{"work":{"slug":"odyssey","title":{"source":"Ὀδύσσεια","translated":"The Odyssey"},"language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc"},"letter":"ρ","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/words/rho","headwords":[{"lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","count":17,"glosses":["easily","easy","most easily","easiest"],"forms":["ῥηϊδίως","ῥηιδίως","ῥηΐτατ","ῥηίστη","ῥηΐδιόν","ῥηΐδιον"],"morphology":["adverb","accusative plural neuter adjective","nominative singular feminine adjective","accusative singular neuter adjective","nominative singular neuter adjective"],"note":"ῥηιδίως stresses the Cyclops's monstrous strength — moving the huge door-stone with ease","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.565","id":"b4-l565","source":"τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει ἀνθρώποισιν·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/8#8.376","id":"b8-l376","source":"ῥηιδίως μεθέλεσκε, πάρος ποσὶν οὖδας ἱκέσθαι."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.313","id":"b9-l313","source":"ῥηιδίως ἀφελὼν θυρεὸν μέγαν· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα"}]},{"lemma":"ῥάβδος","count":10,"glosses":["wand","with her wand","rod","with wand"],"forms":["ῥάβδῳ","ῥάβδον"],"morphology":["dative singular feminine noun","accusative singular feminine noun"],"note":"Hermes's magic ῥάβδος, tool for inducing/lifting sleep — the caduceus of myth.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.47","id":"b5-l47","source":"εἵλετο δὲ ῥάβδον, τῇ τʼ ἀνδρῶν ὄμματα θέλγει,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10#10.238","id":"b10-l238","source":"ῥάβδῳ πεπληγυῖα κατὰ συφεοῖσιν ἐέργνυ."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10#10.293","id":"b10-l293","source":"ὁππότε κεν Κίρκη σʼ ἐλάσῃ περιμήκεϊ ῥάβδῳ,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥάκος","count":11,"glosses":["rags","rag","a rag, cloth","with rags","of his rags","in rags"],"forms":["ῥάκος","ῥάκεα","ῥάκεσιν","ῥακέων","ῥακέεσσι"],"morphology":["accusative singular neuter noun","dative plural neuter noun","accusative plural neuter noun","genitive plural neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.178","id":"b6-l178","source":"ἄστυ δέ μοι δεῖξον, δὸς δὲ ῥάκος ἀμφιβαλέσθαι,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.434","id":"b13-l434","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν ῥάκος ἄλλο κακὸν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.342","id":"b14-l342","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μοι ῥάκος ἄλλο κακὸν βάλον ἠδὲ χιτῶνα,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥάπτω","count":4,"glosses":["we wove","we stitched together","stitch","to stitch"],"forms":["ῥάπτομεν","ἐράπτομεν","ῥάπτεις","ῥάπτειν"],"morphology":["imperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","present active infinitive"],"note":"ῥάπτω lit. 'stitch/weave', a vivid metaphor for plotting harm—cf. English 'weaving a scheme'","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.118","id":"b3-l118","source":"εἰνάετες γάρ σφιν κακὰ ῥάπτομεν ἀμφιέποντες"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/16#16.379","id":"b16-l379","source":"οὕνεκά οἱ φόνον αἰπὺν ἐράπτομεν οὐδʼ ἐκίχημεν·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/16#16.422","id":"b16-l422","source":"ῥάπτεις, οὐδʼ ἱκέτας ἐμπάζεαι, οἷσιν ἄρα Ζεὺς"}]},{"lemma":"Ῥαδάμανθυς","count":2,"glosses":["Rhadamanthus","Rhadamanthys"],"forms":["Ῥαδάμανθυς","Ῥαδάμανθυν"],"morphology":["nominative singular masculine noun","accusative singular masculine noun"],"note":"mythic judge of the dead, brother of Minos, ruler of Elysium","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.564","id":"b4-l564","source":"ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/7#7.323","id":"b7-l323","source":"λαῶν ἡμετέρων, ὅτε τε ξανθὸν Ῥαδάμανθυν"}]},{"lemma":"ῥαίνω","count":2,"glosses":["sprinkle","are spattered"],"forms":["ῥάσσατέ","ἐρράδαται"],"morphology":["aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb"],"note":"ἐρράδαται, perfect passive of ῥαίνω 'sprinkle', vivid omen of blood on the walls.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/20#20.150","id":"b20-l150","source":"ῥάσσατέ τʼ, ἔν τε θρόνοις εὐποιήτοισι τάπητας"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/20#20.354","id":"b20-l354","source":"αἵματι δʼ ἐρράδαται τοῖχοι καλαί τε μεσόδμαι·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥαίω","count":8,"glosses":["should wreck","being wrecked","wrecked","would shatter","would be dashed","to wreck","would wreck","smashed"],"forms":["ῥαισέμεναι","ῥαίῃσι","ῥαιομένου","ἔρραιε","ῥαίοιτο","ῥαῖσαι","ῥαίσῃ"],"morphology":["future active infinitive","present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","aorist active infinitive","aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb"],"note":"ῥαίῃσι, subjunctive of ῥαίω \"shatter/wreck\" — Odysseus voices the future shipwreck he'll actually suffer soon.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.221","id":"b5-l221","source":"εἰ δʼ αὖ τις ῥαίῃσι θεῶν ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.326","id":"b6-l326","source":"ῥαιομένου, ὅτε μʼ ἔρραιε κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιος."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/8#8.569","id":"b8-l569","source":"ῥαισέμεναι, μέγα δʼ ἧμιν ὄρος πόλει ἀμφικαλύψειν."}]},{"lemma":"ῥαπτός","count":2,"glosses":["patched","stitched"],"forms":["ῥαπτὸν","ῥαπτὰς"],"morphology":["accusative singular masculine adjective","accusative plural feminine adjective"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/24#24.228","id":"b24-l228","source":"ῥαπτὸν ἀεικέλιον, περὶ δὲ κνήμῃσι βοείας"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/24#24.229","id":"b24-l229","source":"κνημῖδας ῥαπτὰς δέδετο, γραπτῦς ἀλεείνων,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥαφή","count":1,"glosses":["stitching"],"forms":["ῥαφαὶ"],"morphology":["nominative plural feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/22#22.186","id":"b22-l186","source":"δὴ τότε γʼ ἤδη κεῖτο, ῥαφαὶ δὲ λέλυντο ἱμάντων·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥέζω","count":48,"glosses":["did","to offer","does","I will sacrifice","do","offering","you do","may do","were offering","offered","might do","I offered","having offered/performed","you offer","I performed, made","having done","let him do","offer","did/would do","we will make","he achieves","sacrificing","(will) sacrifice","sacrifice","I would sacrifice","having sacrificed","let us sacrifice","to sacrifice","they do","doing","I did","do, work","kept doing","used to do","to do","would do","treated","to do, commit","wrought"],"forms":["ῥέζοι","ῥέξας","ῥέξειν","ῥέξαι","ἔρεξε","ἔρεξα","ἔρεξεν","ῥέζετε","ῥέξω","ῥέξειε","ῥέξομεν","ῥέζειν","ῥέζεσκον","ῥέζων","ῥέζον","ἐρέξαμεν","ῥέξῃς","ῥέζουσι","ῥέξῃ","ῥέξωσι","ῥέξαντα","ῥέζω","ῥέζει","ἔρεζον","ἔρεξαν"],"morphology":["present active optative, 3rd singular verb","aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","future active infinitive","imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","aorist active infinitive","aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","future active indicative, 1st singular verb","aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","present active infinitive","present active participle, nominative singular masculine","present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","future active indicative, 1st plural verb","aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","present active indicative, 1st singular verb","present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb"],"note":"ῥέζων ἱερά ('doing sacred things') is the standard Homeric idiom for performing sacrifice — 'ῥέζω' here means 'to perform (a rite),' not just generic 'do.'","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.47","id":"b1-l47","source":"ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.61","id":"b1-l61","source":"Ἀργείων παρὰ νηυσὶ χαρίζετο ἱερὰ ῥέζων"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/2#2.72","id":"b2-l72","source":"δυσμενέων κάκʼ ἔρεξεν ἐυκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥέω","count":11,"glosses":["flowed","had flowed","flows","flowed, ran","fell away","flow","poured","flowing"],"forms":["ῥέε","ῥύη","ῥέον","ῥέει","ἔρρεον","ῥέουσιν","ἔρρεεν","ῥέεν","ῥέοντες"],"morphology":["imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","present active participle, nominative plural masculine"],"note":"imperfect ἔρρεον pictures the hair streaming off gradually as the spell reverses.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.455","id":"b3-l455","source":"τῆς δʼ ἐπεὶ ἐκ μέλαν αἷμα ῥύη, λίπε δʼ ὀστέα θυμός,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.70","id":"b5-l70","source":"κρῆναι δʼ ἑξείης πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.140","id":"b9-l140","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος ῥέει ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥεῖα","count":13,"glosses":["easily","easily, at ease"],"forms":["ῥεῖα","ῥεῖ","ῥεῖά"],"morphology":["adverb"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.160","id":"b1-l160","source":"ῥεῖʼ, ἐπεὶ ἀλλότριον βίοτον νήποινον ἔδουσιν,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/2#2.322","id":"b2-l322","source":"ῥεῖα· μνηστῆρες δὲ δόμον κάτα δαῖτα πένοντο."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.231","id":"b3-l231","source":"ῥεῖα θεός γʼ ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι."}]},{"lemma":"Ῥεῖθρον","count":1,"glosses":["Rheithron"],"forms":["Ῥείθρῳ"],"morphology":["dative singular neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.186","id":"b1-l186","source":"ἐν λιμένι Ῥείθρῳ ὑπὸ Νηίῳ ὑλήεντι."}]},{"lemma":"ῥεῖθρον","count":4,"glosses":["streams"],"forms":["ῥέεθρα"],"morphology":["accusative plural neuter noun","nominative plural neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.292","id":"b3-l292","source":"ἧχι Κύδωνες ἔναιον Ἰαρδάνου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.317","id":"b6-l317","source":"ἡμιόνους· αἱ δʼ ὦκα λίπον ποταμοῖο ῥέεθρα."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11#11.157","id":"b11-l157","source":"μέσσῳ γὰρ μεγάλοι ποταμοὶ καὶ δεινὰ ῥέεθρα,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","count":1,"glosses":["snapped"],"forms":["ἔρρηξ"],"morphology":["aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.409","id":"b12-l409","source":"ἱστοῦ δὲ προτόνους ἔρρηξʼ ἀνέμοιο θύελλα"}]},{"lemma":"ῥήτρα","count":1,"glosses":["a compact"],"forms":["ῥήτρην"],"morphology":["accusative singular feminine noun"],"note":"ῥήτρα 'agreement/pact' — Odysseus proposes a wager to prove his claim","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.393","id":"b14-l393","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν ῥήτρην ποιησόμεθʼ· αὐτὰρ ὄπισθε"}]},{"lemma":"ῥῆγος","count":13,"glosses":["blankets","coverlets","rug","coverings","rugs"],"forms":["ῥήγεα","ῥῆγός","ῥήγεϊ","ῥήγεσσι"],"morphology":["accusative plural neuter noun","nominative plural neuter noun","accusative singular neuter noun","dative singular neuter noun","dative plural neuter noun"],"note":"ῥήγεα, thick woven coverlets — a mark of household wealth in Homeric hospitality scenes","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.349","id":"b3-l349","source":"ᾧ οὔ τι χλαῖναι καὶ ῥήγεα πόλλʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.351","id":"b3-l351","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ πάρα μὲν χλαῖναι καὶ ῥήγεα καλά."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.297","id":"b4-l297","source":"δέμνιʼ ὑπʼ αἰθούσῃ θέμεναι καὶ ῥήγεα καλὰ"}]},{"lemma":"ῥῆσις","count":1,"glosses":["speech"],"forms":["ῥήσιος"],"morphology":["genitive singular feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/21#21.291","id":"b21-l291","source":"μύθων ἡμετέρων καὶ ῥήσιος; οὐδέ τις ἄλλος"}]},{"lemma":"ῥηγμίν","count":10,"glosses":["breaking surf","surf","the breaking surf","the surf-line"],"forms":["ῥηγμῖνι"],"morphology":["dative singular masculine noun"],"note":"ῥηγμίν = the line where waves break on shore; vivid image of sleeping right at the tideline.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.430","id":"b4-l430","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.449","id":"b4-l449","source":"ἑξῆς εὐνάζοντο παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.575","id":"b4-l575","source":"δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης."}]},{"lemma":"ῥηγμίς","count":1,"glosses":["surf"],"forms":["ῥηγμῖνα"],"morphology":["accusative singular feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.214","id":"b12-l214","source":"ὑμεῖς μὲν κώπῃσιν ἁλὸς ῥηγμῖνα βαθεῖαν"}]},{"lemma":"ῥηξήνωρ","count":1,"glosses":["breaker of men"],"forms":["ῥηξήνορος"],"morphology":["genitive singular masculine noun"],"note":"ῥηξήνωρ, 'breaker of men's ranks,' is a recurring Homeric epithet of Achilles (also Od. 11.467, 24.15), not unique to this line.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.5","id":"b4-l5","source":"τὴν μὲν Ἀχιλλῆος ῥηξήνορος υἱέι πέμπεν·"}]},{"lemma":"Ῥηξήνωρ","count":2,"glosses":["Rhexenor","of Rhexenor"],"forms":["Ῥηξήνορά","Ῥηξήνορος"],"morphology":["accusative singular masculine noun","genitive singular masculine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/7#7.63","id":"b7-l63","source":"Ναυσίθοος δʼ ἔτεκεν Ῥηξήνορά τʼ Ἀλκίνοόν τε."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/7#7.146","id":"b7-l146","source":"Ἀρήτη, θύγατερ Ῥηξήνορος ἀντιθέοιο,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥηξηνορία","count":1,"glosses":["power to break ranks"],"forms":["ῥηξηνορίην"],"morphology":["accusative singular feminine noun"],"note":"ῥηξηνορίη, 'man-breaking' compound noun, a striking Homeric abstract coined from ῥήγνυμι + ἀνήρ.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.217","id":"b14-l217","source":"καὶ ῥηξηνορίην· ὁπότε κρίνοιμι λόχονδε"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίγιον","count":1,"glosses":["colder, harsher"],"forms":["ῥίγιον"],"morphology":["nominative singular neuter comparative adjective"],"note":"ῥίγιον, comparative 'more chilling' — predicate after ἔσται 'it will be'.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/17#17.191","id":"b17-l191","source":"ἦμαρ, ἀτὰρ τάχα τοι ποτὶ ἕσπερα ῥίγιον ἔσται."}]},{"lemma":"ῥίζα","count":4,"glosses":["roots","at the root","the roots","the root"],"forms":["ῥίζαι","ῥίζῃ","ῥίζης"],"morphology":["nominative plural feminine noun","dative singular feminine noun","genitive singular feminine noun"],"note":"ῥίζαι 'roots' of the eye — anatomical-poetic image, roots of the eyeball crackling.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.390","id":"b9-l390","source":"γλήνης καιομένης, σφαραγεῦντο δέ οἱ πυρὶ ῥίζαι."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10#10.304","id":"b10-l304","source":"ῥίζῃ μὲν μέλαν ἔσκε, γάλακτι δὲ εἴκελον ἄνθος·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.435","id":"b12-l435","source":"ῥίζαι γὰρ ἑκὰς εἶχον, ἀπήωροι δʼ ἔσαν ὄζοι,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίμφα","count":5,"glosses":["swiftly"],"forms":["ῥίμφα"],"morphology":["adverb"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/8#8.193","id":"b8-l193","source":"ῥίμφα θέων ἀπὸ χειρός. ἔθηκε δὲ τέρματʼ Ἀθήνη"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.182","id":"b12-l182","source":"ῥίμφα διώκοντες, τὰς δʼ οὐ λάθεν ὠκύαλος νηῦς"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.83","id":"b13-l83","source":"ὑψόσʼ ἀειρόμενοι ῥίμφα πρήσσουσι κέλευθον,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίον","count":2,"glosses":["headland","a peak"],"forms":["ῥίον","ῥίῳ"],"morphology":["accusative singular neuter noun","dative singular neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.295","id":"b3-l295","source":"ἔνθα Νότος μέγα κῦμα ποτὶ σκαιὸν ῥίον ὠθεῖ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.191","id":"b9-l191","source":"ἀνδρί γε σιτοφάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίπτω","count":6,"glosses":["threw","would fling","flung","kept tossing","flings","hurled"],"forms":["ἔρριψε","ῥίπτασκε","ἔρριψεν"],"morphology":["aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":"Iterative -σκε suffix (ῥίπτασκε) marks repeated, habitual action—'kept flinging'.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.115","id":"b6-l115","source":"σφαῖραν ἔπειτʼ ἔρριψε μετʼ ἀμφίπολον βασίλεια·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/8#8.374","id":"b8-l374","source":"τὴν ἕτερος ῥίπτασκε ποτὶ νέφεα σκιόεντα"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.398","id":"b9-l398","source":"τὸν μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ ἕο χερσὶν ἀλύων,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίς","count":7,"glosses":["nostrils","nose","nostril"],"forms":["ῥῖνάς","ῥῖνα","ῥῖνας"],"morphology":["accusative plural feminine noun","accusative singular feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/4#4.445","id":"b4-l445","source":"ἀμβροσίην ὑπὸ ῥῖνα ἑκάστῳ θῆκε φέρουσα"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.456","id":"b5-l456","source":"ἂν στόμα τε ῥῖνάς θʼ· ὁ δʼ ἄρʼ ἄπνευστος καὶ ἄναυδος"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/18#18.86","id":"b18-l86","source":"ὅς κʼ ἀπὸ ῥῖνα τάμῃσι καὶ οὔατα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥίψ","count":1,"glosses":["with wickerwork"],"forms":["ῥίπεσσι"],"morphology":["dative plural feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.256","id":"b5-l256","source":"φράξε δέ μιν ῥίπεσσι διαμπερὲς οἰσυΐνῃσι"}]},{"lemma":"ῥῖγος","count":2,"glosses":["chill","more chilling"],"forms":["ῥῖγος","ῥίγιον"],"morphology":["nominative singular neuter noun","nominative singular neuter comparative adjective"],"note":"ῥίγιον, comparative of ῥῖγος 'cold/shudder' — used figuratively for 'more dreadful, harder to bear.'","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.472","id":"b5-l472","source":"ῥῖγος καὶ κάματος, γλυκερὸς δέ μοι ὕπνος ἐπέλθῃ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/20#20.220","id":"b20-l220","source":"ἄνδρας ἐς ἀλλοδαπούς· τὸ δὲ ῥίγιον, αὖθι μένοντα"}]},{"lemma":"ῥιγέω","count":3,"glosses":["shuddered","was shuddering"],"forms":["ῥίγησεν","ἐρρίγει"],"morphology":["aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":"ῥιγέω 'to shudder/dread' vividly conveys Penelope's persistent fear of being deceived.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.116","id":"b5-l116","source":"ὣς φάτο, ῥίγησεν δὲ Καλυψώ, δῖα θεάων,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.171","id":"b5-l171","source":"ὣς φάτο, ῥίγησεν δὲ πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/23#23.216","id":"b23-l216","source":"ἐρρίγει μή τίς με βροτῶν ἀπάφοιτο ἔπεσσιν"}]},{"lemma":"ῥιγόω","count":1,"glosses":["would be cold"],"forms":["ῥιγωσέμεν"],"morphology":["future active infinitive"],"note":"future infinitive ῥιγωσέμεν (epic -μεν ending) after a verb of thinking, giving indirect statement.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.481","id":"b14-l481","source":"ἀφραδίῃς, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἐφάμην ῥιγωσέμεν ἔμπης,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥιζόω","count":2,"glosses":["is rooted","rooted fast"],"forms":["ἐρρίζωται","ἐρρίζωσεν"],"morphology":["perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":"Perfect ἐρρίζωται: the vine 'has been rooted' and stands firmly established, not merely 'was planted.'","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/7#7.122","id":"b7-l122","source":"ἔνθα δέ οἱ πολύκαρπος ἀλωὴ ἐρρίζωται,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.163","id":"b13-l163","source":"ὅς μιν λᾶαν ἔθηκε καὶ ἐρρίζωσεν ἔνερθε"}]},{"lemma":"ῥινόν","count":3,"glosses":["skin","a shield"],"forms":["ῥινὸν"],"morphology":["accusative singular neuter noun","nominative singular neuter noun"],"note":"ῥινόν lit. 'hide', here a leather shield—simile for the land seen far off","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.281","id":"b5-l281","source":"εἴσατο δʼ ὡς ὅτε ῥινὸν ἐν ἠεροειδέι πόντῳ."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.134","id":"b14-l134","source":"ῥινὸν ἀπʼ ὀστεόφιν ἐρύσαι, ψυχὴ δὲ λέλοιπεν·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/22#22.278","id":"b22-l278","source":"λίγδην, ἄκρον δὲ ῥινὸν δηλήσατο χαλκός."}]},{"lemma":"ῥινός","count":6,"glosses":["skin","hides","skins","the hides","hide"],"forms":["ῥινοὶ","ῥινοῖσι","ῥινοὺς","ῥινοί","ῥινοῖο"],"morphology":["nominative plural feminine noun","dative plural feminine noun","accusative plural feminine noun","genitive singular feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.108","id":"b1-l108","source":"ἥμενοι ἐν ῥινοῖσι βοῶν, οὓς ἔκτανον αὐτοί·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.426","id":"b5-l426","source":"ἔνθα κʼ ἀπὸ ῥινοὺς δρύφθη, σὺν δʼ ὀστέʼ ἀράχθη,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.435","id":"b5-l435","source":"ῥινοὶ ἀπέδρυφθεν· τὸν δὲ μέγα κῦμα κάλυψεν."}]},{"lemma":"ῥιπή","count":1,"glosses":["the rush"],"forms":["ῥιπῆς"],"morphology":["genitive singular feminine noun"],"note":"ῥιπή 'swift rush/force', describing the discus's whoosh","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/8#8.192","id":"b8-l192","source":"λᾶος ὑπὸ ῥιπῆς· ὁ δʼ ὑπέρπτατο σήματα πάντων"}]},{"lemma":"ῥόθιος","count":1,"glosses":["crashing"],"forms":["ῥόθιον"],"morphology":["nominative singular neuter adjective"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.412","id":"b5-l412","source":"βέβρυχεν ῥόθιον, λισσὴ δʼ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥόος","count":11,"glosses":["stream","the current","current","of the current"],"forms":["ῥόον","ῥόος","ῥόοιο"],"morphology":["accusative singular masculine noun","nominative singular masculine noun","genitive singular masculine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.327","id":"b5-l327","source":"τὴν δʼ ἐφόρει μέγα κῦμα κατὰ ῥόον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.449","id":"b5-l449","source":"σόν τε ῥόον σά τε γούναθʼ ἱκάνω πολλὰ μογήσας."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.451","id":"b5-l451","source":"ὣς φάθʼ, ὁ δʼ αὐτίκα παῦσεν ἑὸν ῥόον, ἔσχε δὲ\n                  κῦμα,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥόπαλον","count":4,"glosses":["club","staff, cudgel","with his club"],"forms":["ῥόπαλον","ῥοπάλῳ"],"morphology":["nominative singular neuter noun","accusative singular neuter noun","dative singular neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.319","id":"b9-l319","source":"Κύκλωπος γὰρ ἔκειτο μέγα ῥόπαλον παρὰ σηκῷ,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11#11.575","id":"b11-l575","source":"χερσὶν ἔχων ῥόπαλον παγχάλκεον, αἰὲν ἀαγές."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/17#17.195","id":"b17-l195","source":"δὸς δέ μοι, εἴ ποθί τοι ῥόπαλον τετμημένον ἐστίν,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοδοδάκτυλος","count":22,"glosses":["rosy-fingered"],"forms":["ῥοδοδάκτυλος"],"morphology":["nominative singular feminine adjective"],"note":"Classic Homeric formula 'rosy-fingered Dawn,' repeated verbatim throughout the epic.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/2#2.1","id":"b2-l1","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.404","id":"b3-l404","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/3#3.491","id":"b3-l491","source":"ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοή","count":5,"glosses":["streams","in the streams"],"forms":["ῥοὰς","ῥοάων","ῥοῇσιν"],"morphology":["accusative plural feminine noun","genitive plural feminine noun","dative plural feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.216","id":"b6-l216","source":"ἤνωγον δʼ ἄρα μιν λοῦσθαι ποταμοῖο ῥοῇσιν."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.450","id":"b9-l450","source":"μακρὰ βιβάς, πρῶτος δὲ ῥοὰς ποταμῶν ἀφικάνεις,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10#10.529","id":"b10-l529","source":"ἱέμενος ποταμοῖο ῥοάων· ἔνθα δὲ πολλαὶ"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοῖζος","count":1,"glosses":["whistle"],"forms":["ῥοίζῳ"],"morphology":["dative singular feminine noun"],"note":"instrumental dative: 'with a whistle' — no preposition needed in Greek","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/9#9.315","id":"b9-l315","source":"πολλῇ δὲ ῥοίζῳ πρὸς ὄρος τρέπε πίονα μῆλα"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοιά","count":2,"glosses":["pomegranate trees"],"forms":["ῥοιαὶ"],"morphology":["nominative plural feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/7#7.115","id":"b7-l115","source":"ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/11#11.589","id":"b11-l589","source":"ὄγχναι καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μηλέαι ἀγλαόκαρποι"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοιβδέω","count":1,"glosses":["she sucks"],"forms":["ῥοιβδήσειεν"],"morphology":["aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.106","id":"b12-l106","source":"δεινόν· μὴ σύ γε κεῖθι τύχοις, ὅτε ῥοιβδήσειεν·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥοχθέω","count":2,"glosses":["roared","roars"],"forms":["ῥόχθει","ῥοχθεῖ"],"morphology":["imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","present active indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/5#5.402","id":"b5-l402","source":"ῥόχθει γὰρ μέγα κῦμα ποτὶ ξερὸν ἠπείροιο"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.60","id":"b12-l60","source":"κῦμα μέγα ῥοχθεῖ κυανώπιδος Ἀμφιτρίτης·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥύομαι","count":8,"glosses":["he saved / rescued","might screen","could save","protect","keeps safe","guarded","stayed","held back"],"forms":["ἐρρύσατο","ῥύσαιτο","ῥύσαιτό","ῥύομαί","ῥύεταί","ῥύατ","ῥύσατ","ἔρυτο"],"morphology":["aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","aorist middle indicative, third singular","present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb"],"note":"aorist middle optative expressing purpose, 'so that it might shield'","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/1#1.6","id":"b1-l6","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὣς ἑτάρους ἐρρύσατο, ἱέμενός περ·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.129","id":"b6-l129","source":"φύλλων, ὡς ῥύσαιτο περὶ χροῒ μήδεα φωτός."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/12#12.107","id":"b12-l107","source":"οὐ γάρ κεν ῥύσαιτό σʼ ὑπὲκ κακοῦ οὐδʼ ἐνοσίχθων."}]},{"lemma":"ῥύπος","count":1,"glosses":["dirt"],"forms":["ῥύπα"],"morphology":["accusative plural neuter noun"],"note":"ῥύπος, cognate with ῥυπόωντα in l87 — the poet frames the whole washing scene with the same root.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.93","id":"b6-l93","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πλῦνάν τε κάθηράν τε ῥύπα πάντα,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥυδόν","count":1,"glosses":["flowingly"],"forms":["ῥυδὸν"],"morphology":["adverb"],"note":"ῥυδόν 'flowing, streaming' intensifies ἀφνειοῖο — wealth flowing abundantly.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/15#15.426","id":"b15-l426","source":"κούρη δʼ εἴμʼ Ἀρύβαντος ἐγὼ ῥυδὸν ἀφνειοῖο·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥυπάω","count":5,"glosses":["filthy","I am filthy","dirty (clothes)"],"forms":["ῥυπόωντα","ῥυπόω"],"morphology":["present active participle, accusative plural neuter","present active indicative, 1st singular verb","present active participle, accusative singular masculine"],"note":"ῥυπόωντα, uncontracted epic form of ῥυπάω 'be squalid' — marks Laertes' degraded state.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.87","id":"b6-l87","source":"καλὸν ὑπεκπρόρεεν μάλα περ ῥυπόωντα καθῆραι,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.435","id":"b13-l435","source":"ῥωγαλέα ῥυπόωντα, κακῷ μεμορυγμένα καπνῷ·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/19#19.72","id":"b19-l72","source":"ἦ ὅτι δὴ ῥυπόω, κακὰ δὲ χροῒ εἵματα εἷμαι,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥυπόομαι","count":1,"glosses":["soiled"],"forms":["ῥερυπωμένα"],"morphology":["perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/6#6.59","id":"b6-l59","source":"ἐς ποταμὸν πλυνέουσα, τά μοι ῥερυπωμένα κεῖται;"}]},{"lemma":"ῥυστάζω","count":2,"glosses":["dragged about"],"forms":["ῥυστάζοντας"],"morphology":["present active participle, accusative plural masculine"],"note":"ῥυστάζοντας: vivid verb of manhandling/dragging, intensifying the outrage of the suitors' abuse.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/16#16.109","id":"b16-l109","source":"ῥυστάζοντας ἀεικελίως κατὰ δώματα καλά,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/20#20.319","id":"b20-l319","source":"ῥυστάζοντας ἀεικελίως κατὰ δώματα καλά."}]},{"lemma":"ῥυστακτύς","count":1,"glosses":["rough handling"],"forms":["ῥυστακτύος"],"morphology":["genitive singular feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/18#18.224","id":"b18-l224","source":"ἥμενος ὧδε πάθοι ῥυστακτύος ἐξ ἀλεγεινῆς;"}]},{"lemma":"ῥυτήρ","count":4,"glosses":["guardian, keeper","keeper","drawers of the bow","drawer"],"forms":["ῥυτῆρα","ῥυτῆρας"],"morphology":["accusative singular masculine noun","accusative plural masculine noun"],"note":"ῥυτῆρα σταθμῶν 'guardian of the steading' — a predicate role Eumaeus imagines for Odysseus, i.e. staying to mind the 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noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/22#22.143","id":"b22-l143","source":"εἰς θαλάμους Ὀδυσῆος ἀνὰ ῥῶγας μεγάροιο."}]},{"lemma":"ῥώομαι","count":2,"glosses":["moved fast","rushed about"],"forms":["ἐρρώσαντο"],"morphology":["aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb"],"note":"ῥώομαι 'stir quickly' — vivid physical image of excited hurrying","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/23#23.3","id":"b23-l3","source":"γούνατα δʼ ἐρρώσαντο, πόδες δʼ ὑπερικταίνοντο."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/24#24.69","id":"b24-l69","source":"τεύχεσιν ἐρρώσαντο πυρὴν πέρι καιομένοιο,"}]},{"lemma":"ῥώψ","count":3,"glosses":["brushwood","twigs"],"forms":["ῥῶπας","ῥῶπάς"],"morphology":["accusative plural feminine noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/10#10.166","id":"b10-l166","source":"εἴασʼ· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ σπασάμην ῥῶπάς τε λύγους τε,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.49","id":"b14-l49","source":"εἷσεν δʼ εἰσαγαγών, ῥῶπας δʼ ὑπέχευε δασείας,"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/16#16.47","id":"b16-l47","source":"χεῦεν ὕπο χλωρὰς ῥῶπας καὶ κῶας ὕπερθεν·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥωγαλέος","count":5,"glosses":["tattered","torn"],"forms":["ῥωγαλέην","ῥωγαλέα"],"morphology":["accusative singular feminine adjective","accusative plural neuter adjective"],"note":"ῥωγαλέην 'full of rents/holes' vividly describes the beggar's pouch.","lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.435","id":"b13-l435","source":"ῥωγαλέα ῥυπόωντα, κακῷ μεμορυγμένα καπνῷ·"},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/13#13.438","id":"b13-l438","source":"πυκνὰ ῥωγαλέην· ἐν δὲ στρόφος ἦεν ἀορτήρ."},{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.343","id":"b14-l343","source":"ῥωγαλέα, τὰ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὅρηαι·"}]},{"lemma":"ῥωπήιον","count":1,"glosses":["thickets"],"forms":["ῥωπήϊα"],"morphology":["accusative plural neuter noun"],"note":null,"lines":[{"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/odyssey/14#14.473","id":"b14-l473","source":"ἡμεῖς μὲν περὶ ἄστυ κατὰ ῥωπήϊα πυκνά,"}]}]}