{"work":{"slug":"rilke","title":{"source":"Neue Gedichte","translated":"New Poems"},"author":"Rainer Maria Rilke","language":"German","languageCode":"de","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"hetaerengraeber","title":{"source":"Hetärengräber","translated":"Graves of the Hetaerae"},"section":"New Poems","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/hetaerengraeber","lines":53},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/die-insel","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/orpheus-eurydike-hermes","license":"Source text: public domain (Rainer Maria Rilke, died 1926; Neue Gedichte published 1907 and 1908), from Wikisource. English translation and notes: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC. Narration: synthesized for this edition.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l1","source":"In ihren langen Haaren liegen sie","translation":"In their long hair they lie","stanza":1,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liegen sie","title":"Verb-second, subject moved late","body":"German main clauses put the finite verb in second position. The line opens with the phrase in ihren langen Haaren, 'in their long hair', so liegen, 'lie', fills that slot and the subject sie, 'they', is pushed to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on liegen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ihren","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Haaren","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Haaren","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"Haaren","lemma":"Haar","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on In","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"liegen","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of liegen","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l2","source":"mit braunen, tief in sich gegangenen Gesichtern.","translation":"with brown faces gone deep into themselves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in sich gegangen","title":"in sich gehangen, 'gone into oneself'","body":"The idiom in sich gehen means 'to go into oneself'. Here it appears as a past participle, gegangenen, agreeing with Gesichtern, 'faces', so it describes faces that have gone deep into themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"braunen","lemma":"braun","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Gesichtern","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"tief","lemma":"tief","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gegangenen","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on gegangenen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on in","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"gegangenen","lemma":"gegangen","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Gesichtern","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"Gesichtern","lemma":"Gesicht","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l3","source":"Die Augen zu wie vor zu vieler Ferne.","translation":"Their eyes shut as if against too much distance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die Augen zu","title":"zu meaning 'shut'","body":"This zu is not the preposition 'to' but a predicate adjective meaning 'shut, closed', as in die Tür ist zu, 'the door is shut'. The clause has no verb: Die Augen zu means 'the eyes shut'. vor plus dative gives the cause, 'before too much distance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Augen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Augen","lemma":"Auge","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zu","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shut","note":"Colloquial predicate use of 'zu' meaning 'shut/closed' (as in 'die Tür ist zu'), not the preposition 'to'."},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on zu","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on vieler","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"vieler","lemma":"vieler","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Ferne","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"Ferne","lemma":"Ferne","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on vor","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l4","source":"Skelette, Munde, Blumen. In den Munden","translation":"Skeletons, mouths, flowers. In the mouths","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Munde","title":"An older plural of Mund","body":"The everyday plural of der Mund, 'mouth', is Münder. Here Rilke uses the older plural Munde, and later the dative form Munden, 'in den Munden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Skelette","lemma":"Skelett","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"skeletons"},{"surface":"Munde","lemma":"Mund","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Skelette","gloss":"mouths","note":"Archaic plural of 'Mund' (mouth); modern German uses 'Münder'."},{"surface":"Blumen","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Munde","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Munden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Munden","lemma":"Mund","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on In","gloss":"mouths"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l5","source":"die glatten Zähne wie ein Reiseschachspiel","translation":"the smooth teeth like a traveller's chess set","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Reiseschachspiel","title":"A transparent compound noun","body":"A compound of Reise, 'travel', Schach, 'chess', and Spiel, 'game, set'. It names a portable chess set carried on journeys, the object the teeth are compared to."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Zähne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"glatten","lemma":"glatt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Zähne","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"Zähne","lemma":"Zahn","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Zähne","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Reiseschachspiel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Reiseschachspiel","lemma":"Reiseschachspiel","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"traveller's chess set"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l6","source":"aus Elfenbein in Reihen aufgestellt.","translation":"of ivory, set up in rows.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aufgestellt","title":"Separable verb aufstellen","body":"aufstellen means 'to set up, arrange' and is a separable verb. In the past participle the prefix auf- stays attached to the front, giving aufgestellt, 'set up', rather than splitting as it would in a present-tense clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"aus","lemma":"aus","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on aufgestellt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elfenbein","lemma":"Elfenbein","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on aus","gloss":"ivory"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on aufgestellt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Reihen","lemma":"Reihe","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"rows"},{"surface":"aufgestellt","lemma":"aufstellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on Zähne","gloss":"set up"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l7","source":"Und Blumen, gelbe Perlen, schlanke Knochen,","translation":"And flowers, yellow pearls, slender bones,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Blumen","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Und","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"gelbe","lemma":"gelb","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Perlen","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"Perlen","lemma":"Perle","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Blumen","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"schlanke","lemma":"schlank","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Knochen","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"Knochen","lemma":"Knochen","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Blumen","gloss":"bones"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l8","source":"Hände und Hemden, welkende Gewebe","translation":"hands and shirts, withering fabrics","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Gewebe","title":"A word with a double sense","body":"das Gewebe means both a woven cloth and, in anatomy, living tissue. welkende, 'withering', modifies it and is compatible with either sense of the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hände","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Hände","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Hemden","lemma":"Hemd","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"shirts"},{"surface":"welkende","lemma":"welkend","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Gewebe","gloss":"withering"},{"surface":"Gewebe","lemma":"Gewebe","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Hemden","gloss":"fabrics"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l9","source":"über dem eingestürzten Herzen. Aber","translation":"over the collapsed heart. But","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"über","lemma":"über","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Gewebe","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Herzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eingestürzten","lemma":"eingestürzt","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Herzen","gloss":"collapsed"},{"surface":"Herzen","lemma":"Herz","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on über","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"But"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l10","source":"dort unter jenen Ringen, Talismanen","translation":"there beneath those rings, talismans","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jenen","title":"An emphatic demonstrative","body":"jener is a demonstrative meaning 'that, those', pointing more emphatically than der. Here it is dative plural, jenen, agreeing with Ringen, 'rings', and continuing to modify Talismanen, 'talismans'."}],"words":[{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dort","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on unter","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"unter","lemma":"unter","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on steht","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"jenen","lemma":"jener","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Ringen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Ringen","lemma":"Ring","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on unter","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"Talismanen","lemma":"Talisman","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on unter","gloss":"talismans"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l11","source":"und augenblauen Steinen (Lieblings-Angedenken)","translation":"and eye-blue stones (favourite keepsakes)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"augenblauen","title":"A compound adjective","body":"augenblauen joins Augen, 'eyes', and blau, 'blue', into a single adjective, 'eye-blue'. It is dative plural to agree with Steinen, 'stones'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"augenblauen","lemma":"augenblau","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Steinen","gloss":"eye-blue"},{"surface":"Steinen","lemma":"Stein","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"Lieblings-Angedenken","lemma":"Lieblings-Angedenken","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Steinen","gloss":"favourite keepsakes","note":"Angedenken is an archaic/poetic variant of Andenken, 'memento, keepsake.'"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l12","source":"steht noch die stille Krypta des Geschlechtes,","translation":"there still stands the silent crypt of the sex,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Geschlecht","title":"A noun with several senses","body":"das Geschlecht can mean 'sex, gender', 'the genitals', or 'lineage, generation'. Here it is genitive, des Geschlechtes, depending on Krypta, 'crypt': 'the crypt of the sex'."}],"words":[{"surface":"steht","lemma":"stehen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on steht","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Krypta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stille","lemma":"still","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Krypta","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"Krypta","lemma":"Krypta","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on steht","gloss":"crypt"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Geschlechtes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Geschlechtes","lemma":"Geschlecht","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Krypta","gloss":"sex"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l13","source":"bis an die Wölbung voll mit Blumenblättern.","translation":"filled to its vault with flower-petals.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bis an die Wölbung","title":"bis an plus accusative","body":"bis an means 'right up to' and takes the accusative case: die Wölbung, 'the vault', is accusative after it. voll mit, 'filled with', then names what fills the space, Blumenblättern, 'flower-petals'."}],"words":[{"surface":"bis","lemma":"bis","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on voll","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on bis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Wölbung","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Wölbung","lemma":"Wölbung","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on an","gloss":"vault"},{"surface":"voll","lemma":"voll","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on Krypta","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on voll","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Blumenblättern","lemma":"Blumenblatt","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"flower-petals"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l14","source":"Und wieder gelbe Perlen, weitverrollte,–","translation":"And again yellow pearls, rolled far apart,—","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wieder","lemma":"wieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Perlen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"gelbe","lemma":"gelb","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Perlen","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"Perlen","lemma":"Perle","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"weitverrollte,–","lemma":"weitverrollt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Perlen","gloss":"rolled far apart","note":"Surface token carries the source's trailing comma and dash; the word itself is weitverrollt, 'rolled far apart.'"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l15","source":"Schalen gebrannten Tones, deren Bug","translation":"bowls of fired clay, whose curving side","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deren","title":"The genitive relative pronoun","body":"deren is the genitive form of the relative pronoun, meaning 'whose'. It refers back to Schalen, 'bowls', and introduces a clause completed in the next line by geziert hat, 'has adorned'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schalen","lemma":"Schale","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bowls"},{"surface":"gebrannten","lemma":"gebrannt","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Tones","gloss":"fired"},{"surface":"Tones","lemma":"Ton","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Schalen","gloss":"clay"},{"surface":"deren","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"depends on Bug","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"Bug","lemma":"Bug","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hat","gloss":"curving side","note":"Bug normally names a ship's bow/prow; here it is used poetically for the curved side of the bowl."}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l16","source":"ihr eignes Bild geziert hat, grüne Scherben","translation":"their own likeness has adorned, green shards","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"eignes","title":"A syncopated possessive","body":"eignes is a poetic contraction of eigenes, 'own', with the unstressed e dropped. ihr eignes Bild means 'their own likeness', accusative neuter agreeing with Bild."}],"words":[{"surface":"ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Bild","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eignes","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Bild","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"Bild","lemma":"Bild","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on geziert","gloss":"likeness"},{"surface":"geziert","lemma":"zieren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on hat","gloss":"adorned"},{"surface":"hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"grüne","lemma":"grün","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Scherben","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"Scherben","lemma":"Scherbe","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shards"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l17","source":"von Salbenvasen, die wie Blumen duften,","translation":"of ointment-jars that smell like flowers,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Salbenvasen","title":"A compound naming a jar","body":"A compound of Salbe, 'ointment, salve', and Vasen, 'vessels, jars'. It names jars once used to hold perfumed unguent, here dative plural after von."}],"words":[{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Scherben","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Salbenvasen","lemma":"Salbenvase","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on von","gloss":"ointment-jars"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on duften","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Blumen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Blumen","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on duften","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"duften","lemma":"duften","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"depends on Salbenvasen","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l18","source":"und Formen kleiner Götter: Hausaltäre,","translation":"and figures of little gods: household altars,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Formen","lemma":"Form","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"kleiner","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Götter","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Götter","lemma":"Gott","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Formen","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"Hausaltäre","lemma":"Hausaltar","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Formen","gloss":"household altars"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l19","source":"Hetärenhimmel mit entzückten Göttern.","translation":"a hetaera-heaven with delighted gods.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hetärenhimmel","title":"A coined compound noun","body":"Rilke joins Hetäre, 'hetaera, courtesan', to Himmel, 'heaven, sky', to make one noun. It is nominative masculine singular and stands as the head of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hetärenhimmel","lemma":"Hetärenhimmel","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hetaera-heaven"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Hetärenhimmel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"entzückten","lemma":"entzückt","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Göttern","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"Göttern","lemma":"Gott","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l20","source":"Gesprengte Gürtel, flache Skarabäen,","translation":"burst girdles, flat scarabs,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Gesprengte","lemma":"gesprengt","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Gürtel","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"Gürtel","lemma":"Gürtel","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"girdles"},{"surface":"flache","lemma":"flach","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Skarabäen","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"Skarabäen","lemma":"Skarabäus","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Gürtel","gloss":"scarabs"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l21","source":"kleine Figuren riesigen Geschlechtes,","translation":"small figures of giant sex,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"riesigen Geschlechtes","title":"A descriptive genitive","body":"riesigen Geschlechtes, 'of giant sex', is a genitive of description modifying kleine Figuren, 'small figures'. Both riesigen and Geschlechtes are genitive singular, agreeing with each other rather than with Figuren."}],"words":[{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Figuren","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"Figuren","lemma":"Figur","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"riesigen","lemma":"riesig","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Geschlechtes","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"Geschlechtes","lemma":"Geschlecht","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Figuren","gloss":"sex"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l22","source":"ein Mund, der lacht, und Tanzende und Läufer,","translation":"a mouth that laughs, and dancers and runners,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tanzende","title":"A participle used as a noun","body":"Tanzende is the present participle of tanzen, 'to dance', used as a noun meaning 'dancers'. German commonly turns participles into nouns this way, unlike Läufer, 'runners', which is a plain agent noun beside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Mund","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Mund","lemma":"Mund","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on lacht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lacht","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on Mund","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on lacht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Tanzende","lemma":"Tanzende","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"dancers"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Tanzende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Läufer","lemma":"Läufer","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"runners"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l23","source":"goldene Fibeln, kleinen Bogen ähnlich","translation":"golden brooches, like small bows","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kleinen Bogen ähnlich","title":"ähnlich takes the dative","body":"The adjective ähnlich, 'similar to, like', governs a dative object, and that object usually comes before it. kleinen Bogen, dative plural, 'to small bows', precedes ähnlich rather than following it."}],"words":[{"surface":"goldene","lemma":"golden","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Fibeln","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"Fibeln","lemma":"Fibel","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brooches"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Bogen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"Bogen","lemma":"Bogen","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on ähnlich","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"ähnlich","lemma":"ähnlich","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on Fibeln","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l24","source":"zur Jagd auf Tier- und Vogelamulette,","translation":"for the hunt of animal- and bird-amulets,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tier- und Vogelamulette","title":"A suspended compound","body":"The hyphen after Tier- marks a compound left incomplete because a second one follows: Tier- und Vogelamulette stands for Tieramulette und Vogelamulette, 'animal-amulets and bird-amulets'. The shared ending amulette is understood after Tier- too."}],"words":[{"surface":"zur","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"Jagd","lemma":"Jagd","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on zur","gloss":"hunt"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Jagd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tier-","lemma":"Tier","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"animal-"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Vogelamulette","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Vogelamulette","lemma":"Vogelamulett","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on auf","gloss":"bird-amulets"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l25","source":"und lange Nadeln, zieres Hausgeräte","translation":"and long pins, dainty household ware","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zieres","title":"zier, an old form of zierlich","body":"zier is an archaic adjective meaning 'delicate, dainty, finely made', related to zieren, 'to adorn'. zieres Hausgeräte is nominative neuter singular, 'dainty household ware'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Nadeln","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"Nadeln","lemma":"Nadel","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"pins"},{"surface":"zieres","lemma":"zier","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Hausgeräte","gloss":"dainty","note":"zier is an archaic poetic adjective for 'delicate, dainty' (related to zierlich)."},{"surface":"Hausgeräte","lemma":"Hausgerät","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Nadeln","gloss":"household ware"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l26","source":"und eine runde Scherbe roten Grundes,","translation":"and a round shard of red ground,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"roten Grundes","title":"Grund meaning 'background'","body":"Grund can mean 'ground, reason, bottom', or, as here, a painted background colour. roten Grundes is genitive, 'of red ground', depending on Scherbe, 'shard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Scherbe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Scherbe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"runde","lemma":"rund","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Scherbe","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"Scherbe","lemma":"Scherbe","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shard"},{"surface":"roten","lemma":"rot","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Grundes","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"Grundes","lemma":"Grund","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Scherbe","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l27","source":"darauf, wie eines Eingangs schwarze Aufschrift,","translation":"on it, like the black inscription of a doorway,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"darauf","title":"A fused pronoun and preposition","body":"darauf fuses da-, 'there', with auf, 'on', to mean 'on it'. German uses this fused form instead of a preposition plus pronoun when referring back to a thing rather than a person, here the Scherbe, 'shard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"darauf","lemma":"darauf","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Scherbe","gloss":"on it"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on Aufschrift","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"eines","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Eingangs","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Eingangs","lemma":"Eingang","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Aufschrift","gloss":"doorway"},{"surface":"schwarze","lemma":"schwarz","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Aufschrift","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"Aufschrift","lemma":"Aufschrift","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"inscription"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l28","source":"die straffen Beine eines Viergespannes.","translation":"the taut legs of a four-horse team.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Viergespann","title":"A compound naming a team","body":"vier, 'four', combines with Gespann, 'team of harnessed animals', to name a four-horse chariot team. It is genitive singular, eines Viergespannes, depending on Beine, 'legs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Beine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straff","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Beine","gloss":"taut"},{"surface":"Beine","lemma":"Bein","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"eines","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Viergespannes","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Viergespannes","lemma":"Viergespann","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Beine","gloss":"four-horse team"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l29","source":"Und wieder Blumen, Perlen, die verrollt sind,","translation":"And again flowers, pearls that have rolled away,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die verrollt sind","title":"Perfect formed with sein","body":"verrollen, 'to roll away', is a verb of motion, so its perfect uses sein rather than haben: die verrollt sind means 'that have rolled away'. The prefix ver- adds the sense of scattering or moving off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wieder","lemma":"wieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Blumen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Blumen","lemma":"Blume","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"Perlen","lemma":"Perle","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Blumen","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on sind","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verrollt","lemma":"verrollt","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on sind","gloss":"rolled away"},{"surface":"sind","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"depends on Perlen","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l30","source":"die hellen Lenden einer kleinen Leier,","translation":"the bright flanks of a small lyre,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Lenden","title":"A body-part word reused","body":"die Lenden normally means 'loins, hips' on a body. Here it is applied to Leier, 'lyre', genitive singular, to name the curved sides of the instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Lenden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hellen","lemma":"hell","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Lenden","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"Lenden","lemma":"Lende","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"flanks"},{"surface":"einer","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Leier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Leier","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"Leier","lemma":"Leier","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Lenden","gloss":"lyre"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l31","source":"und zwischen Schleiern, die gleich Nebeln fallen,","translation":"and amid veils that fall like mists,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gleich Nebeln","title":"gleich plus dative meaning 'like'","body":"Used this way, gleich functions as a preposition meaning 'like' and takes the dative: gleich Nebeln, 'like mists'. It is a more elevated alternative to wie."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zwischen","lemma":"zwischen","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on und","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"Schleiern","lemma":"Schleier","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on zwischen","gloss":"veils"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on fallen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gleich","lemma":"gleich","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Nebeln","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Nebeln","lemma":"Nebel","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on gleich","gloss":"mists"},{"surface":"fallen","lemma":"fallen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"depends on Schleiern","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l32","source":"wie ausgekrochen aus des Schuhes Puppe:","translation":"as if crept out of the shoe's chrysalis:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Puppe","title":"A noun with two senses","body":"die Puppe can mean 'doll' or, in entomology, 'pupa, chrysalis'. Here it is dative singular after aus, following ausgekrochen, 'crept out', which supports the insect sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ausgekrochen","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ausgekrochen","lemma":"auskriechen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on Schleiern","gloss":"crept out","note":"Past participle of auskriechen, 'to crawl out'; used poetically for emerging as from a chrysalis."},{"surface":"aus","lemma":"aus","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ausgekrochen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Schuhes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schuhes","lemma":"Schuh","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Puppe","gloss":"shoe's"},{"surface":"Puppe","lemma":"Puppe","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on aus","gloss":"chrysalis"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"hetaerengraeber-s1-l33","source":"des Fußgelenkes leichter Schmetterling.","translation":"the ankle's light butterfly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s1-l33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"des Fußgelenkes","title":"A genitive placed before its noun","body":"des Fußgelenkes, 'of the ankle', is genitive and stands in front of the noun it modifies, Schmetterling, 'butterfly', rather than after it. This front position is an older, more formal word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"des","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Fußgelenkes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fußgelenkes","lemma":"Fußgelenk","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Schmetterling","gloss":"ankle's"},{"surface":"leichter","lemma":"leicht","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Schmetterling","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"Schmetterling","lemma":"Schmetterling","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"butterfly"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"hetaerengraeber-s2-l1","source":"So liegen sie mit Dingen angefüllt,","translation":"So they lie, filled up with things,","stanza":2,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s2-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"angefüllt","title":"Separable verb anfüllen","body":"anfüllen, 'to fill up', is a separable verb, and its past participle inserts -ge- after the prefix: angefüllt. mit Dingen, dative, names what fills them: 'filled up with things'."}],"words":[{"surface":"So","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on liegen","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"liegen","lemma":"liegen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on liegen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on angefüllt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Dingen","lemma":"Ding","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"angefüllt","lemma":"anfüllen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on liegen","gloss":"filled up"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"hetaerengraeber-s2-l2","source":"kostbaren Dingen, Steinen, Spielzeug, Hausrat,","translation":"with precious things, stones, toys, household goods,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s2-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"kostbaren","lemma":"kostbar","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Dingen","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"Dingen","lemma":"Ding","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"Steinen","lemma":"Stein","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Dingen","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"Spielzeug","lemma":"Spielzeug","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Steinen","gloss":"toys"},{"surface":"Hausrat","lemma":"Hausrat","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Spielzeug","gloss":"household goods"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"hetaerengraeber-s2-l3","source":"zerschlagnem Tand (was alles in sie abfiel),","translation":"with smashed trinkets (all that fell down into them),","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s2-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Tand","title":"An old-fashioned noun","body":"der Tand is a slightly old-fashioned word for cheap or worthless ornaments. zerschlagnem is a poetic contraction of zerschlagenem, 'smashed', dative singular agreeing with Tand."}],"words":[{"surface":"zerschlagnem","lemma":"zerschlagen","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Tand","gloss":"smashed","note":"Poetic elision of zerschlagenem (dropped e), dative singular of zerschlagen, 'smashed, broken.'"},{"surface":"Tand","lemma":"Tand","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trinkets"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"was","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on abfiel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alle","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on abfiel","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on abfiel","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"abfiel","lemma":"abfallen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on Tand","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"hetaerengraeber-s2-l4","source":"und dunkeln wie der Grund von einem Fluß.","translation":"and they grow dark like the bed of a river.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s2-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dunkeln","title":"An adjective turned verb","body":"dunkeln here is a verb, present tense, third-person plural, meaning 'they grow dark', not the adjective dunkel. It takes no ending change from the adjective form but functions as the main verb of the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dunkeln","lemma":"dunkeln","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grow dark"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Grund","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Grund","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Grund","lemma":"Grund","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Grund","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"einem","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Fluß","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Fluß","lemma":"Fluß","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on von","gloss":"river","note":"Pre-1996 spelling of Fluss, 'river.'"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l1","source":"Flußbetten waren sie,","translation":"Riverbeds they were,","stanza":3,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Flußbetten","title":"A compound naming a bed","body":"A compound of Fluß, 'river', and Bett, 'bed'. It is nominative plural, the predicate noun after waren, 'were': 'riverbeds they were'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Flußbetten","lemma":"Flußbett","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"riverbeds"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l2","source":"darüber hin in kurzen schnellen Wellen","translation":"over which, in short swift waves","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"darüber hin","title":"A fused adverb plus direction","body":"darüber fuses da-, 'there', with über, 'over', meaning 'over it'. hin adds a sense of motion away from the speaker, so together they describe waves moving over the riverbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"darüber","lemma":"darüber","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on stürzten","gloss":"over it"},{"surface":"hin","lemma":"hin","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on stürzten","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on stürzten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kurzen","lemma":"kurz","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Wellen","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"schnellen","lemma":"schnell","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Wellen","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Wellen","lemma":"Welle","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"waves"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l3","source":"(die weiter wollten zu dem nächsten Leben)","translation":"(that wanted onward to the next life)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die weiter wollten","title":"wollten, 'wanted'","body":"wollten is the past tense of wollen, 'to want', third-person plural, here used as a full verb rather than a modal with an infinitive. weiter, 'onward', and zu dem nächsten Leben, 'to the next life', give the direction wanted."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on wollten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weiter","lemma":"weiter","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on wollten","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"wollten","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on wollten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Leben","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nächsten","lemma":"nächster","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Leben","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Leben","lemma":"Leben","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on zu","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l4","source":"die Leiber vieler Jünglinge sich stürzten","translation":"the bodies of many youths hurled themselves","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sich stürzten","title":"sich stürzen, 'to hurl oneself'","body":"stürzen paired with the reflexive sich means 'to hurl, plunge oneself', distinct from plain stürzen, 'to fall'. sich is accusative plural, agreeing with Leiber, 'bodies', the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Leiber","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Leiber","lemma":"Leib","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on stürzten","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"vieler","lemma":"viel","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Jünglinge","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"Jünglinge","lemma":"Jüngling","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Leiber","gloss":"youths"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on stürzten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"stürzten","lemma":"stürzen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurled"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l5","source":"und in denen der Männer Ströme rauschten.","translation":"and in which the streams of men rushed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in denen","title":"A dative relative after a preposition","body":"denen is the dative plural relative pronoun, used after a preposition instead of the simple welche. in denen refers back to the riverbeds and introduces the clause der Männer Ströme rauschten, 'the streams of men rushed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on rauschten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"denen","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Männer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Männer","lemma":"Mann","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Ströme","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"Ströme","lemma":"Strom","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on rauschten","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"rauschten","lemma":"rauschen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l6","source":"Und manchmal brachen Knaben aus den Bergen","translation":"And sometimes boys broke from the mountains","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"brachen … aus","title":"brechen ... aus, 'to break out'","body":"aus here is a separable prefix belonging to ausbrechen, 'to break out', though it is placed at the end of the clause: brachen ... aus. brachen is the past tense, third-person plural, of the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on brachen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"manchmal","lemma":"manchmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brachen","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"brachen","lemma":"brechen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"Knaben","lemma":"Knabe","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on brachen","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"aus","lemma":"aus","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Knaben","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bergen","lemma":"Berg","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on aus","gloss":"mountains"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l7","source":"der Kindheit, kamen zagen Falles nieder","translation":"of childhood, came down with timid fall","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zagen Falles","title":"A genitive of manner","body":"zagen Falles, 'with timid fall', is a genitive phrase used adverbially to describe how the boys came down. Both zagen and Falles are genitive masculine singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Kindheit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kindheit","lemma":"Kindheit","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Bergen","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"kamen","lemma":"kommen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zag","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Falles","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"Falles","lemma":"Fall","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on kamen","gloss":"fall","note":"Genitive of manner: 'zagen Falles' = 'with a timid fall,' an archaic construction describing how the boys came down."},{"surface":"nieder","lemma":"nieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kamen","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l8","source":"und spielten mit den Dingen auf dem Grunde,","translation":"and played with the things on the river-floor,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"auf dem Grunde","title":"Grund meaning 'riverbed, bottom'","body":"auf dem Grunde uses Grund in its sense of 'bottom, floor', here of a river, dative singular after auf. This is a different sense from Grund meaning 'reason' or the painted 'background' seen elsewhere in the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on spielten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spielten","lemma":"spielen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on spielten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Dingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dingen","lemma":"Ding","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on spielten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Grunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Grunde","lemma":"Grund","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on auf","gloss":"river-floor"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"hetaerengraeber-s3-l9","source":"bis das Gefälle ihr Gefühl ergriff:","translation":"until the gradient seized their feeling:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s3-l9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Gefälle","title":"A noun naming a slope","body":"das Gefälle names the downward slope or drop of a river's course. It is nominative singular, the subject of ergriff, 'seized': 'the gradient seized their feeling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"bis","lemma":"bis","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ergriff","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Gefälle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gefälle","lemma":"Gefälle","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on ergriff","gloss":"gradient"},{"surface":"ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Gefühl","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Gefühl","lemma":"Gefühl","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on ergriff","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"ergriff","lemma":"ergreifen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l1","source":"Dann füllten sie mit flachem klaren Wasser","translation":"Then they filled with shallow, clear water","stanza":4,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on füllten","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"füllten","lemma":"füllen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on füllten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on füllten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"flachem","lemma":"flach","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Wasser","gloss":"shallow"},{"surface":"klaren","lemma":"klar","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Wasser","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"Wasser","lemma":"Wasser","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l2","source":"die ganze Breite dieses breiten Weges","translation":"the whole width of this wide way","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die Breite … breiten","title":"Breite and breiten from the same root","body":"die Breite, 'width', is a noun built from the adjective breit, 'wide', which also appears here as breiten, genitive singular modifying Weges, 'way'. The line pairs the noun and adjective from the same root."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Breite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganze","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Breite","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Breite","lemma":"Breite","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on füllten","gloss":"width"},{"surface":"dieses","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Weges","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"breiten","lemma":"breit","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Weges","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"Weges","lemma":"Weg","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Breite","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l3","source":"und trieben Wirbel an den tiefen Stellen;","translation":"and drove eddies at the deep places;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Wirbel","title":"A noun naming a current","body":"der Wirbel names a swirling current in water. It is accusative plural here, the object of trieben, 'drove': 'drove eddies at the deep places'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on trieben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trieben","lemma":"treiben","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"Wirbel","lemma":"Wirbel","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on trieben","gloss":"eddies"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on trieben","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Stellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiefen","lemma":"tief","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Stellen","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"Stellen","lemma":"Stelle","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on an","gloss":"places"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l4","source":"und spiegelten zum erstenmal die Ufer","translation":"and for the first time mirrored the banks","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"spiegelten","title":"spiegeln, 'to mirror, reflect'","body":"spiegelten is the past tense, third-person plural, of spiegeln, 'to mirror'. Its subject is the unstated Ströme, 'streams', from earlier in the sentence, and its object is die Ufer, 'the banks'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spiegelten","lemma":"spiegeln","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mirrored"},{"surface":"zum","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on spiegelten","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"erstenmal","lemma":"erstenmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on zum","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Ufer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ufer","lemma":"Ufer","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on spiegelten","gloss":"banks"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l5","source":"und ferne Vogelrufe, während hoch","translation":"and distant bird-calls, while high above","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"während","title":"A subordinating conjunction of time","body":"während is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'while', introducing a clause of simultaneous action. It sends its verb to the end of that clause, here completed later in the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ferne","lemma":"fern","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Vogelrufe","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"Vogelrufe","lemma":"Vogelruf","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on spiegelten","gloss":"bird-calls"},{"surface":"während","lemma":"während","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hoch","lemma":"hoch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on während","gloss":"high above"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l6","source":"die Sternennächte eines süßen Landes","translation":"the starry nights of a sweet land","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Sternennächte","title":"A compound naming nights","body":"A compound of Stern, 'star', and Nacht, 'night'. It is nominative plural, the subject of wuchsen, 'grew', in the following line."}],"words":[{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Sternennächte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sternennächte","lemma":"Sternennacht","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on wuchsen","gloss":"starry nights"},{"surface":"eines","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Landes","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"süßen","lemma":"süß","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Landes","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"Landes","lemma":"Land","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Sternennächte","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"hetaerengraeber-s4-l7","source":"in Himmel wuchsen, die sich nirgends schlossen.","translation":"grew into skies that nowhere closed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/hetaerengraeber-s4-l7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die sich nirgends schlossen","title":"sich schließen, 'to close'","body":"schließen paired with the reflexive sich means 'to close itself, close up'. sich nirgends schlossen, 'nowhere closed themselves', describes skies that never came to an end or boundary."}],"words":[{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on wuchsen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Himmel","lemma":"Himmel","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"skies"},{"surface":"wuchsen","lemma":"wachsen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on schlossen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on schlossen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"nirgends","lemma":"nirgends","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schlossen","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"schlossen","lemma":"schließen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"depends on Himmel","gloss":"closed"}]}]}