{"work":{"slug":"rilke","title":{"source":"Neue Gedichte","translated":"New Poems"},"author":"Rainer Maria Rilke","language":"German","languageCode":"de","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"der-stylit","title":{"source":"Der Stylit","translated":"The Stylite"},"section":"New Poems: The Other Part","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/der-stylit","lines":30},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/das-gold","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/die-aegyptische-maria","license":"Source text: public domain (Rainer Maria Rilke, died 1926; Neue Gedichte published 1907 and 1908), from Wikisource. English translation and notes: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC. Narration: synthesized for this edition.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"der-stylit-s1-l1","source":"Völker schlugen über ihm zusammen,","translation":"Whole peoples closed together over him,","stanza":1,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s1-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schlugen … zusammen","title":"Separable verb 'zusammenschlagen'","body":"Zusammenschlagen, 'to close together, crash shut', splits in a main clause: schlugen, past of schlagen, stays in second position while zusammen moves to the end. Über ihm, 'over him', takes the dative here since nothing moves, only closes above him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Völker","lemma":"Volk","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on schlugen","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"schlugen","lemma":"zusammenschlagen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"über","lemma":"über","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on schlugen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"ihm","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on über","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zusammen","lemma":"zusammen","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schlugen","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"der-stylit-s1-l2","source":"die er küren durfte und verdammen;","translation":"the ones he was free to choose and to damn;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s1-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"küren durfte","title":"An archaic verb with a modal","body":"Küren is an elevated, archaic verb for 'to choose, elect'. Durfte is the simple past of dürfen, 'to be allowed to'. Together, küren durfte means 'was permitted to choose', paired here with verdammen, 'to condemn.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on küren","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on durfte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"küren","lemma":"küren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on durfte","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"durfte","lemma":"dürfen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was free to"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on durfte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdammen","lemma":"verdammen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on und","gloss":"damn"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"der-stylit-s1-l3","source":"und erratend, daß er sich verlor,","translation":"and, sensing that he was losing himself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s1-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"erratend","title":"Present participle 'erratend'","body":"Erratend is the present participle of erraten, 'to guess, sense, divine', formed by adding -d to the infinitive. It is used adverbially, and the daß-clause that follows sends its verb, verlor, to the end: 'sensing that he was losing himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"erratend","lemma":"erraten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on verlor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on verlor","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on verlor","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verlor","lemma":"verlieren","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on erratend","gloss":"was losing"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"der-stylit-s1-l4","source":"klomm er aus dem Volksgeruch mit klammen","translation":"he climbed up out of the people's reek with stiff,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s1-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"klomm","title":"Strong past of 'klimmen'","body":"Klimmen means 'to clamber, climb with effort', stronger than klettern or steigen. Klomm is its strong simple past tense: 'climbed.' It governs aus dem Volksgeruch, 'out of the people's reek', with aus taking the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Volksgeruch","title":"A compound for the crowd's smell","body":"A compound of Volk, 'people, crowd', and Geruch, 'smell, odor': 'the smell of the masses'. It follows aus, which takes the dative here, and Volksgeruch is dative singular, aus dem Volksgeruch, 'out of the people's reek.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"klomm","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed","note":"Archaic/poetic strong preterite of klimmen ('to climb'): klimmen–klomm–geklommen."},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aus","lemma":"aus","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Volksgeruch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Volksgeruch","lemma":"Volksgeruch","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on aus","gloss":"people's reek"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"klammen","lemma":"klamm","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Händen","gloss":"stiff"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"der-stylit-s1-l5","source":"Händen einen Säulenschaft empor,","translation":"with stiff hands, up the shaft of a column,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s1-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"empor","title":"An adverb meaning upward","body":"Empor is an adverb meaning 'up, upward, aloft'. It depends on klomm, 'climbed', in the line before, and lands at the end of the clause: 'climbed... up.' The noun in between, Säulenschaft, 'column shaft', is the accusative object of klomm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Händen","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"einen","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Säulenschaft","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Säulenschaft","lemma":"Säulenschaft","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"column shaft"},{"surface":"empor","lemma":"empor","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"der-stylit-s2-l1","source":"der noch immer stieg und nichts mehr hob,","translation":"which still kept rising and lifted nothing more,","stanza":2,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s2-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der … stieg","title":"Relative 'der' reaching back","body":"Der is a masculine relative pronoun, 'which', referring back to Säulenschaft, 'column shaft', across the stanza break. In the relative clause, the verbs stieg, 'rose', and hob, 'lifted', both move to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on stieg","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on immer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"immer","lemma":"immer","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on stieg","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"stieg","lemma":"steigen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept rising"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on stieg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nichts","lemma":"nichts","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"depends on hob","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"mehr","lemma":"mehr","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on nichts","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hob","lemma":"heben","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"lifted"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"der-stylit-s2-l2","source":"und begann, allein auf seiner Fläche,","translation":"and he began, alone upon its surface,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s2-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on klomm","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begann","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"allein","lemma":"allein","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on begann","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on begann","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"seiner","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Fläche","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Fläche","lemma":"Fläche","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on auf","gloss":"surface"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"der-stylit-s2-l3","source":"ganz von vorne seine eigne Schwäche","translation":"right from the start, to measure his own weakness","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s2-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ganz von vorne","title":"A phrase for starting over","body":"Ganz von vorne is a fixed phrase meaning 'all over again, right from the start'. Its object, seine eigne Schwäche, 'his own weakness', is accusative, and the verb that governs it, vergleichen, 'to compare, measure', arrives only in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ganz","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on von","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on vergleichen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"vorne","lemma":"vorne","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on von","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"seine","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Schwäche","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigne","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Schwäche","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"Schwäche","lemma":"Schwäche","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on vergleichen","gloss":"weakness"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"der-stylit-s2-l4","source":"zu vergleichen mit des Herren Lob;","translation":"against the Lord's praise;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s2-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"des Herren Lob","title":"Genitive before its noun","body":"Des Herren is the genitive of der Herr, 'the Lord', and modifies Lob, 'praise': 'the Lord's praise'. Placing the genitive before its noun, rather than Lob des Herren, is an older, elevated word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on vergleichen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergleichen","lemma":"vergleichen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on begann","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on vergleichen","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Herren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Herren","lemma":"Herr","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Lob","gloss":"Lord's"},{"surface":"Lob","lemma":"Lob","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"praise"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"der-stylit-s3-l1","source":"und da war kein Ende: er verglich;","translation":"and there was no end to it: he kept comparing;","stanza":3,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s3-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on war","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on war","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kein","lemma":"kein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Ende","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Ende","lemma":"Ende","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on verglich","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verglich","lemma":"vergleichen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept comparing"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"der-stylit-s3-l2","source":"und der andre wurde immer größer.","translation":"and the other grew ever greater.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s3-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"immer größer","title":"Immer with a comparative","body":"Immer placed before a comparative, as in immer größer, means 'ever, more and more': 'ever greater'. Größer is the comparative of groß, 'great, large'. Der andre, 'the other one', is the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on wurde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on andre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andre","lemma":"andere","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wurde","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"wurde","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"immer","lemma":"immer","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on größer","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"größer","lemma":"groß","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"depends on wurde","gloss":"greater"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"der-stylit-s3-l3","source":"Und die Hirten, Ackerbauer, Flößer","translation":"And the shepherds, the ploughmen, the raftsmen","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s3-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Flößer","title":"A raftsman among the trades","body":"Ein Flößer is a raftsman, one who floats timber downriver lashed into rafts. It is listed alongside Hirten, 'shepherds', and Ackerbauer, 'ploughmen', as one of three kinds of plain working folk, all nominative subjects of sahn, 'saw', in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Hirten","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Hirten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hirten","lemma":"Hirt","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"shepherds"},{"surface":"Ackerbauer","lemma":"Ackerbauer","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Hirten","gloss":"ploughmen"},{"surface":"Flößer","lemma":"Flößer","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Hirten","gloss":"raftsmen"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"der-stylit-s3-l4","source":"sahn ihn klein und außer sich","translation":"saw him, small and beside himself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s3-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"außer sich","title":"An idiom for being beside oneself","body":"Außer sich is a fixed idiom, 'beside oneself', meaning overwrought or out of one's mind with feeling. Sich is the reflexive pronoun 'himself', dative after außer. The sentence continues into the next stanza, where reden, 'to talk', completes what he was seen doing."}],"words":[{"surface":"sahn","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"Poetic elided form of sahen ('saw')."},{"surface":"ihn","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on klein","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"außer","lemma":"außer","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on und","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on außer","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"der-stylit-s4-l1","source":"immer mit dem ganzen Himmel reden,","translation":"forever talking with the whole of heaven,","stanza":4,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s4-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sahn … reden","title":"Perception verb plus bare infinitive","body":"German pairs a verb of perception with a plain infinitive, no zu: sahn ihn reden, 'saw him talk'. Sahn, the poetic form of sahen, 'saw', sits in the stanza before, and its infinitive reden, 'to talk', arrives only here."}],"words":[{"surface":"immer","lemma":"immer","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on reden","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on reden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Himmel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganzen","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Himmel","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Himmel","lemma":"Himmel","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"der-stylit-s4-l2","source":"eingeregnet manchmal, manchmal licht;","translation":"rained-in at times, at times in light;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s4-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"eingeregnet","title":"A participle for being rained in","body":"Eingeregnet is the past participle of einregnen, 'to be shut in by rain', used adjectivally: 'rained-in'. It is paired with licht, 'in light, bright', to describe two alternating states."}],"words":[{"surface":"eingeregnet","lemma":"einregnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depends on reden","gloss":"rained-in"},{"surface":"manchmal","lemma":"manchmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on eingeregnet","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"manchmal","lemma":"manchmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on licht","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on eingeregnet","gloss":"in light"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"der-stylit-s4-l3","source":"und sein Heulen stürzte sich auf jeden,","translation":"and his howling hurled itself upon each one,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s4-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stürzte sich auf","title":"Reflexive 'sich stürzen auf'","body":"Sich stürzen auf, with the accusative auf jeden, 'upon each one', means 'to hurl oneself upon, pounce on'. Sich makes Heulen, 'howling', its own subject: 'his howling hurled itself upon each one.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on stürzte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Heulen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Heulen","lemma":"Heulen","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on stürzte","gloss":"howling"},{"surface":"stürzte","lemma":"stürzen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on stürzte","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on stürzte","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"jeden","lemma":"jeder","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on auf","gloss":"each one"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"der-stylit-s4-l4","source":"so als heulte er ihm ins Gesicht.","translation":"as though he howled it into each man's face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s4-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"so als heulte er","title":"So als with the subjunctive","body":"So als introduces an unreal comparison, 'as though', and takes the subjunctive: heulte here is past subjunctive (Konjunktiv II) of heulen, 'to howl', not a plain past tense. 'As though he were howling into his face.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on heulte","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on heulte","gloss":"though","note":"'so als' + subjunctive verb = 'as though'."},{"surface":"heulte","lemma":"heulen","morphology":"verb, past, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"howled"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on heulte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on heulte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ins","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on heulte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Gesicht","lemma":"Gesicht","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on ins","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"der-stylit-s4-l5","source":"Doch er sah seit Jahren nicht,","translation":"Yet for years he had not seen","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s4-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"seit Jahren","title":"Seit with a past tense","body":"Seit Jahren means 'for years'. German usually pairs seit with the present tense for an action still ongoing; here it appears with the past tense sah, 'saw', meaning the not-seeing has lasted for years and still continues."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sah","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"seit","lemma":"seit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Jahren","lemma":"Jahr","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on seit","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"der-stylit-s5-l1","source":"wie der Menge Drängen und Verlauf","translation":"how the crowd's pressing and drift","stanza":5,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s5-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der Menge Drängen","title":"Fronted genitive 'der Menge'","body":"Der Menge is the genitive of die Menge, 'the crowd', placed before its nouns Drängen und Verlauf, 'pressing and course': 'the crowd's pressing and drift'. Wie, 'how', opens the clause, and its verb sich ergänzte falls to the end of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on ergänzte","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Menge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Menge","lemma":"Menge","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Drängen","gloss":"crowd's"},{"surface":"Drängen","lemma":"Drängen","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on ergänzte","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Drängen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verlauf","lemma":"Verlauf","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"drift"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"der-stylit-s5-l2","source":"unten unaufhörlich sich ergänzte,","translation":"below kept ceaselessly renewing itself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s5-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sich ergänzte","title":"A reflexive verb for replenishing","body":"Sich ergänzen means 'to replenish itself, fill back up'. With unaufhörlich, 'ceaselessly', it describes the crowd below constantly renewing its own numbers, in contrast to the man above who no longer watches it."}],"words":[{"surface":"unten","lemma":"unten","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ergänzte","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"unaufhörlich","lemma":"unaufhörlich","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ergänzte","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on ergänzte","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"ergänzte","lemma":"ergänzen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renewing"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"der-stylit-s5-l3","source":"und das Blanke an den Fürsten glänzte","translation":"and the bright sheen on the princes gleamed","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s5-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"das Blanke","title":"Adjective turned into a noun","body":"Das Blanke is the adjective blank, 'bright, gleaming, polished', turned into a neuter noun with das: 'the bright thing, the sheen'. An den Fürsten, 'on the princes', is dative after an, marking where the sheen is seen."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on glänzte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Blanke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Blanke","lemma":"Blanke","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on glänzte","gloss":"bright sheen"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on glänzte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Fürsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fürsten","lemma":"Fürst","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on an","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"glänzte","lemma":"glänzen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gleamed"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"der-stylit-s5-l4","source":"lange nicht so hoch hinauf.","translation":"nowhere near as high up as he stood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s5-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lange nicht so","title":"An idiom of degree","body":"Lange nicht so is an idiom of degree meaning 'not nearly so, nowhere near as'. Lange nicht so hoch hinauf means 'nowhere near as high up', comparing the height of the gleam below to the height of the pillar."}],"words":[{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lange","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on nicht","gloss":"nowhere","note":"'lange nicht' is an idiom for 'not nearly, nowhere near.'"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on hoch","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hoch","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hoch","lemma":"hoch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hinauf","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"hinauf","lemma":"hinauf","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on glänzte","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"der-stylit-s6-l1","source":"Aber wenn er oben, fast verdammt","translation":"But when up there, all but damned","stanza":6,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fast verdammt","title":"Past participle qualified by fast","body":"Verdammt is the past participle of verdammen, 'to damn, condemn', the same verb used of him in an earlier stanza. Fast, 'all but, nearly', qualifies it: 'all but damned'. Wenn, 'when, whenever', opens a long clause whose main verb comes three lines later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"wenn","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"oben","lemma":"oben","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"fast","lemma":"fast","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"all but"},{"surface":"verdammt","lemma":"verdammen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"damned"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"der-stylit-s6-l2","source":"und von ihrem Widerstand zerschunden,","translation":"and chafed raw by their resistance,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zerschunden","title":"Past participle with the prefix zer","body":"Zerschunden is the past participle of zerschinden, 'to flay, chafe raw'. The prefix zer- marks tearing apart or destruction. Von ihrem Widerstand, 'by their resistance', is dative after von, naming the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on zerschunden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ihrem","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Widerstand","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Widerstand","lemma":"Widerstand","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on von","gloss":"resistance"},{"surface":"zerschunden","lemma":"zerschinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depends on verdammt","gloss":"chafed raw"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"der-stylit-s6-l3","source":"einsam mit verzweifeltem Geschreie","translation":"alone, with desperate screaming,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Geschreie","title":"Collective noun 'Geschreie'","body":"The Ge-...-e frame builds a collective noun for a continuous, ongoing action. From schreien, 'to scream', comes Geschreie, 'incessant screaming'. Mit verzweifeltem Geschreie is dative after mit: 'with desperate screaming.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"einsam","lemma":"einsam","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schüttelte","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on einsam","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verzweifeltem","lemma":"verzweifelt","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Geschreie","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"Geschreie","lemma":"Geschrei","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"screaming"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"der-stylit-s6-l4","source":"schüttelte die täglichen Dämonen:","translation":"he shook off the daily demons:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schüttelte","title":"The long-delayed main verb","body":"Schüttelte, simple past of schütteln, 'to shake', is the main verb of the wenn-clause opened three lines earlier. German can suspend the finite verb across several lines of subordinate detail before it finally lands: 'shook the daily demons.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"schüttelte","lemma":"schütteln","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Dämonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"täglichen","lemma":"täglich","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Dämonen","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"Dämonen","lemma":"Dämon","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on schüttelte","gloss":"demons"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"der-stylit-s6-l5","source":"fielen langsam auf die erste Reihe","translation":"there fell slowly onto the front row,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"fielen langsam …","title":"Verb-first main clause","body":"After the long wenn-clause, the result clause opens with its verb fielen, 'fell', past of fallen, in first position. The grammatical subject, große Würmer, 'great worms', is held back two more lines before it appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"fielen","lemma":"fallen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"langsam","lemma":"langsam","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Reihe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erste","lemma":"erster","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Reihe","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"Reihe","lemma":"Reihe","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on auf","gloss":"row"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"der-stylit-s6-l6","source":"schwer und ungeschickt aus seinen Wunden","translation":"heavy and clumsy, out of his wounds,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"schwer","lemma":"schwer","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on schwer","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ungeschickt","lemma":"ungeschickt","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on und","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"aus","lemma":"aus","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"seinen","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Wunden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Wunden","lemma":"Wunde","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on aus","gloss":"wounds"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"der-stylit-s6-l7","source":"große Würmer in die offnen Kronen","translation":"great worms, into the open crowns","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die offnen Kronen","title":"Crown of a head","body":"Krone means both a royal 'crown' and, of a person, the 'crown of the head'. Offnen is the poetic short form of offenen, 'open'. Die offnen Kronen, accusative after in, are the bare, upturned heads of the front row."}],"words":[{"surface":"große","lemma":"groß","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Würmer","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Würmer","lemma":"Wurm","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"worms"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on fielen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Kronen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"offnen","lemma":"offen","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Kronen","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"Kronen","lemma":"Krone","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"crowns"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"der-stylit-s6-l8","source":"und vermehrten sich im Samt.","translation":"and bred there in the velvet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/der-stylit-s6-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vermehrten sich im Samt","title":"Reflexive verb, dative location","body":"Sich vermehren means 'to multiply, breed'. Im Samt is dative, from in dem Samt, 'in the velvet', naming where. Vermehrten sich im Samt: 'bred there in the velvet.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on vermehrten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vermehrten","lemma":"vermehren","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bred"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on vermehrten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"im","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on vermehrten","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"Samt","lemma":"Samt","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on im","gloss":"velvet"}]}]}