lemma":"ἴδιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσπες","gloss":"truly","note":"νημερτές, a neuter adjective used adverbially with a verb of speaking — common Homeric idiom."},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b4-l315","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then thoughtful Telemachus answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"thoughtful","note":"πεπνυμένος, perfect participle 'having good sense,' is Telemachus's recurring formulaic epithet."},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b4-l316","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη Μενέλαε διοτρεφές, ὄρχαμε λαῶν,","translation":"\"Menelaus, son of Atreus, cherished by Zeus, leader of armies,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"cherished by Zeus","note":"διοτρεφής, a formulaic vocative epithet for kings, literally 'Zeus-nourished.'"},{"surface":"ὄρχαμε","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμε","gloss":"of armies"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b4-l317","source":"ἤλυθον, εἴ τινά μοι κληηδόνα πατρὸς ἐνίσποις.","translation":"I have come, in hope you might tell me some word of my father.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have come"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τινά","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κληηδόνα","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσποις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κληηδόνα","lemma":"κληδών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνίσποις","gloss":"word/news"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κληηδόνα","gloss":"of my father"},{"surface":"ἐνίσποις","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"might tell","note":"Optative ἐνίσποις in an εἰ-clause of hoped-for wish, not a simple condition."}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b4-l318","source":"ἐσθίεταί μοι οἶκος, ὄλωλε δὲ πίονα ἔργα,","translation":"My house is being devoured, my rich fields are ruined,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l318.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐσθίεταί","title":"Passive voice","body":"The verb is passive: the house 'is being eaten.' The suitors consume Telemachus's estate, and the passive keeps the focus on the household being destroyed."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθίεταί","lemma":"ἐσθίω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is devoured","note":"Present passive ἐσθίεταί, vivid 'is being eaten up,' describes the suitors consuming the estate."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἶκος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"οἶκος","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐσθίεταί","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ὄλωλε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is ruined"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ὄλωλε","gloss":"fields"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b4-l319","source":"δυσμενέων δʼ ἀνδρῶν πλεῖος δόμος, οἵ τέ μοι αἰεὶ","translation":"and my home is full of hostile men, who always","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δυσμενέων","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πλεῖος","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"πλεῖος","lemma":"πλέως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"δόμος","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σφάζουσι","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b4-l320","source":"μῆλʼ ἁδινὰ σφάζουσι καὶ εἰλίποδας ἕλικας βοῦς,","translation":"slaughter my thronging sheep and my shambling, twist-horned cattle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῆλ","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"ἁδινὰ","lemma":"ἀδινός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλ᾽","gloss":"thronging","note":"ἁδινός 'thick, crowded' describes flocks pressing close together, a pastoral epic touch."},{"surface":"σφάζουσι","lemma":"σφάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰλίποδας","lemma":"εἰλίπους","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"shambling"},{"surface":"ἕλικας","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies βοῦς","gloss":"twist-horned"},{"surface":"βοῦς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cattle"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b4-l321","source":"μητρὸς ἐμῆς μνηστῆρες ὑπέρβιον ὕβριν ἔχοντες.","translation":"the suitors of my mother, men of overbearing insolence.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l321.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὕβριν","title":"hubris","body":"Hubris is violent, arrogant overreach against what is right. It is the suitors' defining crime, which dooms them by the poem's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μνηστῆρες","gloss":"of my mother"},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητρὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ὑπέρβιον","lemma":"ὑπέρβιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὕβριν","gloss":"overbearing"},{"surface":"ὕβριν","lemma":"ὕβρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies μνηστῆρες","gloss":"having","note":"ὕβριν ἔχοντες, 'holding insolence,' a periphrasis for behaving arrogantly."}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b4-l322","source":"τοὔνεκα νῦν τὰ σὰ γούναθʼ ἱκάνομαι, αἴ κʼ ἐθέλῃσθα","translation":"And so now I come to your knees, in hope you may be willing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὔνεκα","lemma":"τοὔνεκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνομαι","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies γούναθ᾽","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"σὰ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γούναθ᾽","gloss":"(your)"},{"surface":"γούναθ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκάνομαι","gloss":"knees","note":"γούναθ᾽ ἱκάνομαι 'I come to your knees' is the formulaic gesture of supplication in Homer."},{"surface":"ἱκάνομαι","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσθα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you are willing"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b4-l323","source":"κείνου λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον ἐνισπεῖν, εἴ που ὄπωπας","translation":"to tell of his grim death, if perhaps you saw it","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"λυγρὸν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνισπεῖν","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ἐνισπεῖν","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλῃσθα","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ὄπωπας","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"you saw","note":"Perfect ὄπωπας with present force, 'you have seen' = 'you know from having witnessed.'"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b4-l324","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι τεοῖσιν ἢ ἄλλου μῦθον ἄκουσας","translation":"with your own eyes, or heard the tale from another","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὄπωπας","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"τεοῖσιν","lemma":"τεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμοῖσι","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἄλλου","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄκουσας","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"ἄκουσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b4-l325","source":"πλαζομένου· περὶ γάρ μιν ὀιζυρὸν τέκε μήτηρ.","translation":"who wandered; for his mother bore him to misery beyond all men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλαζομένου","lemma":"πλάζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wandering","note":"Genitive participle πλαζομένου agrees with an implied 'his' (Odysseus), describing him as he roamed."},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies ὀιζυρὸν","gloss":"beyond all"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ὀιζυρὸν","lemma":"ὀιζυρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of τέκε","gloss":"to misery"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"his mother"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b4-l326","source":"μηδέ τί μʼ αἰδόμενος μειλίσσεο μηδʼ ἐλεαίρων,","translation":"And do not, out of pity or respect, soften it for me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηδέ","lemma":"μηδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of αἰδόμενος","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αἰδόμενος","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"out of pity or respect for"},{"surface":"μειλίσσεο","lemma":"μειλίσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"soften it"},{"surface":"μηδ","lemma":"μηδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἐλεαίρων","lemma":"ἐλεαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"pitying"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b4-l327","source":"ἀλλʼ εὖ μοι κατάλεξον ὅπως ἤντησας ὀπωπῆς.","translation":"but tell me clearly how it was you met the sight of him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤντησας","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἤντησας","lemma":"ἀντάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"you met"},{"surface":"ὀπωπῆς","lemma":"ὀπωπή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤντησας","gloss":"sight of him"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b4-l328","source":"λίσσομαι, εἴ ποτέ τοί τι πατὴρ ἐμός, ἐσθλὸς Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"I beg you, if ever my father, noble Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίσσομαι","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐξετέλεσσε","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐξετέλεσσε","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἐμός","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸς","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b4-l329","source":"ἢ ἔπος ἠέ τι ἔργον ὑποστὰς ἐξετέλεσσε","translation":"took upon himself some word or deed and carried it through","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ὑποστὰς","lemma":"ὑφίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξετέλεσσε","gloss":"undertaking","note":"ὑποστάς, 'having taken upon himself,' aorist participle of ὑφίστημι, describes committing to a pledge."},{"surface":"ἐξετέλεσσε","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"carried through"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b4-l330","source":"δήμῳ ἔνι Τρώων, ὅθι πάσχετε πήματʼ Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"in the land of the Trojans, where you Achaeans suffered hardships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάσχετε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πάσχετε","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δήμῳ","gloss":"you suffered"},{"surface":"πήματ","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχετε","gloss":"hardships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πάσχετε","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b4-l331","source":"τῶν νῦν μοι μνῆσαι, καί μοι νημερτὲς ἐνίσπες.","translation":"of these things now remind me, and tell me the unerring truth.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"of these things"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνῆσαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μνῆσαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of καί","gloss":"remind"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνίσπες","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσπες","gloss":"unerring truth"},{"surface":"ἐνίσπες","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of καί","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b4-l332","source":"τὸν δὲ μέγʼ ὀχθήσας προσέθη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Then, deeply moved, fair-haired Menelaus answered him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l332.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀχθήσας","title":"Aorist participle of emotion","body":"ὀχθήσας is the aorist participle of ὀχθέω, 'to be vexed, stirred to anger.' The participle sets the emotional state under which Menelaus then speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ξανθὸς Μενέλαος","title":"Formulaic epithet","body":"'Fair-haired Menelaus' is a recurring noun-epithet formula filling the verse end. Such epithets serve the meter and characterize the hero rather than describe a one-time fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέθη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀχθήσας","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέθη","gloss":"moved","note":"ὀχθήσας, 'having been vexed/stirred,' introduces Menelaus's emotional reaction before speaking."},{"surface":"προσέθη","lemma":"προσθέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired","note":"ξανθός is Menelaus's fixed epithet throughout the poem."},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέθη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b4-l333","source":"ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ κρατερόφρονος ἀνδρὸς ἐν εὐνῇ","translation":"\"Shameful! Truly into the bed of a strong-hearted man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"exclamation","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"shame","note":"ὢ πόποι is a stock Homeric exclamation of indignation or shock."},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κρατερόφρονος","lemma":"κρατερόφρων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"strong-hearted"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies εὐνῇ","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b4-l334","source":"ἤθελον εὐνηθῆναι ἀνάλκιδες αὐτοὶ ἐόντες.","translation":"they have wished to lie, cowards that they are themselves.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤθελον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they wished"},{"surface":"εὐνηθῆναι","lemma":"εὐνάω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἤθελον","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"ἀνάλκιδες","lemma":"ἄναλκις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"cowards"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐόντες","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤθελον","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b4-l335","source":"ὡς δʼ ὁπότʼ ἐν ξυλόχῳ ἔλαφος κρατεροῖο λέοντος","translation":"As when in a thicket a deer has laid to sleep","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ξυλόχῳ","lemma":"ξύλοχος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"thicket"},{"surface":"ἔλαφος","lemma":"ἔλαφος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξερέῃσι","gloss":"a deer"},{"surface":"κρατεροῖο","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέοντος","gloss":"of a mighty"},{"surface":"λέοντος","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ξυλόχῳ","gloss":"lion","note":"Extended epic simile begins here: a doe unwittingly beds her fawns in a lion's den, thinking them safe — a figure for the suitors' false security before Odysseus (the lion) returns and destroys them."}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b4-l336","source":"νεβροὺς κοιμήσασα νεηγενέας γαλαθηνοὺς","translation":"her newborn suckling fawns, the lair of a mighty lion,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεβροὺς","lemma":"νεβρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κοιμήσασα","gloss":"fawns"},{"surface":"κοιμήσασα","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέῃσι","gloss":"having laid to sleep"},{"surface":"νεηγενέας","lemma":"νεηγενής","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεβροὺς","gloss":"newborn"},{"surface":"γαλαθηνοὺς","lemma":"γαλαθηνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νεβροὺς","gloss":"suckling"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b4-l337","source":"κνημοὺς ἐξερέῃσι καὶ ἄγκεα ποιήεντα","translation":"and ranges over the mountain spurs and the grassy glens","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κνημοὺς","lemma":"κνημός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mountain spurs"},{"surface":"ἐξερέῃσι","lemma":"ἐξέρομαι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"ranges over"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄγκεα","lemma":"ἄγκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"glens"},{"surface":"ποιήεντα","lemma":"ποιήεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄγκεα","gloss":"grassy"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b4-l338","source":"βοσκομένη, ὁ δʼ ἔπειτα ἑὴν εἰσήλυθεν εὐνήν,","translation":"as she grazes, but then he comes back into his lair,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βοσκομένη","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέῃσι","gloss":"grazing"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰσήλυθεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσήλυθεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἑὴν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνήν","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"εἰσήλυθεν","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"comes back into","note":"εἰσήλυθεν marks the lion's return, the pivot point where the simile turns deadly."},{"surface":"εὐνήν","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰσήλυθεν","gloss":"lair"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b4-l339","source":"ἀμφοτέροισι δὲ τοῖσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφῆκεν,","translation":"and on both of them he lets loose an unseemly doom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοῖσιν","gloss":"on both"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφῆκεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφῆκεν","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐφῆκεν","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"lets loose"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b4-l340","source":"ὣς Ὀδυσεὺς κείνοισιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφήσει.","translation":"so will Odysseus let loose an unseemly doom on those men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l340.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐφήσει","title":"Future tense closes the simile","body":"ἐφήσει is the future of ἐφίημι, 'will let loose upon.' The shift from the simile's present-tense generalization to the future applies the image directly to Odysseus and the suitors."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφήσει","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"κείνοισιν","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐφήσει","gloss":"on those men"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφήσει","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐφήσει","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will let loose","note":"Future ἐφήσει resolves the simile: the lion's return becomes Odysseus's future vengeance."}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b4-l341","source":"αἲ γάρ, Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον,","translation":"Would that, Father Zeus and Athena and Apollo,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"αἴ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"would that","note":"αἲ γάρ introduces an unfulfilled/optative wish, 'if only...'"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄπολλον","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b4-l342","source":"τοῖος ἐών, οἷός ποτʼ ἐυκτιμένῃ ἐνὶ Λέσβῳ","translation":"such as he was once in well-built Lesbos,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"being","note":"Epic participle ἐών (=ὤν) of εἰμί; digamma-less form typical of Homeric diction."},{"surface":"οἷός","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐπάλαισεν","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἐυκτιμένῃ","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λέσβῳ","gloss":"well-built","note":"Stock Homeric epithet ἐυκτίμενος, 'well-built,' applied formulaically to place-names like Lesbos."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Λέσβῳ","lemma":"Λέσβος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"Lesbos"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b4-l343","source":"ἐξ ἔριδος Φιλομηλεΐδῃ ἐπάλαισεν ἀναστάς,","translation":"when he rose and wrestled Philomeleides out of a quarrel,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ἔριδος","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"a quarrel"},{"surface":"Φιλομηλεΐδῃ","lemma":"Φιλομηλεΐδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπάλαισεν","gloss":"Philomeleides","note":"Local Lesbian king Odysseus wrestled and beat, per the boast Menelaus recalls; dative of the person contended against."},{"surface":"ἐπάλαισεν","lemma":"παλαίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"wrestled"},{"surface":"ἀναστάς","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπάλαισεν","gloss":"rising up"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b4-l344","source":"κὰδ δʼ ἔβαλε κρατερῶς, κεχάροντο δὲ πάντες Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"and threw him down hard, and all the Achaeans rejoiced —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"κατά shortened to κὰδ before δ, an epic 'tmesis' particle reinforcing ἔβαλε ('threw down')."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"κρατερῶς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλε","gloss":"mightily"},{"surface":"κεχάροντο","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"rejoiced","note":"Reduplicated aorist κεχάροντο (root χαρ-) gives a vivid, almost perfect-like force: 'burst into joy.'"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κεχάροντο","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b4-l345","source":"τοῖος ἐὼν μνηστῆρσιν ὁμιλήσειεν Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"such as he was then, may Odysseus come among the suitors:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l345.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὁμιλήσειεν","title":"Optative of wish","body":"ὁμιλήσειεν is an aorist optative expressing Menelaus' wish that Odysseus might encounter the suitors. The optative without ἄν here voices a hope, picking up the αἲ γάρ ('would that') of line 341."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὁμιλήσειεν","gloss":"among suitors"},{"surface":"ὁμιλήσειεν","lemma":"ὁμιλέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"come","note":"Optative of wish ('may he come'), no ἄν/κε needed with this idiom expressing a strong hope."},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὁμιλήσειεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b4-l346","source":"πάντες κʼ ὠκύμοροί τε γενοίατο πικρόγαμοί τε.","translation":"they would all find a swift death and a bitter marriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of γενοίατο","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ὠκύμοροί","lemma":"ὠκύμορος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"swift-fated","note":"Compound epithet ὠκύμορος, 'quick-doomed'—foreshadows the suitors' deaths if Odysseus returned."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γενοίατο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would become","note":"Optative + κε = potential ('would become'); Homeric middle ending -οίατο for -οιντο."},{"surface":"πικρόγαμοί","lemma":"πικρόγαμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bitter-wed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b4-l347","source":"ταῦτα δʼ ἅ μʼ εἰρωτᾷς καὶ λίσσεαι, οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε","translation":"But as for what you ask me and beg of me, I would not","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἰρωτᾷς","lemma":"ἐρωτάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"you ask"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λίσσεαι","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"οὐκ ἂν ... εἴποιμι: potential optative with ἄν, 'I would not say.'"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴποιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b4-l348","source":"ἄλλα παρὲξ εἴποιμι παρακλιδόν, οὐδʼ ἀπατήσω,","translation":"speak other things aside and evade you, nor deceive you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"εἴποιμι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"παρακλιδόν","lemma":"παρακλιδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴποιμι","gloss":"evasively","note":"Rare adverb παρακλιδόν, 'aslant, evasively'—echoes παρὲξ, doubling the idea of speaking around the truth."},{"surface":"ἀπατήσω","lemma":"ἀπατάω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"deceive"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b4-l349","source":"ἀλλὰ τὰ μέν μοι ἔειπε γέρων ἅλιος νημερτής,","translation":"but of what the unerring old man of the sea told me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῶν","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔειπε","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἅλιος","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"of the sea","note":"ἅλιος γέρων, 'old man of the sea'—traditional epithet for the shape-shifting sea-god Proteus."},{"surface":"νημερτής","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"unerring"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b4-l350","source":"τῶν οὐδέν τοι ἐγὼ κρύψω ἔπος οὐδʼ ἐπικεύσω.","translation":"of these I will hide from you not one word nor conceal it.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"οὐδέν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κρύψω","lemma":"κρύπτω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hide"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἐπικεύσω","lemma":"ἐπικεύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"conceal","note":"ἐπικεύσω pairs with κρύψω in near-synonym doubling, a Homeric emphatic device."}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b4-l351","source":"Αἰγύπτῳ μʼ ἔτι δεῦρο θεοὶ μεμαῶτα νέεσθαι","translation":"In Egypt, though I longed to come home here, the gods","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰγύπτῳ","lemma":"Αἴγυπτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔσχον","gloss":"in Egypt"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔσχον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσχον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νέεσθαι","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχον","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"longing","note":"Perfect participle μεμαῶτα ('eager, straining') from defective μέμαα, used only in perfect/pluperfect stems."},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶτα","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b4-l352","source":"ἔσχον, ἐπεὶ οὔ σφιν ἔρεξα τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας.","translation":"held me back, since I had not offered them full hecatombs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρεξα","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ἔρεξα","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I offered"},{"surface":"τεληέσσας","lemma":"τελήεις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρεξα","gloss":"hecatombs","note":"ἑκατόμβη literally '100 oxen'; ritual sacrifice owed to the gods before a safe voyage home."}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b4-l353","source":"οἱ δʼ αἰεὶ βούλοντο θεοὶ μεμνῆσθαι ἐφετμέων.","translation":"And the gods always wished us to be mindful of their commands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βούλοντο","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"βούλοντο","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of βούλοντο","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"μεμνῆσθαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of βούλοντο","gloss":"be mindful","note":"Perfect infinitive μεμνῆσθαι ('to be in a state of remembering') stresses ongoing obligation, not a single act."},{"surface":"ἐφετμέων","lemma":"ἐφετμή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of μεμνῆσθαι","gloss":"of commands"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b4-l354","source":"νῆσος ἔπειτά τις ἔστι πολυκλύστῳ ἐνὶ πόντῳ","translation":"Now there is a certain island in the surging sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆσος","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἔπειτά","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νῆσος","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"πολυκλύστῳ","lemma":"πολύκλυστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"surging"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b4-l355","source":"Αἰγύπτου προπάροιθε, Φάρον δέ ἑ κικλήσκουσι,","translation":"off the coast of Egypt — Pharos they call it —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰγύπτου","lemma":"Αἴγυπτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies προπάροιθε","gloss":"of Egypt"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before, off"},{"surface":"Φάρον","lemma":"Φάρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"complement of κικλήσκουσι","gloss":"Pharos","note":"Naming the island Pharos—a real geographic anchor for the tale's fantastic events."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κικλήσκουσι","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"κικλήσκουσι","lemma":"κικλήσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they call"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b4-l356","source":"τόσσον ἄνευθʼ ὅσσον τε πανημερίη γλαφυρὴ νηῦς","translation":"as far off as a hollow ship can cover in a full day,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθ᾽","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"ἄνευθ","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἤνυσεν","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πανημερίη","lemma":"πανημέριος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"all day long"},{"surface":"γλαφυρὴ","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"hollow","note":"γλαφυρός, 'hollow,' a standard Homeric ship-epithet describing the concave hull."},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤνυσεν","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b4-l357","source":"ἤνυσεν, ᾗ λιγὺς οὖρος ἐπιπνείῃσιν ὄπισθεν·","translation":"when a shrill wind blows behind her;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤνυσεν","lemma":"ἀνύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τόσσον","gloss":"accomplished","note":"ἀνύω, 'complete a journey'—verb of the relative clause measuring the day's sailing distance."},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιπνείῃσιν","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"λιγὺς","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖρος","gloss":"shrill"},{"surface":"οὖρος","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπιπνείῃσιν","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"ἐπιπνείῃσιν","lemma":"ἐπιπνέω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νηῦς","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιπνείῃσιν","gloss":"behind"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b4-l358","source":"ἐν δὲ λιμὴν ἐύορμος, ὅθεν τʼ ἀπὸ νῆας ἐίσας","translation":"and there is a good harbor in it, from which men launch","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λιμὴν","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"harbor"},{"surface":"ἐύορμος","lemma":"εὔορμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμὴν","gloss":"good for anchoring"},{"surface":"ὅθεν","lemma":"ὅθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλλουσιν","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of βάλλουσιν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἐίσας","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"balanced","note":"ἔισος (=ἴσος), 'even, well-balanced'—formulaic ship epithet describing symmetrical hull design."}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b4-l359","source":"ἐς πόντον βάλλουσιν, ἀφυσσάμενοι μέλαν ὕδωρ.","translation":"their balanced ships into the sea, once they have drawn dark water.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"βάλλουσιν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λιμὴν","gloss":"launch"},{"surface":"ἀφυσσάμενοι","lemma":"ἀφύσσω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλουσιν","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφυσσάμενοι","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b4-l360","source":"ἔνθα μʼ ἐείκοσιν ἤματʼ ἔχον θεοί, οὐδέ ποτʼ οὖροι","translation":"There the gods held me twenty days, nor did the winds","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐείκοσιν","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἤματ᾽","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"ἤματ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"οὖροι","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φαίνονθ᾽","gloss":"winds"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b4-l361","source":"πνείοντες φαίνονθʼ ἁλιαέες, οἵ ῥά τε νηῶν","translation":"ever appear blowing seaward, which are the ships'","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πνείοντες","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies φαίνονθ᾽","gloss":"blowing"},{"surface":"φαίνονθ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"appear","note":"φαίνονθ᾽ elided from φαίνοντο, imperfect middle 'kept appearing'—describes a recurring failure of wind."},{"surface":"ἁλιαέες","lemma":"ἁλιαής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὖροι","gloss":"seaward"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γίγνονται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πομπῆες","gloss":"of ships"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b4-l362","source":"πομπῆες γίγνονται ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης.","translation":"escorts over the broad back of the sea.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l362.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης","title":"\"The broad back of the sea\"","body":"A standard Homeric phrase picturing the open sea as a vast back or surface to be traveled across. The image recurs throughout the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"πομπῆες","lemma":"πομπεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"escorts","note":"πομπεύς, 'one who conducts/escorts'—here of favorable winds personified as guides for ships."},{"surface":"γίγνονται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οὖροι","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"εὐρέα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"back","note":"νῶτα θαλάσσης, 'the back of the sea'—a vivid Homeric metaphor for the open water's surface."},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b4-l363","source":"καί νύ κεν ἤια πάντα κατέφθιτο καὶ μένεʼ ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"And now all our provisions would have run out, and the men's strength,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέφθιτο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"ἤια","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"provisions"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤια","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"κατέφθιτο","lemma":"καταφθίω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished","note":"Pluperfect-like aorist middle κατέφθιτο with καί νύ κεν = unreal past condition, 'would have run out.'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μένε","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μένε᾽","gloss":"of the men"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b4-l364","source":"εἰ μή τίς με θεῶν ὀλοφύρατο καί μʼ ἐσάωσε,","translation":"had not one of the goddesses taken pity on me and saved me,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀλοφύρατο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of gods","note":"θεῶν here is feminine in sense—refers to the goddess Eidothea, named two lines later."},{"surface":"ὀλοφύρατο","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐσάωσε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐσάωσε","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"saved"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b4-l365","source":"Πρωτέος ἰφθίμου θυγάτηρ ἁλίοιο γέροντος,","translation":"Eidothea, the daughter of mighty Proteus, the old man of the sea;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πρωτέος","lemma":"Πρωτεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of Proteus"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμου","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πρωτέος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"ἁλίοιο","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέροντος","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"γέροντος","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b4-l366","source":"Εἰδοθέη· τῇ γάρ ῥα μάλιστά γε θυμὸν ὄρινα.","translation":"for it was her heart above all that I stirred.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εἰδοθέη","lemma":"Εἰδοθέη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Eidothea","note":"Sea-nymph daughter of Proteus; her name means 'form-goddess,' fitting her father's shape-shifting."},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὄρινα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μάλιστά","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρινα","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρινα","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ὄρινα","lemma":"ὀρίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stirred"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b4-l367","source":"ἥ μʼ οἴῳ ἔρροντι συνήντετο νόσφιν ἑταίρων·","translation":"She met me as I wandered alone, apart from my companions;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of συνήντετο","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of συνήντετο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἴῳ","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἔρροντι","lemma":"ἔρρω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"συνήντετο","lemma":"συνάντομαι","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"νόσφιν","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of νόσφιν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b4-l368","source":"αἰεὶ γὰρ περὶ νῆσον ἀλώμενοι ἰχθυάασκον","translation":"for they were always roaming about the island fishing","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰχθυάασκον","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"νῆσον","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἀλώμενοι","lemma":"ἀλάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἰχθυάασκον","gloss":"roaming"},{"surface":"ἰχθυάασκον","lemma":"ἰχθυάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were fishing","note":"Iterative verb ἰχθυάασκον with -ασκ- suffix denotes habitual, repeated past action."}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b4-l369","source":"γναμπτοῖς ἀγκίστροισιν, ἔτειρε δὲ γαστέρα λιμός.","translation":"with bent hooks, and hunger was wearing at their bellies.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γναμπτοῖς","lemma":"γναμπτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἀγκίστροισιν","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"ἀγκίστροισιν","lemma":"ἄγκιστρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἰχθυάασκον","gloss":"hooks"},{"surface":"ἔτειρε","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was wearing"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαστέρα","lemma":"γαστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔτειρε","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"λιμός","lemma":"λιμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔτειρε","gloss":"hunger","note":"λιμός, 'hunger,' personified as the subject wearing down the men—vivid agent metaphor."}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b4-l370","source":"ἡ δέ μευ ἄγχι στᾶσα ἔπος φάτο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"She came and stood near me and spoke and addressed me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγχι","gloss":"me","note":"μευ = enclitic genitive of ἐγώ, epic form of μου"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"στᾶσα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having stood","note":"στᾶσα: root aorist participle of ἵστημι, 'having taken her stand'"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed","note":"φάτο...φώνησέν τε: stock Homeric double-verb formula for 'spoke and addressed'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b4-l371","source":"νήπιός εἰς, ὦ ξεῖνε, λίην τόσον ἠδὲ\n                        χαλίφρων,","translation":"'You are a fool, stranger, far too much so, and slack of mind,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l371.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νήπιος","title":"νήπιος as reproach","body":"νήπιος means 'childish, witless,' here a stinging rebuke. It marks one who fails to grasp his situation, not merely a youth."}],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιός","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative ξεῖνε, epic form of ξένος; addressing Menelaus"},{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νήπιός","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"τόσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λίην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλίφρων","lemma":"χαλίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"slack-minded"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b4-l372","source":"ἦε ἑκὼν μεθίεις καὶ τέρπεαι ἄλγεα πάσχων;","translation":"or do you give up willingly and take pleasure in suffering pain?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἑκὼν","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μεθίεις","gloss":"willingly","note":"ἑκών: nominative adjective used adverbially, 'of your own will'"},{"surface":"μεθίεις","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέρπεαι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take pleasure"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχων","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πάσχων","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρπεαι","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b4-l373","source":"ὡς δὴ δήθʼ ἐνὶ νήσῳ ἐρύκεαι, οὐδέ τι τέκμωρ","translation":"So long now you are penned on the island, and no way out","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκεαι","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δήθ","lemma":"δηθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκεαι","gloss":"so long","note":"δηθά 'for a long time,' reinforcing δὴ — emphatic doubling"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"the island"},{"surface":"ἐρύκεαι","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are penned"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"τέκμωρ","lemma":"τέκμαρ","morphology":"irregular","role":"object of εὑρέμεναι","gloss":"way out","note":"τέκμωρ 'end, means, solution' — enjambed, its verb εὑρέμεναι comes in the next line"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b4-l374","source":"εὑρέμεναι δύνασαι, μινύθει δέ τοι ἦτορ ἑταίρων.","translation":"can you find, and the heart of your companions is dwindling.'","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὑρέμεναι","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύνασαι","gloss":"to find","note":"εὑρέμεναι: epic infinitive ending -μεναι for εὑρεῖν"},{"surface":"δύνασαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"μινύθει","lemma":"μινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dwindles"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μινύθει","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of μινύθει","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"of companions"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b4-l375","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, and I answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"προσέειπον: aorist of προσεῖπον, epic augmentless-looking form still marked aorist"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b4-l376","source":"ἐκ μέν τοι ἐρέω, ἥ τις σύ πέρ ἐσσι θεάων,","translation":"'I will speak out to you, whichever of the goddesses you are,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell","note":"ἐκ...ἐρέω: tmesis, ἐκ separated from its verb ἐρέω, 'speak out'"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοι","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b4-l377","source":"ὡς ἐγὼ οὔ τι ἑκὼν κατερύκομαι, ἀλλά νυ μέλλω","translation":"that I am not held back here by any will of mine, but I must","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατερύκομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἑκὼν","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to κατερύκομαι","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"κατερύκομαι","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἀλλά","gloss":"am held back"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέλλω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μέλλω","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ἀλλά","gloss":"I must"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b4-l378","source":"ἀθανάτους ἀλιτέσθαι, οἳ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν.","translation":"have sinned against the immortals, who hold the broad sky.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτους","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀλιτέσθαι","gloss":"the immortals"},{"surface":"ἀλιτέσθαι","lemma":"ἀλιταίνω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of μέλλω","gloss":"have sinned against","note":"ἀλιτέσθαι: aorist middle infinitive of ἀλιταίνω 'to offend/sin against'"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀθανάτους","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b4-l379","source":"ἀλλὰ σύ πέρ μοι εἰπέ, θεοὶ δέ τε πάντα ἴσασιν,","translation":"But tell me — for the gods know all things —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἰπέ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"εἰπέ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσασιν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴσασιν","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἴσασιν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"know","note":"ἴσασιν: perfect-stem present of οἶδα, 3rd plural 'they know'"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b4-l380","source":"ὅς τίς μʼ ἀθανάτων πεδάᾳ καὶ ἔδησε κελεύθου,","translation":"which of the immortals shackles me and bars me from my road,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l380.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεδάᾳ καὶ ἔδησε","title":"Present and aorist together","body":"πεδάᾳ ('shackles') is present, ἔδησε ('bound') aorist; Homer pairs ongoing hindrance with the completed act of binding. The aspect contrast sharpens the sense of an enduring restraint that began at a fixed moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"of the immortals"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the immortals"},{"surface":"πεδάᾳ","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shackles"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδησε","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bars","note":"ἔδησε governs genitive κελεύθου, 'bound me from my road'"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔδησε","gloss":"my road"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b4-l381","source":"νόστον θʼ, ὡς ἐπὶ πόντον ἐλεύσομαι ἰχθυόεντα.","translation":"and about my homecoming, how I may travel over the fishy sea.'","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l381.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"nostos, the homecoming","body":"νόστος is the return home — the central theme of the whole Odyssey. The word names not just travel but the safe arrival back in one's own land."}],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσομαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"I may travel"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fishy","note":"ἰχθυόεντα: formulaic Homeric epithet for the sea, 'teeming with fish'"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b4-l382","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο δῖα θεάων·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once the bright goddess answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἡ","gloss":"bright","note":"δῖα θεάων: 'bright one of the goddesses' — formulaic epithet for a goddess"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b4-l383","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, ξεῖνε, μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω.","translation":"'Then I will tell you, stranger, quite truthfully.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιγὰρ","lemma":"τοιγάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"truthfully"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύσω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b4-l384","source":"πωλεῖταί τις δεῦρο γέρων ἅλιος νημερτὴς","translation":"A certain old man of the sea, unerring, frequents this place,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πωλεῖταί","lemma":"πωλέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"frequents"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πωλεῖταί","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἅλιος","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"of the sea","note":"ἅλιος γέρων 'old man of the sea' — traditional epithet identifying Proteus"},{"surface":"νημερτὴς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"unerring"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b4-l385","source":"ἀθάνατος Πρωτεὺς Αἰγύπτιος, ὅς τε θαλάσσης","translation":"the immortal Proteus of Egypt, who knows the depths","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατος","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πρωτεὺς","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"Πρωτεὺς","lemma":"Πρωτεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Proteus"},{"surface":"Αἰγύπτιος","lemma":"Αἰγύπτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πρωτεὺς","gloss":"of Egypt"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἶδε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies βένθεα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b4-l386","source":"πάσης βένθεα οἶδε, Ποσειδάωνος ὑποδμώς·","translation":"of all the sea, the servant of Poseidon;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάσης","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"βένθεα","lemma":"βένθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἶδε","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"οἶδε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"knows","note":"οἶδε: perfect with present meaning, 'has learned and so knows'"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάωνος","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὑποδμώς","gloss":"of Poseidon"},{"surface":"ὑποδμώς","lemma":"ὑποδμώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"servant"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b4-l387","source":"τὸν δέ τʼ ἐμόν φασιν πατέρʼ ἔμμεναι ἠδὲ τεκέσθαι.","translation":"and they say he is my father, who begot me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φασιν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"πατέρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to be","note":"ἔμμεναι: epic infinitive of εἰμί, = εἶναι"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεκέσθαι","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to have begotten"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b4-l388","source":"τόν γʼ εἴ πως σὺ δύναιο λοχησάμενος λελαβέσθαι,","translation":"If you could somehow lie in wait and catch hold of him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l388.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ πως σὺ δύναιο","title":"Optative in a conditional wish","body":"δύναιο is a present optative in a future-less-vivid condition, 'if you could somehow.' It frames the seizing of Proteus as a difficult possibility rather than a certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λελαβέσθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to δύναιο","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δύναιο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δύναιο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"could","note":"δύναιο: present optative expressing a hopeful potential, 'if you could somehow'"},{"surface":"λοχησάμενος","lemma":"λοχάω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δύναιο","gloss":"lying in wait"},{"surface":"λελαβέσθαι","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δύναιο","gloss":"catch hold of"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b4-l389","source":"ὅς κέν τοι εἴπῃσιν ὁδὸν καὶ μέτρα κελεύθου","translation":"he would tell you the way and the stages of your journey,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπῃσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴπῃσιν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσιν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would tell","note":"εἴπῃσιν: epic subjunctive with κέν, future-potential 'he would tell'"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέτρα","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the stages"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέτρα","gloss":"of the journey"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b4-l390","source":"νόστον θʼ, ὡς ἐπὶ πόντον ἐλεύσεαι ἰχθυόεντα.","translation":"and your homecoming, how you may travel over the fishy sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"you may travel"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fishy"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b4-l391","source":"καὶ δέ κέ τοι εἴπῃσι, διοτρεφές, αἴ κʼ ἐθέλῃσθα,","translation":"And he would tell you too, god-nurtured one, if you wish,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to εἴπῃσι","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of εἴπῃσι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"διοτρεφές","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"god-nurtured one","note":"διοτρεφές: vocative epithet 'nurtured/fostered by Zeus,' used of kings and heroes"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσθα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you wish"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b4-l392","source":"ὅττι τοι ἐν μεγάροισι κακόν τʼ ἀγαθόν τε τέτυκται","translation":"whatever evil and good has been done in your halls","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγαθόν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴπῃσι","gloss":"has been done","note":"τέτυκται: perfect passive of τεύχω, 'stands accomplished'"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b4-l393","source":"οἰχομένοιο σέθεν δολιχὴν ὁδὸν ἀργαλέην τε.","translation":"while you have been away on your long and grievous road.'","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰχομένοιο","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέτυκται","gloss":"you being gone","note":"οἰχομένοιο: genitive absolute participle, 'while you were away'"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"subject of οἰχομένοιο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δολιχὴν","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of οἰχομένοιο","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέην","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b4-l394","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So she spoke, and I answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b4-l395","source":"αὐτὴ νῦν φράζευ σὺ λόχον θείοιο γέροντος,","translation":"'Devise, then, yourself the ambush of the divine old man,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράζευ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"φράζευ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devise"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of φράζευ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"λόχον","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φράζευ","gloss":"the ambush"},{"surface":"θείοιο","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέροντος","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"γέροντος","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies λόχον","gloss":"of the old man"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b4-l396","source":"μή πώς με προϊδὼν ἠὲ προδαεὶς ἀλέηται·","translation":"lest somehow, seeing or learning of me beforehand, he escape;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προϊδὼν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προϊδὼν","lemma":"προεῖδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"seeing beforehand"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"προδαεὶς","lemma":"προδαῆναι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"learning beforehand","note":"προδαεὶς: participle of προδάω, 'having learned in advance'"},{"surface":"ἀλέηται","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"present middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"he escape","note":"ἀλέηται: subjunctive of ἀλέομαι, used in a fear clause after μή"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b4-l397","source":"ἀργαλέος γάρ τʼ ἐστὶ θεὸς βροτῷ ἀνδρὶ δαμῆναι.","translation":"for a god is hard for a mortal man to master.'","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l397.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δαμῆναι","title":"Aorist passive infinitive","body":"δαμῆναι is the aorist passive infinitive of δάμνημι, 'to be subdued, mastered.' It completes the predicate 'hard to master,' with the god as the one acted upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέος","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"βροτῷ","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"for a mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμῆναι","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"δαμῆναι","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"to master","note":"δαμῆναι: aorist passive infinitive of δαμάζω, 'to be overpowered/subdued'"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b4-l398","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ἡ δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμείβετο δῖα θεάων·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once the bright goddess answered:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke","note":"middle-form φημί (ἐφάμην) is the standard epic 'I said' after direct speech"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἡ","gloss":"bright, divine","note":"δῖα θεάων is a fixed epic formula, 'shining among goddesses'"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"of goddesses"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b4-l399","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι, ξεῖνε, μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω.","translation":"'Then I will tell you, stranger, quite truthfully.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιγὰρ","lemma":"τοιγάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so then"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ξεῖνε","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stranger","note":"vocative of address, 'O stranger' — head noun (e.g. 'listen') is simply left unstated"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"quite, very"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"truthfully"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύσω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b4-l400","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠέλιος μέσον οὐρανὸν ἀμφιβεβήκῃ,","translation":"When the sun has bestridden the middle of the sky,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠέλιος","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφιβεβήκῃ","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"middle of"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφιβεβήκῃ","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβεβήκῃ","lemma":"ἀμφιβαίνω","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"has bestridden","note":"perfect subjunctive of ἀμφιβαίνω, 'straddles' — vivid image of the sun standing astride the sky at noon"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b4-l401","source":"τῆμος ἄρʼ ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι γέρων ἅλιος νημερτὴς","translation":"then out of the sea comes the unerring old man of the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆμος","lemma":"τῆμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"εἶσι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶσι","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἅλιος","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"of the sea","note":"γέρων ἅλιος νημερτὴς is Proteus's formulaic epithet, 'unerring old man of the sea'"},{"surface":"νημερτὴς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"unerring"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b4-l402","source":"πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο μελαίνῃ φρικὶ καλυφθείς,","translation":"under the breath of the West Wind, hidden by the dark ripple,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πνοιῇ","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"Ζεφύροιο","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πνοιῇ","gloss":"of the West Wind"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρικὶ","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"φρικὶ","lemma":"φρίξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καλυφθείς","gloss":"ripple"},{"surface":"καλυφθείς","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶσι","gloss":"hidden, covered"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b4-l403","source":"ἐκ δʼ ἐλθὼν κοιμᾶται ὑπὸ σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσιν·","translation":"and coming out he lies down to sleep in the hollow caves;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κοιμᾶται","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"κοιμᾶται","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies down to sleep"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in, under"},{"surface":"σπέσσι","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"caves","note":"σπέσσι is the epic dative plural of σπέος, built on a stem not seen in Attic Greek"},{"surface":"γλαφυροῖσιν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies σπέσσι","gloss":"hollow"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b4-l404","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν φῶκαι νέποδες καλῆς ἁλοσύδνης","translation":"and around him the seals, brood of the lovely sea-goddess,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φῶκαι","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"νέποδες","lemma":"νέποδες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"brood, offspring","note":"νέποδες, 'children' of the sea-goddess, is an old poetic word used only of seals here"},{"surface":"καλῆς","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλοσύδνης","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"ἁλοσύδνης","lemma":"Ἁλοσύδνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νέποδες","gloss":"of the sea-goddess"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b4-l405","source":"ἁθρόαι εὕδουσιν, πολιῆς ἁλὸς ἐξαναδῦσαι,","translation":"sleep in a herd, having risen up from the gray sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l405.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολιῆς ἁλὸς","title":"\"The gray sea\"","body":"πολιός means 'gray, grizzled,' a frequent epithet for the foam-flecked sea. The color-word lends the seascape its weathered, ancient look."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἁθρόαι","lemma":"ἀθρόος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in a herd, huddled"},{"surface":"εὕδουσιν","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαναδῦσαι","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἐξαναδῦσαι","lemma":"ἐξαναδύομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having risen up"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b4-l406","source":"πικρὸν ἀποπνείουσαι ἁλὸς πολυβενθέος ὀδμήν.","translation":"breathing out the bitter smell of the deep brine.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πικρὸν","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀποπνείουσαι","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ἀποπνείουσαι","lemma":"ἀποπνέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"breathing out"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀδμήν","gloss":"of the brine"},{"surface":"πολυβενθέος","lemma":"πολυβενθής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ὀδμήν","lemma":"ὀσμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποπνείουσαι","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b4-l407","source":"ἔνθα σʼ ἐγὼν ἀγαγοῦσα ἅμʼ ἠοῖ φαινομένηφιν","translation":"There I will lead you when Dawn appears","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀγαγοῦσα","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of εὐνάσω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εὐνάσω","gloss":"I","note":"ἐγών is the epic form of ἐγώ before a vowel, keeping the meter"},{"surface":"ἀγαγοῦσα","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εὐνάσω","gloss":"having led"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ἠοῖ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"φαινομένηφιν","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular feminine","role":"modifies ἠοῖ","gloss":"appearing","note":"φαινομένηφιν uses the old instrumental/dative -φι ending, an epic case-suffix not found in later Greek"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b4-l408","source":"εὐνάσω ἑξείης· σὺ δʼ ἐὺ κρίνασθαι ἑταίρους","translation":"and lay you down in a row; and you choose well your companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l408.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κρίνασθαι","title":"Middle voice: choose for yourself","body":"κρίνασθαι is the aorist middle infinitive of κρίνω, 'to pick out for one's own.' The middle voice marks the selection as made in the chooser's own interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνάσω","lemma":"εὐνάζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will lay down"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εὐνάσω","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κρίνασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κρίνασθαι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"κρίνασθαι","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κρίνασθαι","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b4-l409","source":"τρεῖς, οἵ τοι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἐυσσέλμοισιν ἄριστοι.","translation":"three, who are the best beside your well-benched ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"your, to you"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἐυσσέλμοισιν","lemma":"εὔσελμος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"well-benched","note":"stock Homeric epithet for ships, referring to the rowers' benches"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b4-l410","source":"πάντα δέ τοι ἐρέω ὀλοφώια τοῖο γέροντος.","translation":"And I will tell you all the deadly tricks of the old man.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀλοφώια","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"ὀλοφώια","lemma":"ὀλοφώιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"deadly tricks","note":"ὀλοφώια, 'baneful wiles,' describes Proteus's shape-shifting deceptions"},{"surface":"τοῖο","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέροντος","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"γέροντος","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀλοφώια","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b4-l411","source":"φώκας μέν τοι πρῶτον ἀριθμήσει καὶ ἔπεισιν·","translation":"First he will count the seals and go over them;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φώκας","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed, truly"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀριθμήσει","lemma":"ἀριθμέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will count"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπεισιν","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"goes over, inspects"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b4-l412","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν πάσας πεμπάσσεται ἠδὲ ἴδηται,","translation":"but when he has numbered them all by fives and seen them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l412.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πεμπάσσεται","title":"\"To count by fives\"","body":"πεμπάζομαι means literally to tally on the five fingers, hence 'to count.' The verb preserves the image of reckoning seals on one hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πεμπάσσεται","lemma":"πεμπάζω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"numbers by fives","note":"πεμπάζω, 'count by fives,' reflects counting on fingers — a vivid folk detail"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδηται","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"sees"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b4-l413","source":"λέξεται ἐν μέσσῃσι νομεὺς ὣς πώεσι μήλων.","translation":"he will lie down among them like a shepherd among his flocks of sheep.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λέξεται","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will lie down"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μέσσῃσι","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"νομεὺς","lemma":"νομεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as, like"},{"surface":"πώεσι","lemma":"πῶυ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"among flocks"},{"surface":"μήλων","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies πώεσι","gloss":"of sheep"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b4-l414","source":"τὸν μὲν ἐπὴν δὴ πρῶτα κατευνηθέντα ἴδησθε,","translation":"As soon as you see him laid down to rest,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδησθε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἴδησθε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"κατευνηθέντα","lemma":"κατευνάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"laid down to rest"},{"surface":"ἴδησθε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b4-l415","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἔπειθʼ ὑμῖν μελέτω κάρτος τε βίη τε,","translation":"then let your care be for strength and might,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μελέτω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μελέτω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑμῖν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of μελέτω","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"μελέτω","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let be a care","note":"impersonal μελέτω, 'let it be a concern' — an imperative construction with a dative experiencer"},{"surface":"κάρτος","lemma":"κάρτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίη","lemma":"βία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b4-l416","source":"αὖθι δʼ ἔχειν μεμαῶτα καὶ ἐσσύμενόν περ ἀλύξαι.","translation":"to hold him fast there, struggling and straining though he be to slip away.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχειν","gloss":"there, on the spot"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"straining, eager","note":"perfect participle of μέμαα, 'be eager,' with present force — describes his struggle to break free"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσσύμενόν","lemma":"ἐσσύμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though, indeed"},{"surface":"ἀλύξαι","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐσσύμενόν","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b4-l417","source":"πάντα δὲ γιγνόμενος πειρήσεται, ὅσσʼ ἐπὶ γαῖαν","translation":"He will try turning into all things, whatever creep","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γιγνόμενος","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πειρήσεται","gloss":"turning into"},{"surface":"πειρήσεται","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will try"},{"surface":"ὅσσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of γίγνονται","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b4-l418","source":"ἑρπετὰ γίγνονται, καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ·","translation":"upon the earth, and into water and blazing fire;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l418.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ","title":"\"Wondrously blazing fire\"","body":"θεσπιδαής combines θεσπι- ('divine, wondrous') with δαίω ('to kindle'), describing fire that burns marvelously fierce. The compound heightens the awe of Proteus' shape-shifting."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑρπετὰ","lemma":"ἑρπετόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"creeping things"},{"surface":"γίγνονται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάντα","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεσπιδαὲς","lemma":"θεσπιδαής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"blazing","note":"θεσπιδαές, 'divinely fierce,' an epic-only intensive adjective for fire"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b4-l419","source":"ὑμεῖς δʼ ἀστεμφέως ἐχέμεν μᾶλλόν τε πιέζειν.","translation":"but you, hold him unyielding and press him all the harder.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"you (pl.)"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀστεμφέως","lemma":"ἀστεμφής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχέμεν","gloss":"unyieldingly"},{"surface":"ἐχέμεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"μᾶλλόν","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πιέζειν","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πιέζειν","lemma":"πιέζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"press, squeeze"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b4-l420","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε κεν δή σʼ αὐτὸς ἀνείρηται ἐπέεσσι,","translation":"But when at last he himself questions you with words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀνείρηται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἀνείρηται","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνείρηται","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b4-l421","source":"τοῖος ἐὼν οἷόν κε κατευνηθέντα ἴδησθε,","translation":"in the same form as when you saw him laid to rest,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνείρηται","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"οἷόν","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as, of what kind"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"κατευνηθέντα","lemma":"κατευνάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"laid down to rest"},{"surface":"ἴδησθε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοῖος","gloss":"you saw"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b4-l422","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ σχέσθαι τε βίης λῦσαί τε γέροντα,","translation":"then hold back your force and let the old man go,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχέσθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σχέσθαι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back, cease"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίης","lemma":"βία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of σχέσθαι","gloss":"of force"},{"surface":"λῦσαί","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"release, let go"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γέροντα","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λῦσαί","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b4-l423","source":"ἥρως, εἴρεσθαι δέ, θεῶν ὅς τίς σε χαλέπτει,","translation":"hero, and ask which of the gods is troubling you,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"hero","note":"vocative ἥρως addresses Menelaus directly, as Eidothea speaks"},{"surface":"εἴρεσθαι","lemma":"ἔρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of χαλέπτει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"which (indefinite)"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of χαλέπτει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χαλέπτει","lemma":"χαλέπτω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of θ᾽","gloss":"troubles"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b4-l424","source":"νόστον θʼ, ὡς ἐπὶ πόντον ἐλεύσεαι ἰχθυόεντα.","translation":"and about your homecoming, how you may travel over the fishy sea.'","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"you will travel"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fishy","note":"ἰχθυόεντα πόντον, 'fishy sea,' a formulaic epithet for the open sea"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b4-l425","source":"ὣς εἰποῦσʼ ὑπὸ πόντον ἐδύσετο κυμαίνοντα.","translation":"So saying she sank beneath the surging sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l425.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐδύσετο","title":"Aorist with augment","body":"ἐδύσετο is an aorist of δύομαι, 'to sink, plunge,' carrying the past-tense augment ἐ-. The middle form marks the goddess sinking herself beneath the waves."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰποῦσ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰποῦσ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐδύσετο","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sank, dove"},{"surface":"κυμαίνοντα","lemma":"κυμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"surging"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b4-l426","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπὶ νῆας, ὅθʼ ἕστασαν ἐν ψαμάθοισιν,","translation":"But I went toward the ships, where they stood on the sands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤια","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ships","note":"ναῦς 'ship' declines irregularly (νῆας); high-frequency Homeric noun."},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"stood","note":"ἕστασαν: pluperfect of ἵστημι used with present force, 'were standing' (state, not past-before-past)."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισιν","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"sands"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b4-l427","source":"ἤια· πολλὰ δέ μοι κραδίη πόρφυρε κιόντι.","translation":"and my heart churned darkly within me as I walked.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"εἶμι 'go' supplies the imperfect ἤια; a common irregular verb worth memorizing early."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πόρφυρε","gloss":"much, greatly"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρφυρε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"πόρφυρε","lemma":"πορφύρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"churned darkly","note":"πορφύρω 'to surge, seethe' (of the sea before a storm, and by extension of the heart) — the color-word πορφύρα 'purple dye' likely derives from this verb, not the other way around; a vivid metaphor for inner turmoil."},{"surface":"κιόντι","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I walked"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b4-l428","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλυθον ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,","translation":"But when I had come down to the ship and the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατήλυθον","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"came down","note":"κατέρχομαι aorist κατήλυθον — epic/poetic root ἐλυθ- alongside the more common ἦλθον."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b4-l429","source":"δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισάμεσθʼ, ἐπί τʼ ἤλυθεν ἀμβροσίη νύξ·","translation":"we made our supper ready, and ambrosial night came on;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁπλισάμεσθ᾽","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπλισάμεσθ","lemma":"ὁπλίζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"made ready","note":"ὁπλίζω middle 'equip/prepare (for oneself)' — the middle voice marks doing it for their own benefit."},{"surface":"ἐπί","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon, then"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἀμβροσίη","lemma":"ἀμβρόσιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύξ","gloss":"ambrosial","note":"ἀμβρόσιος 'divine, immortal' — formulaic epithet of Night, echoing the gods' ambrosia."},{"surface":"νύξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b4-l430","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης.","translation":"then we lay down to sleep on the breaking surf of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμήθημεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κοιμήθημεν","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down to sleep","note":"κοιμάω aorist passive κοιμήθημεν — passive form but meaning simply 'we slept', common in Homer."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνι","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"breaking surf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνι","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b4-l431","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"When early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l431.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"\"Rosy-fingered Dawn\"","body":"This is the most famous Homeric epithet-formula, marking daybreak before a new stretch of action. It fills the whole second half of the hexameter line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια 'early-born' — fixed Homeric epithet of Dawn, always paired with ῥοδοδάκτυλος."},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς 'rosy-fingered Dawn' — the most famous formula in Homeric epic."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b4-l432","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ παρὰ θῖνα θαλάσσης εὐρυπόροιο","translation":"then along the shore of the wide-wayed sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤια","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"εὐρυπόροιο","lemma":"εὐρύπορος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"wide-wayed","note":"εὐρύπορος 'with wide paths' — stock epithet for the sea's vast expanse."}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b4-l433","source":"ἤια πολλὰ θεοὺς γουνούμενος· αὐτὰρ ἑταίρους","translation":"I went, praying earnestly to the gods; and my companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γουνούμενος","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of γουνούμενος","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"γουνούμενος","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤια","gloss":"praying","note":"γουνόομαι, lit. 'clasp the knees (of)' — supplication gesture lexicalized into the verb 'beseech'."},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄγον","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b4-l434","source":"τρεῖς ἄγον, οἷσι μάλιστα πεποίθεα πᾶσαν ἐπʼ ἰθύν.","translation":"three of them, I led, the ones I trusted most for any venture.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ἄγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I led"},{"surface":"οἷσι","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεποίθεα","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεποίθεα","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"πεποίθεα","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταίρους","gloss":"trusted","note":"πεποίθεα, pluperfect of πείθω, carries simple past force ('I trusted/had come to trust'), paralleling how the perfect πέποιθα means 'I trust' (present, stative force)."},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἰθύν","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἰθύν","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ᾽","gloss":"venture"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b4-l435","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἄρʼ ἥ γʼ ὑποδῦσα θαλάσσης εὐρέα\n                     κόλπον","translation":"Meanwhile she, plunging beneath the broad gulf of the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔνεικε","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔνεικε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑποδῦσα","lemma":"ὑποδύομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔνεικε","gloss":"plunging beneath","note":"ὑποδύομαι 'dive under' — describes the sea-goddess Eidothea diving to fetch sealskins."},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κόλπον","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"εὐρέα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κόλπον","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"κόλπον","lemma":"κόλπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑποδῦσα","gloss":"gulf"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b4-l436","source":"τέσσαρα φωκάων ἐκ πόντου δέρματʼ ἔνεικε·","translation":"brought from the deep the skins of four seals;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέσσαρα","lemma":"τέσσαρες","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies δέρματ᾽","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"φωκάων","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δέρματ᾽","gloss":"of seals"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πόντου","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"δέρματ","lemma":"δέρμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔνεικε","gloss":"skins"},{"surface":"ἔνεικε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought","note":"ἔνεικε: aorist supplied from φέρω's alternate root ἐνεκ- (cf. English 'bring'/'brought' via different stem)."}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b4-l437","source":"πάντα δʼ ἔσαν νεόδαρτα· δόλον δʼ ἐπεμήδετο πατρί.","translation":"all of them were freshly flayed; she was contriving a trick against her father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l437.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δόλον","title":"dolos, the cunning trick","body":"δόλος is a snare or stratagem, the cunning that drives so much of the Odyssey. Eidothea's δόλος against her own father mirrors Odysseus' own resourcefulness."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"νεόδαρτα","lemma":"νεόδαρτος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"freshly flayed"},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπεμήδετο","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεμήδετο","lemma":"ἐπιμήδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was contriving","note":"ἐπιμήδομαι middle 'plan/devise (for oneself)' against her father Proteus — middle marks her own scheming interest."},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπεμήδετο","gloss":"against her father"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b4-l438","source":"εὐνὰς δʼ ἐν ψαμάθοισι διαγλάψασʼ ἁλίῃσιν","translation":"And having hollowed out beds in the sea-sand","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνὰς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of διαγλάψασ᾽","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισι","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"sea-sand"},{"surface":"διαγλάψασ","lemma":"διαγλάφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"having hollowed out","note":"διαγλάφω 'scoop/hollow out' — rare verb, vivid concrete image of digging beds in sand."},{"surface":"ἁλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψαμάθοισι","gloss":"sea-"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b4-l439","source":"ἧστο μένουσʼ· ἡμεῖς δὲ μάλα σχεδὸν ἤλθομεν αὐτῆς·","translation":"she sat waiting; and we came very close to her;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧστο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat","note":"ἧμαι 'sit/be seated', pluperfect-form ἧστο used as simple past 'she sat/was sitting'."},{"surface":"μένουσ","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἧστο","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤλθομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ἤλθομεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"to her"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b4-l440","source":"ἑξείης δʼ εὔνησε, βάλεν δʼ ἐπὶ δέρμα ἑκάστῳ.","translation":"she bedded us down in a row, and threw a skin over each one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εὔνησε","gloss":"in a row"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὔνησε","lemma":"εὐνάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bedded down","note":"εὐνάω 'lay to bed' — causative verb built on εὐνή 'bed', the goddess arranging the men."},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"δέρμα","lemma":"δέρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b4-l441","source":"ἔνθα κεν αἰνότατος λόχος ἔπλετο· τεῖρε γὰρ αἰνῶς","translation":"There the ambush would have been most dreadful, for terribly did","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπλετο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κεν + past-tense verb (ἔπλετο) forms an unreal past condition: 'would have been'."},{"surface":"αἰνότατος","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies λόχος","gloss":"most dreadful"},{"surface":"λόχος","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"ambush"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"τεῖρε","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"afflicted"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεῖρε","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b4-l442","source":"φωκάων ἁλιοτρεφέων ὀλοώτατος ὀδμή·","translation":"the deadly stench of the sea-bred seals afflict us;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l442.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἁλιοτρεφέων","title":"sea-bred","body":"A compound epithet, 'reared by the sea,' describing the seals. Homer often builds such adjectives by joining a noun-stem to a verb of nurturing."}],"words":[{"surface":"φωκάων","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀδμή","gloss":"of seals"},{"surface":"ἁλιοτρεφέων","lemma":"ἁλιοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωκάων","gloss":"sea-bred","note":"ἁλιοτρεφής 'nourished by the sea' — compound epithet built on ἅλς 'sea' + τρέφω 'nourish'."},{"surface":"ὀλοώτατος","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"modifies ὀδμή","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"ὀδμή","lemma":"ὀσμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τεῖρε","gloss":"stench"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b4-l443","source":"τίς γάρ κʼ εἰναλίῳ παρὰ κήτεϊ κοιμηθείη;","translation":"for who would lie down beside a monster of the deep?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κοιμηθείη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εἰναλίῳ","lemma":"εἰνάλιος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήτεϊ","gloss":"of the deep","note":"εἰνάλιος 'in/of the sea' — epic-lengthened form of ἐνάλιος, common metrical variant."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"κήτεϊ","lemma":"κῆτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"κοιμηθείη","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would lie down","note":"κοιμηθείη: aorist passive optative expressing a hypothetical, rhetorical 'who would...?'"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b4-l444","source":"ἀλλʼ αὐτὴ ἐσάωσε καὶ ἐφράσατο μέγʼ ὄνειαρ·","translation":"But she herself saved us and devised a great help:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"ἐσάωσε","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφράσατο","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devised","note":"φράζω middle ἐφράσατο 'thought out for herself/contrived' — middle voice fits her own clever plan."},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄνειαρ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ὄνειαρ","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφράσατο","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b4-l445","source":"ἀμβροσίην ὑπὸ ῥῖνα ἑκάστῳ θῆκε φέρουσα","translation":"she brought ambrosia and set it under each man's nostril,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμβροσίην","lemma":"ἀμβροσίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"ambrosia"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ῥῖνα","lemma":"ῥίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"nostril"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"each man's"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set","note":"θῆκε: aorist of τίθημι 'place/put', a core athematic verb (τι-θη-μι) worth drilling."},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to θῆκε","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b4-l446","source":"ἡδὺ μάλα πνείουσαν, ὄλεσσε δὲ κήτεος ὀδμήν.","translation":"sweet-smelling indeed, and it killed the monster's reek.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡδὺ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πνείουσαν","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πνείουσαν","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies ἀμβροσίην","gloss":"smelling"},{"surface":"ὄλεσσε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed","note":"ὄλλυμι 'destroy/kill' aorist ὄλεσσε — here figuratively 'made vanish' (the stench)."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κήτεος","lemma":"κῆτος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ὀδμήν","gloss":"of the monster"},{"surface":"ὀδμήν","lemma":"ὀσμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄλεσσε","gloss":"reek"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b4-l447","source":"πᾶσαν δʼ ἠοίην μένομεν τετληότι θυμῷ·","translation":"All the morning we waited with an enduring heart,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l447.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τετληότι","title":"Perfect participle of endurance","body":"τετληότι is a perfect active participle of τλάω ('endure'), modifying θυμῷ. The perfect stresses a settled, lasting state of patient endurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠοίην","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠοίην","lemma":"ἠοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to μένομεν","gloss":"the morning"},{"surface":"μένομεν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we waited"},{"surface":"τετληότι","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"enduring","note":"τετληότι: perfect participle of τλάω 'endure/bear up' — Homeric root behind English 'tolerate'."},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μένομεν","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b4-l448","source":"φῶκαι δʼ ἐξ ἁλὸς ἦλθον ἀολλέες. αἱ μὲν ἔπειτα","translation":"and the seals came up from the sea in a throng. Then they","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φῶκαι","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθον","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in a throng","note":"ἀολλής 'all together, in a mass' — poetic collective adjective, common of groups moving as one."},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εὐνάζοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὐνάζοντο","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b4-l449","source":"ἑξῆς εὐνάζοντο παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης·","translation":"lay down in rows along the breaking surf;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξῆς","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὐνάζοντο","gloss":"in rows"},{"surface":"εὐνάζοντο","lemma":"εὐνάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down","note":"εὐνάζω middle/passive 'go to bed, settle down' — same root as εὐνή 'bed' used earlier."},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνι","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"breaking surf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνι","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b4-l450","source":"ἔνδιος δʼ ὁ γέρων ἦλθʼ ἐξ ἁλός, εὗρε δὲ φώκας","translation":"and at midday the old man came from the sea and found his seals","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνδιος","lemma":"ἔνδιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at midday","note":"ἔνδιος 'at noon' — marks the fixed time Proteus surfaces, key to the ambush timing."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"old man","note":"ὁ γέρων 'the old man' — Homer's recurring epithet for the shape-shifting sea-god Proteus."},{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλός","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"εὗρε","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φώκας","lemma":"φώκη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εὗρε","gloss":"seals"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b4-l451","source":"ζατρεφέας, πάσας δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπῴχετο, λέκτο δʼ ἀριθμόν·","translation":"well-fed, and went over them all, and counted their number;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζατρεφέας","lemma":"ζατρεφής","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φώκας","gloss":"well-fed"},{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐπῴχετο","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"ἐπῴχετο","lemma":"ἐποίχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went over","note":"ἐποίχομαι 'go about among/inspect' — describes Proteus's methodical patrol of his herd."},{"surface":"λέκτο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"counted","note":"λέκτο: aorist middle of λέγω in its older sense 'count/reckon' (not 'speak')."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀριθμόν","lemma":"ἀριθμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λέκτο","gloss":"number"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b4-l452","source":"ἐν δʼ ἡμέας πρώτους λέγε κήτεσιν, οὐδέ τι θυμῷ","translation":"among the monsters he counted us first, nor in his heart","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λέγε","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"πρώτους","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"λέγε","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"κήτεσιν","lemma":"κῆτος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὠΐσθη","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b4-l453","source":"ὠΐσθη δόλον εἶναι· ἔπειτα δὲ λέκτο καὶ αὐτός.","translation":"did he suspect a trick; then he too lay down.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠΐσθη","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"suspected","note":"οἴομαι aorist passive ὠΐσθη 'was suspected/imagined' — passive form with active sense 'he suspected'."},{"surface":"δόλον","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὠΐσθη","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέκτο","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"υνκνοων","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b4-l454","source":"ἡμεῖς δὲ ἰάχοντες ἐπεσσύμεθʼ, ἀμφὶ δὲ χεῖρας","translation":"And we with a shout rushed upon him, and around him our hands","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰάχοντες","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεσσύμεθ᾽","gloss":"shouting","note":"present participle 'ing along' as we charged; vivid battle-cry action alongside main verb"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμεθ","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed upon","note":"epic ἐπι-compound of σεύω; middle voice with self-propelled force, 'rushed ourselves at him'"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of βάλλομεν","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b4-l455","source":"βάλλομεν· οὐδʼ ὁ γέρων δολίης ἐπελήθετο τέχνης,","translation":"we flung; but the old man did not forget his cunning craft,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l455.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολίης τέχνης","title":"Cunning craft","body":"δολίη τέχνη ('guileful skill') is the keynote of the shape-shifting Proteus, the same root (δόλος) used throughout Greek epic for cunning stratagems."}],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλομεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we threw/flung"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπελήθετο","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"δολίης","lemma":"δόλιος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τέχνης","gloss":"cunning","note":"δόλιος 'tricky' modifying craft — sets up Proteus's shape-shifting escape attempt"},{"surface":"ἐπελήθετο","lemma":"ἐπιλήθω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"forgot","note":"ἐπιλήθω takes genitive object (τέχνης) — 'forget of/about'"},{"surface":"τέχνης","lemma":"τέχνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπελήθετο","gloss":"craft/skill"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b4-l456","source":"ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι πρώτιστα λέων γένετʼ ἠυγένειος,","translation":"but first of all he became a lion with a fine mane,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"you know/surely"},{"surface":"πρώτιστα","lemma":"πρώτιστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γένετ᾽","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"γένετ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"became","note":"aorist middle γίγνομαι — Proteus's first shape-shift, the famous transformation sequence begins here"},{"surface":"ἠυγένειος","lemma":"εὐγένειος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέων","gloss":"fine-maned","note":"epic compound epithet εὐ-γένειος 'well-bearded/maned' vividly describing the lion"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b4-l457","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα δράκων καὶ πάρδαλις ἠδὲ μέγας σῦς·","translation":"then a serpent, and a leopard, and a great boar;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then/and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"δράκων","lemma":"δράκων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a serpent","note":"second shape in the transformation sequence, no verb repeated — implied γένετ᾽ carries through"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάρδαλις","lemma":"πάρδαλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a leopard"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σῦς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"σῦς","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"boar"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b4-l458","source":"γίγνετο δʼ ὑγρὸν ὕδωρ καὶ δένδρεον ὑψιπέτηλον·","translation":"he became running water, and a tree with lofty foliage;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he became"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑγρὸν","lemma":"ὑγρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"flowing/running"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δένδρεον","lemma":"δένδρεον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"ὑψιπέτηλον","lemma":"ὑψιπέτηλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δένδρεον","gloss":"tall-leaved","note":"compound epithet ὑψι-πέτηλος 'high-leaved' — final and most fantastic of Proteus's forms"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b4-l459","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ ἀστεμφέως ἔχομεν τετληότι θυμῷ.","translation":"but we held him unflinchingly with an enduring heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but/and"},{"surface":"ἀστεμφέως","lemma":"ἀστεμφής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχομεν","gloss":"unflinchingly"},{"surface":"ἔχομεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we held"},{"surface":"τετληότι","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"enduring","note":"perfect participle of τλάω 'having endured' — a heart hardened by suffering, common Odyssean formula"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχομεν","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b4-l460","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἀνίαζʼ ὁ γέρων ὀλοφώια εἰδώς,","translation":"But when at last the old man, skilled in deadly wiles, grew weary,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then (particle)"},{"surface":"ἀνίαζ","lemma":"ἀνιάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"grew weary"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνίαζ᾽","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ὀλοφώια","lemma":"ὀλοφώιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"baneful/deadly wiles","note":"ὀλοφώια, neut. pl. as object of εἰδώς 'knowing' — idiomatic 'knowing deadly things' = skilled in tricks"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"knowing","note":"perfect participle οἶδα used with present sense; formulaic epithet for the crafty sea-god"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b4-l461","source":"καὶ τότε δή μʼ ἐπέεσσιν ἀνειρόμενος προσέειπε·","translation":"then questioning me with words he spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνειρόμενος","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀνειρόμενος","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"προσεῖπον, formulaic aorist 'addressed'; recurs across Homer to introduce direct speech"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b4-l462","source":"τίς νύ τοι, Ἀτρέος υἱέ, θεῶν συμφράσσατο\n                        βουλάς,","translation":"\"Which of the gods, son of Atreus, plotted these schemes with you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l462.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ἀτρέος υἱέ","title":"Vocative address","body":"υἱέ is vocative, used to address Menelaos directly as 'son of Atreus.' Homeric speeches commonly open with such patronymic vocatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of συμφράσσατο","gloss":"which/who"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to συμφράσσατο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of συμφράσσατο","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέ","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱέ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son","note":"vocative patronymic address 'son of Atreus' — formulaic epic way of naming Menelaus"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"συμφράσσατο","lemma":"συμφράζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devised/plotted","note":"middle voice συμφράζομαι 'plotted together with' — Proteus asks who conspired with Menelaus"},{"surface":"βουλάς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of συμφράσσατο","gloss":"plans/schemes"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b4-l463","source":"ὄφρα μʼ ἕλοις ἀέκοντα λοχησάμενος; τέο σε χρή;","translation":"so that you took me against my will by ambush? What do you need?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλοις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἕλοις","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you might seize","note":"aorist optative in a purpose clause — 'so that you might catch me'"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντα","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling"},{"surface":"λοχησάμενος","lemma":"λοχάω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλοις","gloss":"lying in ambush","note":"λοχάω 'lie in wait' — the very trick Menelaus used, disguised in sealskins"},{"surface":"τέο","lemma":"τις","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of χρή","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of χρή","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρή","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is needed"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b4-l464","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπον·","translation":"So he spoke, and I in answer said to him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so/thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b4-l465","source":"οἶσθα, γέρον, τί με ταῦτα παρατροπέων ἐρεείνεις;","translation":"\"You know, old man—why do you ask this to put me off?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσθα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know","note":"perfect οἶδα with present sense 'you know well' — old man calling out the trick before it's stated"},{"surface":"γέρον","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐρεείνεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρεείνεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρεείνεις","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"παρατροπέων","lemma":"παρατροπέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρεείνεις","gloss":"turning aside/evading","note":"παρατροπέω 'turn (someone) aside/mislead' — accuses Proteus of deflecting with a rhetorical question"},{"surface":"ἐρεείνεις","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you question"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b4-l466","source":"ὡς δὴ δήθʼ ἐνὶ νήσῳ ἐρύκομαι, οὐδέ τι τέκμωρ","translation":"How long I am held back on this island, and no way out","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκομαι","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δήθ","lemma":"δηθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκομαι","gloss":"so long","note":"δηθά 'for so long' emphasizing frustration at the stranding"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"ἐρύκομαι","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am held back"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"τέκμωρ","lemma":"τέκμαρ","morphology":"irregular","role":"object of εὑρέμεναι","gloss":"way out/end"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b4-l467","source":"εὑρέμεναι δύναμαι, μινύθει δέ μοι ἔνδοθεν ἦτορ.","translation":"can I find, and the heart within me wastes away.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὑρέμεναι","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύναμαι","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am able"},{"surface":"μινύθει","lemma":"μινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wastes away"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθεν","lemma":"ἔνδοθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μινύθει","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of μινύθει","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b4-l468","source":"ἀλλὰ σύ πέρ μοι εἰπέ, θεοὶ δέ τε πάντα ἴσασιν,","translation":"But you tell me—for the gods know all things—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of εἰπέ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰπέ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"εἰπέ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell","note":"aorist imperative εἶπον — direct command 'speak!' addressed to the sea-god"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσασιν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἴσασιν","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἴσασιν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b4-l469","source":"ὅς τίς μʼ ἀθανάτων πεδάᾳ καὶ ἔδησε κελεύθου,","translation":"which of the immortals shackles me and binds me from my course,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the immortals"},{"surface":"πεδάᾳ","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"binds/fetters"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδησε","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔδησε","gloss":"of my journey","note":"genitive of separation with δέω 'bind (away) from' — 'binds me from my course'"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b4-l470","source":"νόστον θʼ, ὡς ἐπὶ πόντον ἐλεύσομαι ἰχθυόεντα.","translation":"and how I may make my homecoming over the fish-filled sea.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l470.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νόστον","title":"Nostos: the homecoming","body":"νόστος is the central theme-word of the Odyssey: not merely 'return' but the whole longed-for safe homecoming. It later gives us 'nostalgia.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"homecoming","note":"νόστος — the Odyssey's central theme word, the longed-for return"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσομαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fish-filled","note":"ἰχθυόεις, a stock epic epithet for the sea"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b4-l471","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπεν·","translation":"So I spoke, and he at once answered and said to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b4-l472","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ὤφελλες Διί τʼ ἄλλοισίν τε θεοῖσι","translation":"\"You should indeed, to Zeus and the other gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much/indeed"},{"surface":"ὤφελλες","lemma":"ὀφέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you should have","note":"unfulfilled obligation, imperfect ὀφέλλω 'ought' — implies Menelaus failed to sacrifice before setting out"},{"surface":"Διί","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοισίν","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b4-l473","source":"ῥέξας ἱερὰ κάλʼ ἀναβαινέμεν, ὄφρα τάχιστα","translation":"have offered fine sacrifices before embarking, so that most swiftly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέξας","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀναβαινέμεν","gloss":"having offered/performed"},{"surface":"ἱερὰ","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ῥέξας","gloss":"sacrifices"},{"surface":"κάλ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱερὰ","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"ἀναβαινέμεν","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὤφελλες","gloss":"to embark","note":"epic infinitive ἀναβαινέμεν (=ἀναβαίνειν), 'go aboard/set sail'"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵκοιο","gloss":"most swiftly"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b4-l474","source":"σὴν ἐς πατρίδʼ ἵκοιο πλέων ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον.","translation":"you might reach your fatherland, sailing over the wine-dark sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l474.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οἴνοπα πόντον","title":"Wine-dark sea","body":"οἶνοψ ('wine-faced, wine-dark') is one of Homer's stock epithets for the sea. Such formulaic epithets fit the meter and recur unchanged across the poems."}],"words":[{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"ἵκοιο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you might reach"},{"surface":"πλέων","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοιο","gloss":"sailing"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"οἴνοπα","lemma":"οἶνοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"wine-dark","note":"οἶνοψ, the famous 'wine-faced' epithet for the sea"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b4-l475","source":"οὐ γάρ τοι πρὶν μοῖρα φίλους τʼ ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι","translation":"For it is not your fate to see your friends and to reach","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fate","note":"μοῖρα as predicate noun — impersonal 'it is not fate (for you)', governing the infinitives ἰδέειν/ἱκέσθαι"},{"surface":"φίλους","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἰδέειν","gloss":"loved ones/friends"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδέειν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b4-l476","source":"οἶκον ἐυκτίμενον καὶ σὴν ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν,","translation":"your well-built house and your fatherland,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐυκτίμενον","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶκον","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b4-l477","source":"πρίν γʼ ὅτʼ ἂν Αἰγύπτοιο, διιπετέος ποταμοῖο,","translation":"until you go back to the waters of Egypt, the heaven-fed river,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indefinite particle)"},{"surface":"Αἰγύπτοιο","lemma":"Αἴγυπτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"of Egypt"},{"surface":"διιπετέος","lemma":"διιπετής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοῖο","gloss":"heaven-fed","note":"διιπετής 'fallen from Zeus', epithet for the Nile — reflects belief its floodwaters came from the sky"},{"surface":"ποταμοῖο","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"river"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b4-l478","source":"αὖτις ὕδωρ ἔλθῃς ῥέξῃς θʼ ἱερὰς ἑκατόμβας","translation":"once more, and offer holy hecatombs","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔλθῃς","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔλθῃς","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃς","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"you go/come","note":"aorist subjunctive in a future-more-vivid temporal clause with ἄν... πρίν"},{"surface":"ῥέξῃς","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to θ᾽","gloss":"you offer"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱερὰς","lemma":"ἱερός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ῥέξῃς","gloss":"hecatombs","note":"ἑκατόμβη, literally '100 oxen' — grand ritual sacrifice"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b4-l479","source":"ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσι·","translation":"to the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσι","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ῥέξῃς","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοῖσι","gloss":"hold/possess"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b4-l480","source":"καὶ τότε τοι δώσουσιν ὁδὸν θεοί, ἣν σὺ μενοινᾷς.","translation":"and then the gods will grant you the journey you long for.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δώσουσιν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δώσουσιν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δώσουσιν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δώσουσιν","gloss":"way/journey"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δώσουσιν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of μενοινᾷς","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μενοινᾷς","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μενοινᾷς","lemma":"μενοινάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὁδὸν","gloss":"you long for"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b4-l481","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γε κατεκλάσθη φίλον\n                     ἦτορ,","translation":"So he spoke, and the heart within me was broken,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l481.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κατεκλάσθη","title":"Aorist passive: 'was broken'","body":"κατεκλάσθη is aorist passive of κατακλάω ('shatter'), with the augment κατε-. The passive lets the heart be the thing acted upon, struck down by grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken","note":"κατακλάω 'shatter/break down' — vivid metaphor for Menelaus's despair on hearing the delay ahead"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b4-l482","source":"οὕνεκά μʼ αὖτις ἄνωγεν ἐπʼ ἠεροειδέα πόντον","translation":"because he ordered me again over the misty sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκά","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἰέναι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰέναι","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἄνωγεν","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to οὕνεκά","gloss":"he ordered","note":"ἄνωγα is a perfect form used with present/imperfect force, a common Homeric defective verb."},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἠεροειδέα","lemma":"ἠεροειδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"misty","note":"Standard epic epithet for the sea, literally 'looking like mist/haze.'"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b4-l483","source":"Αἴγυπτόνδʼ ἰέναι, δολιχὴν ὁδὸν ἀργαλέην τε.","translation":"to go to Egypt, the long and grievous voyage.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴγυπτόνδ","lemma":"Αἴγυπτόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to Egypt","note":"The -δε suffix marks motion toward, 'Egypt-ward,' no preposition needed."},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἄνωγεν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"δολιχὴν","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"voyage"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέην","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b4-l484","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ὣς μύθοισιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον·","translation":"But even so I answered him with words and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπον","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπον","gloss":"answering","note":"ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον is a recurring Homeric speech-formula, 'answering he spoke.'"},{"surface":"προσέειπον","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I said"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b4-l485","source":"ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω δὴ τελέω, γέρον, ὡς σὺ\n                        κελεύεις.","translation":"\"This I will do, old man, just as you command.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of τελέω","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέω","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τελέω","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will do"},{"surface":"γέρον","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old man","note":"Vocative address, here Menelaus speaking respectfully to Proteus the sea-god."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κελεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τελέω","gloss":"command"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b4-l486","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,","translation":"But come, tell me this, and recount it exactly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come","note":"ἄγε is a frozen imperative used as an interjection, 'come now,' urging attention."},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"εἰπὲ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτρεκέως","lemma":"ἀτρεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατάλεξον","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"recount"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b4-l487","source":"ἢ πάντες σὺν νηυσὶν ἀπήμονες ἦλθον Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"did all the Achaeans come home unharmed in their ships,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἀπήμονες","lemma":"ἀπήμων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unharmed"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"come home","note":"ἦλθον is the suppletive aorist of ἔρχομαι, a different root from the present stem."},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἦλθον","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b4-l488","source":"οὓς Νέστωρ καὶ ἐγὼ λίπομεν Τροίηθεν ἰόντες,","translation":"those whom Nestor and I left behind when we sailed from Troy,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l488.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπομεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Νέστωρ","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Nestor"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"λίπομεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"we left"},{"surface":"Τροίηθεν","lemma":"Τροίαθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰόντες","gloss":"from Troy","note":"The -θεν suffix marks motion 'from' a place, paired with -δε ('toward') seen earlier."},{"surface":"ἰόντες","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to λίπομεν","gloss":"sailing"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b4-l489","source":"ἦέ τις ὤλετʼ ὀλέθρῳ ἀδευκέι ἧς ἐπὶ νηὸς","translation":"or did anyone perish by a bitter death aboard his ship,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὤλετ᾽","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ὤλετ","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρῳ","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλετ᾽","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ἀδευκέι","lemma":"ἀδευκής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies ὀλέθρῳ","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ἧς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὸς","gloss":"his own","note":"ἑός/ἧς is the archaic reflexive possessive, 'his own,' distinct from plain αὐτοῦ."},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"aboard"},{"surface":"νηὸς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b4-l490","source":"ἠὲ φίλων ἐν χερσίν, ἐπεὶ πόλεμον τολύπευσεν.","translation":"or in the arms of his friends, once he had wound up the war?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l490.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τολύπευσεν","title":"Winding up the war","body":"τολυπεύω literally means to wind wool into a ball; figuratively, to bring a long, laborious task to its end—here the war itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"φίλων","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies χερσίν","gloss":"friends'"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τολύπευσεν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τολύπευσεν","lemma":"τολυπεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"wound up","note":"τολυπεύω literally means 'wind wool into a ball' — a vivid metaphor for finishing off the war."}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b4-l491","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                     προσέειπεν·","translation":"So I spoke, and he at once answered and said to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said","note":"Mirrors the speech-formula of l484, now used for the reply rather than the question."}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b4-l492","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη, τί με ταῦτα διείρεαι; οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, why ask me this? You have no need","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"Patronymic vocative addressing Menelaus, formed with the -ίδης suffix."},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to διείρεαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of διείρεαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διείρεαι","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"διείρεαι","lemma":"διείρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all","note":"Same form τις repeated within one line, first interrogative 'why,' then an emphasizing particle."},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδμεναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b4-l493","source":"ἴδμεναι, οὐδὲ δαῆναι ἐμὸν νόον· οὐδέ σέ φημι","translation":"to know it, nor to learn my mind; nor do I think","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδμεναι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of χρὴ","gloss":"to know","note":"ἴδμεναι is a perfect infinitive (of οἶδα) that carries ordinary present meaning, 'to know.'"},{"surface":"δαῆναι","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαῆναι","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b4-l494","source":"δὴν ἄκλαυτον ἔσεσθαι, ἐπὴν ἐὺ πάντα πύθηαι.","translation":"you will be long without weeping, once you learn it all.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσεσθαι","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἄκλαυτον","lemma":"ἄκλαυστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"tearless"},{"surface":"ἔσεσθαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πύθηαι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πύθηαι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πύθηαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"you learn"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b4-l495","source":"πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν γε δάμεν, πολλοὶ δὲ λίποντο·","translation":"For many of them were laid low, and many were left;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l495.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολλοὶ μὲν... πολλοὶ δὲ","title":"Balanced men...de","body":"The μέν...δέ construction sets two clauses in balance: 'many on the one hand... many on the other.' It is Homer's basic device for paired contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δάμεν","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πολλοὶ","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"δάμεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were slain","note":"δάμεν is an epic aorist passive of δαμάζω, 'to subdue/tame,' used euphemistically for death in war."},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of λίποντο","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λίποντο","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were left"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b4-l496","source":"ἀρχοὶ δʼ αὖ δύο μοῦνοι Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων","translation":"but only two leaders of the bronze-clad Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρχοὶ","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπόλοντο","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀρχοὶ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"μοῦνοι","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρχοὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad","note":"χαλκοχίτων, 'bronze-tunicked,' a formulaic Homeric epithet for Greek warriors."}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b4-l497","source":"ἐν νόστῳ ἀπόλοντο· μάχῃ δέ τε καὶ σὺ παρῆσθα.","translation":"perished on the homeward voyage; in the fighting you yourself were there.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νόστῳ","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"homeward voyage"},{"surface":"ἀπόλοντο","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"μάχῃ","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παρῆσθα","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of παρῆσθα","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"παρῆσθα","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were there"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b4-l498","source":"εἷς δʼ ἔτι που ζωὸς κατερύκεται εὐρέι πόντῳ.","translation":"And one still, alive, is held back somewhere on the wide sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷς","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατερύκεται","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατερύκεται","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"κατερύκεται","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is held back"},{"surface":"εὐρέι","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατερύκεται","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b4-l499","source":"Αἴας μὲν μετὰ νηυσὶ δάμη δολιχηρέτμοισι.","translation":"Ajax was brought down among his long-oared ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δάμη","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"δάμη","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was brought down","note":"Same passive of δαμάζω as l495 — 'subdued,' the epic euphemism for being killed."},{"surface":"δολιχηρέτμοισι","lemma":"δολιχήρετμος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"long-oared","note":"Compound epithet, δολιχός 'long' + ἐρετμόν 'oar,' describing the ships."}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b4-l500","source":"Γυρῇσίν μιν πρῶτα Ποσειδάων ἐπέλασσεν","translation":"First Poseidon drove him onto the Gyrae,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Γυρῇσίν","lemma":"Γυραί","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πέτρῃσιν","gloss":"onto the Gyrae","note":"Proper name of the rocks where Ajax met his death, key to this whole digression."},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐπέλασσεν","lemma":"ἐπελαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b4-l501","source":"πέτρῃσιν μεγάλῃσι καὶ ἐξεσάωσε θαλάσσης·","translation":"the great rocks, yet brought him safe out of the sea;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέτρῃσιν","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέλασσεν","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"μεγάλῃσι","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρῃσιν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἐξεσάωσε","lemma":"ἐκσῴζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved out","note":"Compound ἐκ-σῴζω, 'brought safely out of,' underscoring Poseidon's initial mercy before anger."},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξεσάωσε","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b4-l502","source":"καί νύ κεν ἔκφυγε κῆρα καὶ ἐχθόμενός περ Ἀθήνῃ,","translation":"and he would have escaped his doom, though hated by Athena,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l502.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκφυγε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κεν + aorist indicative marks an unreal past condition, 'would have escaped (but didn't).'"},{"surface":"ἔκφυγε","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκφυγε","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐχθόμενός","lemma":"ἔχθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκφυγε","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐχθόμενός","gloss":"by Athena"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b4-l503","source":"εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε καὶ μέγʼ ἀάσθη·","translation":"had he not hurled out an arrogant word and been greatly blinded—","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l503.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀάσθη","title":"Atē: ruinous blindness","body":"ἀάσθη is the aorist passive of the verb ἀάω ('to harm, to blind, to ruin'). It means 'was ruined/blinded.' ἀάω and the noun ἄτη share an ancient root, but ἀάσθη derives from the verb, not the noun. Here Ajax's reckless boast brings his destruction."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὑπερφίαλον","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"arrogant"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκβαλε","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔκβαλε","lemma":"ἐκβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"hurled out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀάσθη","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ἀάσθη","lemma":"ἀάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"been blinded","note":"ἀάσθη, aorist passive of ἀάω 'to delude/ruin,' the Homeric term for hybris-driven folly."}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b4-l504","source":"φῆ ῥʼ ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν μέγα λαῖτμα θαλάσσης.","translation":"he said that in defiance of the gods he had escaped the great gulf of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l504.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φῆ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀέκητι","lemma":"ἀέκητι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φυγέειν","gloss":"in defiance of","note":"ἀέκητι takes the genitive, 'against the will of' — a boastful claim that dooms Ajax."},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀέκητι","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"φυγέειν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of φῆ","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies λαῖτμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"λαῖτμα","lemma":"λαῖτμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φυγέειν","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies λαῖτμα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b4-l505","source":"τοῦ δὲ Ποσειδάων μεγάλʼ ἔκλυεν αὐδήσαντος·","translation":"And Poseidon heard him as he spoke aloud;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l505.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"μεγάλ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of αὐδήσαντος","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἔκλυεν","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"αὐδήσαντος","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he cried out","note":"Genitive participle describing the overheard boast — Poseidon's trigger for revenge."}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b4-l506","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα τρίαιναν ἑλὼν χερσὶ στιβαρῇσιν","translation":"at once then, taking his trident in his mighty hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τρίαιναν","lemma":"τρίαινα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἑλὼν","gloss":"trident"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἑλὼν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"στιβαρῇσιν","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"mighty","note":"στιβαρός is a stock epithet for hands/limbs, 'sturdy,' recurring across Homeric formulas."}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b4-l507","source":"ἤλασε Γυραίην πέτρην, ἀπὸ δʼ ἔσχισεν αὐτήν·","translation":"he struck the Gyraean rock and split it apart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l507.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Γυραίην","lemma":"Γυραί","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέτρην","gloss":"Gyraean"},{"surface":"πέτρην","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχισεν","lemma":"σχίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"αὐτήν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἔσχισεν","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b4-l508","source":"καὶ τὸ μὲν αὐτόθι μεῖνε, τὸ δὲ τρύφος ἔμπεσε πόντῳ,","translation":"and one part stayed where it was, but the broken piece fell into the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l508.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter article","role":"modifies","gloss":"the one part"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of μεῖνε","gloss":"where it was"},{"surface":"μεῖνε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τρύφος","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τρύφος","lemma":"τρύφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"broken piece","note":"τὸ μέν... τὸ δέ pairs off the split rock into 'one part... the other part,' a classic correlative construction."},{"surface":"ἔμπεσε","lemma":"ἐμπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"into the sea"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b4-l509","source":"τῷ ῥʼ Αἴας τὸ πρῶτον ἐφεζόμενος μέγʼ ἀάσθη·","translation":"the very piece on which Ajax first sat when he was so blinded;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l509.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφεζόμενος","gloss":"on which","note":"Dative referring back to the broken piece (τρύφος) of rock from the previous line."},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀάσθη","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies πρῶτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐφεζόμενος","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐφεζόμενος","lemma":"ἐφέζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀάσθη","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀάσθη","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ἀάσθη","lemma":"ἀάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τρύφος","gloss":"was blinded","note":"Same ἀάω root as l503, framing Ajax's whole death as a case study in hybris and doom."}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b4-l510","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐφόρει κατὰ πόντον ἀπείρονα κυμαίνοντα.","translation":"it carried him down over the boundless surging sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφόρει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφόρει","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried","note":"imperfect: repeated/ongoing action, 'kept carrying' him over the waves"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἀπείρονα","lemma":"ἀπείρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"κυμαίνοντα","lemma":"κυμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"surging","note":"vivid participle painting the sea as alive/churning, typical Homeric visual epithet-verb"}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b4-l511","source":"ὣς ὁ μὲν ἔνθʼ ἀπόλωλεν, ἐπεὶ πίεν ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ.","translation":"So there he perished, when he had drunk the salt water.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l511.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπόλωλεν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπόλωλεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπόλωλεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἀπόλωλεν","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished","note":"pluperfect ἀπόλωλεν used with aorist force — a common Homeric usage, not strict pluperfect sense"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πίεν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"ἁλμυρὸν","lemma":"ἁλμυρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίεν","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b4-l512","source":"σὸς δέ που ἔκφυγε κῆρας ἀδελφεὸς ἠδʼ\n                     ὑπάλυξεν","translation":"But your brother somehow escaped the death-spirits and got away","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l512.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρας","title":"The Keres","body":"κῆρες are the spirits of death and doom, pictured as forces that seize a man at his appointed end."}],"words":[{"surface":"σὸς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀδελφεὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἔκφυγε","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκφυγε","gloss":"death-spirits","note":"κῆρες: personified fates of death, not just abstract 'death' — a Homeric religious concept"},{"surface":"ἀδελφεὸς","lemma":"ἀδελφός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπάλυξεν","lemma":"ὑπαλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"got away"}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b4-l513","source":"ἐν νηυσὶ γλαφυρῇσι· σάωσε δὲ πότνια Ἥρη.","translation":"in his hollow ships; and lady Hera saved him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l513.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇσι","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"σάωσε","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἥρη","gloss":"lady, queenly","note":"πότνια: fixed honorific epithet for goddesses, formulaic epic diction"},{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of σάωσε","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b4-l514","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τάχʼ ἔμελλε Μαλειάων ὄρος αἰπὺ","translation":"But when he was just about to reach the steep height of Malea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμελλε","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ἔμελλε","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"was about to","note":"μέλλω + infinitive: 'was about to/going to' — imperfect sets up an interrupted expectation"},{"surface":"Μαλειάων","lemma":"Μάλεια","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ὄρος","gloss":"of Malea"},{"surface":"ὄρος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵξεσθαι","gloss":"headland","note":"ὄρος here means the promontory/height of Cape Malea, a notorious sailing hazard"},{"surface":"αἰπὺ","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄρος","gloss":"steep"}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b4-l515","source":"ἵξεσθαι, τότε δή μιν ἀναρπάξασα θύελλα","translation":"then a storm-wind snatched him up","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵξεσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλε","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀναρπάξασα","lemma":"ἀναρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"snatching up","note":"feminine participle agrees with θύελλα (storm-wind), a personified force sweeping him off course"},{"surface":"θύελλα","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"storm-wind"}]},{"number":516,"label":"516","id":"b4-l516","source":"πόντον ἐπʼ ἰχθυόεντα φέρεν βαρέα στενάχοντα,","translation":"and bore him, groaning heavily, over the fish-filled sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l516.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντα","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"fish-filled","note":"ἰχθυόεις: stock Homeric epithet for the sea, formulaic rather than literal detail here"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore, carried"},{"surface":"βαρέα","lemma":"βαρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στενάχοντα","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"στενάχοντα","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"groaning"}]},{"number":517,"label":"517","id":"b4-l517","source":"ἀγροῦ ἐπʼ ἐσχατιήν, ὅθι δώματα ναῖε Θυέστης","translation":"to the edge of the country, where Thyestes once dwelt","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l517.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγροῦ","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐσχατιήν","gloss":"of the land"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἐσχατιήν","lemma":"ἐσχατιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"edge, border"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ναῖε","gloss":"house, halls"},{"surface":"ναῖε","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀτὰρ","gloss":"dwelt"},{"surface":"Θυέστης","lemma":"Θυέστης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ναῖε","gloss":"Thyestes"}]},{"number":518,"label":"518","id":"b4-l518","source":"τὸ πρίν, ἀτὰρ τότʼ ἔναιε Θυεστιάδης Αἴγισθος.","translation":"in former days, but where now Aegisthus, Thyestes' son, was living.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l518.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρίν","gloss":"(the)"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναῖε","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔναιε","gloss":"then, now"},{"surface":"ἔναιε","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀτὰρ","gloss":"was dwelling"},{"surface":"Θυεστιάδης","lemma":"Θυεστιάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἴγισθος","gloss":"son of Thyestes","note":"patronymic in -άδης, marking lineage — standard Homeric naming pattern"},{"surface":"Αἴγισθος","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔναιε","gloss":"Aegisthus"}]},{"number":519,"label":"519","id":"b4-l519","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ καὶ κεῖθεν ἐφαίνετο νόστος ἀπήμων,","translation":"But when from there too a safe homecoming appeared,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l519.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even, too"},{"surface":"κεῖθεν","lemma":"ἐκεῖθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies νόστος","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ἐφαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"appeared","note":"middle/passive φαίνετο: the homecoming 'showed itself' — subject is the abstract νόστος, not a person"},{"surface":"νόστος","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφαίνετο","gloss":"homecoming"},{"surface":"ἀπήμων","lemma":"ἀπήμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόστος","gloss":"safe, unharmed"}]},{"number":520,"label":"520","id":"b4-l520","source":"ἂψ δὲ θεοὶ οὖρον στρέψαν, καὶ οἴκαδʼ ἵκοντο,","translation":"and the gods turned the wind back, and they reached home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l520.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στρέψαν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of στρέψαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"οὖρον","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στρέψαν","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"στρέψαν","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"homeward","note":"οἴκαδε is an adverb of direction ('to home'), functioning almost like an object of the verb of motion"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"reached, arrived"}]},{"number":521,"label":"521","id":"b4-l521","source":"ἦ τοι ὁ μὲν χαίρων ἐπεβήσετο πατρίδος αἴης","translation":"then in joy he set foot on his fatherland's soil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l521.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(on his part)"},{"surface":"χαίρων","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεβήσετο","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"ἐπεβήσετο","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set foot on","note":"ἐπιβαίνω + genitive: 'step onto' takes its object in the genitive, not accusative"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"of his fatherland"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπεβήσετο","gloss":"land, soil"}]},{"number":522,"label":"522","id":"b4-l522","source":"καὶ κύνει ἁπτόμενος ἣν πατρίδα· πολλὰ δʼ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ","translation":"and he kissed and clasped his native earth; and from him many","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l522.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύνει","lemma":"κυνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept kissing"},{"surface":"ἁπτόμενος","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κύνει","gloss":"clasping, touching"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδα","gloss":"his own","note":"ἑός/ἥ possessive reflexive: 'his own' — archaic 3rd-person possessive still active in Homer"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κύνει","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀπ᾽","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":523,"label":"523","id":"b4-l523","source":"δάκρυα θερμὰ χέοντʼ, ἐπεὶ ἀσπασίως ἴδε γαῖαν.","translation":"warm tears poured down, for gladly he saw his land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l523.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δάκρυα","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of χέοντ᾽","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"θερμὰ","lemma":"θερμός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυα","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"χέοντ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"middle/passive form of χέω used intransitively: tears 'were pouring/poured themselves' down"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since, when"},{"surface":"ἀσπασίως","lemma":"ἀσπάσιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδε","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"ἴδε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴδε","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":524,"label":"524","id":"b4-l524","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ἀπὸ σκοπιῆς εἶδε σκοπός, ὅν ῥα καθεῖσεν","translation":"But a watchman saw him from his lookout, one set there","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l524.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἶδε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"σκοπιῆς","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"lookout point"},{"surface":"εἶδε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"σκοπός","lemma":"σκοπός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶδε","gloss":"watchman"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καθεῖσεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"καθεῖσεν","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"had stationed","note":"καθεῖσεν = 'set/placed (him) down' — Aegisthus positioned the watchman as part of his ambush plot"}]},{"number":525,"label":"525","id":"b4-l525","source":"Αἴγισθος δολόμητις ἄγων, ὑπὸ δʼ ἔσχετο μισθὸν","translation":"by guileful Aegisthus, who had promised him as wage","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l525.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολόμητις","title":"Crafty-scheming","body":"δολόμητις ('contriving guile') is a stock epithet for Aegisthus, marking him as the treacherous plotter of Agamemnon's murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴγισθος","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"Aegisthus"},{"surface":"δολόμητις","lemma":"δολομήτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἴγισθος","gloss":"crafty, guileful","note":"δολόμητις: 'scheme-minded' epithet, marking Aegisthus's treacherous character formulaically"},{"surface":"ἄγων","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καθεῖσεν","gloss":"placing, posting"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in return"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ᾽","gloss":"promised, held out"},{"surface":"μισθὸν","lemma":"μισθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of ἔσχετο","gloss":"wage, reward"}]},{"number":526,"label":"526","id":"b4-l526","source":"χρυσοῦ δοιὰ τάλαντα· φύλασσε δʼ ὅ γʼ εἰς ἐνιαυτόν,","translation":"two talents of gold; and he kept watch for a whole year,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l526.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρυσοῦ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τάλαντα","gloss":"of gold"},{"surface":"δοιὰ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάλαντα","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"τάλαντα","lemma":"τάλαντον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσχετο","gloss":"talents","note":"τάλαντον: a large unit of weighed gold — a lavish bribe underscoring the scale of Aegisthus's plot"},{"surface":"φύλασσε","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept watch"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φύλασσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for, into"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτόν","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"a year"}]},{"number":527,"label":"527","id":"b4-l527","source":"μή ἑ λάθοι παριών, μνήσαιτο δὲ θούριδος ἀλκῆς.","translation":"lest the king pass by unseen and remember his furious valor.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l527.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λάθοι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"λάθοι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"escape notice","note":"optative λάθοι after μή: purpose/fear clause — 'lest he pass unnoticed,' classic Homeric optative of wish/purpose"},{"surface":"παριών","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάθοι","gloss":"passing by"},{"surface":"μνήσαιτο","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θούριδος","lemma":"θοῦρις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀλκῆς","gloss":"furious, raging"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνήσαιτο","gloss":"valor, might"}]},{"number":528,"label":"528","id":"b4-l528","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων πρὸς δώματα ποιμένι λαῶν.","translation":"And he went to bring word to the shepherd of the people.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l528.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ποιμένι λαῶν","title":"Shepherd of the people","body":"ποιμὴν λαῶν ('shepherd of the people') is a formulaic epithet for a king or leader—here Aegisthus is told of Agamemnon's coming."}],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went, set out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go","note":"ἴμεν: epic infinitive of εἶμι, complementing βῆ (a common Homeric verb-of-motion + infinitive idiom)"},{"surface":"ἀγγελέων","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to bring word"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house, halls"},{"surface":"ποιμένι","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγγελέων","gloss":"shepherd","note":"'shepherd of the people' (ποιμένι λαῶν): standard Homeric epithet for a king/leader, applied here to Agamemnon"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένι","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":529,"label":"529","id":"b4-l529","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ Αἴγισθος δολίην ἐφράσσατο τέχνην·","translation":"At once Aegisthus devised a treacherous scheme:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l529.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφράσσατο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἴγισθος","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφράσσατο","gloss":"Aegisthus"},{"surface":"δολίην","lemma":"δόλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τέχνην","gloss":"treacherous"},{"surface":"ἐφράσσατο","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"τέχνην","lemma":"τέχνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφράσσατο","gloss":"scheme, plot"}]},{"number":530,"label":"530","id":"b4-l530","source":"κρινάμενος κατὰ δῆμον ἐείκοσι φῶτας ἀρίστους","translation":"picking out the twenty best men from the people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l530.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κρινάμενος","title":"Middle participle: 'picking for himself'","body":"κρινάμενος is an aorist middle participle of κρίνω ('choose, sort'). The middle voice marks the action as done in the subject's own interest—choosing men for his own plot."}],"words":[{"surface":"κρινάμενος","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἷσε","gloss":"choosing, picking"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the land, people"},{"surface":"ἐείκοσι","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies φῶτας","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"φῶτας","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κρινάμενος","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φῶτας","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":531,"label":"531","id":"b4-l531","source":"εἷσε λόχον, ἑτέρωθι δʼ ἀνώγει δαῖτα πένεσθαι.","translation":"he set them in ambush, and on the other side ordered a feast to be made ready.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l531.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷσε","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set, stationed"},{"surface":"λόχον","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἷσε","gloss":"ambush","note":"λόχον: 'he set an ambush' — concrete term for a hidden band of armed men, key to the plot"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθι","lemma":"ἑτέρωθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνώγει","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πένεσθαι","gloss":"feast, banquet"},{"surface":"πένεσθαι","lemma":"πένομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to be prepared"}]},{"number":532,"label":"532","id":"b4-l532","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ βῆ καλέων Ἀγαμέμνονα, ποιμένα λαῶν","translation":"Then he went to summon Agamemnon, shepherd of the people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l532.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βῆ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"καλέων","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"to summon, calling"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"ποιμένα","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένα","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":533,"label":"533","id":"b4-l533","source":"ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν, ἀεικέα μερμηρίζων.","translation":"with horses and chariots, plotting a shameful deed.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l533.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵπποισιν","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄχεσφιν","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"chariots","note":"ὄχεσφι: archaic instrumental/dative plural ending -φι, a relic epic case form"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μερμηρίζων","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"μερμηρίζων","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"plotting"}]},{"number":534,"label":"534","id":"b4-l534","source":"τὸν δʼ οὐκ εἰδότʼ ὄλεθρον ἀνήγαγε καὶ κατέπεφνεν","translation":"He led him up, unaware of his doom, and slew him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l534.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἰδότ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"knowing","note":"οὐκ εἰδότ': perfect participle 'not having known/unaware' — Agamemnon walked in blind to his fate"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰδότ᾽","gloss":"doom, destruction"},{"surface":"ἀνήγαγε","lemma":"ἀνάγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατέπεφνεν","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew"}]},{"number":535,"label":"535","id":"b4-l535","source":"δειπνίσσας, ὥς τίς τε κατέκτανε βοῦν ἐπὶ φάτνῃ.","translation":"when he had feasted him, as one kills an ox at the manger.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l535.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειπνίσσας","lemma":"δειπνίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having feasted (him)"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέκτανε","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατέκτανε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"κατέκτανε","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"killed","note":"brutal simile: a king's murder compared to slaughtering an ox at its feeding-trough, stark Homeric bathos"},{"surface":"βοῦν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέκτανε","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"φάτνῃ","lemma":"φάτνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"manger, stall"}]},{"number":536,"label":"536","id":"b4-l536","source":"οὐδέ τις Ἀτρεΐδεω ἑτάρων λίπεθʼ οἵ οἱ ἕποντο,","translation":"Not one of the son of Atreus' companions who followed him was left,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l536.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λίπεθ᾽","gloss":"anyone","note":"οὐδέ τις...: emphatic negative 'not even one' spanning the line, stressing total slaughter"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδεω","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"of the son of Atreus"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"λίπεθ","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάρων","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":537,"label":"537","id":"b4-l537","source":"οὐδέ τις Αἰγίσθου, ἀλλʼ ἔκταθεν ἐν μεγάροισιν.","translation":"nor one of Aegisthus', but they were slain in the halls.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l537.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"Αἰγίσθου","lemma":"Αἴγισθος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of Aegisthus'"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔκταθεν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were slain","note":"aorist passive ἔκταθεν: 'were killed' — victims of Aegisthus's ambush, not the earlier feast-slaughter"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":538,"label":"538","id":"b4-l538","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γε κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ,","translation":"So he spoke, and the heart within me was broken,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l538.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"ἔφατο, epic imperfect middle of φημί, common speech-formula opener"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but, and"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατεκλάσθη","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was broken","note":"aorist passive, 'was shattered' — vivid physical metaphor for grief"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεκλάσθη","gloss":"heart","note":"ἦτορ, poetic word for heart/spirit, common in Homeric formulas of emotion"}]},{"number":539,"label":"539","id":"b4-l539","source":"κλαῖον δʼ ἐν ψαμάθοισι καθήμενος, οὐδέ νύ μοι κῆρ","translation":"and I wept, sitting on the sands, nor did my heart","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l539.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖον","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on, in"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισι","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the sands"},{"surface":"καθήμενος","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κλαῖον","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"now, indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἤθελ᾽","gloss":"heart","note":"κῆρ, subject of ἤθελ' in next line — sentence runs across lines, typical Homeric enjambment"}]},{"number":540,"label":"540","id":"b4-l540","source":"ἤθελʼ ἔτι ζώειν καὶ ὁρᾶν φάος ἠελίοιο.","translation":"any longer wish to live and to see the light of the sun.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l540.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤθελ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"still, any longer"},{"surface":"ζώειν","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁρᾶν","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁρᾶν","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φάος","gloss":"of the sun","note":"φάος ἠελίοιο, formulaic phrase for 'to live' — seeing sunlight = being alive"}]},{"number":541,"label":"541","id":"b4-l541","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κλαίων τε κυλινδόμενός τε κορέσθην,","translation":"But when I had had my fill of weeping and writhing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l541.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κλαίων","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυλινδόμενός","lemma":"κυλίνδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"writhing","note":"κυλινδόμενος, literally 'rolling about' — vivid image of grief on the ground"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κορέσθην","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had my fill","note":"κορέσθην, aorist passive 'was sated' — dual-looking form but glossed as 1st sg here"}]},{"number":542,"label":"542","id":"b4-l542","source":"δὴ τότε με προσέειπε γέρων ἅλιος νημερτής·","translation":"then the unerring old man of the sea spoke to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l542.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γέρων ἅλιος νημερτής","title":"Old man of the sea","body":"An epithet-cluster for Proteus: 'the unerring old man of the sea.' νημερτής ('infallible, truthful') marks his prophetic reliability."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἅλιος","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"νημερτής","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"unerring","note":"νημερτής, epithet for Proteus — the sea-god who always tells the truth"}]},{"number":543,"label":"543","id":"b4-l543","source":"μηκέτι, Ἀτρέος υἱέ, πολὺν χρόνον ἀσκελὲς\n                     οὕτω","translation":"\"No longer, son of Atreus, for so long a time and so unyieldingly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l543.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαῖ᾽","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέ","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱέ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son","note":"vocative, address to Menelaus — patronymic epithet common in Homeric address"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"much, long"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κλαῖ᾽","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἀσκελὲς","lemma":"ἀσκελής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κλαῖ᾽","gloss":"unyieldingly"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαῖ᾽","gloss":"thus, so"}]},{"number":544,"label":"544","id":"b4-l544","source":"κλαῖʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἄνυσίν τινα δήομεν· ἀλλὰ τάχιστα","translation":"weep, since we shall find no remedy in it; but as quickly as you can","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l544.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαῖ","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"weep","note":"present imperative negated by μηκέτι forms a prohibition on an ongoing action: 'weep no longer' (i.e. stop), not 'keep weeping'"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄνυσίν","lemma":"ἄνυσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δήομεν","gloss":"remedy, success"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄνυσίν","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"δήομεν","lemma":"δήω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we shall find"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πείρα","gloss":"most quickly"}]},{"number":545,"label":"545","id":"b4-l545","source":"πείρα ὅπως κεν δὴ σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηαι.","translation":"strive to reach your fatherland.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l545.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἵκηαι","title":"Subjunctive in a purpose clause","body":"ἵκηαι is aorist subjunctive of ἱκνέομαι ('come, reach'), in a clause expressing the aim ('how you may reach'). The subjunctive marks the goal as something still to be achieved."}],"words":[{"surface":"πείρα","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strive, try"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that","note":"introduces a purpose clause with κεν + subjunctive ἵκηαι, 'so that you may reach'"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἵκηαι","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἵκηαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ὅπως","gloss":"you may reach","note":"aorist subjunctive in purpose clause introduced by ὅπως κεν"}]},{"number":546,"label":"546","id":"b4-l546","source":"ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης","translation":"For either you will find him still alive, or Orestes","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l546.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κιχήσεαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ζωόν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κιχήσεαι","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will find","note":"future middle, epic form κιχήσεαι for κιχήσῃ — 2nd sg with uncontracted -εαι ending"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"Ὀρέστης","lemma":"Ὀρέστης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κτεῖνεν","gloss":"Orestes","note":"foreshadows Orestes' killing of Aegisthus, the vengeance-plot echoed throughout the Odyssey"}]},{"number":547,"label":"547","id":"b4-l547","source":"κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος, σὺ δέ κεν τάφου ἀντιβολήσαις.","translation":"will have killed him first, and you may come upon the funeral.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l547.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτεῖνεν","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"ὑποφθάμενος","lemma":"ὑποφθάνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κτεῖνεν","gloss":"forestalling","note":"aorist middle participle, 'getting there first' — Orestes beating someone to the killing"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀντιβολήσαις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"τάφου","lemma":"τάφος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντιβολήσαις","gloss":"funeral"},{"surface":"ἀντιβολήσαις","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may come upon","note":"aorist optative of possibility — 'you might yet arrive for the funeral'"}]},{"number":548,"label":"548","id":"b4-l548","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ κραδίη καὶ θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ","translation":"So he spoke, and the heart and proud spirit within me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l548.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud, manly","note":"ἀγήνωρ, epithet often applied to θυμός — the 'lordly' or 'manly' spirit"}]},{"number":549,"label":"549","id":"b4-l549","source":"αὖτις ἐνὶ στήθεσσι καὶ ἀχνυμένῳ περ ἰάνθη,","translation":"once more in my breast, grieved though I was, were warmed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l549.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀχνυμένῳ περ","title":"Concessive participle with per","body":"The participle ἀχνυμένῳ ('grieving') with the particle περ has concessive force: 'although grieving.' περ regularly intensifies a participle into a concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰάνθη","gloss":"again, once more"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even, and"},{"surface":"ἀχνυμένῳ","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"grieving","note":"present passive participle with concessive περ — 'though grieving'"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἰάνθη","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was warmed","note":"ἰάνθη, metaphor of the heart 'thawing' with relief/comfort"}]},{"number":550,"label":"550","id":"b4-l550","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·","translation":"and speaking aloud I addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l550.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα","title":"Winged words","body":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα ('winged words') is among Homer's most famous formulas, picturing speech that flies from speaker to listener."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδων","gloss":"speaking aloud"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδων","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, the classic Homeric speech-formula 'winged words'"},{"surface":"προσηύδων","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I addressed"}]},{"number":551,"label":"551","id":"b4-l551","source":"τούτους μὲν δὴ οἶδα· σὺ δὲ τρίτον ἄνδρʼ\n                     ὀνόμαζε,","translation":"These two, then, I know of; but name me the third man,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l551.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούτους","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of οἶδα","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know","note":"οἶδα, perfect with present meaning — 'I know' (a memorized irregular form)"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ὀνόμαζε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τρίτον","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"ἄνδρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀνόμαζε","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζε","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"name!"}]},{"number":552,"label":"552","id":"b4-l552","source":"ὅς τις ἔτι ζωὸς κατερύκεται εὐρέι πόντῳ","translation":"whoever still lives, held back on the wide sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l552.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατερύκεται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ζωὸς","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"κατερύκεται","lemma":"κατερύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρ᾽","gloss":"is held back","note":"medio-passive, 'is detained' — same verb used of Odysseus held by Calypso later"},{"surface":"εὐρέι","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόντῳ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατερύκεται","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":553,"label":"553","id":"b4-l553","source":"ἠὲ θανών· ἐθέλω δὲ καὶ ἀχνύμενός περ ἀκοῦσαι.","translation":"or has died; I wish to hear it, grieved though I am.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l553.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀχνύμενός περ","title":"Concessive participle","body":"The participle with περ means \"although grieving.\" The particle περ intensifies the concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"θανών","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having died"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενός","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλω","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἀκοῦσαι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"to hear"}]},{"number":554,"label":"554","id":"b4-l554","source":"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος\n                  προσέειπεν·","translation":"So I spoke, and at once he answered me and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l554.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφάμην","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I spoke"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":555,"label":"555","id":"b4-l555","source":"υἱὸς Λαέρτεω, Ἰθάκῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων·","translation":"\"The son of Laertes, who keeps his house in Ithaca.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l555.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son","note":"answer to 'who is the third man' — periphrasis identifying Odysseus without naming him yet"},{"surface":"Λαέρτεω","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Laertes"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκῃ","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"in Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οἰκία","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ναίων","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ναίων","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"dwelling"}]},{"number":556,"label":"556","id":"b4-l556","source":"τὸν δʼ ἴδον ἐν νήσῳ θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντα,","translation":"I saw him on an island, shedding heavy tears,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l556.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"heavy, welling","note":"θαλερόν, 'thick/fresh' tears — vivid physical epithet"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέοντα","gloss":"tear(s)"},{"surface":"χέοντα","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"pouring","note":"κατὰ...χέοντα, tmesis — preposition separated from its verb, a hallmark of Homeric style"}]},{"number":557,"label":"557","id":"b4-l557","source":"νύμφης ἐν μεγάροισι Καλυψοῦς, ἥ μιν ἀνάγκῃ","translation":"in the halls of the nymph Calypso, who by force","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l557.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύμφης","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Καλυψοῦς","gloss":"of the nymph"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"Καλυψοῦς","lemma":"Καλυψώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μεγάροισι","gloss":"Calypso"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴσχει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴσχει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴσχει","gloss":"by force","note":"ἀνάγκῃ, dative of means — Odysseus held against his will, key plot detail"}]},{"number":558,"label":"558","id":"b4-l558","source":"ἴσχει· ὁ δʼ οὐ δύναται ἣν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι·","translation":"holds him; and he cannot reach his native land,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l558.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσχει","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Καλυψοῦς","gloss":"holds, detains"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δύναται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύναται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is able"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"his own","note":"ἑός/ἣν, epic reflexive possessive — 'his own fatherland'"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δύναται","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":559,"label":"559","id":"b4-l559","source":"οὐ γάρ οἱ πάρα νῆες ἐπήρετμοι καὶ ἑταῖροι,","translation":"for he has no oared ships at hand, nor companions,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l559.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"πάρα","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"are at hand","note":"πάρα, anastrophe of παρά used as verb 'are present/available'"},{"surface":"νῆες","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἐπήρετμοι","lemma":"ἐπήρετμος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆες","gloss":"oared"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":560,"label":"560","id":"b4-l560","source":"οἵ κέν μιν πέμποιεν ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης.","translation":"who might send him on over the broad back of the sea.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l560.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πέμποιεν","title":"Optative in a relative clause","body":"The optative marks a potential or characterizing relative clause: men \"who might convey him.\" It expresses possibility, not fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέμποιεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(modal particle)"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέμποιεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πέμποιεν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταῖροι","gloss":"might send","note":"optative of remote possibility — 'who could send him,' condition unfulfilled"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"εὐρέα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"back","note":"νῶτα θαλάσσης, Homeric metaphor 'the back of the sea' for its surface"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":561,"label":"561","id":"b4-l561","source":"σοὶ δʼ οὐ θέσφατόν ἐστι, διοτρεφὲς ὦ Μενέλαε,","translation":"But for you it is not fated, Menelaus nurtured by Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l561.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θέσφατόν","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"θέσφατόν","lemma":"θέσφατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"διοτρεφὲς","lemma":"διοτρεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"διοτρεφής, standing epithet for kings, marking royal/divine favor"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":562,"label":"562","id":"b4-l562","source":"Ἄργει ἐν ἱπποβότῳ θανέειν καὶ πότμον ἐπισπεῖν,","translation":"to die in horse-pasturing Argos and meet your doom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l562.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄργει","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in Argos"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἱπποβότῳ","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργει","gloss":"horse-pasturing","note":"ἱππόβοτος, epithet of Argos famed for horse-breeding"},{"surface":"θανέειν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπισπεῖν","gloss":"doom, fate"},{"surface":"ἐπισπεῖν","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":563,"label":"563","id":"b4-l563","source":"ἀλλά σʼ ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης","translation":"but the immortals will send you to the Elysian plain","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l563.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of πέμψουσιν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἠλύσιον","lemma":"Ἠλύσιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεδίον","gloss":"Elysian"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"plain","note":"Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, earliest literary mention of the Elysian afterlife-paradise"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πείρατα","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πείρατα","gloss":"of the earth"}]},{"number":564,"label":"564","id":"b4-l564","source":"ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς,","translation":"and the ends of the earth, where fair-haired Rhadamanthus lives,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l564.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πέμψουσιν","gloss":"the immortals","note":"subject deferred from previous line — gods will send Menelaus, unlike common mortals"},{"surface":"πέμψουσιν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ῥαδάμανθυς","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"Ῥαδάμανθυς","lemma":"Ῥαδάμανθυς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Rhadamanthus","note":"mythic judge of the dead, brother of Minos, ruler of Elysium"}]},{"number":565,"label":"565","id":"b4-l565","source":"τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει ἀνθρώποισιν·","translation":"where life is easiest of all for human beings:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l565.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέλει","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥηίστη","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"easiest"},{"surface":"βιοτὴ","lemma":"βιοτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέλει","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"πέλει","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"is","note":"πέλει, epic present 'is/exists,' poetic alternative to εἰμί"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισιν","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πέλει","gloss":"for humans"}]},{"number":566,"label":"566","id":"b4-l566","source":"οὐ νιφετός, οὔτʼ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτʼ ὄμβρος,","translation":"no snow, nor heavy storm, nor ever any rain,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l566.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νιφετός","lemma":"νιφετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"snowfall","note":"Nominative subject in a negated list of weather nouns—Elysium has none of these."},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"χειμὼν","lemma":"χειμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"πολὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χειμὼν","gloss":"heavy, much"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ὄμβρος","lemma":"ὄμβρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"rain"}]},{"number":567,"label":"567","id":"b4-l567","source":"ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντος ἀήτας","translation":"but always Ocean sends up the gusts of the West Wind","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l567.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνίησιν","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"Ζεφύροιο","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀήτας","gloss":"of the West Wind","note":"Ζεφύροιο is a possessive genitive modifying ἀήτας ('gusts of the West Wind'), with the participle πνείοντος agreeing with it — an ordinary attributive genitive phrase, not a genitive absolute (which would require an independent clause unconnected to the main sentence)."},{"surface":"λιγὺ","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πνείοντος","gloss":"shrill, clear"},{"surface":"πνείοντος","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies Ζεφύροιο","gloss":"blowing"},{"surface":"ἀήτας","lemma":"ἀήτης","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνίησιν","gloss":"gusts, blasts"}]},{"number":568,"label":"568","id":"b4-l568","source":"Ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους·","translation":"blowing clear and shrill, to refresh all people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l568.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὠκεανὸς","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνίησιν","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ὠκεανός as a river-god sending winds—cosmic geography of Elysium at world's edge."},{"surface":"ἀνίησιν","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sends up"},{"surface":"ἀναψύχειν","lemma":"ἀναψύχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀνίησιν","gloss":"to refresh"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀναψύχειν","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":569,"label":"569","id":"b4-l569","source":"οὕνεκʼ ἔχεις Ἑλένην καί σφιν γαμβρὸς Διός ἐσσι.","translation":"This is because you have Helen and are a son-in-law of Zeus.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l569.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκ","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ἔχεις","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχεις","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐσσι","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"γαμβρὸς","lemma":"γαμβρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"son-in-law","note":"Predicate noun explaining why Menelaus alone escapes death: marriage ties him to Zeus's family."},{"surface":"Διός","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γαμβρὸς","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"you are"}]},{"number":570,"label":"570","id":"b4-l570","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ὑπὸ πόντον ἐδύσετο κυμαίνοντα.","translation":"So saying, he plunged beneath the surging sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l570.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so, thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδύσετο","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plunged, sank","note":"Aorist middle δύω—Proteus 'sinks himself' into the sea, marking the middle voice's self-directed sense."},{"surface":"κυμαίνοντα","lemma":"κυμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies πόντον","gloss":"surging"}]},{"number":571,"label":"571","id":"b4-l571","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπὶ νῆας ἅμʼ ἀντιθέοις ἑτάροισιν","translation":"But I went off to the ships with my godlike companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l571.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤια","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοις","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"godlike","note":"Formulaic epithet ἀντίθεος 'god-like' applied to ordinary companions—epic elevation of Menelaus's crew."},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ᾽","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":572,"label":"572","id":"b4-l572","source":"ἤια, πολλὰ δέ μοι κραδίη πόρφυρε κιόντι.","translation":"and my heart darkened with many cares as I walked.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l572.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πόρφυρε","title":"\"Heaved dark\" with care","body":"The verb porphurō literally evokes the dark, churning swell of the sea, here applied to the troubled heart. It is the same root as the dye \"purple.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤια","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I went","note":"ἤια is the imperfect of εἶμι; since εἶμι has no separate aorist stem, this imperfect form does duty for simple past narration ('went'), not a distinct 'root-aorist' formation."},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πόρφυρε","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πόρφυρε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"πόρφυρε","lemma":"πορφύρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"darkened, brooded","note":"πορφύρω literally 'grew dark/troubled like the sea'—a vivid metaphor for anxious brooding."},{"surface":"κιόντι","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"walking, going"}]},{"number":573,"label":"573","id":"b4-l573","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλθομεν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,","translation":"And when we had come down to the ship and the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l573.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then, indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"κατήλθομεν","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"we came down"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θάλασσαν","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":574,"label":"574","id":"b4-l574","source":"δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισάμεσθʼ, ἐπί τʼ ἤλυθεν ἀμβροσίη νύξ,","translation":"we made ready our supper, and ambrosial night came on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l574.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁπλισάμεσθ᾽","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπλισάμεσθ","lemma":"ὁπλίζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"we prepared"},{"surface":"ἐπί","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and, upon"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἀμβροσίη","lemma":"ἀμβρόσιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύξ","gloss":"ambrosial, divine","note":"ἀμβρόσιος νύξ—formulaic epic phrase 'immortal night,' echoing the food of the gods, ambrosia."},{"surface":"νύξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":575,"label":"575","id":"b4-l575","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης.","translation":"and then we lay down to sleep on the breaking surf of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l575.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοιμήθημεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κοιμήθημεν","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we lay down to sleep"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνι","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"breaking surf"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνι","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":576,"label":"576","id":"b4-l576","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,","translation":"When early-born, rosy-fingered Dawn appeared,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l576.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς","title":"Formulaic epithet","body":"\"Rosy-fingered Dawn\" is one of Homer's stock noun-epithet formulas, repeated whenever a new day breaks. Such formulas help the oral poet build the hexameter line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμος","lemma":"ἦμος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠριγένεια","lemma":"ἠριγένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"early-born","note":"ἠριγένεια, a fixed epithet of Dawn meaning 'child of early morning'—part of the recurring dawn-formula line."},{"surface":"φάνη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἦμος","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἠώς","gloss":"rosy-fingered","note":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος—Homer's famous stock epithet for Dawn, repeated across the epics."},{"surface":"Ἠώς","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάνη","gloss":"Dawn"}]},{"number":577,"label":"577","id":"b4-l577","source":"νῆας μὲν πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσαμεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν,","translation":"first of all we dragged the ships down into the bright sea,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l577.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσαμεν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτον","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσσαμεν","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσαμεν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we dragged"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλα","gloss":"bright, divine"}]},{"number":578,"label":"578","id":"b4-l578","source":"ἐν δʼ ἱστοὺς τιθέμεσθα καὶ ἱστία νηυσὶν ἐίσῃς,","translation":"and set up the masts and sails in the balanced ships,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l578.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in, on"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστοὺς","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"masts"},{"surface":"τιθέμεσθα","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we set up"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τιθέμεσθα","gloss":"in the ships"},{"surface":"ἐίσῃς","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"balanced, even","note":"ἔισος 'well-balanced'—stock nautical epithet describing the ships' even build."}]},{"number":579,"label":"579","id":"b4-l579","source":"ἂν δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βάντες ἐπὶ κληῖσι καθῖζον·","translation":"and the men themselves went aboard and sat at the oarlocks;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l579.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up, aboard"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"βάντες","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καθῖζον","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at, on"},{"surface":"κληῖσι","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"oarlocks"},{"surface":"καθῖζον","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":580,"label":"580","id":"b4-l580","source":"ἑξῆς δʼ ἑζόμενοι πολιὴν ἅλα τύπτον ἐρετμοῖς.","translation":"sitting in rows, they struck the gray sea with their oars.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l580.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑξῆς","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑζόμενοι","gloss":"in rows, in order"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑζόμενοι","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τύπτον","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"πολιὴν","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅλα","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύπτον","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"τύπτον","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck","note":"τύπτω of oars 'striking' the sea—the standard epic image for rowing."},{"surface":"ἐρετμοῖς","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τύπτον","gloss":"with oars"}]},{"number":581,"label":"581","id":"b4-l581","source":"ἂψ δʼ εἰς Αἰγύπτοιο διιπετέος ποταμοῖο","translation":"Back to the river of Egypt, fed by the rains of Zeus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l581.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στῆσα","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to, into"},{"surface":"Αἰγύπτοιο","lemma":"Αἴγυπτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποταμοῖο","gloss":"of Egypt"},{"surface":"διιπετέος","lemma":"διιπετής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοῖο","gloss":"Zeus-fed, rain-fed","note":"διιπετής, 'fallen from Zeus'—epithet for the Nile, reflecting its flooding seen as heaven-sent."},{"surface":"ποταμοῖο","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"river"}]},{"number":582,"label":"582","id":"b4-l582","source":"στῆσα νέας, καὶ ἔρεξα τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας.","translation":"I brought my ships to anchor, and made full hecatombs.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l582.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆσα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I stationed, anchored"},{"surface":"νέας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of στῆσα","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔρεξα","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I performed, made"},{"surface":"τεληέσσας","lemma":"τελήεις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"complete, full","note":"τελήεις 'perfect/complete'—describes a fully proper, ritually correct hecatomb sacrifice."},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρεξα","gloss":"hecatombs"}]},{"number":583,"label":"583","id":"b4-l583","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατέπαυσα θεῶν χόλον αἰὲν ἐόντων,","translation":"And when I had stilled the anger of the everlasting gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l583.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κατέπαυσα","lemma":"καταπαύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I stopped, appeased"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies χόλον","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέπαυσα","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντων","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἐόντων","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"being, existing","note":"αἰὲν ἐόντων 'ever-existing'—stock formula for the eternal gods, contrasted with mortal Menelaus."}]},{"number":584,"label":"584","id":"b4-l584","source":"χεῦʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι τύμβον, ἵνʼ ἄσβεστον κλέος εἴη.","translation":"I heaped up a tomb for Agamemnon, that his glory might never die.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l584.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄσβεστον κλέος","title":"Unquenchable glory","body":"Kleos is the undying fame a hero wins, kept alive in song. The tomb makes Agamemnon's renown \"unquenchable,\" a central value of the heroic world."}],"words":[{"surface":"χεῦ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heaped up"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χεῦ᾽","gloss":"for Agamemnon"},{"surface":"τύμβον","lemma":"τύμβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χεῦ᾽","gloss":"tomb, mound"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἄσβεστον","lemma":"ἄσβεστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unquenchable, undying","note":"ἄσβεστον κλέος 'unquenchable fame'—a defining Homeric formula for heroic immortality through song."},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"fame, glory"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν᾽","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":585,"label":"585","id":"b4-l585","source":"ταῦτα τελευτήσας νεόμην, ἔδοσαν δέ μοι οὖρον","translation":"Having finished these things I set out for home, and the immortals","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l585.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of τελευτήσας","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"τελευτήσας","lemma":"τελευτάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νεόμην","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"νεόμην","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I set out for home"},{"surface":"ἔδοσαν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they gave"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδοσαν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"οὖρον","lemma":"οὖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδοσαν","gloss":"favorable wind"}]},{"number":586,"label":"586","id":"b4-l586","source":"ἀθάνατοι, τοί μʼ ὦκα φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔπεμψαν.","translation":"gave me a fair wind, and sped me swiftly to my own dear land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l586.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔδοσαν","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπεμψαν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεμψαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπεμψαν","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ᾽","gloss":"dear, own"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"ἔπεμψαν","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀθάνατοι","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":587,"label":"587","id":"b4-l587","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν ἐπίμεινον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἐμοῖσιν,","translation":"But come now, stay on in my halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l587.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε: interjectory 'come!' introducing an invitation/command, common in epic direct speech."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπίμεινον","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐπίμεινον","lemma":"ἐπιμένω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stay on"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἐμοῖσιν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μεγάροισιν","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":588,"label":"588","id":"b4-l588","source":"ὄφρα κεν ἑνδεκάτη τε δυωδεκάτη τε γένηται·","translation":"until the eleventh and twelfth day shall come;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l588.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(marks contingency)"},{"surface":"ἑνδεκάτη","lemma":"ἑνδέκατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"eleventh"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δυωδεκάτη","lemma":"δωδέκατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"comes to be","note":"Aorist subjunctive with ὄφρα κεν—marks an indefinite future time clause, 'until (whenever) it comes.'"}]},{"number":589,"label":"589","id":"b4-l589","source":"καὶ τότε σʼ εὖ πέμψω, δώσω δέ τοι ἀγλαὰ δῶρα,","translation":"and then I will send you off well, and give you splendid gifts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l589.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέμψω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of πέμψω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέμψω","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"πέμψω","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will send"},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":590,"label":"590","id":"b4-l590","source":"τρεῖς ἵππους καὶ δίφρον ἐύξοον· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"three horses and a well-polished chariot; and besides","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l590.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ἐύξοον","lemma":"εὔξοος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δίφρον","gloss":"well-polished"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, moreover"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δώσω","gloss":"besides, then"}]},{"number":591,"label":"591","id":"b4-l591","source":"δώσω καλὸν ἄλεισον, ἵνα σπένδῃσθα θεοῖσιν","translation":"I will give you a fine cup, so that you may pour libations to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l591.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλεισον","gloss":"fine, beautiful"},{"surface":"ἄλεισον","lemma":"ἄλεισον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"cup","note":"ἄλεισον, a ceremonial drinking cup used for pouring libations—ties the gift to ritual piety."},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"σπένδῃσθα","lemma":"σπένδω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you pour libations"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of σπένδῃσθα","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":592,"label":"592","id":"b4-l592","source":"ἀθανάτοις ἐμέθεν μεμνημένος ἤματα πάντα.","translation":"the immortals, and remember me all your days.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l592.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτοις","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσιν","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"ἐμέθεν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μεμνημένος","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"μεμνημένος","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to σπένδῃσθα","gloss":"remembering","note":"Perfect participle μεμνημένος 'having in mind'—perfect aspect stresses a lasting state of remembrance."},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to μεμνημένος","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":593,"label":"593","id":"b4-l593","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then thoughtful Telemachus answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l593.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again, in turn"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τηλέμαχος","gloss":"thoughtful, wise","note":"πεπνυμένος, formulaic epithet ('sound of mind') recurrently attached to Telemachus throughout the epic."},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in answer"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke, said"}]},{"number":594,"label":"594","id":"b4-l594","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη, μὴ δή με πολὺν χρόνον ἐνθάδʼ ἔρυκε.","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, do not keep me here for a long time.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l594.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus","note":"Vocative patronymic addressing Menelaus; head noun (\"son\") is understood, not stated."},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρυκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"long (time)"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔρυκε","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρυκε","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἔρυκε","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"keep/detain","note":"Present imperative 'keep!' with negative μή = a polite request not to detain him."}]},{"number":595,"label":"595","id":"b4-l595","source":"καὶ γάρ κʼ εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἐγὼ παρὰ σοί γʼ ἀνεχοίμην","translation":"For indeed I could hold out beside you even for a year,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l595.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)","note":"κ(ε) + optative ἀνεχοίμην forms a potential 'could' construction, typical epic ἄν/κε usage."},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for/into"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτὸν","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνεχοίμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(emphatic) at least"},{"surface":"ἀνεχοίμην","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold out, endure"}]},{"number":596,"label":"596","id":"b4-l596","source":"ἥμενος, οὐδέ κέ μʼ οἴκου ἕλοι πόθος οὐδὲ τοκήων·","translation":"sitting here, and no longing for home or parents would take me;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l596.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενος","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνεχοίμην","gloss":"sitting","note":"Perfect participle of ἧμαι describes ongoing state 'sitting' rather than completed action."},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλοι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἴκου","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόθος","gloss":"for home"},{"surface":"ἕλοι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would take/seize","note":"Aorist optative with κε: 'would seize' — potential wish/possibility, not a real past event."},{"surface":"πόθος","lemma":"πόθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλοι","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"for parents"}]},{"number":597,"label":"597","id":"b4-l597","source":"αἰνῶς γὰρ μύθοισιν ἔπεσσί τε σοῖσιν ἀκούων","translation":"for wondrously do I delight in listening to your tales","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l597.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέρπομαι","gloss":"wondrously"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσί","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σοῖσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἀκούων","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρπομαι","gloss":"listening","note":"Present participle 'listening' modifies the main verb τέρπομαι in the next line (enjambment)."}]},{"number":598,"label":"598","id":"b4-l598","source":"τέρπομαι. ἀλλʼ ἤδη μοι ἀνιάζουσιν ἑταῖροι","translation":"and your words. But by now my companions are growing restless","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l598.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέρπομαι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I delight","note":"τέρπομαι completes the sentence begun in the previous line — a common Homeric enjambment."},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνιάζουσιν","gloss":"already/now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἀνιάζουσιν","lemma":"ἀνιάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grow restless"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνιάζουσιν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":599,"label":"599","id":"b4-l599","source":"ἐν Πύλῳ ἠγαθέῃ· σὺ δέ με χρόνον ἐνθάδʼ ἐρύκεις.","translation":"in sacred Pylos; and you are keeping me here a long time.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l599.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Πύλῳ","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ἠγαθέῃ","lemma":"ἠγάθεος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλῳ","gloss":"sacred","note":"ἠγαθέῃ, epic epithet of Pylos, 'most holy' — a stock Homeric formula."},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρύκεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύκεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκεις","gloss":"(long) time"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρύκεις","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἐρύκεις","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are keeping"}]},{"number":600,"label":"600","id":"b4-l600","source":"δῶρον δʼ ὅττι κέ μοι δοίης, κειμήλιον ἔστω·","translation":"Whatever gift you give me, let it be a keepsake;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l600.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κειμήλιον","title":"A treasured heirloom","body":"A keimēlion is a stored-up treasure, something laid away and kept rather than used daily. Telemachus prefers a lasting heirloom to horses he cannot use on rocky Ithaca."}],"words":[{"surface":"δῶρον","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστω","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of δοίης","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δοίης","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δοίης","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δῶρον","gloss":"you might give","note":"Aorist optative in a relative clause of indefinite/future condition: 'whatever you may give.'"},{"surface":"κειμήλιον","lemma":"κειμήλιον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"keepsake"},{"surface":"ἔστω","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let it be"}]},{"number":601,"label":"601","id":"b4-l601","source":"ἵππους δʼ εἰς Ἰθάκην οὐκ ἄξομαι, ἀλλὰ σοὶ αὐτῷ","translation":"but horses I will not take to Ithaca; rather, for yourself","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l601.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄξομαι","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκην","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄξομαι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will lead/take","note":"Future middle ἄξομαι, 'I will take (for myself)' — middle voice stresses the horses being for his own use."},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of λείψω","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σοὶ","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":602,"label":"602","id":"b4-l602","source":"ἐνθάδε λείψω ἄγαλμα· σὺ γὰρ πεδίοιο ἀνάσσεις","translation":"I will leave them here as an ornament. For you are lord of a broad plain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l602.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λείψω","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"λείψω","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will leave"},{"surface":"ἄγαλμα","lemma":"ἄγαλμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as ornament/glory","note":"ἄγαλμα, 'a thing of delight/glory' — predicate accusative describing the horses' purpose."},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνάσσεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνάσσεις","gloss":"of a plain"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσεις","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you rule"}]},{"number":603,"label":"603","id":"b4-l603","source":"εὐρέος, ᾧ ἔνι μὲν λωτὸς πολύς, ἐν δὲ κύπειρον","translation":"in which there is much clover, and galingale,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l603.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐρέος","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεδίοιο","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"there is in","note":"ἔνι = locational ἐν with anastrophe/accent shift, common Homeric 'there is in' idiom."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"λωτὸς","lemma":"λωτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"clover"},{"surface":"πολύς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λωτὸς","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and in it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"κύπειρον","lemma":"κύπειρον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"galingale"}]},{"number":604,"label":"604","id":"b4-l604","source":"πυροί τε ζειαί τε ἰδʼ εὐρυφυὲς κρῖ λευκόν.","translation":"wheat and spelt and broad-eared white barley.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l604.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυροί","lemma":"πυρός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ζειαί","lemma":"ζειά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"spelt"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐρυφυὲς","lemma":"εὐρυφυής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρῖ","gloss":"broad-eared","note":"εὐρυφυές, a compound epic epithet ('wide-growing') for barley, typical of formulaic catalog-lines."},{"surface":"κρῖ","lemma":"κρῖ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"barley"},{"surface":"λευκόν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρῖ","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":605,"label":"605","id":"b4-l605","source":"ἐν δʼ Ἰθάκῃ οὔτʼ ἂρ δρόμοι εὐρέες οὔτε τι λειμών·","translation":"But in Ithaca there are no wide courses, nor any meadow;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l605.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκῃ","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then/indeed"},{"surface":"δρόμοι","lemma":"δρόμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"courses (for horses)"},{"surface":"εὐρέες","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δρόμοι","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"λειμών","lemma":"λειμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"meadow"}]},{"number":606,"label":"606","id":"b4-l606","source":"αἰγίβοτος, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπήρατος ἱπποβότοιο.","translation":"it is a pasture for goats, and lovelier than land that grazes horses.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l606.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰγίβοτος","lemma":"αἰγίβοτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"goat-grazed","note":"αἰγίβοτος, compound adjective 'goat-fed' — contrasts with ἱππόβοτος 'horse-fed' later in this same line, a pointed wordplay."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπήρατος","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ἐπήρατος","lemma":"ἐπήρατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"ἱπποβότοιο","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπήρατος","gloss":"horse-grazed"}]},{"number":607,"label":"607","id":"b4-l607","source":"οὐ γάρ τις νήσων ἱππήλατος οὐδʼ ἐυλείμων,","translation":"For none of the islands is fit for driving horses, nor rich in meadows,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l607.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"νήσων","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the islands"},{"surface":"ἱππήλατος","lemma":"ἱππήλατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fit for driving horses"},{"surface":"ἐυλείμων","lemma":"εὐλείμων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"rich in meadows"}]},{"number":608,"label":"608","id":"b4-l608","source":"αἵ θʼ ἁλὶ κεκλίαται· Ἰθάκη δέ τε καὶ περὶ πασέων.","translation":"of those that slope to the sea; and Ithaca least of all.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l608.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κεκλίαται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁλὶ","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κεκλίαται","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"κεκλίαται","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νήσων","gloss":"lie sloping","note":"Perfect κεκλίαται, 'lie leaning/sloping' — stative perfect describing the islands' fixed geography."},{"surface":"Ἰθάκη","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"πασέων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"all (of them)"}]},{"number":609,"label":"609","id":"b4-l609","source":"ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος,","translation":"So he spoke, and Menelaus, good at the war-cry, smiled,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l609.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βοὴν ἀγαθὸς","title":"\"Good at the war-cry\"","body":"A standing epithet for warriors, marking skill at rallying men in battle by shouting. It is one of Homer's formulaic descriptions of a hero."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"μείδησεν","lemma":"μειδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βοὴν","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀγαθὸς","gloss":"in the war-cry","note":"βοὴν ἀγαθός, 'good at the war-cry' — a fixed Homeric epithet formula for Menelaus, accusative of respect."},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸς","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μείδησεν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":610,"label":"610","id":"b4-l610","source":"χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·","translation":"and stroked him with his hand, and spoke, and called him by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l610.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρί","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατέρεξεν","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέρεξεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κατέρεξεν","lemma":"καταρρέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ᾽","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζεν","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"named/addressed","note":"ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν is a Homeric formula: 'spoke a word and called him by name.'"}]},{"number":611,"label":"611","id":"b4-l611","source":"αἵματός εἰς ἀγαθοῖο, φίλον τέκος, οἷʼ\n                     ἀγορεύεις·","translation":"\"You are of good blood, dear child, by the way you speak.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l611.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματός","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of blood"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"ἀγαθοῖο","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἵματός","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child","note":"Vocative φίλον τέκος, 'dear child' — affectionate address, elided head noun structure like l594."},{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"you speak"}]},{"number":612,"label":"612","id":"b4-l612","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι ταῦτα μεταστήσω· δύναμαι γάρ.","translation":"Therefore I will change these gifts for you; for I am able.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l612.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιγὰρ","lemma":"τοιγάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεταστήσω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μεταστήσω","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μεταστήσω","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μεταστήσω","lemma":"μεθίστημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will change/exchange"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am able"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":613,"label":"613","id":"b4-l613","source":"δώρων δʼ ὅσσʼ ἐν ἐμῷ οἴκῳ κειμήλια κεῖται,","translation":"Of all the treasures that lie stored in my house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l613.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώρων","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of gifts"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅσσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"κειμήλια","lemma":"κειμήλιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"treasures"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δώρων","gloss":"lie stored","note":"κεῖμαι, 'lie,' the standing verb for stored treasure in Homeric diction, matching κειμήλια."}]},{"number":614,"label":"614","id":"b4-l614","source":"δώσω ὃ κάλλιστον καὶ τιμηέστατόν ἐστιν·","translation":"I will give the one that is finest and most precious:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l614.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"the one that"},{"surface":"κάλλιστον","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τιμηέστατόν","lemma":"τιμήεις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most precious"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":615,"label":"615","id":"b4-l615","source":"δώσω τοι κρητῆρα τετυγμένον· ἀργύρεος δὲ","translation":"I will give you a well-wrought mixing-bowl; it is","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l615.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will give"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"κρητῆρα","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"a mixing-bowl","note":"κρητήρ, the wine-mixing bowl — a prized guest-gift, marking xenia (hospitality) custom."},{"surface":"τετυγμένον","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies κρητῆρα","gloss":"well-wrought"},{"surface":"ἀργύρεος","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":616,"label":"616","id":"b4-l616","source":"ἔστιν ἅπας, χρυσῷ δʼ ἐπὶ χείλεα κεκράανται,","translation":"all of silver, and the rims are finished with gold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l616.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"ἅπας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"χρυσῷ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκράανται","gloss":"with gold"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χείλεα","lemma":"χεῖλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεκράανται","gloss":"rims"},{"surface":"κεκράανται","lemma":"κραίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are finished","note":"κεκράανται, perfect passive of κραίνω 'accomplish/finish' — describes craftsmanship completed and lasting."}]},{"number":617,"label":"617","id":"b4-l617","source":"ἔργον δʼ Ἡφαίστοιο. πόρεν δέ ἑ Φαίδιμος ἥρως,","translation":"the work of Hephaestus. The hero Phaedimus gave it to me,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l617.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἡφαίστοιο","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"of Hephaestus","note":"Divine craftsman-god credited for the bowl's making, elevating its prestige as a gift."},{"surface":"πόρεν","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόρεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Φαίδιμος","lemma":"Φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Phaedimus"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Φαίδιμος","gloss":"hero"}]},{"number":618,"label":"618","id":"b4-l618","source":"Σιδονίων βασιλεύς, ὅθʼ ἑὸς δόμος ἀμφεκάλυψε","translation":"king of the Sidonians, when his house sheltered me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l618.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σιδονίων","lemma":"Σιδών","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλεύς","gloss":"of the Sidonians"},{"surface":"βασιλεύς","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἑὸς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμος","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"δόμος","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεκάλυψε","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἀμφεκάλυψε","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅθ᾽","gloss":"sheltered","note":"ἀμφικαλύπτω, 'covered/enveloped around' — vivid compound verb for hospitality received."}]},{"number":619,"label":"619","id":"b4-l619","source":"κεῖσέ με νοστήσαντα· τεῒν δʼ ἐθέλω τόδʼ ὀπάσσαι.","translation":"on my way back there; this is what I wish to grant you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l619.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσέ","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσαντα","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεκάλυψε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντα","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"returning","note":"Aorist participle νοστήσαντα, 'having returned' — the Homeric nostos (homecoming) theme word."},{"surface":"τεῒν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ὀπάσσαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ὀπάσσαι","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὀπάσσαι","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"to grant"}]},{"number":620,"label":"620","id":"b4-l620","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον,","translation":"So they were speaking such things to one another,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l620.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τοιαῦτα","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were speaking","note":"ὣς...ἀγόρευον frames a scene-closing formula common at transitions between speeches and narrative."}]},{"number":621,"label":"621","id":"b4-l621","source":"δαιτυμόνες δʼ ἐς δώματʼ ἴσαν θείου βασιλῆος.","translation":"while the banqueters came to the halls of the godlike king.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l621.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιτυμόνες","lemma":"δαιτυμών","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"banqueters"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were going","note":"ἴσαν, imperfect of εἶμι (not εἰμί), 'were going' — a common irregular Homeric verb of motion."},{"surface":"θείου","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"βασιλῆος","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματ᾽","gloss":"of the king"}]},{"number":622,"label":"622","id":"b4-l622","source":"οἱ δʼ ἦγον μὲν μῆλα, φέρον δʼ ἐυήνορα οἶνον·","translation":"They brought sheep, and carried strong, manly wine;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l622.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought","note":"ἄγω imperfect: 'were bringing' driven animals, contrasted with φέρον for carried goods."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἦγον","gloss":"sheep"},{"surface":"φέρον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐυήνορα","lemma":"εὐήνωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"strong, manly","note":"εὐήνωρ 'man-strengthening' — stock Homeric epithet for wine, not a literal description."},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρον","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":623,"label":"623","id":"b4-l623","source":"σῖτον δέ σφʼ ἄλοχοι καλλικρήδεμνοι ἔπεμπον.","translation":"and their wives in their fair veils sent bread along with them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l623.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεμπον","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφ","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπεμπον","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ἄλοχοι","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπεμπον","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"καλλικρήδεμνοι","lemma":"καλλικρήδεμνος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄλοχοι","gloss":"fair-veiled","note":"καλλικρήδεμνος: compound epithet 'beautiful-headscarfed,' a formulaic marker of married women."},{"surface":"ἔπεμπον","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":624,"label":"624","id":"b4-l624","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν περὶ δεῖπνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι πένοντο.","translation":"So they busied themselves about the meal in the halls.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l624.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πένοντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πένοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"δεῖπνον","lemma":"δεῖπνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the meal"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"πένοντο","lemma":"πένομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"busied themselves","note":"πένομαι mid.-pass.: 'toiled at/about,' regularly used of meal preparation."}]},{"number":625,"label":"625","id":"b4-l625","source":"μνηστῆρες δὲ πάροιθεν Ὀδυσσῆος μεγάροιο","translation":"Meanwhile the suitors, in front of Odysseus' hall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l625.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τέρποντο","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"πάροιθεν","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μεγάροιο","gloss":"Odysseus'"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πάροιθεν","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":626,"label":"626","id":"b4-l626","source":"δίσκοισιν τέρποντο καὶ αἰγανέῃσιν ἱέντες","translation":"were amusing themselves with discuses and throwing spears","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l626.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίσκοισιν","lemma":"δίσκος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"with discuses"},{"surface":"τέρποντο","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"amused themselves"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰγανέῃσιν","lemma":"αἰγανέη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"throwing spears","note":"αἰγανέη: light javelin used for sport, not war — signals the suitors' idle games."},{"surface":"ἱέντες","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρποντο","gloss":"hurling"}]},{"number":627,"label":"627","id":"b4-l627","source":"ἐν τυκτῷ δαπέδῳ, ὅθι περ πάρος, ὕβριν ἔχοντες.","translation":"on the leveled ground, as before, in their insolence.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l627.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὕβριν","title":"Hubris","body":"Hubris is arrogant, overbearing violence that oversteps proper limits. It is the defining vice of the suitors throughout the poem and the cause of their eventual ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"τυκτῷ","lemma":"τυκτός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δαπέδῳ","gloss":"leveled"},{"surface":"δαπέδῳ","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὕβριν","lemma":"ὕβρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"insolence","note":"ὕβρις here as direct object of ἔχοντες: 'holding/having insolence' — their arrogance is framed as an ongoing possession."},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρποντο","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":628,"label":"628","id":"b4-l628","source":"Ἀντίνοος δὲ καθῆστο καὶ Εὐρύμαχος θεοειδής,","translation":"But Antinous was sitting there, and godlike Eurymachus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l628.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντίνοος","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καθῆστο","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was sitting","note":"κάθημαι pluperfect καθῆστο: 'had been sitting/was sitting,' vivid scene-setting tense in narrative."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Εὐρύμαχος","lemma":"Εὐρύμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Eurymachus"},{"surface":"θεοειδής","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Εὐρύμαχος","gloss":"godlike","note":"θεοειδής: stock epithet 'god-formed,' marking a suitor as physically impressive despite his villainy."}]},{"number":629,"label":"629","id":"b4-l629","source":"ἀρχοὶ μνηστήρων, ἀρετῇ δʼ ἔσαν ἔξοχʼ ἄριστοι.","translation":"the leaders of the suitors, and far the best in excellence.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l629.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρετῇ","title":"Aretē","body":"Aretē is excellence or worth of any kind here, prowess and standing. The poet's praise of these two is pointed irony, since their \"excellence\" serves a wicked end."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρχοὶ","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"μνηστήρων","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρχοὶ","gloss":"of the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀρετῇ","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσαν","gloss":"in excellence"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἔξοχ","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔσαν","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":630,"label":"630","id":"b4-l630","source":"τοῖς δʼ υἱὸς Φρονίοιο Νοήμων ἐγγύθεν ἐλθὼν","translation":"To them Noemon, son of Phronius, drew near","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l630.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλθὼν","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Φρονίοιο","lemma":"Φρόνιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Phronius"},{"surface":"Νοήμων","lemma":"Νοήμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Noemon"},{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθὼν","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"having come"}]},{"number":631,"label":"631","id":"b4-l631","source":"Ἀντίνοον μύθοισιν ἀνειρόμενος προσέειπεν·","translation":"and addressed Antinous, questioning him with these words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l631.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντίνοον","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀνειρόμενος","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"asking","note":"ἀνέρομαι: middle voice participle, 'questioning for his own benefit' — Noemon seeks information he needs."},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":632,"label":"632","id":"b4-l632","source":"Ἀντίνοʼ, ἦ ῥά τι ἴδμεν ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἦε καὶ\n                     οὐκί,","translation":"\"Antinous, do we know in our minds, or not,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l632.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντίνο","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do we know","note":"οἶδα perfect ἴδμεν used as present 'we know' — the perfect-as-present is characteristic of this verb throughout Homer."},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσίν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"our minds"},{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"οὐκί","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":633,"label":"633","id":"b4-l633","source":"ὁππότε Τηλέμαχος νεῖτʼ ἐκ Πύλου ἠμαθόεντος;","translation":"when Telemachus will return from sandy Pylos?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l633.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖτ᾽","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Τηλέμαχος","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of νεῖτ᾽","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"νεῖτ","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"will return","note":"νέομαι: present in form but future in sense, common for this verb of homecoming."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Πύλου","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ἠμαθόεντος","lemma":"ἠμαθόεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλου","gloss":"sandy"}]},{"number":634,"label":"634","id":"b4-l634","source":"νῆά μοι οἴχετʼ ἄγων· ἐμὲ δὲ χρεὼ γίγνεται αὐτῆς","translation":"He went off taking a ship of mine; and I have need of it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l634.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆά","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγων","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies νῆά","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"οἴχετ","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"ἄγων","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οἴχετ᾽","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διαβήμεναι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χρεὼ","lemma":"χρεώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"need","note":"χρεώ: personified abstract noun 'need' as grammatical subject of γίγνεται — idiomatic 'need comes upon me.'"},{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χρεὼ","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":635,"label":"635","id":"b4-l635","source":"Ἤλιδʼ ἐς εὐρύχορον διαβήμεναι, ἔνθα μοι ἵπποι","translation":"to cross over to spacious Elis, where I have horses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l635.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἤλιδ","lemma":"Ἦλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Elis"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"εὐρύχορον","lemma":"εὐρύχορος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἤλιδ᾽","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"διαβήμεναι","lemma":"διαβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"modifies χρεὼ","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":636,"label":"636","id":"b4-l636","source":"δώδεκα θήλειαι, ὑπὸ δʼ ἡμίονοι ταλαεργοὶ","translation":"twelve brood mares, and under them sturdy mule foals,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l636.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώδεκα","lemma":"δώδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"θήλειαι","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"brood mares"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμίονοι","lemma":"ἡμίονος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"mule foals"},{"surface":"ταλαεργοὶ","lemma":"ταλαεργός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡμίονοι","gloss":"sturdy","note":"ταλαεργός 'enduring-in-work' — epithet praising mules' toughness, prized more than looks."}]},{"number":637,"label":"637","id":"b4-l637","source":"ἀδμῆτες· τῶν κέν τινʼ ἐλασσάμενος δαμασαίμην.","translation":"unbroken; I would drive one off and break it in.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l637.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δαμασαίμην","title":"Optative of wish/potential","body":"The optative here expresses what the speaker would like or might do: \"I would tame one.\" It softens the statement into intention rather than fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀδμῆτες","lemma":"ἀδμής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἡμίονοι","gloss":"unbroken"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τιν᾽","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δαμασαίμην","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἐλασσάμενος","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δαμασαίμην","gloss":"driving off"},{"surface":"δαμασαίμην","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would break in","note":"optative + κέν: potential mood expressing a wished-for, not actual, action — Noemon's stated reason for the trip."}]},{"number":638,"label":"638","id":"b4-l638","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἐθάμβεον· οὐ γὰρ\n                  ἔφαντο","translation":"So he spoke, and they were amazed in their hearts; for they did not think","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l638.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθάμβεον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐθάμβεον","lemma":"θαμβέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were amazed"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔφαντο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they thought","note":"φημί aorist middle ἔφαντο: 'they had supposed' — contrasts with imperfect ἔφαθ᾽ earlier in the line, marking a completed belief now overturned."}]},{"number":639,"label":"639","id":"b4-l639","source":"ἐς Πύλον οἴχεσθαι Νηλήιον, ἀλλά που αὐτοῦ","translation":"he had gone to Neleian Pylos, but somewhere there at home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l639.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Πύλον","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"οἴχεσθαι","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλά","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"Νηλήιον","lemma":"Νηλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλον","gloss":"Neleian","note":"Νηλήιος: patronymic-style adjective 'of Neleus,' founder-king, marking Pylos as his city."},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to παρέμμεναι","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":640,"label":"640","id":"b4-l640","source":"ἀγρῶν ἢ μήλοισι παρέμμεναι ἠὲ συβώτῃ.","translation":"among the fields, with the flocks, or with the swineherd.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l640.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρῶν","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρέμμεναι","gloss":"in the fields"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"μήλοισι","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"with the flocks"},{"surface":"παρέμμεναι","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλά","gloss":"to be near"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"συβώτῃ","lemma":"συβώτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"with the swineherd"}]},{"number":641,"label":"641","id":"b4-l641","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀντίνοος προσέφη Εὐπείθεος υἱός·","translation":"Then Antinous, son of Eupeithes, spoke to him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l641.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἀντίνοος","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"Εὐπείθεος","lemma":"Εὐπείθης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Eupeithes"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":642,"label":"642","id":"b4-l642","source":"νημερτές μοι ἔνισπε, πότʼ ᾤχετο καὶ τίνες αὐτῷ","translation":"\"Tell me truly: when did he go, and what young men","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l642.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νημερτές","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔνισπε","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔνισπε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἔνισπε","lemma":"ἐνέπω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell","note":"ἐνέπω imperative ἔνισπε: epic verb 'to tell/relate,' also famous from the poem's opening line (ἔννεπε)."},{"surface":"πότ","lemma":"πότε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to ᾤχετο","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ᾤχετο","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"did he go"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τίνες","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κοῦροι","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἕποντ᾽","gloss":"with him"}]},{"number":643,"label":"643","id":"b4-l643","source":"κοῦροι ἕποντʼ; Ἰθάκης ἐξαίρετοι, ἦ ἑοὶ αὐτοῦ","translation":"went with him? Chosen ones of Ithaca, or his own","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l643.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕποντ᾽","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"ἕποντ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐξαίρετοι","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"ἐξαίρετοι","lemma":"ἐξαιρετός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"chosen ones"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἑοὶ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of himself"}]},{"number":644,"label":"644","id":"b4-l644","source":"θῆτές τε δμῶές τε; δύναιτό κε καὶ τὸ τελέσσαι.","translation":"hired men and slaves? He could have managed even that.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l644.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θῆτές","lemma":"θής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hired men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δμῶές","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"slaves","note":"δμώς: war-captive household servant, distinct from θής, a free hired laborer — a real social distinction in Homer."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δύναιτό","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of τελέσσαι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"τελέσσαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύναιτό","gloss":"accomplish"}]},{"number":645,"label":"645","id":"b4-l645","source":"καί μοι τοῦτʼ ἀγόρευσον ἐτήτυμον, ὄφρʼ ἐὺ εἰδῶ,","translation":"And tell me this in truth, that I may know it well:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l645.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγόρευσον","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τοῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγόρευσον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευσον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"ἐτήτυμον","lemma":"ἐτήτυμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδῶ","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδῶ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρ᾽","gloss":"I may know","note":"εἰδῶ: perfect subjunctive of οἶδα, functioning as a present subjunctive — same stem, present sense as ἴδμεν above."}]},{"number":646,"label":"646","id":"b4-l646","source":"ἤ σε βίῃ ἀέκοντος ἀπηύρα νῆα μέλαιναν,","translation":"did he take the black ship from you by force, against your will,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l646.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"βίῃ","title":"Biē — force","body":"Biē is brute physical force or violence. Antinous probes whether Telemachus seized the ship by strength, which would put him in the wrong."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"βίῃ","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπηύρα","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντος","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling","note":"ἀέκων: genitive absolute-like phrase, 'you being unwilling' — clarifies the manner in which the ship was taken."},{"surface":"ἀπηύρα","lemma":"ἀπαυράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":647,"label":"647","id":"b4-l647","source":"ἦε ἑκών οἱ δῶκας, ἐπεὶ προσπτύξατο μύθῳ.","translation":"or did you give it willingly, when he pressed you with his plea?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l647.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἑκών","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to δῶκας","gloss":"willingly","note":"ἑκών: contrasts directly with ἀέκοντος in the prior line, framing Antinous's binary question of force vs. consent."},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκας","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"δῶκας","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"did you give"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"προσπτύξατο","lemma":"ποτιπτύσσω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he pressed"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσπτύξατο","gloss":"with a plea"}]},{"number":648,"label":"648","id":"b4-l648","source":"τὸν δʼ υἱὸς Φρονίοιο Νοήμων ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then Noemon, son of Phronius, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l648.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Φρονίοιο","lemma":"Φρόνιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Phronius"},{"surface":"Νοήμων","lemma":"Νοήμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Noemon"},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":649,"label":"649","id":"b4-l649","source":"αὐτὸς ἑκών οἱ δῶκα· τί κεν ῥέξειε καὶ ἄλλος,","translation":"\"I myself gave it willingly. What else would anyone do,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l649.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἑκών","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to δῶκα","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκα","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"δῶκα","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I gave"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ῥέξειε","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ῥέξειε","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do","note":"ῥέζω aorist optative: potential mood, 'what would anyone do' — a rhetorical hypothetical defending his choice."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ῥέξειε","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":650,"label":"650","id":"b4-l650","source":"ὁππότʼ ἀνὴρ τοιοῦτος ἔχων μελεδήματα θυμῷ","translation":"when such a man, with cares in his heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l650.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of αἰτίζῃ","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"τοιοῦτος","lemma":"τοιοῦτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"having","note":"circumstantial participle sets up the whole simile clause: 'when such a man, having cares...'"},{"surface":"μελεδήματα","lemma":"μελέδημα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":651,"label":"651","id":"b4-l651","source":"αἰτίζῃ; χαλεπόν κεν ἀνήνασθαι δόσιν εἴη.","translation":"makes a request? It would be hard to refuse the gift.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l651.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰτίζῃ","lemma":"αἰτίζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότ᾽","gloss":"makes a request","note":"subjunctive in a general 'whenever' clause (ὁππότ᾽...αἰτίζῃ) — indefinite temporal construction"},{"surface":"χαλεπόν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[potential particle]","note":"κεν = ἄν, marks the potential mood with the optative εἴη: 'it would be hard'"},{"surface":"ἀνήνασθαι","lemma":"ἀναίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"to refuse"},{"surface":"δόσιν","lemma":"δόσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνήνασθαι","gloss":"the gift"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":652,"label":"652","id":"b4-l652","source":"κοῦροι δʼ, οἳ κατὰ δῆμον ἀριστεύουσι μεθʼ ἡμέας,","translation":"The young men who are foremost in the land after us,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l652.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the young men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀριστεύουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ἀριστεύουσι","lemma":"ἀριστεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"are foremost"},{"surface":"μεθ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μεθ᾽","gloss":"us","note":"ἡμέας is the epic/Homeric accusative plural of ἐγώ, not the Attic ἡμᾶς"}]},{"number":653,"label":"653","id":"b4-l653","source":"οἵ οἱ ἕποντʼ· ἐν δʼ ἀρχὸν ἐγὼ βαίνοντʼ ἐνόησα","translation":"they went with him; and I saw the one boarding as leader","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l653.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποντ᾽","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"ἕποντ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went along","note":"ἕπομαι + dative 'follow with someone'; imperfect for ongoing accompanying"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρχὸν","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as leader"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐνόησα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"βαίνοντ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"boarding","note":"present participle describes the leader in the act of stepping aboard, seen by the speaker"},{"surface":"ἐνόησα","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I noticed"}]},{"number":654,"label":"654","id":"b4-l654","source":"Μέντορα, ἠὲ θεόν, τῷ δʼ αὐτῷ πάντα ἐῴκει.","translation":"was Mentor — or a god, who was just like him in everything.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l654.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μέντορα","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"Mentor","note":"proper name; object of the disjunction 'either Mentor or a god'"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"θεόν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐῴκει","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῷ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐῴκει","gloss":"in everything"},{"surface":"ἐῴκει","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεόν","gloss":"was like","note":"ἐῴκει is the pluperfect of ἔοικα; ἔοικα itself is a perfect used with present force ('I am like'), so its pluperfect carries imperfect/past force, 'was/looked like' — not present force."}]},{"number":655,"label":"655","id":"b4-l655","source":"ἀλλὰ τὸ θαυμάζω· ἴδον ἐνθάδε Μέντορα δῖον","translation":"But this is what amazes me: I saw noble Mentor here","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l655.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of θαυμάζω","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"θαυμάζω","lemma":"θαυμάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I marvel at"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw","note":"root aorist of ὁράω-family (εἶδον), unrelated in form to the present stem"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Μέντορα","lemma":"Μέντωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"Mentor"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μέντορα","gloss":"noble","note":"δῖος, stock epic epithet 'godlike/noble' attached formulaically to heroes' names"}]},{"number":656,"label":"656","id":"b4-l656","source":"χθιζὸν ὑπηοῖον, τότε δʼ ἔμβη νηὶ Πύλονδε.","translation":"yesterday at dawn, though then he had embarked on the ship for Pylos.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l656.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χθιζὸν","lemma":"χθιζός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ὑπηοῖον","lemma":"ὑπηοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at dawn"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμβη","gloss":"yet then"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἔμβη","lemma":"ἐμβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he had embarked"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔμβη","gloss":"on a ship"},{"surface":"Πύλονδε","lemma":"Πυλόνδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔμβη","gloss":"to Pylos","note":"directional suffix -δε ('to/toward') attached to the place name, a common Homeric formation"}]},{"number":657,"label":"657","id":"b4-l657","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη πρὸς δώματα πατρός,","translation":"So speaking, he went off to his father's house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l657.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέβη","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἀπέβη","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went off"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματα","gloss":"of his father"}]},{"number":658,"label":"658","id":"b4-l658","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἀγάσσατο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.","translation":"and the proud hearts of the two of them were astounded.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l658.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοῖσιν","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἀγάσσατο","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was astounded","note":"ἄγαμαι here conveys shocked wonder/indignation, stronger than plain 'admire'"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀγάσσατο","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud","note":"ἀγήνωρ, formulaic epithet for a bold/proud θυμός"}]},{"number":659,"label":"659","id":"b4-l659","source":"μνηστῆρας δʼ ἄμυδις κάθισαν καὶ παῦσαν ἀέθλων.","translation":"They made the suitors sit down together and stop their contests,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l659.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"κάθισαν","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made sit"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῦσαν","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"ἀέθλων","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of παῦσαν","gloss":"their contests"}]},{"number":660,"label":"660","id":"b4-l660","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀντίνοος μετέφη Εὐπείθεος υἱός,","translation":"and among them Antinous, son of Eupeithes, spoke,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l660.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέφη","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀντίνοος","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"μετέφη","lemma":"μετάφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"μετάφημι, 'speak among/to a group' — compound found mainly in formulaic speech-introductions"},{"surface":"Εὐπείθεος","lemma":"Εὐπείθης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Eupeithes"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":661,"label":"661","id":"b4-l661","source":"ἀχνύμενος· μένεος δὲ μέγα φρένες ἀμφιμέλαιναι","translation":"grieving; and his heart, darkened all around, was filled","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l661.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀχνύμενος","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετέφη","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"μένεος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίμπλαντ᾽","gloss":"with rage","note":"μένος, 'inner force/fury' — genitive of the thing his heart is filled with"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πίμπλαντ᾽","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"φρένες","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of πίμπλαντ᾽","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"ἀμφιμέλαιναι","lemma":"ἀμφιμέλας","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρένες","gloss":"darkened all around","note":"ἀμφιμέλας, vivid compound epithet: heart 'black all around' with rage"}]},{"number":662,"label":"662","id":"b4-l662","source":"πίμπλαντʼ, ὄσσε δέ οἱ πυρὶ λαμπετόωντι ἐίκτην·","translation":"to bursting with rage, and his two eyes were like blazing fire.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l662.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐίκτην","title":"Dual verb","body":"ἐίκτην is a dual form (\"the two were like\"), agreeing with ὄσσε, \"the two eyes.\" Homer regularly uses the dual for paired body parts."}],"words":[{"surface":"πίμπλαντ","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was filled"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐίκτην","gloss":"his two eyes","note":"dual number ὄσσε, archaic for a natural pair (the eyes)"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐίκτην","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"λαμπετόωντι","lemma":"λαμπετάω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular neuter","role":"modifies πυρὶ","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"ἐίκτην","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were like","note":"dual verb ἐίκτην agrees with dual subject ὄσσε — 'the two eyes were like...'"}]},{"number":663,"label":"663","id":"b4-l663","source":"ὢ πόποι, ἦ μέγα ἔργον ὑπερφιάλως ἐτελέσθη","translation":"\"Outrageous! Truly a great deed has been brazenly carried through","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l663.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"outrageous","note":"exclamation ὢ πόποι, standard Homeric cry of shock/dismay"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"exclamation","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"[alas]"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ὑπερφιάλως","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτελέσθη","gloss":"brazenly"},{"surface":"ἐτελέσθη","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has been carried through"}]},{"number":664,"label":"664","id":"b4-l664","source":"Τηλεμάχῳ ὁδὸς ἥδε· φάμεν δέ οἱ οὐ τελέεσθαι.","translation":"by Telemachus, this voyage — and we said it would never come to pass.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l664.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐτελέσθη","gloss":"by Telemachus"},{"surface":"ὁδὸς","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"this voyage"},{"surface":"ἥδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁδὸς","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"φάμεν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we said"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τελέεσθαι","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τελέεσθαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φάμεν","gloss":"would come to pass","note":"future infinitive after φάμεν, expressing indirect statement about a future outcome"}]},{"number":665,"label":"665","id":"b4-l665","source":"ἐκ τοσσῶνδʼ ἀέκητι νέος πάϊς οἴχεται αὔτως","translation":"In defiance of us all, the young boy has just slipped away,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l665.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in defiance of","note":"ἐκ governs the genitive τοσσῶνδ᾽ ('from so many of us'); ἀέκητι is a separate adverb ('against the will') modifying οἴχεται, not part of one split phrase with ἐκ."},{"surface":"τοσσῶνδ","lemma":"τοσόσδε","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἐκ","gloss":"so many of us"},{"surface":"ἀέκητι","lemma":"ἀέκητι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴχεται","gloss":"against the will"},{"surface":"νέος","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οἴχεται","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"οἴχεται","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has gone off"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴχεται","gloss":"just like that"}]},{"number":666,"label":"666","id":"b4-l666","source":"νῆα ἐρυσσάμενος, κρίνας τʼ ἀνὰ δῆμον ἀρίστους.","translation":"having launched a ship and picked the best men from the people.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l666.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐρυσσάμενος ... κρίνας","title":"Aorist participles","body":"Both ἐρυσσάμενος (middle) and κρίνας (active) are aorist participles describing the completed actions that preceded his departure — having drawn down a ship and having selected men."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"having launched"},{"surface":"κρίνας","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τ᾽","gloss":"having picked"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνὰ","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κρίνας","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":667,"label":"667","id":"b4-l667","source":"ἄρξει καὶ προτέρω κακὸν ἔμμεναι· ἀλλά οἱ αὐτῷ","translation":"He will begin to be a worse trouble even hereafter; but may Zeus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l667.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρξει","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he will begin"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄρξει","gloss":"further on"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a trouble"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἄρξει","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βίην","gloss":"to him","note":"dative of person concerned, resumed in next line's clause about Zeus destroying his βίη"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":668,"label":"668","id":"b4-l668","source":"Ζεὺς ὀλέσειε βίην, πρὶν ἥβης μέτρον ἱκέσθαι.","translation":"destroy his strength before he reaches the full measure of manhood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l668.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀλέσειε","title":"Optative of wish","body":"ὀλέσειε is an aorist optative expressing a wish: \"may Zeus destroy.\" The optative without ἄν is the standard way to voice a prayer or curse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀλέσειε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ὀλέσειε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may he destroy","note":"optative ὀλέσειε expresses a wish/curse: 'may Zeus destroy...'"},{"surface":"βίην","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσειε","gloss":"his strength"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἥβης","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μέτρον","gloss":"of manhood"},{"surface":"μέτρον","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"the full measure"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"he reaches"}]},{"number":669,"label":"669","id":"b4-l669","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι δότε νῆα θοὴν καὶ εἴκοσʼ ἑταίρους,","translation":"Come now, give me a swift ship and twenty companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l669.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε, frozen imperative used as an interjection urging action, common in Homeric speeches"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δότε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δότε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"a ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴκοσ","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":670,"label":"670","id":"b4-l670","source":"ὄφρα μιν αὐτὸν ἰόντα λοχήσομαι ἠδὲ φυλάξω","translation":"so that I may ambush him on his way back and lie in wait","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l670.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"λοχήσομαι","lemma":"λοχάω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"I may ambush","note":"subjunctive of purpose after ὄφρα, paired with φυλάξω below"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φυλάξω","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"I may lie in wait"}]},{"number":671,"label":"671","id":"b4-l671","source":"ἐν πορθμῷ Ἰθάκης τε Σάμοιό τε παιπαλοέσσης,","translation":"in the strait between Ithaca and rugged Samos,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l671.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πορθμῷ","lemma":"πορθμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the strait"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σάμοιό","lemma":"Σάμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Samos"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παιπαλοέσσης","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σάμοιό","gloss":"rugged"}]},{"number":672,"label":"672","id":"b4-l672","source":"ὡς ἂν ἐπισμυγερῶς ναυτίλλεται εἵνεκα πατρός.","translation":"so that this seafaring of his on his father's account may end in grief.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l672.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[modal particle]"},{"surface":"ἐπισμυγερῶς","lemma":"ἐπισμυγερός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναυτίλλεται","gloss":"grievously"},{"surface":"ναυτίλλεται","lemma":"ναυτίλλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he sails","note":"ναυτίλλομαι, rare verb 'to voyage by sea,' used here of Telemachus's fatal-sounding journey"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"πατρός","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":673,"label":"673","id":"b4-l673","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἐπῄνεον ἠδʼ\n                  ἐκέλευον.","translation":"So he spoke, and they all approved and urged him on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l673.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ᾽","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἱ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπῄνεον","lemma":"ἐπαινέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged him on"}]},{"number":674,"label":"674","id":"b4-l674","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτʼ ἀνστάντες ἔβαν δόμον εἰς Ὀδυσῆος.","translation":"Then at once they rose and went to the house of Odysseus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l674.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνστάντες","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαν","gloss":"having risen"},{"surface":"ἔβαν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they went","note":"ἔβαν, epic aorist of βαίνω without thematic augment, a common shortened form"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":675,"label":"675","id":"b4-l675","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα Πηνελόπεια πολὺν χρόνον ἦεν ἄπυστος","translation":"Nor was Penelope long left in ignorance","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l675.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"Penelope"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was","note":"ἦεν, epic uncontracted imperfect of εἰμί (= Attic ἦν)"},{"surface":"ἄπυστος","lemma":"ἄπυστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unaware"}]},{"number":676,"label":"676","id":"b4-l676","source":"μύθων, οὓς μνηστῆρες ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βυσσοδόμευον·","translation":"of the schemes the suitors were brooding in their hearts;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l676.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"βυσσοδόμευον","title":"Plotting in the depths","body":"βυσσοδομεύω literally means \"to build in the deep,\" a vivid metaphor for hatching secret schemes deep within the mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄπυστος","gloss":"of the schemes"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of βυσσοδόμευον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of βυσσοδόμευον","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"their hearts"},{"surface":"βυσσοδόμευον","lemma":"βυσσοδομεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μύθων","gloss":"were brooding","note":"βυσσοδομεύω, vivid compound 'build deep down' — plotting secretly in one's heart"}]},{"number":677,"label":"677","id":"b4-l677","source":"κῆρυξ γάρ οἱ ἔειπε Μέδων, ὃς ἐπεύθετο βουλὰς","translation":"for the herald Medon told her, who had overheard their plans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l677.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μέδων","gloss":"the herald"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Μέδων","lemma":"Μέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔειπε","gloss":"Medon"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπεύθετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐπεύθετο","lemma":"πεύθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Μέδων","gloss":"had overheard"},{"surface":"βουλὰς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπεύθετο","gloss":"their plans"}]},{"number":678,"label":"678","id":"b4-l678","source":"αὐλῆς ἐκτὸς ἐών· οἱ δʼ ἔνδοθι μῆτιν ὕφαινον.","translation":"while standing outside the court, as they wove their plot within.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l678.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐλῆς","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"ἐκτὸς","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside","note":"ἐκτός + genitive αὐλῆς: 'outside of' takes genitive, common Homeric preposition pattern."},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεύθετο","gloss":"being, standing"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὕφαινον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and, but"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθι","lemma":"ἔνδοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὕφαινον","gloss":"within, inside"},{"surface":"μῆτιν","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὕφαινον","gloss":"plot, scheme","note":"μῆτις = cunning intelligence, Odysseus's signature word; here the suitors' plotting."},{"surface":"ὕφαινον","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were weaving"}]},{"number":679,"label":"679","id":"b4-l679","source":"βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἀγγελέων διὰ δώματα Πηνελοπείῃ·","translation":"He went to carry the news through the house to Penelope;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l679.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἀγγελέων","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to announce","note":"Future participle ἀγγελέων expressing purpose: 'went in order to announce' — classic Homeric idiom."},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"Πηνελοπείῃ","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγγελέων","gloss":"to Penelope"}]},{"number":680,"label":"680","id":"b4-l680","source":"τὸν δὲ κατʼ οὐδοῦ βάντα προσηύδα Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"and as he stepped over the threshold Penelope addressed him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l680.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over"},{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατ᾽","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"βάντα","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stepping"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"Penelope","note":"Full formulaic name Πηνελόπεια fills the line-end, a recurring epic tag for her."}]},{"number":681,"label":"681","id":"b4-l681","source":"κῆρυξ, τίπτε δέ σε πρόεσαν μνηστῆρες ἀγαυοί;","translation":"\"Herald, why have the lordly suitors sent you here?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l681.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πρόεσαν","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and, then"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of πρόεσαν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πρόεσαν","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πρόεσαν","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"ἀγαυοί","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρες","gloss":"lordly","note":"ἀγαυοί 'lordly' is used with bitter irony here — an honorific epithet applied to men Penelope despises."}]},{"number":682,"label":"682","id":"b4-l682","source":"ἦ εἰπέμεναι δμῳῇσιν Ὀδυσσῆος θείοιο","translation":"Is it to tell the maids of godlike Odysseus","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l682.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"εἰπέμεναι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"δμῳῇσιν","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἰπέμεναι","gloss":"to the maidservants"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δμῳῇσιν","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"θείοιο","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"godlike","note":"θεῖος 'godlike' is a stock epithet for Odysseus, marking his heroic stature even offstage."}]},{"number":683,"label":"683","id":"b4-l683","source":"ἔργων παύσασθαι, σφίσι δʼ αὐτοῖς δαῖτα πένεσθαι;","translation":"to leave off their work and prepare a feast for them?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l683.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔργων","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of παύσασθαι","gloss":"their work"},{"surface":"παύσασθαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to stop"},{"surface":"σφίσι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of πένεσθαι","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῖς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφίσι","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πένεσθαι","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"πένεσθαι","lemma":"πένομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δ᾽","gloss":"to prepare","note":"πένεσθαι here means 'busy oneself with' — the maids' work-vs-feast contrast is Penelope's angry sarcasm."}]},{"number":684,"label":"684","id":"b4-l684","source":"μὴ μνηστεύσαντες μηδʼ ἄλλοθʼ ὁμιλήσαντες","translation":"Would that they had never wooed me nor gathered anywhere else,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l684.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not","note":"μή with the aorist participles expresses a wish contrary to fact: 'would that they had never...' — an optative-of-wish idiom."},{"surface":"μνηστεύσαντες","lemma":"μνηστεύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"having wooed"},{"surface":"ἄλλοθ","lemma":"ἄλλοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁμιλήσαντες","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"ὁμιλήσαντες","lemma":"ὁμιλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δ᾽","gloss":"having gathered"}]},{"number":685,"label":"685","id":"b4-l685","source":"ὕστατα καὶ πύματα νῦν ἐνθάδε δειπνήσειαν·","translation":"but were dining here now for the last and final time —","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l685.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὕστατα","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πύματα","lemma":"πύματος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δειπνήσειαν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δειπνήσειαν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"δειπνήσειαν","lemma":"δειπνέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might dine","note":"Optative δειπνήσειαν continues the curse-wish begun in the prior line: 'would that they dined here for the last time.'"}]},{"number":686,"label":"686","id":"b4-l686","source":"οἳ θάμʼ ἀγειρόμενοι βίοτον κατακείρετε πολλόν,","translation":"you who, forever crowding here, devour so much of the living,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l686.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατακείρετε","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"θάμ","lemma":"θαμά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγειρόμενοι","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ἀγειρόμενοι","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κατακείρετε","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"βίοτον","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"livelihood"},{"surface":"κατακείρετε","lemma":"κατακείρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"devour, waste"},{"surface":"πολλόν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βίοτον","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":687,"label":"687","id":"b4-l687","source":"κτῆσιν Τηλεμάχοιο δαΐφρονος· οὐδέ τι πατρῶν","translation":"the wealth of wise Telemachus. Nor in days past, when you were children,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l687.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτῆσιν","lemma":"κτῆσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"wealth, property"},{"surface":"Τηλεμάχοιο","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κτῆσιν","gloss":"of Telemachus"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονος","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies Τηλεμάχοιο","gloss":"wise-hearted","note":"δαΐφρων 'wise/warlike in mind' is a recurring epithet praising Telemachus's growing maturity."},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πατρῶν","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούετε","gloss":"of fathers"}]},{"number":688,"label":"688","id":"b4-l688","source":"ὑμετέρων τὸ πρόσθεν ἀκούετε, παῖδες ἐόντες,","translation":"did you ever hear from your own fathers","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l688.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμετέρων","lemma":"ὑμέτερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρῶν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρόσθεν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀκούετε","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"ἀκούετε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκούετε","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":689,"label":"689","id":"b4-l689","source":"οἷος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔσκε μεθʼ ὑμετέροισι τοκεῦσιν,","translation":"what kind of man Odysseus was among your parents —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l689.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"what sort of man"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσκε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἀκούετε","gloss":"used to be","note":"Iterative-flavored imperfect ἔσκε (from εἰμί) marks habitual past state: 'he was, as he used to be.'"},{"surface":"μεθ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ὑμετέροισι","lemma":"ὑμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοκεῦσιν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τοκεῦσιν","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μεθ᾽","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":690,"label":"690","id":"b4-l690","source":"οὔτε τινὰ ῥέξας ἐξαίσιον οὔτε τι εἰπὼν","translation":"never doing anyone an outrage, never speaking one,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l690.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"τινὰ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ῥέξας","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ῥέξας","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having done"},{"surface":"ἐξαίσιον","lemma":"ἐξαίσιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"an outrage"},{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἰπὼν","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having said"}]},{"number":691,"label":"691","id":"b4-l691","source":"ἐν δήμῳ, ἥ τʼ ἐστὶ δίκη θείων βασιλήων·","translation":"among the people: that is the way of godlike kings.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l691.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δίκη","title":"dikē: custom and justice","body":"δίκη here means the customary way or manner of just kings, blending \"this is how it is done\" with \"this is what is right\" — the root of the Greek idea of justice."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"δίκη","lemma":"δίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the custom, justice"},{"surface":"θείων","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλήων","gloss":"of godlike"},{"surface":"βασιλήων","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δίκη","gloss":"kings","note":"δίκη θείων βασιλήων — 'the way of godlike kings,' a maxim on kingship voiced by Penelope."}]},{"number":692,"label":"692","id":"b4-l692","source":"ἄλλον κʼ ἐχθαίρῃσι βροτῶν, ἄλλον κε φιλοίη.","translation":"One mortal a king may hate, another he may love;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l692.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐχθαίρῃσι","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"ἐχθαίρῃσι","lemma":"ἐχθαίρω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might hate"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄλλον","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of φιλοίη","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(potential particle)"},{"surface":"φιλοίη","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might love","note":"ἐχθαίρῃσι...φιλοίη: subjunctive then optative in parallel general-condition clauses, both with κε/κεν — a Homeric mixed-mood pattern for generalizing statements."}]},{"number":693,"label":"693","id":"b4-l693","source":"κεῖνος δʼ οὔ ποτε πάμπαν ἀτάσθαλον ἄνδρα ἐώργει.","translation":"but that man never did a single reckless wrong to anyone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l693.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐώργει","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐώργει","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ἀτάσθαλον","lemma":"ἀτάσθαλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐώργει","gloss":"reckless wrong"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐώργει","gloss":"to any man"},{"surface":"ἐώργει","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had done","note":"Pluperfect ἐώργει (from ἔρδω) stresses a completed state in the past: Odysseus 'had (ever) done' no wrong — an emphatic character reference."}]},{"number":694,"label":"694","id":"b4-l694","source":"ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ὑμέτερος θυμὸς καὶ ἀεικέα ἔργα","translation":"Yet your temper and your shameful deeds","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l694.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(contrast particle)"},{"surface":"ὑμέτερος","lemma":"ὑμέτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"temper, spirit"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":695,"label":"695","id":"b4-l695","source":"φαίνεται, οὐδέ τίς ἐστι χάρις μετόπισθʼ ἐυεργέων.","translation":"are plain to see, and there is no gratitude afterward for kindnesses done.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l695.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χάρις","title":"kharis: gratitude and grace","body":"χάρις spans the favor given, the grace it carries, and the gratitude owed in return. Penelope charges the suitors with breaking that reciprocal bond."}],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνεται","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is shown, is plain","note":"φαίνεται middle/passive: the suitors' character 'shows itself' — Penelope names their disgrace openly."},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies χάρις","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"χάρις","lemma":"χάρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"μετόπισθ","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ἐυεργέων","lemma":"εὐεργής","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies χάρις","gloss":"for good deeds"}]},{"number":696,"label":"696","id":"b4-l696","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε Μέδων πεπνυμένα εἰδώς·","translation":"Then Medon, who knew prudent things, answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l696.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"Μέδων","lemma":"Μέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Medon"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένα","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"prudent things"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Μέδων","gloss":"knowing","note":"πεπνυμένα εἰδώς 'knowing wise/prudent things' is a stock formula marking a speaker as sensible and trustworthy — applied here to the herald Medon."}]},{"number":697,"label":"697","id":"b4-l697","source":"αἲ γὰρ δή, βασίλεια, τόδε πλεῖστον κακὸν εἴη.","translation":"\"Would, my queen, that this were the worst of the evil.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l697.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"αἴ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that","note":"αἲ γάρ + optative εἴη is the standard Homeric wish-formula: 'would that...'"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"βασίλεια","lemma":"βασίλεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"πλεῖστον","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὸν","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were, might be"}]},{"number":698,"label":"698","id":"b4-l698","source":"ἀλλὰ πολὺ μεῖζόν τε καὶ ἀργαλεώτερον ἄλλο","translation":"But the suitors are planning another, far greater and more grievous —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l698.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far, much"},{"surface":"μεῖζόν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργαλεώτερον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"more grievous"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of φράζονται","gloss":"another thing"}]},{"number":699,"label":"699","id":"b4-l699","source":"μνηστῆρες φράζονται, ὃ μὴ τελέσειε Κρονίων·","translation":"may the son of Cronos never let it come to pass:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l699.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φράζονται","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"φράζονται","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are plotting"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of τελέσειε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τελέσειε","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλο","gloss":"may he bring to pass","note":"ὃ μὴ τελέσειε: optative of wish embedded mid-narrative — Medon interrupts his own report to pray it won't happen."},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέσειε","gloss":"the son of Cronos"}]},{"number":700,"label":"700","id":"b4-l700","source":"Τηλέμαχον μεμάασι κατακτάμεν ὀξέι χαλκῷ","translation":"they are eager to kill Telemachus with the sharp bronze","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l700.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλέμαχον","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτάμεν","gloss":"Telemachus"},{"surface":"μεμάασι","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are eager","note":"μεμάασι, perfect with present force ('are eager'), from a defective verb meaning to strain/desire strongly."},{"surface":"κατακτάμεν","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμάασι","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"ὀξέι","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτάμεν","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":701,"label":"701","id":"b4-l701","source":"οἴκαδε νισόμενον· ὁ δʼ ἔβη μετὰ πατρὸς ἀκουὴν","translation":"as he comes home; for he has gone after news of his father","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l701.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νισόμενον","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"νισόμενον","lemma":"νίσσομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀκουὴν","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"ἀκουὴν","lemma":"ἀκουή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"news, tidings"}]},{"number":702,"label":"702","id":"b4-l702","source":"ἐς Πύλον ἠγαθέην ἠδʼ ἐς Λακεδαίμονα δῖαν.","translation":"to holy Pylos and to noble Lacedaemon.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l702.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Πύλον","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ἠγαθέην","lemma":"ἠγάθεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πύλον","gloss":"holy","note":"ἠγαθέη 'very holy' is a fixed epithet for Pylos, echoing formulaic geography throughout the Odyssey."},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονα","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"δῖαν","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονα","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":703,"label":"703","id":"b4-l703","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῆς δʼ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον\n                  ἦτορ,","translation":"So he spoke, and her knees gave way and her dear heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l703.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λύτο γούνατα","title":"Knees loosened by shock","body":"\"Her knees were loosened\" is a stock Homeric phrase for the collapse of strength under sudden emotion — here grief and terror, elsewhere death in battle."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λύτο","gloss":"on the spot"},{"surface":"λύτο","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way, were loosed","note":"λύτο γούνατα 'her knees were loosed' is a formulaic Homeric image for a shock so great the body nearly collapses."},{"surface":"γούνατα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":704,"label":"704","id":"b4-l704","source":"δὴν δέ μιν ἀμφασίη ἐπέων λάβε· τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε","translation":"and for a long time speechlessness seized her; her two eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l704.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἀμφασίη","lemma":"ἀμφασίη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of λάβε","gloss":"speechlessness","note":"ἀμφασίη 'speechlessness/loss of words' — a rare noun used to capture Penelope's shock at Medon's news."},{"surface":"ἐπέων","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀμφασίη","gloss":"of words"},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine article","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"her two","note":"τὼ is the dual article, agreeing with the dual noun ὄσσε 'two eyes' — Homeric Greek still marks the dual number for natural pairs."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄσσε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of πλῆσθεν","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":705,"label":"705","id":"b4-l705","source":"δακρυόφι πλῆσθεν, θαλερὴ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.","translation":"filled with tears, and her flowing voice was checked.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l705.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρυόφι","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of πλῆσθεν","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"πλῆσθεν","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were filled"},{"surface":"θαλερὴ","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωνή","gloss":"flowing, full"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies φωνή","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was checked, held back"},{"surface":"φωνή","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχετο","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":706,"label":"706","id":"b4-l706","source":"ὀψὲ δὲ δή μιν ἔπεσσιν ἀμειβομένη προσέειπε·","translation":"Late at last she answered him and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l706.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀψὲ","lemma":"ὀψέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"at last, late"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔπεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβομένη","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":707,"label":"707","id":"b4-l707","source":"κῆρυξ, τίπτε δέ μοι πάϊς οἴχεται; οὐδέ τί μιν\n                     χρεὼ","translation":"\"Herald, why has my child gone? There was no need for him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l707.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"herald","note":"vocative address, head noun elided (implied 'tell me')"},{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴχεται","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οἴχεται","gloss":"child","note":"epic form πάϊς for παῖς, metrically lengthened"},{"surface":"οἴχεται","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπιβαινέμεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"χρεὼ","lemma":"χρεώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":708,"label":"708","id":"b4-l708","source":"νηῶν ὠκυπόρων ἐπιβαινέμεν, αἵ θʼ ἁλὸς ἵπποι","translation":"to embark on the swift-faring ships, which serve men","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l708.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβαινέμεν","gloss":"of ships"},{"surface":"ὠκυπόρων","lemma":"ὠκύπορος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῶν","gloss":"swift-faring","note":"stock Homeric epithet for ships, ὠκύπορος 'swift-passing'"},{"surface":"ἐπιβαινέμεν","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies χρεὼ","gloss":"to embark on","note":"epic infinitive ending -έμεν, archaic alternative to -ειν"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":709,"label":"709","id":"b4-l709","source":"ἀνδράσι γίγνονται, περόωσι δὲ πουλὺν ἐφʼ ὑγρήν.","translation":"as horses of the sea and cross the vast watery waste.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l709.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of γίγνονται","gloss":"for men"},{"surface":"γίγνονται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"become","note":"'horses of the sea' = famous kenning for ships, spanning this line and the last"},{"surface":"περόωσι","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πουλὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑγρήν","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὑγρήν","lemma":"ὑγρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφ᾽","gloss":"watery waste"}]},{"number":710,"label":"710","id":"b4-l710","source":"ἦ ἵνα μηδʼ ὄνομʼ αὐτοῦ ἐν ἀνθρώποισι λίπηται;","translation":"Was it so that not even his name might be left among men?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l710.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὄνομ","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of λίπηται","gloss":"name","note":"nominative subject of the passive verb λίπηται, 'might be left' — no idiom involved"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄνομ᾽","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"λίπηται","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"be left"}]},{"number":711,"label":"711","id":"b4-l711","source":"τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα Μέδων πεπνυμένα εἰδώς·","translation":"Then Medon, who knew prudent things, answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l711.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Μέδων","lemma":"Μέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"Medon"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένα","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"prudent things","note":"πεπνυμένα εἰδώς is a Homeric formula, 'knowing wise/prudent things'"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Μέδων","gloss":"knowing"}]},{"number":712,"label":"712","id":"b4-l712","source":"οὐκ οἶδʼ ἤ τίς μιν θεὸς ὤρορεν, ἦε καὶ αὐτοῦ","translation":"\"I do not know whether some god stirred him, or whether his own","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l712.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἶδ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὤρορεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρορεν","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"ὤρορεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"stirred","note":"reduplicated aorist ὤρορεν from ὄρνυμι, epic intensive form"},{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":713,"label":"713","id":"b4-l713","source":"θυμὸς ἐφωρμήθη ἴμεν ἐς Πύλον, ὄφρα πύθηται","translation":"heart drove him to go to Pylos, to learn","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l713.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφωρμήθη","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐφωρμήθη","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"drove him"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐφωρμήθη","gloss":"to go","note":"athematic infinitive ἴμεν from εἶμι 'go'"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Πύλον","lemma":"Πύλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Pylos"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πύθηται","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"learn"}]},{"number":714,"label":"714","id":"b4-l714","source":"πατρὸς ἑοῦ ἢ νόστον ἢ ὅν τινα πότμον ἐπέσπεν.","translation":"of his father's return, or what fate he has met.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l714.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"ἑοῦ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρὸς","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"νόστον","lemma":"νόστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅν","gloss":"[-ever]"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσπεν","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἐπέσπεν","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"has met","note":"ἐφέπω here idiomatic 'meet/encounter' (fate), not literal 'follow upon'"}]},{"number":715,"label":"715","id":"b4-l715","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη κατὰ δῶμʼ Ὀδυσῆος.","translation":"So having spoken he went off down through the house of Odysseus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l715.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέβη","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ἀπέβη","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down through"},{"surface":"δῶμ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμ᾽","gloss":"of Odysseus"}]},{"number":716,"label":"716","id":"b4-l716","source":"τὴν δʼ ἄχος ἀμφεχύθη θυμοφθόρον, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ ἔτλη","translation":"And heart-destroying grief poured over her, nor could she any longer bear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l716.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄχος","title":"akhos: piercing grief","body":"ἄχος is acute, gripping anguish, the same word at the root of \"Achilles.\" Here it \"pours around\" Penelope like an enveloping flood."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεχύθη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεχύθη","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἀμφεχύθη","lemma":"ἀμφιχέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured over","note":"vivid passive 'grief was poured around her', a formulaic epic image of overwhelming emotion"},{"surface":"θυμοφθόρον","lemma":"θυμοφθόρος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"heart-destroying"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτλη","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could bear"}]},{"number":717,"label":"717","id":"b4-l717","source":"δίφρῳ ἐφέζεσθαι πολλῶν κατὰ οἶκον ἐόντων,","translation":"to sit on a chair, though there were many in the house,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l717.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίφρῳ","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφέζεσθαι","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἐφέζεσθαι","lemma":"ἐφέζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλη","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"πολλῶν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐόντων","gloss":"many","note":"genitive absolute construction with ἐόντων, 'though many were...'"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἐόντων","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔτλη","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":718,"label":"718","id":"b4-l718","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄρʼ ἐπʼ οὐδοῦ ἷζε πολυκμήτου θαλάμοιο","translation":"but she sank down on the threshold of her well-wrought chamber,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l718.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"οὐδοῦ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"ἷζε","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sank down","note":"she sits on the bare threshold, not a chair—a mark of raw grief"},{"surface":"πολυκμήτου","lemma":"πολύκμητος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάμοιο","gloss":"well-wrought"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies οὐδοῦ","gloss":"chamber"}]},{"number":719,"label":"719","id":"b4-l719","source":"οἴκτρʼ ὀλοφυρομένη· περὶ δὲ δμῳαὶ μινύριζον","translation":"wailing piteously; and around her the maidservants whimpered,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l719.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκτρ","lemma":"οἰκτρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀλοφυρομένη","gloss":"piteously"},{"surface":"ὀλοφυρομένη","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἷζε","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δμῳαὶ","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of μινύριζον","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"μινύριζον","lemma":"μινυρίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"whimpered"}]},{"number":720,"label":"720","id":"b4-l720","source":"πᾶσαι, ὅσαι κατὰ δώματʼ ἔσαν νέαι ἠδὲ παλαιαί.","translation":"all of them, as many as were in the house, young and old.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l720.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δμῳαὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὅσαι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δμῳαὶ","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"νέαι","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παλαιαί","lemma":"παλαιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"old"}]},{"number":721,"label":"721","id":"b4-l721","source":"τῇς δʼ ἁδινὸν γοόωσα μετηύδα Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Weeping bitterly, Penelope spoke among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l721.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of μετηύδα","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"[and]"},{"surface":"ἁδινὸν","lemma":"ἀδινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to γοόωσα","gloss":"bitterly","note":"ἁδινόν as adverbial accusative, 'thickly/heavily' modifying the weeping"},{"surface":"γοόωσα","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to μετηύδα","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"μετηύδα","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μετηύδα","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":722,"label":"722","id":"b4-l722","source":"κλῦτε, φίλαι· πέρι γάρ μοι Ὀλύμπιος ἄλγεʼ\n                     ἔδωκεν","translation":"\"Hear me, dear friends; for the Olympian has given me sorrows beyond measure,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l722.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλῦτε","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"φίλαι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"dear friends","note":"vocative, addressee noun elided (understood 'friends')"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to ἔδωκεν","gloss":"beyond measure","note":"tmesis: πέρι...ἔδωκεν, 'gave beyond' = 'gave more than to others'"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"the Olympian"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδωκεν","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ἔδωκεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has given"}]},{"number":723,"label":"723","id":"b4-l723","source":"ἐκ πασέων, ὅσσαι μοι ὁμοῦ τράφεν ἠδʼ ἐγένοντο·","translation":"beyond all the women who were reared and born together with me;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l723.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"πασέων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐκ","gloss":"all women"},{"surface":"ὅσσαι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁμοῦ","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ᾽","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"τράφεν","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"were reared"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ᾽","gloss":"were born"}]},{"number":724,"label":"724","id":"b4-l724","source":"ἣ πρὶν μὲν πόσιν ἐσθλὸν ἀπώλεσα θυμολέοντα,","translation":"I who long ago lost my noble husband, lion-hearted,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l724.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"I who"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἀπώλεσα","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"θυμολέοντα","lemma":"θυμολέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"lion-hearted","note":"compound epithet θυμολέων, 'lion in spirit', praising Odysseus's courage"}]},{"number":725,"label":"725","id":"b4-l725","source":"παντοίῃς ἀρετῇσι κεκασμένον ἐν Δαναοῖσιν,","translation":"excelling in every kind of excellence among the Danaans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l725.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρετῇσι","title":"aretē: excellence","body":"ἀρετή is excellence or worth of every sort — prowess, intelligence, character. Odysseus is praised as outstanding in all its forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"παντοίῃς","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρετῇσι","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"ἀρετῇσι","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies κεκασμένον","gloss":"excellence"},{"surface":"κεκασμένον","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"excelling","note":"perfect participle κεκασμένον, 'having distinguished himself', governing dative of respect"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Δαναοῖσιν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the Danaans"}]},{"number":726,"label":"726","id":"b4-l726","source":"ἐσθλόν, τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθʼ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος.","translation":"noble, whose fame is wide through Hellas and the heart of Argos.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l726.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κλέος","title":"kleos: undying fame","body":"κλέος is the renown that lives in song after a hero is gone. Penelope measures her husband's worth by how far his fame reaches."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"is wide"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Ἑλλάδα","lemma":"Ἑλλάς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Hellas"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργος","gloss":"heart of"},{"surface":"Ἄργος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"Argos"}]},{"number":727,"label":"727","id":"b4-l727","source":"νῦν αὖ παῖδʼ ἀγαπητὸν ἀνηρείψαντο θύελλαι","translation":"And now the storm winds have snatched away my beloved son","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l727.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀγαπητὸν","lemma":"ἀγαπητός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδ᾽","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"ἀνηρείψαντο","lemma":"ἀνερείπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched away","note":"storm-winds as agent of abduction, echoing epic 'Harpies' theme of sudden disappearance"},{"surface":"θύελλαι","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"storm winds"}]},{"number":728,"label":"728","id":"b4-l728","source":"ἀκλέα ἐκ μεγάρων, οὐδʼ ὁρμηθέντος ἄκουσα.","translation":"without glory from the halls, and I never heard of his setting out.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l728.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀκλέα","lemma":"ἀκλεής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"without glory"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μεγάρων","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ὁρμηθέντος","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"setting out","note":"genitive absolute, 'him having set out'—she never even heard of his departure"},{"surface":"ἄκουσα","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":729,"label":"729","id":"b4-l729","source":"σχέτλιαι, οὐδʼ ὑμεῖς περ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ θέσθε ἑκάστη","translation":"Cruel women, not one of you took it to heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l729.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιαι","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"vocative plural feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"cruel women","note":"vocative address, addressee elided; harsh rebuke to her maids"},{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of θέσθε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[even]"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"θέσθε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took to heart"},{"surface":"ἑκάστη","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":730,"label":"730","id":"b4-l730","source":"ἐκ λεχέων μʼ ἀνεγεῖραι, ἐπιστάμεναι σάφα θυμῷ,","translation":"to rouse me from my bed, though you knew it well in your hearts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l730.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"λεχέων","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνεγεῖραι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνεγεῖραι","lemma":"ἀνεγείρω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of θέσθε","gloss":"to rouse"},{"surface":"ἐπιστάμεναι","lemma":"ἐπίσταμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to θέσθε","gloss":"though knowing"},{"surface":"σάφα","lemma":"σάφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιστάμεναι","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπιστάμεναι","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":731,"label":"731","id":"b4-l731","source":"ὁππότʼ ἐκεῖνος ἔβη κοίλην ἐπὶ νῆα μέλαιναν.","translation":"the moment that he went down to the hollow black ship.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l731.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐκεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότ᾽","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"κοίλην","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"black","note":"formulaic epithet 'black ship', standard Homeric color-epithet for a ship's hull"}]},{"number":732,"label":"732","id":"b4-l732","source":"εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ πυθόμην ταύτην ὁδὸν ὁρμαίνοντα,","translation":"For had I learned that he was bent on this journey,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l732.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πυθόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πυθόμην","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had learned","note":"past unreal (contrary-to-fact) condition: εἰ + aorist indicative in the protasis, paired with κε + aorist indicative in the apodosis — 'if only I had known'"},{"surface":"ταύτην","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδὸν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὁδὸν","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὁρμαίνοντα","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"ὁρμαίνοντα","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of πυθόμην","gloss":"was intent on"}]},{"number":733,"label":"733","id":"b4-l733","source":"τῷ κε μάλʼ ἤ κεν ἔμεινε καὶ ἐσσύμενός περ ὁδοῖο,","translation":"then surely either he would have stayed, however eager for the road,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l733.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[surely]"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"ἔμεινε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have stayed","note":"apodosis of unreal condition, marked by doubled particle κε...κεν, epic emphasis"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐσσύμενός","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔμεινε","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ὁδοῖο","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσσύμενός","gloss":"for the road"}]},{"number":734,"label":"734","id":"b4-l734","source":"ἤ κέ με τεθνηκυῖαν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔλειπεν.","translation":"or he would have left me dead behind him in the halls.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l734.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλειπεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τεθνηκυῖαν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dead","note":"perfect participle τεθνηκυῖαν, 'having died'—stresses she'd already be dead by then"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"ἔλειπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have left"}]},{"number":735,"label":"735","id":"b4-l735","source":"ἀλλά τις ὀτρηρῶς Δολίον καλέσειε γέροντα,","translation":"Come, let someone quickly call old Dolius,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l735.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come, but"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of καλέσειε","gloss":"someone","note":"τις 'someone' as vague subject sets up the polite command via optative καλέσειε."},{"surface":"ὀτρηρῶς","lemma":"ὀτρηρός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καλέσειε","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"Δολίον","lemma":"Δολίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Dolius"},{"surface":"καλέσειε","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let call","note":"Optative of wish/command ('let someone call') — no imperative needed, a common Homeric politeness form."},{"surface":"γέροντα","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Δολίον","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":736,"label":"736","id":"b4-l736","source":"δμῶʼ ἐμόν, ὅν μοι δῶκε πατὴρ ἔτι δεῦρο κιούσῃ,","translation":"my servant, whom my father gave me as I was still coming here,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l736.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δμῶ","lemma":"δμώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δμῶ᾽","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κιούσῃ","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κιούσῃ","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"κιούσῃ","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming","note":"κιούσῃ agrees with μοι (dative fem.) — 'as I was coming', a dative absolute-like circumstantial participle."}]},{"number":737,"label":"737","id":"b4-l737","source":"καί μοι κῆπον ἔχει πολυδένδρεον, ὄφρα τάχιστα","translation":"and who tends my orchard of many trees, so that with all speed","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l737.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆπον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"κῆπον","lemma":"κῆπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχει","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"ἔχει","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"tends"},{"surface":"πολυδένδρεον","lemma":"πολύδενδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κῆπον","gloss":"many-treed","note":"πολυδένδρεον is a compound epithet, 'rich in trees' — typical Homeric descriptive compound."},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καταλέξῃ","gloss":"most quickly"}]},{"number":738,"label":"738","id":"b4-l738","source":"Λαέρτῃ τάδε πάντα παρεζόμενος καταλέξῃ,","translation":"he may sit beside Laertes and tell him all this,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l738.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαέρτῃ","lemma":"Λαέρτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καταλέξῃ","gloss":"to Laertes"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of καταλέξῃ","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδε","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"παρεζόμενος","lemma":"παρέζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταλέξῃ","gloss":"sitting beside","note":"Middle participle παρεζόμενος: 'seating himself beside' — the middle voice stresses his own posture/action."},{"surface":"καταλέξῃ","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may tell"}]},{"number":739,"label":"739","id":"b4-l739","source":"εἰ δή πού τινα κεῖνος ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μῆτιν ὑφήνας","translation":"in case that man, having woven some plan in his mind,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l739.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μῆτιν ὑφήνας","title":"Weaving a plan","body":"μῆτις (cunning counsel) is regularly said to be \"woven\" (ὑφαίνω), as cloth is woven — a recurring metaphor for crafty design in the Odyssey."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies μῆτιν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὀδύρεται","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart","note":"φρεσί 'in the mind/heart', plural form used idiomatically for the seat of thought in Homer."},{"surface":"μῆτιν","lemma":"μῆτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑφήνας","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ὑφήνας","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρεται","gloss":"having woven","note":"ὑφήνας 'having woven' — the standard Homeric metaphor for devising a scheme (cf. μῆτις)."}]},{"number":740,"label":"740","id":"b4-l740","source":"ἐξελθὼν λαοῖσιν ὀδύρεται, οἳ μεμάασιν","translation":"may go out and appeal to the people, who are bent","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l740.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξελθὼν","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρεται","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"λαοῖσιν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀδύρεται","gloss":"to the people"},{"surface":"ὀδύρεται","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"may lament"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεμάασιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μεμάασιν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λαοῖσιν","gloss":"are eager","note":"μεμάασιν, perfect with present force ('are eager/straining'), from defective verb μέμαα — common epic perfect."}]},{"number":741,"label":"741","id":"b4-l741","source":"ὃν καὶ Ὀδυσσῆος φθῖσαι γόνον ἀντιθέοιο.","translation":"on destroying both his line and that of godlike Odysseus.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l741.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"his own","note":"ὃν here is possessive ἑός 'his own' (not relative ὅς) — easy to confuse, epic 3rd-person possessive."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"φθῖσαι","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμάασιν","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"γόνον","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φθῖσαι","gloss":"offspring"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοιο","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"godlike","note":"ἀντίθεος 'god-like/equal to the gods' — a standard Homeric epithet formula for heroes."}]},{"number":742,"label":"742","id":"b4-l742","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φίλη τροφὸς Εὐρύκλεια·","translation":"Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l742.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τροφὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τροφὸς","lemma":"τροφός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Εὐρύκλεια","gloss":"nurse"},{"surface":"Εὐρύκλεια","lemma":"Εὐρύκλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Eurycleia","note":"τὴν δ᾽ αὖτε προσέειπε... formulaic line-type introducing a speech, recurs throughout Homer."}]},{"number":743,"label":"743","id":"b4-l743","source":"νύμφα φίλη, σὺ μὲν ἄρ με κατάκτανε νηλέι χαλκῷ","translation":"\"Dear bride, kill me with the pitiless bronze","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l743.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύμφα","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύμφα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κατάκτανε","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"νηλέι","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατάκτανε","gloss":"bronze","note":"'pitiless bronze' — χαλκός standing metonymically for the sword/weapon that kills, epic formula."}]},{"number":744,"label":"744","id":"b4-l744","source":"ἢ ἔα ἐν μεγάρῳ· μῦθον δέ τοι οὐκ ἐπικεύσω.","translation":"or let me live on in the hall; I will not hide the truth from you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l744.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let live","note":"ἔα, imperative of ἐάω 'allow' — 'let (me) be/live', governing an implied accusative με."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπικεύσω","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐπικεύσω","gloss":"from you"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐπικεύσω","lemma":"ἐπικεύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hide"}]},{"number":745,"label":"745","id":"b4-l745","source":"ᾔδεʼ ἐγὼ τάδε πάντα, πόρον δέ οἱ ὅσσʼ ἐκέλευε,","translation":"I knew all of this, and I gave him all he asked,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l745.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ᾔδεʼ","title":"Pluperfect of knowing","body":"ᾔδεα is the past tense of οἶδα (\"I know\"), formally a pluperfect but used with simple past force: \"I knew.\" οἶδα is a perfect that means a present state."}],"words":[{"surface":"ᾔδε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew","note":"ᾔδε(α), pluperfect of οἶδα used as a simple past 'I knew' — classic Homeric perfect-stem verb of knowing."},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ᾔδε᾽","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδε","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πόρον","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave","note":"πόρον, root aorist of defective πόρω 'give/grant' — has no present stem, only used in aorist."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πόρον","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ὅσσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκέλευε","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"was asking"}]},{"number":746,"label":"746","id":"b4-l746","source":"σῖτον καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ· ἐμεῦ δʼ ἕλετο μέγαν ὅρκον","translation":"bread and sweet wine; but he took a great oath from me","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l746.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῖτον","lemma":"σῖτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέθυ","lemma":"μέθυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἡδύ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέθυ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλετο","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἕλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took","note":"ἕλετο, middle aorist of αἱρέω 'took (for himself)' — middle voice fits taking an oath 'from' someone."},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλετο","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":747,"label":"747","id":"b4-l747","source":"μὴ πρὶν σοὶ ἐρέειν, πρὶν δωδεκάτην γε γενέσθαι","translation":"not to tell you before the twelfth day came,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l747.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέειν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέειν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέειν","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ὅρκον","gloss":"to tell","note":"ἐρέειν, uncontracted future infinitive of ἐρῶ, epic form kept fuller than later Attic ἐρεῖν."},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δωδεκάτην","lemma":"δωδέκατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of γενέσθαι","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"came","note":"γενέσθαι governs δωδεκάτην (understood ἡμέραν) 'the twelfth day come' — accusative-and-infinitive after πρίν."}]},{"number":748,"label":"748","id":"b4-l748","source":"ἢ σʼ αὐτὴν ποθέσαι καὶ ἀφορμηθέντος ἀκοῦσαι,","translation":"or before you missed him yourself and heard he had gone,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l748.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"αὐτὴν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies σ᾽","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ποθέσαι","lemma":"ποθέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"missed him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀφορμηθέντος","lemma":"ἀφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"object of ἀκοῦσαι","gloss":"having set out"},{"surface":"ἀκοῦσαι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":749,"label":"749","id":"b4-l749","source":"ὡς ἂν μὴ κλαίουσα κατὰ χρόα καλὸν ἰάπτῃς.","translation":"so that you might not mar your fair skin with weeping.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l749.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κλαίουσα","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἰάπτῃς","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰάπτῃς","gloss":"skin","note":"χρόα, epic accusative of χρώς 'skin/flesh' — 'mar the skin' idiom for weeping till the face is marked."},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ἰάπτῃς","lemma":"ἰάπτω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"mar"}]},{"number":750,"label":"750","id":"b4-l750","source":"ἀλλʼ ὑδρηναμένη, καθαρὰ χροῒ εἵμαθʼ ἑλοῦσα,","translation":"But now bathe yourself, and take clean clothing upon your skin,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l750.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὑδρηναμένη","lemma":"ὑδραίνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having bathed"},{"surface":"καθαρὰ","lemma":"καθαρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵμαθ᾽","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσα","gloss":"on skin"},{"surface":"εἵμαθ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσα","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσα","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"taking"}]},{"number":751,"label":"751","id":"b4-l751","source":"εἰς ὑπερῷʼ ἀναβᾶσα σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξὶν","translation":"and go up to the upper room with your attendant women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l751.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὑπερῷ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"upper room"},{"surface":"ἀναβᾶσα","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having gone up"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξὶν","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"γυναιξὶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":752,"label":"752","id":"b4-l752","source":"εὔχεʼ Ἀθηναίῃ κούρῃ Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο·","translation":"and pray to Athena, daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l752.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὔχε","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"to Athena"},{"surface":"κούρῃ","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"maiden"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρῃ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"αἰγιόχοιο","lemma":"αἰγίοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"aegis-bearing","note":"αἰγιόχοιο 'aegis-bearing' — a fixed Zeus epithet, formulaic across the poem."}]},{"number":753,"label":"753","id":"b4-l753","source":"ἡ γάρ κέν μιν ἔπειτα καὶ ἐκ θανάτοιο σαώσαι.","translation":"for she could then save him even from death.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l753.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of σαώσαι","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σαώσαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σαώσαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"σαώσαι","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could save","note":"σαώσαι, aorist optative of σώζω with κέν 'could save' — potential optative expressing hope/possibility."}]},{"number":754,"label":"754","id":"b4-l754","source":"μηδὲ γέροντα κάκου κεκακωμένον· οὐ γὰρ ὀίω","translation":"And do not vex the old man, vexed as he already is; for I do not think","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l754.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γέροντα","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κάκου","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"κάκου","lemma":"κακόω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do not vex","note":"κάκου, present imperative — with μηδέ 'do not' it forms a prohibition, addressed to Penelope."},{"surface":"κεκακωμένον","lemma":"κακόω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies γέροντα","gloss":"already vexed","note":"κεκακωμένον, perfect passive participle 'already worn down' — stresses his ongoing suffering state."},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὀίω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":755,"label":"755","id":"b4-l755","source":"πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο","translation":"that the line of Arceisius is utterly hated","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l755.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχθεσθ᾽","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχθεσθ᾽","gloss":"to gods"},{"surface":"μακάρεσσι","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεοῖς","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"γονὴν","lemma":"γονή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχθεσθ᾽","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"Ἀρκεισιάδαο","lemma":"Ἀρκεισιάδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γονὴν","gloss":"of Arceisius"}]},{"number":756,"label":"756","id":"b4-l756","source":"ἔχθεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται ὅς κεν ἔχῃσι","translation":"by the blessed gods, but there will still be one to come who shall possess","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l756.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔχθεσθ","lemma":"ἔχθω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀίω","gloss":"is hated","note":"ἔχθεσθ(αι), 'to be hated' by the gods — infinitive after οὐ γὰρ ὀίω 'I do not think.'"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσσεται","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέσσεται","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἐπέσσεται","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come","note":"ἐπέσσεται, future of ἔπειμι 'will be upon/come after' — heir yet to arrive."},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχῃσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔχῃσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τις","gloss":"possess"}]},{"number":757,"label":"757","id":"b4-l757","source":"δώματά θʼ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.","translation":"the high-roofed halls and the rich fields far around.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l757.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώματά","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑψερεφέα","lemma":"ὑψερεφής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δώματά","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπόπροθι","lemma":"ἀπόπροθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ἀγρούς","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"πίονας","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγρούς","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ἀγρούς","lemma":"ἀγρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fields"}]},{"number":758,"label":"758","id":"b4-l758","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῆς δʼ εὔνησε γόον, σχέθε δʼ ὄσσε\n                  γόοιο.","translation":"So she spoke, and she lulled her lament and stayed her eyes from weeping.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l758.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"φάτο, imperfect middle of φημί, epic form used for 'spoke' introducing/closing speeches."},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γόον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὔνησε","lemma":"εὐνάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lulled"},{"surface":"γόον","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὔνησε","gloss":"lament"},{"surface":"σχέθε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"stayed","note":"σχέθε, aorist of ἔχω 'held back/stayed' — root-aorist form σχ- typical of epic."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of σχέθε","gloss":"eyes","note":"ὄσσε, dual noun 'the (two) eyes' — Homeric retains the dual number, lost later in Greek."},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of σχέθε","gloss":"of weeping"}]},{"number":759,"label":"759","id":"b4-l759","source":"ἡ δʼ ὑδρηναμένη, καθαρὰ χροῒ εἵμαθʼ ἑλοῦσα","translation":"And she bathed herself, and took clean clothing upon her skin,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l759.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑδρηναμένη","lemma":"ὑδραίνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having bathed"},{"surface":"καθαρὰ","lemma":"καθαρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵμαθ᾽","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσα","gloss":"on skin"},{"surface":"εἵμαθ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσα","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσα","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"taking"}]},{"number":760,"label":"760","id":"b4-l760","source":"εἰς ὑπερῷʼ ἀνέβαινε σὺν ἀμφιπόλοισι γυναιξίν,","translation":"and went up to the upper room with her attendant women,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l760.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὑπερῷ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"upper room"},{"surface":"ἀνέβαινε","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναιξίν","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"γυναιξίν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":761,"label":"761","id":"b4-l761","source":"ἐν δʼ ἔθετʼ οὐλοχύτας κανέῳ, ἠρᾶτο δʼ Ἀθήνῃ·","translation":"and set the barley grains in a basket, and prayed to Athena:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l761.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθετ","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set","note":"ἔθετ(ο), middle aorist of τίθημι 'placed (for herself)' — ritual act of setting out barley grains before prayer."},{"surface":"οὐλοχύτας","lemma":"οὐλοχύται","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθετ᾽","gloss":"barley grains"},{"surface":"κανέῳ","lemma":"κάνεον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔθετ᾽","gloss":"basket"},{"surface":"ἠρᾶτο","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠρᾶτο","gloss":"to Athena"}]},{"number":762,"label":"762","id":"b4-l762","source":"κλῦθί μευ, αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος, Ἀτρυτώνη,","translation":"\"Hear me, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, unwearied one,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l762.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλῦθί","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear","note":"κλῦθι, aorist imperative of κλύω, common Homeric prayer-opening 'hear me!'"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κλῦθί","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αἰγιόχοιο","lemma":"αἰγίοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"aegis-bearing"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"Ἀτρυτώνη","lemma":"Ἀτρυτώνη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Atrytone","note":"Ἀτρυτώνη 'Unwearied One', a cult epithet of Athena used in formulaic prayers."}]},{"number":763,"label":"763","id":"b4-l763","source":"εἴ ποτέ τοι πολύμητις ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"if ever Odysseus of many counsels in his halls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l763.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πολύμητις","title":"\"of many counsels\"","body":"πολύμητις, \"of many devices/counsels,\" is the standard epithet of Odysseus, marking his defining quality of cunning intelligence."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔκηε","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔκηε","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"of many counsels","note":"epithet formula for Odysseus, 'much-devising'"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισιν","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκηε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":764,"label":"764","id":"b4-l764","source":"ἢ βοὸς ἢ ὄϊος κατὰ πίονα μηρίʼ ἔκηε,","translation":"burned for you the fat thighbones of ox or sheep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l764.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of ox"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ὄϊος","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(down along)"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μηρί᾽","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"μηρί","lemma":"μηρία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκηε","gloss":"thighbones"},{"surface":"ἔκηε","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"burned","note":"aorist within a past-general (iterative) condition with ποτέ 'ever' — 'if ever he used to burn'; not a gnomic aorist, which marks timeless general truths"}]},{"number":765,"label":"765","id":"b4-l765","source":"τῶν νῦν μοι μνῆσαι, καί μοι φίλον υἷα σάωσον,","translation":"remember them for me now, and save my dear son,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l765.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνῆσαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"μνῆσαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember","note":"aorist middle imperative — 'call to mind for yourself,' a prayer verb"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of σάωσον","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἷα","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of σάωσον","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"σάωσον","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"save"}]},{"number":766,"label":"766","id":"b4-l766","source":"μνηστῆρας δʼ ἀπάλαλκε κακῶς ὑπερηνορέοντας.","translation":"and ward off the suitors in their wicked arrogance.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l766.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρας","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπάλαλκε","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπάλαλκε","lemma":"ἀπάλαλκε","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ward off","note":"epic aorist ἀπάλαλκε, reduplicated form of ἀλέξω/ἀλαλκεῖν 'to keep off'"},{"surface":"κακῶς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπερηνορέοντας","gloss":"wickedly"},{"surface":"ὑπερηνορέοντας","lemma":"ὑπερηνορέων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μνηστῆρας","gloss":"overweening","note":"formulaic epithet for the arrogant suitors, 'over-manly'"}]},{"number":767,"label":"767","id":"b4-l767","source":"ὣς εἰποῦσʼ ὀλόλυξε, θεὰ δέ οἱ ἔκλυεν ἀρῆς.","translation":"So speaking she raised the ritual cry, and the goddess heard her prayer.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l767.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰποῦσ᾽","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰποῦσ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὀλόλυξε","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ὀλόλυξε","lemma":"ὀλολύζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raised the ritual cry","note":"ὀλολύζω = the ololyge, a woman's ritual cry at prayer/sacrifice"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀρῆς","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἔκλυεν","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ἀρῆς","lemma":"ἀρά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυεν","gloss":"prayer"}]},{"number":768,"label":"768","id":"b4-l768","source":"μνηστῆρες δʼ ὁμάδησαν ἀνὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα·","translation":"But the suitors made an uproar throughout the shadowy halls,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l768.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὁμάδησαν","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁμάδησαν","lemma":"ὁμαδέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made an uproar"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"μέγαρα","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μέγαρα","gloss":"shadowy","note":"stock epithet σκιόεντα for the great hall, evoking its dim interior"}]},{"number":769,"label":"769","id":"b4-l769","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκε νέων ὑπερηνορεόντων·","translation":"and thus would one of the arrogant young men say:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l769.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"iterative aorist in -σκε, marking a habitual/repeated action, 'kept saying'"},{"surface":"νέων","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the young men"},{"surface":"ὑπερηνορεόντων","lemma":"ὑπερηνορέων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νέων","gloss":"arrogant"}]},{"number":770,"label":"770","id":"b4-l770","source":"ἦ μάλα δὴ γάμον ἄμμι πολυμνήστη βασίλεια","translation":"\"Truly the much-wooed queen is preparing a marriage","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l770.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολυμνήστη","title":"\"Much-wooed\"","body":"πολυμνήστη means \"sought by many suitors,\" a pointed epithet for Penelope from the very men besieging her."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"γάμον","lemma":"γάμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀρτύει","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"ἄμμι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀρτύει","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"πολυμνήστη","lemma":"πολυμνήστη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies βασίλεια","gloss":"much-wooed","note":"epithet playing on μνηστήρ 'suitor' — 'the much-suited-for' queen"},{"surface":"βασίλεια","lemma":"βασίλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀρτύει","gloss":"queen"}]},{"number":771,"label":"771","id":"b4-l771","source":"ἀρτύει, οὐδέ τι οἶδεν ὅ οἱ φόνος υἷι τέτυκται.","translation":"is making her ready, and she does not know that murder is being prepared for her son.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l771.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρτύει","lemma":"ἀρτύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is preparing"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"οἶδεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies υἷι","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"φόνος","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"υἷι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέτυκται","gloss":"for her son"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅ","gloss":"is being prepared","note":"perfect passive τέτυκται — the plot already stands fixed, not merely underway"}]},{"number":772,"label":"772","id":"b4-l772","source":"ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκε, τὰ δʼ οὐκ ἴσαν ὡς ἐτέτυκτο.","translation":"So one of them would say, but they did not know how things had been arranged.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l772.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knew","note":"pluperfect ἴσαν (from οἶδα) = 'had known,' i.e. were in ignorance"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτέτυκτο","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐτέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"had been arranged","note":"pluperfect passive, echoing τέτυκται — the scheme was already set"}]},{"number":773,"label":"773","id":"b4-l773","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀντίνοος ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπε·","translation":"Then Antinous spoke out among them and addressed them:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l773.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀντίνοος","lemma":"Ἀντίνοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Antinous"},{"surface":"ἀγορήσατο","lemma":"ἀγοράομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετέειπε","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed them"}]},{"number":774,"label":"774","id":"b4-l774","source":"δαιμόνιοι, μύθους μὲν ὑπερφιάλους ἀλέασθε","translation":"\"You reckless fools, avoid all this overweening talk","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l774.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιμόνιοι","title":"daimonioi","body":"A vocative of half-affectionate rebuke, addressed to people behaving strangely or rashly. Here it scolds the suitors for loose talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμόνιοι","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"reckless fools","note":"δαιμόνιοι — vocative rebuke, half-mocking 'you strange/possessed men'"},{"surface":"μύθους","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀλέασθε","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑπερφιάλους","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθους","gloss":"overweening"},{"surface":"ἀλέασθε","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"avoid"}]},{"number":775,"label":"775","id":"b4-l775","source":"πάντας ὁμῶς, μή πού τις ἀπαγγείλῃσι καὶ εἴσω.","translation":"every one of you, lest someone report it even inside the house.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l775.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁμῶς","lemma":"ὁμῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλέασθε","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπαγγείλῃσι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἀπαγγείλῃσι","lemma":"ἀπαγγέλλω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"report","note":"subjunctive after μή = fear-clause, 'lest anyone report'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπαγγείλῃσι","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":776,"label":"776","id":"b4-l776","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε σιγῇ τοῖον ἀναστάντες τελέωμεν","translation":"Come, let us rise in silence and carry through","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l776.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τελέωμεν","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"τοῖον","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to σιγῇ","gloss":"such (a plan)"},{"surface":"ἀναστάντες","lemma":"ἀνίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τελέωμεν","gloss":"rising up"},{"surface":"τελέωμεν","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us carry through","note":"hortatory subjunctive, 1st plural — 'let us accomplish'"}]},{"number":777,"label":"777","id":"b4-l777","source":"μῦθον, ὃ δὴ καὶ πᾶσιν ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ἤραρεν ἡμῖν.","translation":"the plan that has found favor with all our hearts.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l777.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τελέωμεν","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤραρεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡμῖν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"ἤραρεν","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μῦθον","gloss":"has found favor","note":"ἀραρίσκω 'fit together' — idiom for a plan that 'fits' everyone's mind"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤραρεν","gloss":"for us"}]},{"number":778,"label":"778","id":"b4-l778","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ἐκρίνατʼ ἐείκοσι φῶτας ἀρίστους,","translation":"So saying, he picked out the twenty best men,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l778.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκρίνατʼ","title":"Aorist middle of κρίνω","body":"The middle voice (ἐκρίνατο) marks that Antinous selected the men for his own purpose. The augment ἐ- shows it is a past (aorist) action."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκρίνατ᾽","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"ἐκρίνατ","lemma":"κρίνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"picked out"},{"surface":"ἐείκοσι","lemma":"εἴκοσι","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies φῶτας","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"φῶτας","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκρίνατ᾽","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φῶτας","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":779,"label":"779","id":"b4-l779","source":"βὰν δʼ ἰέναι ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης.","translation":"and they set out toward the swift ship and the shore of the sea.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l779.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βὰν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"root aorist βὰν (from βαίνω) + infinitive ἰέναι = 'set out to go,' epic periphrasis"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βὰν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"θοὴν","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῖνα","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θῖνα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":780,"label":"780","id":"b4-l780","source":"νῆα μὲν οὖν πάμπρωτον ἁλὸς βένθοσδε ἔρυσσαν,","translation":"First of all they dragged the ship down into the deep water,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l780.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆα","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρυσσαν","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(then)"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτον","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔρυσσαν","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βένθοσδε","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"βένθοσδε","lemma":"βένθος","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔρυσσαν","gloss":"into the deep","note":"βένθοσδε — directional -δε suffix, 'to/into the deep,' Homeric motion-ending"},{"surface":"ἔρυσσαν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged"}]},{"number":781,"label":"781","id":"b4-l781","source":"ἐν δʼ ἱστόν τʼ ἐτίθεντο καὶ ἱστία νηὶ μελαίνῃ,","translation":"and set the mast and the sails in the black ship,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l781.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηὶ μελαίνῃ","title":"black ship","body":"\"Black ship\" is a standing Homeric epithet, the hulls being coated with dark pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστόν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mast"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐτίθεντο","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"νηὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐτίθεντο","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηὶ","gloss":"black","note":"stock Homeric epithet 'black ship,' νηῦς μέλαινα, formulaic not literal"}]},{"number":782,"label":"782","id":"b4-l782","source":"ἠρτύναντο δʼ ἐρετμὰ τροποῖς ἐν δερματίνοισιν,","translation":"and fitted the oars in the leather thole-straps,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l782.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠρτύναντο","lemma":"ἀρτύνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fitted"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρετμὰ","lemma":"ἐρετμόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠρτύναντο","gloss":"oars"},{"surface":"τροποῖς","lemma":"τροπός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"thole-straps","note":"τροπός, leather loop the oar pivoted in — realia of Homeric shipbuilding"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δερματίνοισιν","lemma":"δερμάτινος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τροποῖς","gloss":"leather"}]},{"number":783,"label":"783","id":"b4-l783","source":"πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν, ἀνά θʼ ἱστία λευκὰ πέτασσαν·","translation":"all in good order, and spread out the white sails.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l783.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"due order"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up","note":"ἀνά is a tmesis preverb with πέτασσαν (ἀνα-πετάννυμι, 'spread up/hoist'), not the word for 'and' — that sense is carried by θ' (τε)"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστία","lemma":"ἱστίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πέτασσαν","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"λευκὰ","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἱστία","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"πέτασσαν","lemma":"πετάννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread out"}]},{"number":784,"label":"784","id":"b4-l784","source":"τεύχεα δέ σφʼ ἤνεικαν ὑπέρθυμοι θεράποντες.","translation":"Their high-spirited attendants brought them their armor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l784.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἤνεικαν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφ","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤνεικαν","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ἤνεικαν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought","note":"ἤνεικαν, epic aorist suppletive to φέρω 'carry/bring'"},{"surface":"ὑπέρθυμοι","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεράποντες","gloss":"high-spirited"},{"surface":"θεράποντες","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤνεικαν","gloss":"attendants"}]},{"number":785,"label":"785","id":"b4-l785","source":"ὑψοῦ δʼ ἐν νοτίῳ τήν γʼ ὥρμισαν, ἐκ δʼ ἔβαν αὐτοί·","translation":"They moored her well out in the channel, then disembarked themselves,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l785.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψοῦ","lemma":"ὑψοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὥρμισαν","gloss":"high up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νοτίῳ","lemma":"νότιος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the roadstead","note":"νότιος 'wet/southerly' as noun — the open anchorage offshore"},{"surface":"τήν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὥρμισαν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὥρμισαν","lemma":"ὁρμίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"moored"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"αὐτοί","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":786,"label":"786","id":"b4-l786","source":"ἔνθα δὲ δόρπον ἕλοντο, μένον δʼ ἐπὶ ἕσπερον ἐλθεῖν.","translation":"and there they took their supper, and waited for evening to come.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l786.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλοντο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δόρπον","lemma":"δόρπον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλοντο","gloss":"supper"},{"surface":"ἕλοντο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"μένον","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἕσπερον","lemma":"ἕσπερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μένον","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":787,"label":"787","id":"b4-l787","source":"ἡ δʼ ὑπερωίῳ αὖθι περίφρων Πηνελόπεια","translation":"But up in her chamber prudent Penelope","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l787.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"περίφρων","title":"Epithet \"prudent\"","body":"περίφρων (\"circumspect, prudent\") is Penelope's recurring formulaic epithet, marking her thoughtful character."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὑπερωίῳ","lemma":"ὑπερῷον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"upper chamber"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων, Penelope's standing epithet, 'exceedingly thoughtful'"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":788,"label":"788","id":"b4-l788","source":"κεῖτʼ ἄρʼ ἄσιτος, ἄπαστος ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος,","translation":"lay there fasting, untasting of food and of drink,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l788.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖτ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄσιτος","lemma":"ἄσιτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fasting"},{"surface":"ἄπαστος","lemma":"ἄπαστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"untasting","note":"ἄσιτος...ἄπαστος pairing intensifies her grief-driven refusal of food and drink"},{"surface":"ἐδητύος","lemma":"ἐδητύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of food"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποτῆτος","lemma":"ποτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of drink"}]},{"number":789,"label":"789","id":"b4-l789","source":"ὁρμαίνουσʼ ἤ οἱ θάνατον φύγοι υἱὸς ἀμύμων,","translation":"pondering whether her blameless son would escape death,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l789.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁρμαίνουσ","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κεῖτ᾽","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φύγοι","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"φύγοι","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"would escape","note":"optative φύγοι in an indirect question expressing anxious uncertainty"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φύγοι","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀμύμων","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"blameless"}]},{"number":790,"label":"790","id":"b4-l790","source":"ἦ ὅ γʼ ὑπὸ μνηστῆρσιν ὑπερφιάλοισι δαμείη.","translation":"or be overcome by the overweening suitors.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l790.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δαμείη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"μνηστῆρσιν","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"ὑπερφιάλοισι","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μνηστῆρσιν","gloss":"overweening"},{"surface":"δαμείη","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"be overcome","note":"optative δαμείη parallels φύγοι — the two dreaded outcomes she weighs"}]},{"number":791,"label":"791","id":"b4-l791","source":"ὅσσα δὲ μερμήριξε λέων ἀνδρῶν ἐν ὁμίλῳ","translation":"As much as a lion broods, in a throng of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l791.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μερμήριξε","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and/but"},{"surface":"μερμήριξε","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τόσσα","gloss":"brooded","note":"μερμηρίζω, 'turn over in mind' — vivid verb for anxious pondering, here of a lion."},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μερμήριξε","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὁμίλῳ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὁμίλῳ","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a throng"}]},{"number":792,"label":"792","id":"b4-l792","source":"δείσας, ὁππότε μιν δόλιον περὶ κύκλον ἄγωσι,","translation":"in fear, when they draw their cunning ring around him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l792.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείσας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μερμήριξε","gloss":"fearing","note":"aorist participle δείσας, ingressive sense 'having grown afraid,' modifies the lion's mental state."},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἄγωσι","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγωσι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δόλιον","lemma":"δόλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κύκλον","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κύκλον","lemma":"κύκλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄγωσι","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"ἄγωσι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριξε","gloss":"they draw","note":"subjunctive ἄγωσι in a ὁππότε-clause: generalizing/indefinite subjunctive, 'whenever they draw.'"}]},{"number":793,"label":"793","id":"b4-l793","source":"τόσσα μιν ὁρμαίνουσαν ἐπήλυθε νήδυμος ὕπνος·","translation":"so much was she brooding when sweet sleep came over her;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l793.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νήδυμος ὕπνος","title":"sweet sleep","body":"νήδυμος ὕπνος, \"sweet/sound sleep,\" is a fixed Homeric phrase for deep, untroubled slumber."}],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ὁρμαίνουσαν","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ὁρμαίνουσαν","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"brooding","note":"present participle ὁρμαίνουσαν, picks up μερμήριξε from the simile — Penelope mirrors the lion."},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθε","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"νήδυμος","lemma":"νήδυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπήλυθε","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":794,"label":"794","id":"b4-l794","source":"εὗδε δʼ ἀνακλινθεῖσα, λύθεν δέ οἱ ἅψεα πάντα.","translation":"and she slept, leaning back, and all her limbs were loosened.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l794.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὗδε","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she slept"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνακλινθεῖσα","lemma":"ἀνακλίνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εὗδε","gloss":"leaning back"},{"surface":"λύθεν","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were loosened","note":"λύθεν is a 3rd-plural aorist passive (not singular) — agrees with neuter plural ἅψεα, 'limbs.'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἅψεα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἅψεα","lemma":"ἅψος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of λύθεν","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἅψεα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":795,"label":"795","id":"b4-l795","source":"ἔνθʼ αὖτʼ ἄλλʼ ἐνόησε θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"Then the goddess, gray-eyed Athena, thought of another thing:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l795.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη","title":"gray-eyed Athena","body":"γλαυκῶπις is Athena's standing epithet; \"gleaming-eyed\" or \"owl-eyed\" are also defensible. The epithet recurs formulaically."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνόησε","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"θεά","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"gray-eyed","note":"γλαυκῶπις, Athena's standing epithet — a fixed formulaic epithet, always paired with her name."},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":796,"label":"796","id":"b4-l796","source":"εἴδωλον ποίησε, δέμας δʼ ἤικτο γυναικί,","translation":"she made a phantom, and likened its form to a woman,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l796.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ποίησε","gloss":"a phantom"},{"surface":"ποίησε","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she made"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤικτο","gloss":"in form","note":"δέμας, accusative of respect: 'in body/form' — specifies in what way it resembled a woman."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤικτο","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was likened"},{"surface":"γυναικί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"to a woman"}]},{"number":797,"label":"797","id":"b4-l797","source":"Ἰφθίμῃ, κούρῃ μεγαλήτορος Ἰκαρίοιο,","translation":"to Iphthime, daughter of great-hearted Icarius,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l797.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰφθίμῃ","lemma":"Ἰφθίμη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Iphthime"},{"surface":"κούρῃ","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰκαρίοιο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Ἰκαρίοιο","lemma":"Ἰκάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κούρῃ","gloss":"of Icarius"}]},{"number":798,"label":"798","id":"b4-l798","source":"τὴν Εὔμηλος ὄπυιε Φερῇς ἔνι οἰκία ναίων.","translation":"whom Eumelus had wed, who made his home in Pherae.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l798.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὄπυιε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Εὔμηλος","lemma":"Εὔμηλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄπυιε","gloss":"Eumelus"},{"surface":"ὄπυιε","lemma":"ὀπυίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"had wed"},{"surface":"Φερῇς","lemma":"Φεραί","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"in Pherae"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in","note":"ἔνι is the epic/locative form of ἐν, common in Homer as a metrically convenient variant."},{"surface":"οἰκία","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ναίων","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ναίων","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Εὔμηλος","gloss":"dwelling"}]},{"number":799,"label":"799","id":"b4-l799","source":"πέμπε δέ μιν πρὸς δώματʼ Ὀδυσσῆος θείοιο,","translation":"She sent it to the house of godlike Odysseus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l799.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέμπε","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she sent"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέμπε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δώματ","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δώματ᾽","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"θείοιο","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσῆος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":800,"label":"800","id":"b4-l800","source":"ἧος Πηνελόπειαν ὀδυρομένην γοόωσαν","translation":"so that it might stop Penelope from her mourning and wailing,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l800.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἧος","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that","note":"ἧος (=ἕως) here introduces a purpose clause taken with the optative παύσειε in the next line."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπειαν","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παύσειε","gloss":"Penelope"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένην","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies Πηνελόπειαν","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"γοόωσαν","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies Πηνελόπειαν","gloss":"wailing"}]},{"number":801,"label":"801","id":"b4-l801","source":"παύσειε κλαυθμοῖο γόοιό τε δακρυόεντος.","translation":"from her weeping and her tearful lament.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l801.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παύσειε","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧος","gloss":"might stop","note":"optative παύσειε after ἧος expresses purpose in secondary sequence — 'so that it might stop.'"},{"surface":"κλαυθμοῖο","lemma":"κλαυθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"γόοιό","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"lament"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δακρυόεντος","lemma":"δακρυόεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιό","gloss":"tearful"}]},{"number":802,"label":"802","id":"b4-l802","source":"ἐς θάλαμον δʼ εἰσῆλθε παρὰ κληῖδος ἱμάντα,","translation":"It entered the chamber along the strap of the door-bolt,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l802.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσῆλθε","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"κληῖδος","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἱμάντα","gloss":"of the door-bolt"},{"surface":"ἱμάντα","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"strap","note":"the phantom slips through the bolt-strap's gap, a detail Homer uses to mark a dream's ghostly passage."}]},{"number":803,"label":"803","id":"b4-l803","source":"στῆ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς, καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν·","translation":"and stood above her head, and spoke a word to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l803.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲρ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"a word","note":"πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν is a Homeric formula, 'spoke a word to,' regularly introducing direct speech."},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":804,"label":"804","id":"b4-l804","source":"εὕδεις, Πηνελόπεια, φίλον τετιημένη ἦτορ;","translation":"\"You are sleeping, Penelope, grieved at heart?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l804.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕδεις","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you sleep"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Penelope"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τετιημένη","lemma":"τετίημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εὕδεις","gloss":"grieved","note":"perfect participle τετιημένη, 'having been worn down with grief' — a state resulting from past sorrow."},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τετιημένη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":805,"label":"805","id":"b4-l805","source":"οὐ μέν σʼ οὐδὲ ἐῶσι θεοὶ ῥεῖα ζώοντες","translation":"The gods who live at ease do not allow you","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l805.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ῥεῖα ζώοντες","title":"who live at ease","body":"ῥεῖα ζώοντες, \"living at ease,\" is the standard Homeric description of the gods, contrasting their effortless existence with human toil."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κλαίειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐῶσι","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ᾽","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ζώοντες","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ζώοντες","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"living","note":"ῥεῖα ζώοντες, 'living at ease,' a formulaic Homeric description of the gods' untroubled life."}]},{"number":806,"label":"806","id":"b4-l806","source":"κλαίειν οὐδʼ ἀκάχησθαι, ἐπεί ῥʼ ἔτι νόστιμός ἐστι","translation":"to weep or be distressed, since your son will yet come home;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l806.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαίειν","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐῶσι","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"ἀκάχησθαι","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to grieve"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"νόστιμός","lemma":"νόστιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"returning home","note":"νόστιμος echoes nostos, the Odyssey's central theme of homecoming."},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":807,"label":"807","id":"b4-l807","source":"σὸς παῖς· οὐ μὲν γάρ τι θεοῖς ἀλιτήμενός ἐστι.","translation":"for he is in no way an offender against the gods.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l807.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὸς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"παῖς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐστι","gloss":"against the gods"},{"surface":"ἀλιτήμενός","lemma":"ἀλιταίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"an offender","note":"perfect participle ἀλιτήμενος used as predicate noun, 'one who has sinned' — a settled state, not an act."},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":808,"label":"808","id":"b4-l808","source":"τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα περίφρων Πηνελόπεια,","translation":"Then prudent Penelope answered her,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l808.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων, Penelope's standing epithet, 'circumspect/very wise' — marks her characteristic caution."},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":809,"label":"809","id":"b4-l809","source":"ἡδὺ μάλα κνώσσουσʼ ἐν ὀνειρείῃσι πύλῃσιν·","translation":"as she slumbered very sweetly at the gates of dreams:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l809.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡδὺ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κνώσσουσ᾽","gloss":"sweetly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"κνώσσουσ","lemma":"κνώσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ᾽","gloss":"slumbering"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ὀνειρείῃσι","lemma":"ὀνείρειος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πύλῃσιν","gloss":"of dreams"},{"surface":"πύλῃσιν","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"gates","note":"'gates of dreams' — a Homeric image for the threshold between sleep and waking."}]},{"number":810,"label":"810","id":"b4-l810","source":"τίπτε, κασιγνήτη, δεῦρʼ ἤλυθες; οὔ τι πάρος\n                     γε","translation":"\"Why, sister, have you come here? Before now you never","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l810.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθες","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"κασιγνήτη","lemma":"κασιγνήτη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἤλυθες","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἤλυθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you come"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πωλέ᾽","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":811,"label":"811","id":"b4-l811","source":"πωλέʼ, ἐπεὶ μάλα πολλὸν ἀπόπροθι δώματα ναίεις·","translation":"used to visit, since you dwell in a home very far away.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l811.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πωλέ","lemma":"πωλέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you used to visit","note":"imperfect πωλέ(ο), iterative sense — habitual past action, 'you used to come.'"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπόπροθι","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ἀπόπροθι","lemma":"ἀπόπροθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναίεις","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"δώματα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ναίεις","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ναίεις","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you dwell"}]},{"number":812,"label":"812","id":"b4-l812","source":"καί με κέλεαι παύσασθαι ὀιζύος ἠδʼ ὀδυνάων","translation":"And you bid me cease from my misery and the many pains","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l812.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of παύσασθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κέλεαι","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you bid"},{"surface":"παύσασθαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of κέλεαι","gloss":"to cease"},{"surface":"ὀιζύος","lemma":"ὀιζύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"from misery"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀδυνάων","lemma":"ὀδύνη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδ᾽","gloss":"pains"}]},{"number":813,"label":"813","id":"b4-l813","source":"πολλέων, αἵ μʼ ἐρέθουσι κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν,","translation":"that trouble me in my mind and in my heart,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l813.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδυνάων","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέθουσι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέθουσι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐρέθουσι","lemma":"ἐρέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὀδυνάων","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart","note":"φρένα...θυμόν pairing — Homeric doublet for the inner emotional/mental self, not two separate organs."}]},{"number":814,"label":"814","id":"b4-l814","source":"ἣ πρὶν μὲν πόσιν ἐσθλὸν ἀπώλεσα θυμολέοντα,","translation":"I who first lost my noble, lion-hearted husband,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l814.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμολέοντα","title":"lion-hearted","body":"θυμολέων, literally \"lion in spirit,\" a compound epithet of bold courage applied here to Odysseus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"I who"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπώλεσα","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἀπώλεσα","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μ᾽","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"θυμολέοντα","lemma":"θυμολέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"lion-hearted","note":"θυμολέων, a rare compound epithet — 'lion-souled,' emphasizing Odysseus's heroic courage."}]},{"number":815,"label":"815","id":"b4-l815","source":"παντοίῃς ἀρετῇσι κεκασμένον ἐν Δαναοῖσιν,","translation":"graced with every excellence among the Danaans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l815.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρετῇσι","title":"aretê / excellence","body":"ἀρετή denotes excellence or prowess of every kind; the plural here sums up the full range of Odysseus's distinction."}],"words":[{"surface":"παντοίῃς","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρετῇσι","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"ἀρετῇσι","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κεκασμένον","gloss":"excellence"},{"surface":"κεκασμένον","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"graced","note":"perfect participle κεκασμένον, 'adorned/distinguished' — a lasting quality, not a one-time act."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Δαναοῖσιν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the Danaans"}]},{"number":816,"label":"816","id":"b4-l816","source":"ἐσθλόν, τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθʼ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος·","translation":"noble, whose fame is wide through Hellas and mid-Argos;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l816.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κλέος","title":"kleos / fame","body":"κλέος is the renown that outlives a hero, a central value of the heroic world; here it defines Odysseus's stature even in absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλόν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κλέος","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Ἑλλάδα","lemma":"Ἑλλάς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Hellas"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργος","gloss":"mid"},{"surface":"Ἄργος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Argos","note":"'Hellas and mid-Argos' is a Homeric formula for 'all of Greece,' not two separate places."}]},{"number":817,"label":"817","id":"b4-l817","source":"νῦν αὖ παῖς ἀγαπητὸς ἔβη κοίλης ἐπὶ νηός,","translation":"and now my beloved son has gone off on a hollow ship,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l817.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"παῖς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀγαπητὸς","lemma":"ἀγαπητός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖς","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"κοίλης","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηός","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"νηός","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ship","note":"κοίλης...νηός, 'hollow ship,' a standard Homeric epithet for ships as vessels with cargo-holds."}]},{"number":818,"label":"818","id":"b4-l818","source":"νήπιος, οὔτε πόνων ἐὺ εἰδὼς οὔτʼ ἀγοράων.","translation":"a mere boy, knowing nothing of hardships or of assemblies.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l818.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"a mere boy"},{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"πόνων","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰδὼς","gloss":"of hardships"},{"surface":"ἐὺ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδὼς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδὼς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies τ᾽","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"ἀγοράων","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"of assemblies"}]},{"number":819,"label":"819","id":"b4-l819","source":"τοῦ δὴ ἐγὼ καὶ μᾶλλον ὀδύρομαι ἤ περ ἐκείνου·","translation":"For him indeed I grieve even more than for that other one;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l819.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ὀδύρομαι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐκείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"that one","note":"ἐκείνου refers back to Odysseus — Penelope now fears more for Telemachus than for her long-lost husband."}]},{"number":820,"label":"820","id":"b4-l820","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἀμφιτρομέω καὶ δείδια, μή τι πάθῃσιν,","translation":"for him I tremble and am afraid, lest he suffer something,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l820.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφιτρομέω","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιτρομέω","lemma":"ἀμφιτρομέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I tremble","note":"ἀμφι- 'around' + τρομέω 'tremble' — trembling on all sides, all-over dread"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δείδια","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am afraid","note":"perfect δείδια has present force: 'I am in a state of fear,' not 'I feared'"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πάθῃσιν","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"πάθῃσιν","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of μή","gloss":"he suffer","note":"subjunctive after μή expresses a feared possibility: 'lest he suffer'"}]},{"number":821,"label":"821","id":"b4-l821","source":"ἢ ὅ γε τῶν ἐνὶ δήμῳ, ἵνʼ οἴχεται, ἢ ἐνὶ πόντῳ·","translation":"either among the people where he has gone, or on the sea;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l821.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πάθῃσιν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"the","note":"τῶν stands for 'those (people)' before ἐνὶ δήμῳ, a common Homeric use of the article as pronoun"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴχεται","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"οἴχεται","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δήμῳ","gloss":"he has gone"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":822,"label":"822","id":"b4-l822","source":"δυσμενέες γὰρ πολλοὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ μηχανόωνται,","translation":"for many enemies are scheming against him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l822.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δυσμενέες","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μηχανόωνται","gloss":"enemies","note":"δυσ- 'ill' + μένος 'intent' — men whose will is hostile"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δυσμενέες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ᾽","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μηχανόωνται","lemma":"μηχανάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are scheming"}]},{"number":823,"label":"823","id":"b4-l823","source":"ἱέμενοι κτεῖναι πρὶν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι.","translation":"eager to kill him before he can reach his native land.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l823.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενοι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μηχανόωνται","gloss":"eager","note":"middle participle of ἵημι, 'sending themselves' toward a goal, i.e. eager/bent on"},{"surface":"κτεῖναι","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἱέμενοι","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"reach","note":"aorist infinitive with πρίν: 'before he reaches' — a set epic construction"}]},{"number":824,"label":"824","id":"b4-l824","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενον προσέφη εἴδωλον ἀμαυρόν·","translation":"Then the dim phantom answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l824.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εἴδωλον ἀμαυρόν","title":"dim phantom","body":"εἴδωλον is an image or shade; ἀμαυρόν (\"dim, shadowy\") stresses its insubstantial, ghostly form."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενον","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"epic formula προσέφη ... εἴδωλον ἀμαυρόν, 'the dim phantom addressed her,' recurs verbatim for the dream-figure"},{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"ἀμαυρόν","lemma":"ἀμαυρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἴδωλον","gloss":"dim"}]},{"number":825,"label":"825","id":"b4-l825","source":"θάρσει, μηδέ τι πάγχυ μετὰ φρεσὶ δείδιθι λίην·","translation":"\"Take heart, and do not fear too greatly in your mind;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l825.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θάρσει, δείδιθι","title":"Imperatives","body":"θάρσει (\"take heart\") and δείδιθι (\"fear\") are present and perfect imperatives giving direct commands of reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"θάρσει","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heart"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δείδιθι","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"δείδιθι","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fear","note":"perfect imperative δείδιθι, 'be in fear' — used as a simple command, 'fear'"},{"surface":"λίην","lemma":"λίαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δείδιθι","gloss":"too much"}]},{"number":826,"label":"826","id":"b4-l826","source":"τοίη γάρ οἱ πομπὸς ἅμʼ ἔρχεται, ἥν τε καὶ ἄλλοι","translation":"for such an escort goes with him as other","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l826.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοίη","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πομπὸς","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρχεται","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πομπὸς","lemma":"πομπός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"escort"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεται","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἔρχεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of παρεστάμεναι","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":827,"label":"827","id":"b4-l827","source":"ἀνέρες ἠρήσαντο παρεστάμεναι, δύναται γάρ,","translation":"men have prayed to have stand beside them, since she has the power,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l827.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠρήσαντο","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἠρήσαντο","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πομπὸς","gloss":"have prayed"},{"surface":"παρεστάμεναι","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of ἠρήσαντο","gloss":"to stand beside","note":"perfect infinitive παρεστάμεναι, 'to stand by (as helper)' — prayed-for divine presence"},{"surface":"δύναται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"she has power"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"since"}]},{"number":828,"label":"828","id":"b4-l828","source":"Παλλὰς Ἀθηναίη· σὲ δʼ ὀδυρομένην ἐλεαίρει·","translation":"Pallas Athena; and she pities you in your grief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l828.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθηναίη","gloss":"Pallas","note":"epic epithet-name pairing Παλλὰς Ἀθηναίη, a fixed formula filling the line"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐλεαίρει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀδυρομένην","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"ἐλεαίρει","lemma":"ἐλεαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pities"}]},{"number":829,"label":"829","id":"b4-l829","source":"ἣ νῦν με προέηκε τεῒν τάδε μυθήσασθαι.","translation":"she who now has sent me to tell you these things.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l829.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of προέηκε","gloss":"she who"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προέηκε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a subordinate clause","gloss":"sent forth","note":"προ- 'forth' + ἵημι 'send' — she sent me forth (as a messenger dream)"},{"surface":"τεῒν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μυθήσασθαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":830,"label":"830","id":"b4-l830","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε περίφρων Πηνελόπεια·","translation":"Then prudent Penelope spoke to her again:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l830.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"περίφρων","lemma":"περίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Πηνελόπεια","gloss":"prudent","note":"περίφρων, 'thinking all around' — Penelope's standing epithet for shrewd good sense"},{"surface":"Πηνελόπεια","lemma":"Πηνελόπεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Penelope"}]},{"number":831,"label":"831","id":"b4-l831","source":"εἰ μὲν δὴ θεός ἐσσι θεοῖό τε ἔκλυες αὐδῆς,","translation":"\"If indeed you are a god and have heard a god's voice,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l831.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"θεοῖό","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐδῆς","gloss":"a god's"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔκλυες","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"αὐδῆς","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυες","gloss":"voice","note":"θεοῖο ... αὐδῆς, 'a god's voice' — Penelope suspects the phantom is itself divine speech"}]},{"number":832,"label":"832","id":"b4-l832","source":"εἰ δʼ ἄγε μοι καὶ κεῖνον ὀιζυρὸν κατάλεξον,","translation":"come then, tell me also of that other ill-fated man,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l832.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"exclamation","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now","note":"ἄγε as an interjection, 'come!' urging attention, not a true verb here"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατάλεξον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"ὀιζυρὸν","lemma":"ὀιζυρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κεῖνον","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"κατάλεξον","lemma":"καταλέγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":833,"label":"833","id":"b4-l833","source":"ἤ που ἔτι ζώει καὶ ὁρᾷ φάος ἠελίοιο,","translation":"whether he still lives somewhere and sees the light of the sun,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l833.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ζώει","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"he lives"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁρᾷ","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁρᾷ","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"ἠελίοιο","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φάος","gloss":"of the sun","note":"φάος ... ἠελίοιο, 'the light of the sun' — Homeric formula for 'being alive'"}]},{"number":834,"label":"834","id":"b4-l834","source":"ἦ ἤδη τέθνηκε καὶ εἰν Ἀίδαο δόμοισι.","translation":"or is already dead and in the house of Hades.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l834.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"τέθνηκε","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"has died"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ἀίδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμοισι","gloss":"of Hades","note":"Ἀίδαο δόμοισι, 'the house of Hades' — the standard epic phrase for the underworld"},{"surface":"δόμοισι","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":835,"label":"835","id":"b4-l835","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενον προσέφη εἴδωλον ἀμαυρόν·","translation":"Then the dim phantom answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l835.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενον","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to","note":"repeated verbatim from line 824 — an oral-formulaic repetition marking a new speech"},{"surface":"εἴδωλον","lemma":"εἴδωλον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"ἀμαυρόν","lemma":"ἀμαυρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἴδωλον","gloss":"dim"}]},{"number":836,"label":"836","id":"b4-l836","source":"οὐ μέν τοι κεῖνόν γε διηνεκέως ἀγορεύσω,","translation":"\"I will not tell you of that man at length,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l836.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"κεῖνόν","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ,","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"διηνεκέως","lemma":"διηνεκής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύσω","gloss":"at length","note":"διηνεκέως, 'straight through' — 'in full detail,' the phantom refuses a complete account"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύσω","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"}]},{"number":837,"label":"837","id":"b4-l837","source":"ζώει ὅ γʼ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δʼ ἀνεμώλια βάζειν.","translation":"whether he lives or has died; it is wrong to babble idle things.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l837.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνεμώλια","title":"idle as wind","body":"ἀνεμώλιος, literally \"windy,\" means empty or futile speech, words carried off uselessly like the wind."}],"words":[{"surface":"ζώει","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"he lives"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τέθνηκε","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"has died"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a bad thing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνεμώλια","lemma":"ἀνεμώλιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of βάζειν","gloss":"idle things","note":"ἀνεμώλια, literally 'windy' things — words as empty and useless as wind"},{"surface":"βάζειν","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to babble"}]},{"number":838,"label":"838","id":"b4-l838","source":"ὣς εἰπὸν σταθμοῖο παρὰ κληῖδα λιάσθη","translation":"So saying, it slipped away past the bolt of the doorpost","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l838.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὸν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὸν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to λιάσθη","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"σταθμοῖο","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κληῖδα","gloss":"of the doorpost"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"κληῖδα","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"bolt"},{"surface":"λιάσθη","lemma":"λιάζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slipped away","note":"λιάζομαι, 'glide/slip away' — the ghostly ease of the phantom's exit through the door-bolt"}]},{"number":839,"label":"839","id":"b4-l839","source":"ἐς πνοιὰς ἀνέμων. ἡ δʼ ἐξ ὕπνου ἀνόρουσε","translation":"into the breaths of the winds. And she started up from sleep,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l839.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"πνοιὰς","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"breaths"},{"surface":"ἀνέμων","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πνοιὰς","gloss":"of the winds"},{"surface":"ἡ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὕπνου","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἀνόρουσε","lemma":"ἀνορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"started up"}]},{"number":840,"label":"840","id":"b4-l840","source":"κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο· φίλον δέ οἱ ἦτορ ἰάνθη,","translation":"the daughter of Icarius; and her heart was warmed,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l840.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter","note":"κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο, 'daughter of Icarius' — patronymic epithet identifying Penelope"},{"surface":"Ἰκαρίοιο","lemma":"Ἰκάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Icarius"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἰάνθη","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἰάνθη","lemma":"ἰαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was warmed"}]},{"number":841,"label":"841","id":"b4-l841","source":"ὥς οἱ ἐναργὲς ὄνειρον ἐπέσσυτο νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ.","translation":"that so vivid a dream had sped to her in the dead of night.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l841.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ","title":"the dead of night","body":"νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ is a fixed phrase for the depth of night, its exact literal sense (\"milking-time\"? \"darkest hour\"?) already uncertain in antiquity."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέσσυτο","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ἐναργὲς","lemma":"ἐναργής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"vivid"},{"surface":"ὄνειρον","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐπέσσυτο","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"ἐπέσσυτο","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"imperfect middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"had sped","note":"ἐπισεύω, 'rush upon/at' — the dream came rushing to her swiftly"},{"surface":"νυκτὸς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμολγῷ","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"ἀμολγῷ","lemma":"ἀμολγός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσσυτο","gloss":"dead time","note":"ἀμολγῷ, 'milking-time,' i.e. the depth/stillness of night — an old poetic phrase"}]},{"number":842,"label":"842","id":"b4-l842","source":"μνηστῆρες δʼ ἀναβάντες ἐπέπλεον ὑγρὰ κέλευθα","translation":"Meanwhile the suitors had embarked and were sailing the watery ways,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l842.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μνηστῆρες","lemma":"μνηστήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"the suitors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναβάντες","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"having embarked"},{"surface":"ἐπέπλεον","lemma":"ἐπιπλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were sailing"},{"surface":"ὑγρὰ","lemma":"ὑγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κέλευθα","gloss":"watery"},{"surface":"κέλευθα","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"ways","note":"ὑγρὰ κέλευθα, 'watery paths/ways' — a formulaic epic kenning for the sea route"}]},{"number":843,"label":"843","id":"b4-l843","source":"Τηλεμάχῳ φόνον αἰπὺν ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ὁρμαίνοντες.","translation":"brooding in their hearts on sheer murder for Telemachus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l843.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχῳ","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρμαίνοντες","gloss":"for Telemachus"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρμαίνοντες","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"αἰπὺν","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φόνον","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"their hearts"},{"surface":"ὁρμαίνοντες","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"brooding"}]},{"number":844,"label":"844","id":"b4-l844","source":"ἔστι δέ τις νῆσος μέσσῃ ἁλὶ πετρήεσσα,","translation":"There is a certain rocky island in the midst of the sea,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l844.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νῆσος","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"νῆσος","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"μέσσῃ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὶ","gloss":"in the midst"},{"surface":"ἁλὶ","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"πετρήεσσα","lemma":"πετρήεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"rocky","note":"πετρήεσσα, 'rocky/craggy' — a common landscape epithet in epic geography"}]},{"number":845,"label":"845","id":"b4-l845","source":"μεσσηγὺς Ἰθάκης τε Σάμοιό τε παιπαλοέσσης,","translation":"midway between Ithaca and rugged Samos,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l845.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεσσηγὺς","lemma":"μεσσηγύς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"midway between"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Ithaca"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σάμοιό","lemma":"Σάμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Samos"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παιπαλοέσσης","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Σάμοιό","gloss":"rugged","note":"παιπαλόεις, 'craggy, rugged' — vivid epithet for a rocky island's terrain"}]},{"number":846,"label":"846","id":"b4-l846","source":"Ἀστερίς, οὐ μεγάλη· λιμένες δʼ ἔνι ναύλοχοι αὐτῇ","translation":"Asteris, not large; it has harbors safe for ships on it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l846.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀστερίς","lemma":"Ἀστερίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"Asteris"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μεγάλη","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"λιμένες","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"harbors"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ναύλοχοι","lemma":"ναύλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένες","gloss":"safe for ships","note":"ναύλοχος, 'ship-holding' — compound describing a natural anchorage safe from storms"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":847,"label":"847","id":"b4-l847","source":"ἀμφίδυμοι· τῇ τόν γε μένον λοχόωντες Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"with two mouths; there the Achaeans waited, lying in ambush for him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/odyssey/b4-l847.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφίδυμοι","lemma":"ἀμφίδυμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λιμένες","gloss":"twin, two-mouthed"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μένον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μένον","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"λοχόωντες","lemma":"λοχάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μένον","gloss":"lying in ambush"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μένον","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]}]}