{"work":{"slug":"rilke","title":{"source":"Neue Gedichte","translated":"New Poems"},"author":"Rainer Maria Rilke","language":"German","languageCode":"de","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"josuas-landtag","title":{"source":"Josuas Landtag","translated":"Joshua's Council"},"section":"New Poems","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/josuas-landtag","lines":35},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/david-singt-vor-saul","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/der-auszug-des-verlorenen-sohnes","license":"Source text: public domain (Rainer Maria Rilke, died 1926; Neue Gedichte published 1907 and 1908), from Wikisource. English translation and notes: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC. Narration: synthesized for this edition.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"josuas-landtag-s1-l1","source":"So wie der Strom am Ausgang seine Dämme","translation":"Just as the river at its mouth breaks through","stanza":1,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s1-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Dämme","title":"The word Damm and its plural","body":"'Damm' means a dam, dyke, or embankment. Its plural 'Damme' takes the umlaut. 'seine Damme' is the accusative object of 'durchbricht' in the next line, held over the line break."}],"words":[{"surface":"So","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on durchbricht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Strom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Strom","lemma":"Strom","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on durchbricht","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"am","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on durchbricht","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"Ausgang","lemma":"Ausgang","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on am","gloss":"outlet"},{"surface":"seine","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Dämme","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Dämme","lemma":"Damm","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on durchbricht","gloss":"dikes"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"josuas-landtag-s1-l2","source":"durchbricht mit seiner Mündung Übermaß,","translation":"its dykes with the excess of its outflow,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s1-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"durchbricht","title":"Inseparable here","body":"'durchbrechen' can be separable, 'er bricht durch', it breaks through, or inseparable, 'er durchbricht etwas', it breaches something, with a direct object. Here it is inseparable and transitive, the prefix 'durch-' staying fixed to the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Übermaß","title":"The word Ubermass","body":"'Ubermaß' means excess, superabundance, literally 'over measure', from 'uber-' plus 'Maß', 'measure'. 'mit seiner Mundung Ubermaß' is a compressed genitive order for 'mit dem Ubermaß seiner Mundung', 'with the excess of its outflow'."}],"words":[{"surface":"durchbricht","lemma":"durchbrechen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breaks through"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on durchbricht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"seiner","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Mündung","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Mündung","lemma":"Mündung","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Übermaß","gloss":"outflow's"},{"surface":"Übermaß","lemma":"Übermaß","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"excess"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"josuas-landtag-s1-l3","source":"so brach nun durch die Ältesten der Stimme","translation":"so now there broke through the voices of the elders","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s1-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"So wie … so","title":"The so wie ... so simile frame","body":"The correlative pair 'So wie ...' in the first two lines is answered here by 'so brach nun', 'so now broke'. German marks the second half of an extended simile with 'so', resuming the comparison begun earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brach","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"brach","lemma":"brechen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke through"},{"surface":"nun","lemma":"nun","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brach","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"durch","lemma":"durch","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on brach","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"depends on Ältesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ältesten","lemma":"Älteste","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on durch","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Stimme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Stimme","lemma":"Stimme","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Ältesten","gloss":"voice","note":"Poetic genitive: \"die Ältesten der Stimme\" = \"the elders of voice,\" i.e. the murmuring assembly Joshua's voice breaks through."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"josuas-landtag-s1-l4","source":"zum letztenmal die Stimme Josuas.","translation":"for the last time the voice of Joshua.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s1-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Josuas","title":"Genitive of the name","body":"'die Stimme Josuas' means 'the voice of Joshua'. German forms the genitive of a personal name by adding '-s', with no apostrophe. 'die Stimme Josuas' is the subject of 'brach' in the line before."}],"words":[{"surface":"zum","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on brach","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"letztenmal","lemma":"letztenmal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on zum","gloss":"last time"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Stimme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Stimme","lemma":"Stimme","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of brach","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Josuas","lemma":"Josua","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, singular","role":"depends on Stimme","gloss":"of Joshua"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"josuas-landtag-s2-l1","source":"Wie waren die geschlagen, welche lachten,","translation":"How struck down were those who had been laughing,","stanza":2,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s2-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"welche","title":"A literary relative pronoun","body":"Here 'welche' is not the question word 'which' but a relative pronoun meaning 'those who', an elevated alternative to 'die': 'die geschlagen, welche lachten' means 'struck down, those who laughed'. 'geschlagen' is the past participle of 'schlagen', 'to strike'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"geschlagen","lemma":"schlagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"welche","lemma":"welcher","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on lachten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"lachten","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"depends on die","gloss":"had been laughing"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"josuas-landtag-s2-l2","source":"wie hielten alle Herz und Hände an,","translation":"how all of them held heart and hands stock-still,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s2-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hielten … an","title":"A separable verb","body":"'anhalten', 'to halt, to hold still', is separable: its prefix 'an-' detaches to the clause's end. 'hielten' is the past of 'halten', standing early, with 'an' closing the line, 'hielten alle Herz und Hande an'."}],"words":[{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hielten","lemma":"anhalten","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"aller","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"depends on Herz","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Herz","lemma":"Herz","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Herz","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Hände","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on und","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"particle, separable verb prefix","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"josuas-landtag-s2-l3","source":"als hübe sich der Lärm von dreißig Schlachten","translation":"as if the din of thirty battles rose up","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s2-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hübe","title":"Past subjunctive of heben","body":"'hube' is the Konjunktiv II, past subjunctive, of 'heben', 'to lift, raise'; reflexive 'sich heben' means 'to rise'. After 'als', meaning 'as though', German uses the subjunctive for an unreal comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on hübe","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hübe","lemma":"heben","morphology":"verb, past, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on hübe","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Lärm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lärm","lemma":"Lärm","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hübe","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Lärm","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dreißig","lemma":"dreißig","morphology":"numeral","role":"depends on Schlachten","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"Schlachten","lemma":"Schlacht","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on von","gloss":"battles"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"josuas-landtag-s2-l4","source":"in einem Mund; und dieser Mund begann.","translation":"in a single mouth; and this mouth began.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s2-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hübe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"einem","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Mund","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Mund","lemma":"Mund","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on in","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on begann","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dieser","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Mund","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Mund","lemma":"Mund","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on begann","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"begann","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"josuas-landtag-s3-l1","source":"Und wieder waren Tausende voll Staunen","translation":"And again were thousands full of wonder","stanza":3,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s3-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voll Staunen","title":"The phrase voll Staunen","body":"'das Staunen' is the nominalized verb 'staunen', 'to be amazed': amazement, wonder. 'voll Staunen' means 'full of wonder'; after 'voll' the noun can stand bare, without an article, unlike everyday 'voller Staunen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wieder","lemma":"wieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"Tausende","lemma":"Tausend","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"voll","lemma":"voll","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on Tausende","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"Staunen","lemma":"Staunen","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on voll","gloss":"wonder"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"josuas-landtag-s3-l2","source":"wie an dem großen Tag vor Jericho,","translation":"as on the great day before Jericho,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s3-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on an","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Tag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"großen","lemma":"groß","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Tag","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Tag","lemma":"Tag","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on an","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"vor","lemma":"vor","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Tag","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Jericho","lemma":"Jericho","morphology":"proper noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on vor","gloss":"Jericho"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"josuas-landtag-s3-l3","source":"nun aber waren in ihm die Posaunen,","translation":"but now the trumpets were inside of him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s3-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Posaunen","title":"die Posaune and its plural","body":"Today 'Posaune' means the orchestral trombone, but in Luther's Bible it names the trumpet. 'die Posaunen' is nominative plural, subject of 'waren': 'the trumpets were'."}],"words":[{"surface":"nun","lemma":"nun","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"ihm","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on in","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Posaunen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Posaunen","lemma":"Posaune","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"trumpets"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"josuas-landtag-s3-l4","source":"und ihres Lebens Mauern schwankten so,","translation":"and the walls of their life swayed so much","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s3-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ihres Lebens Mauern","title":"A fronted genitive","body":"The genitive 'ihres Lebens', 'of their life', is placed before its head noun 'Mauern', 'walls', giving 'the walls of their life'. Plain prose would say 'die Mauern ihres Lebens'. 'schwankten' is the past of 'schwanken', 'to sway, totter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on schwankten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ihres","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Lebens","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Lebens","lemma":"Leben","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Mauern","gloss":"life's"},{"surface":"Mauern","lemma":"Mauer","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on schwankten","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"schwankten","lemma":"schwanken","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swayed"},{"surface":"so","lemma":"so","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schwankten","gloss":"so much"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"josuas-landtag-s4-l1","source":"daß sie sich wälzten, von Entsetzen trächtig","translation":"that they writhed, pregnant with horror","stanza":4,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s4-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"trächtig","title":"The word trachtig","body":"'trachtig' describes a pregnant animal, a cow or mare carrying young. 'von Entsetzen trachtig' pairs it with the dative 'Entsetzen', 'horror'. 'sich walzen' means 'to roll, writhe, wallow'."}],"words":[{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on wälzten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on wälzten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on wälzten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"wälzten","lemma":"wälzen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writhed"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on trächtig","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Entsetzen","lemma":"Entsetzen","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on von","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"trächtig","lemma":"trächtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on sie","gloss":"pregnant"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"josuas-landtag-s4-l2","source":"und wehrlos schon und überwältigt, eh","translation":"and defenseless already and overwhelmed, before","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s4-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wehrlos","title":"Defenseless, and the clipped eh","body":"'wehrlos' means 'defenseless, unable to resist', from 'Wehr', 'defense', plus '-los', 'less'. 'uberwaltigt' means 'overwhelmed', the past participle of 'uberwaltigen'. 'eh' is a clipped poetic form of 'ehe', 'before'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on trächtig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wehrlos","lemma":"wehrlos","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on sie","gloss":"defenseless"},{"surface":"schon","lemma":"schon","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on überwältigt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"überwältigt","lemma":"überwältigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depends on trächtig","gloss":"overwhelmed"},{"surface":"eh","lemma":"eh","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on gedachten","gloss":"before","note":"\"eh\" is an archaic/dialect form of \"ehe\" (before)."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"josuas-landtag-s4-l3","source":"sie's noch gedachten, wie er eigenmächtig","translation":"they had even thought it, how on his own authority","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s4-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"eigenmächtig","title":"The word eigenmachtig","body":"'eigenmachtig' means 'acting on one's own authority, without sanction', from 'eigen', 'own', plus 'Macht', 'power'. 'sie's' fuses 'sie es'; 'gedachten' here means 'thought of, were aware of', past of 'gedenken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on gedachten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"es","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on gedachten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on gedachten","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedenken","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eigenmächtig","lemma":"eigenmächtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"on his own authority"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"josuas-landtag-s4-l4","source":"zu Gibeon die Sonne anschrie: Steh!","translation":"at Gibeon shouted at the sun: Stand still!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s4-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"anschrie","title":"Separable, and the bare imperative Steh","body":"'anschreien', 'to shout at someone', is separable; in this subordinate clause it stays whole at the clause's end, 'die Sonne anschrie', 'shouted at the sun'. 'Steh!' is the bare singular imperative of 'stehen', 'to stand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Gibeon","lemma":"Gibeon","morphology":"proper noun, dative, singular","role":"depends on zu","gloss":"Gibeon"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Sonne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sonne","lemma":"Sonne","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"anschrie","lemma":"anschreien","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted at"},{"surface":"Steh","lemma":"stehen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"depends on anschrie","gloss":"Stand!"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"josuas-landtag-s5-l1","source":"Und Gott ging hin, erschrocken wie ein Knecht,","translation":"And God went over, startled like a servant,","stanza":5,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s5-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Knecht","title":"The word Knecht","body":"'Knecht' means a farmhand, manservant, or bondsman. 'hingehen', separable, means 'to go over there'; 'erschrocken', 'frightened, startled', is the past participle of 'erschrecken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"Gott","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hin","lemma":"hin","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"erschrocken","lemma":"erschrocken","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on erschrocken","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Knecht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Knecht","lemma":"Knecht","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"servant"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"josuas-landtag-s5-l2","source":"und hielt die Sonne, bis ihm seine Hände","translation":"and held the sun, until his hands","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s5-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on hielt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hielt","lemma":"halten","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Sonne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sonne","lemma":"Sonne","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on hielt","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"bis","lemma":"bis","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on wehtaten","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"ihm","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wehtaten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"seine","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on Hände","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Hände","lemma":"Hand","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on wehtaten","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"josuas-landtag-s5-l3","source":"wehtaten, ob dem schlachtenden Geschlecht,","translation":"ached for him, over the slaughtering race,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s5-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wehtaten","title":"wehtun, and the archaic ob","body":"'wehtun', separable, 'es tut weh' means 'it hurts'; here it appears in the past, 'wehtaten', 'they ached'. 'ob' is used in its archaic sense 'over, on account of', governing the dative that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Geschlecht","title":"The word Geschlecht","body":"'Geschlecht' means a race, lineage, or generation, though elsewhere it can mean sex or gender. 'schlachtend' is the present participle of 'schlachten', 'to slaughter, butcher', modifying 'Geschlecht' as an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"wehtaten","lemma":"wehtun","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"ob","lemma":"ob","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on wehtaten","gloss":"over","note":"Archaic \"ob\" here means \"over/on account of,\" not the modern \"whether.\""},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Geschlecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schlachtenden","lemma":"schlachtend","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Geschlecht","gloss":"slaughtering"},{"surface":"Geschlecht","lemma":"Geschlecht","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on ob","gloss":"race"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"josuas-landtag-s5-l4","source":"nur weil da einer wollte, daß sie stände.","translation":"only because one man willed that it stand still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s5-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stände","title":"Subjunctive of stehen","body":"'stande' is the Konjunktiv II, past subjunctive, of 'stehen', 'to stand'. After 'wollte, daß', 'willed that', German uses the subjunctive in the dependent clause: 'daß sie stande', 'that it should stand still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"nur","lemma":"nur","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on weil","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weil","lemma":"weil","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on wollte","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on wollte","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"einer","lemma":"einer","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wollte","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"wollte","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"willed"},{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on stände","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on stände","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"stände","lemma":"stehen","morphology":"verb, past, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on wollte","gloss":"stand still"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"josuas-landtag-s6-l1","source":"Und das war dieser; dieser Alte wars,","translation":"And that was this one; this old man it was,","stanza":6,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s6-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wars","title":"A contraction of war es","body":"'wars' contracts 'war es', 'it was', a poetic elision that saves a syllable. 'dieser' and 'dieser Alte' are both nominative demonstratives, repeating the same referent for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on war","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dieser","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"dieser","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Alte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Alte","lemma":"Alte","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wars","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"wars","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular (contracted with \"es\")","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was","note":"\"wars\" is a contraction of \"war es\" (\"it was\")."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"josuas-landtag-s6-l2","source":"von dem sie meinten, daß er nicht mehr gelte","translation":"of whom they thought that he no longer counted","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s6-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelte","title":"Subjunctive of gelten in reported thought","body":"'gelten' means 'to be valid, to count'; 'gelte' is its Konjunktiv I, present subjunctive, marking reported speech or thought after 'meinten, daß'. 'von dem' means 'of whom', the preposition fronted before the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on meinten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on von","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on meinten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"meinten","lemma":"meinen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on gelte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on gelte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on gelte","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mehr","lemma":"mehr","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on nicht","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"gelte","lemma":"gelten","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on meinten","gloss":"counted"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"josuas-landtag-s6-l3","source":"inmitten seines hundertzehnten Jahrs.","translation":"in the midst of his hundred-and-tenth year.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s6-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"inmitten","title":"A preposition plus genitive","body":"'inmitten', 'in the midst of', governs the genitive: 'inmitten seines hundertzehnten Jahrs' means 'in the midst of his hundred and tenth year'. The genitive endings stack across the phrase, 'seines ... Jahrs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"inmitten","lemma":"inmitten","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in the midst of"},{"surface":"seines","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Jahrs","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hundertzehnten","lemma":"hundertzehnt","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Jahrs","gloss":"hundred-and-tenth"},{"surface":"Jahrs","lemma":"Jahr","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"depends on inmitten","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"josuas-landtag-s6-l4","source":"Da stand er auf und brach in ihre Zelte.","translation":"Then he stood up and broke into their tents.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s6-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stand … auf","title":"Separable","body":"'aufstehen', 'to stand up, rise', is separable: 'stand er auf' means 'he stood up', the prefix 'auf' thrown to the end. 'brach in ihre Zelte' uses 'brechen' with 'in' plus the accusative for motion, 'broke into their tents'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on stand","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on stand","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"auf","lemma":"auf","morphology":"particle, separable verb prefix","role":"depends on stand","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on stand","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"brach","lemma":"brechen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on brach","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ihre","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on Zelte","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Zelte","lemma":"Zelt","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on in","gloss":"tents"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"josuas-landtag-s7-l1","source":"Er ging wie Hagel nieder über Halmen.","translation":"He came down like hail over the standing stalks.","stanza":7,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s7-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging … nieder","title":"niedergehen and uber Halmen","body":"'niedergehen', separable, 'ging nieder' means 'came down, fell'. 'uber Halmen' means 'over the stalks', a 'Halm' being a stalk of grain, the dative plural after 'uber' marking place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Hagel","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Hagel","lemma":"Hagel","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"hail"},{"surface":"nieder","lemma":"nieder","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"über","lemma":"über","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ging","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Halmen","lemma":"Halm","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on über","gloss":"stalks"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"josuas-landtag-s7-l2","source":"Was wollt ihr Gott versprechen? Ungezählt","translation":"What do you mean to promise God? Uncounted","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s7-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was wollt ihr Gott versprechen?","title":"wollen plus infinitive, dative Gott","body":"'wollen' here means 'to intend, to mean to', not just 'to want'. 'Gott' is the dative indirect object, 'was' the accusative direct object of 'versprechen', 'to promise', an inseparable verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"was","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on versprechen","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"wollt","lemma":"wollen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on wollt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"Gott","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on versprechen","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"versprechen","lemma":"versprechen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on wollt","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"Ungezählt","lemma":"ungezählt","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on Götter","gloss":"Uncounted"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"josuas-landtag-s7-l3","source":"stehn um euch Götter, wartend, daß ihr wählt.","translation":"stand gods around you, waiting for you to choose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s7-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stehn","title":"A clipped form, and wartend","body":"'stehn' is the poetic short form of 'stehen', 'to stand', dropping the '-e-' for metre. 'wartend' is the present participle of 'warten', 'to wait', used adverbially. 'daß ihr wahlt' means 'that you choose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"stehn","lemma":"stehen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"um","lemma":"um","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on stehn","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"euch","lemma":"euch","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on um","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Götter","lemma":"Gott","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on stehn","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"wartend","lemma":"warten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depends on stehn","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on wählt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on wählt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wählt","lemma":"wählen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"depends on wartend","gloss":"choose"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"josuas-landtag-s7-l4","source":"Doch wenn ihr wählt, wird euch der Herr zermalmen.","translation":"Yet if you choose, the Lord will crush you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s7-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zermalmen","title":"The word zermalmen","body":"'zermalmen' means 'to crush, to grind to bits, to pulverize'. The prefix 'zer-' marks destruction into pieces. 'wird ... zermalmen' is the future tense, 'werden' plus infinitive, with dative 'euch' as the one crushed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on wird","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"wenn","lemma":"wenn","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on wählt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ihr","lemma":"ihr","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on wählt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wählt","lemma":"wählen","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"depends on wird","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"wird","lemma":"werden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"euch","lemma":"euch","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on zermalmen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Herr","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Herr","lemma":"Herr","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wird","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"zermalmen","lemma":"zermalmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on wird","gloss":"crush"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"josuas-landtag-s8-l1","source":"Und dann, mit einem Hochmut ohnegleichen:","translation":"And then, with an arrogance beyond compare:","stanza":8,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s8-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hochmut ohnegleichen","title":"Hochmut and ohnegleichen","body":"'Hochmut' means 'pride, haughtiness, arrogance', literally 'high spirit'. 'ohnegleichen' means 'without equal, unparalleled', from 'ohne', 'without', plus 'gleichen', 'to equal'; it is indeclinable and follows the noun it modifies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on ohnegleichen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ohnegleichen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"mit","lemma":"mit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ohnegleichen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"einem","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Hochmut","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Hochmut","lemma":"Hochmut","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on mit","gloss":"arrogance"},{"surface":"ohnegleichen","lemma":"ohnegleichen","morphology":"adjective (invariant)","role":"depends on Hochmut","gloss":"beyond compare"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"josuas-landtag-s8-l2","source":"Ich und mein Haus, wir bleiben ihm vermählt.","translation":"I and my house, we stay wedded to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s8-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vermählt","title":"The word vermahlt","body":"'vermahlt' means 'married, wedded', the past participle of 'vermahlen', an elevated word for 'to wed'. 'wir bleiben ihm vermahlt' means 'we remain wedded to him', with dative 'ihm' as the one married."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"depends on bleiben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on Ich","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mein","lemma":"mein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Haus","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Haus","lemma":"Haus","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"wir","lemma":"wir","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on bleiben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"bleiben","lemma":"bleiben","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"ihm","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on bleiben","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"vermählt","lemma":"vermählen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"depends on bleiben","gloss":"wedded"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"josuas-landtag-s9-l1","source":"Da schrien sie alle: Hilf uns, gib ein Zeichen","translation":"Then they all cried out: Help us, give a sign","stanza":9,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s9-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hilf uns, gib ein Zeichen","title":"Irregular imperatives hilf and gib","body":"'helfen', 'to help', and 'geben', 'to give', are strong verbs whose stem vowel shifts e to i in the singular imperative: 'hilf!' and 'gib!'. 'hilf' takes the dative 'uns'; 'gib' takes the accusative 'ein Zeichen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Da","lemma":"da","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schrien","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"schrien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on schrien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"alle","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on schrien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Hilf","lemma":"helfen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"head of the quoted clause","gloss":"Help"},{"surface":"uns","lemma":"uns","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"depends on Hilf","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"gib","lemma":"geben","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Zeichen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Zeichen","lemma":"Zeichen","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on gib","gloss":"sign"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"josuas-landtag-s9-l2","source":"und stärke uns zu unsrer schweren Wahl.","translation":"and strengthen us for our heavy choice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s9-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Wahl","title":"die Wahl and starke","body":"'Wahl' is 'choice', the noun form of 'wahlen', 'to choose'. 'zu unsrer schweren Wahl' is dative after 'zu', 'for our hard choice'. 'starke' is the imperative of 'starken', 'to strengthen'; 'unsrer' contracts 'unserer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on gib","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stärke","lemma":"stärken","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strengthen"},{"surface":"uns","lemma":"uns","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"depends on stärke","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on stärke","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"unsrer","lemma":"unser","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Wahl","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"schweren","lemma":"schwer","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Wahl","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"Wahl","lemma":"Wahl","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on zu","gloss":"choice"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"josuas-landtag-s10-l1","source":"Aber sie sahn ihn, wie seit Jahren schweigend,","translation":"But they saw him, silent as for years now,","stanza":10,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s10-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schweigend","title":"The word schweigend","body":"'schweigend' is the present participle of 'schweigen', 'to keep silent, say nothing', distinct from 'still sein', 'to be quiet'. 'sahn' is a poetic short form of 'sahen', past plural of 'sehen', 'to see'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sahn","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ihn","lemma":"ihn","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on seit","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"seit","lemma":"seit","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Jahren","lemma":"Jahr","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"depends on seit","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"schweigend","lemma":"schweigen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"silent"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"josuas-landtag-s10-l2","source":"zu seiner festen Stadt am Berge steigend;","translation":"climbing toward his fortified town on the mountain;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s10-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"feste Stadt","title":"A fortified town, and steigend","body":"'fest' means 'firm, solid', and of a town, 'fortified, walled', related to 'Festung', 'fortress'. 'steigend' is the present participle of 'steigen', 'to climb', used adverbially with 'zu seiner festen Stadt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"zu","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on steigend","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"seiner","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Stadt","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"festen","lemma":"fest","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Stadt","gloss":"fortified"},{"surface":"Stadt","lemma":"Stadt","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on zu","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"am","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on Stadt","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"Berge","lemma":"Berg","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on am","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"steigend","lemma":"steigen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"climbing"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"josuas-landtag-s10-l3","source":"und dann nicht mehr. Es war das letzte Mal.","translation":"and then no more. It was the last time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/josuas-landtag-s10-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nicht mehr","title":"No more, and the closing echo","body":"'nicht mehr' means 'no more, no longer'. The fragment 'und dann nicht mehr' has no verb of its own. 'Es war das letzte Mal' repeats the phrase 'zum letztenmal' from the opening stanza."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on nicht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on sahn","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mehr","lemma":"mehr","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on nicht","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Es","lemma":"es","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Mal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"letzte","lemma":"letzter","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Mal","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"Mal","lemma":"Mal","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"time"}]}]}