{"work":{"slug":"rilke","title":{"source":"Neue Gedichte","translated":"New Poems"},"author":"Rainer Maria Rilke","language":"German","languageCode":"de","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"kreuzigung","title":{"source":"Kreuzigung","translated":"Crucifixion"},"section":"New Poems: The Other Part","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/kreuzigung","lines":21},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/die-aegyptische-maria","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/rilke/der-auferstandene","license":"Source text: public domain (Rainer Maria Rilke, died 1926; Neue Gedichte published 1907 and 1908), from Wikisource. English translation and notes: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC. Narration: synthesized for this edition.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"kreuzigung-s1-l1","source":"Längst geübt, zum kahlen Galgenplatze","translation":"Long since practiced at herding to the bare gallows-ground","stanza":1,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s1-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Längst geübt","title":"Längst with a past participle","body":"Längst means 'long since, for a long time now'. Geübt is the past participle of üben, 'to practice, drill', used adjectivally: 'long practiced'. The phrase has no subject of its own yet; it describes the soldiers named in a later line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Galgenplatze","title":"A compound for the gallows place","body":"A compound of Galgen, 'gallows', and Platz, 'place': Galgenplatz is the place of execution. Zum ... Galgenplatze is dative after zu, with an old -e dative ending on Platze, marking the destination. Kahl means 'bare, barren.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Längst","lemma":"längst","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on geübt","gloss":"Long since"},{"surface":"geübt","lemma":"üben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on Knechte","gloss":"practiced"},{"surface":"zum","lemma":"zu","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hinzudrängen","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"kahlen","lemma":"kahl","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Galgenplatze","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"Galgenplatze","lemma":"Galgenplatz","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on zum","gloss":"gallows-ground"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"kreuzigung-s1-l2","source":"irgendein Gesindel hinzudrängen,","translation":"some rabble or other, toward it","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s1-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Gesindel","title":"A collective noun for rabble","body":"Das Gesindel is a contemptuous collective noun, 'rabble, riffraff'. The Ge- prefix gathers many individuals into one mass. Irgendein, 'some or other', makes the crowd faceless and indefinite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hinzudrängen","title":"Zu inside a separable verb","body":"The verb is hindrängen, a separable verb meaning 'to push or herd (a crowd) toward a spot'. As a zu-infinitive the zu sits between prefix and stem: hin-zu-drängen. It completes geübt from the line before: 'practiced at herding.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"irgendein","lemma":"irgendein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Gesindel","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"Gesindel","lemma":"Gesindel","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on hinzudrängen","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"hinzudrängen","lemma":"hindrängen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on geübt","gloss":"to herd toward","note":"zu-infinitive of the separable verb hindrängen ('push/herd toward'); zu is inserted between the prefix hin- and the stem."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"kreuzigung-s1-l3","source":"ließen sich die schweren Knechte hängen,","translation":"the heavy hired men let themselves slouch,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s1-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ließen sich … hängen","title":"Lassen with a reflexive infinitive","body":"Lassen plus reflexive sich plus infinitive means 'to let oneself...'. Sich hängen lassen idiomatically means 'to slouch, slump, go slack'. Die schweren Knechte, 'the heavy hired men', is the subject that lets itself go loose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Knechte","title":"A word for hired men","body":"Der Knecht, plural Knechte, means 'servant, farmhand, hired hand', a man doing heavy work under orders. Here the Knechte are the soldiers carrying out the executions. Schweren, 'heavy', from schwer, describes them as coarse and lumpish."}],"words":[{"surface":"ließen","lemma":"lassen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on hängen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Knechte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schweren","lemma":"schwer","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Knechte","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"Knechte","lemma":"Knecht","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on ließen","gloss":"hired men","note":"sich hängen lassen idiomatically means 'let oneself slouch/go slack,' rendered here as 'slouch' rather than literal 'hang.'"},{"surface":"hängen","lemma":"hängen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on ließen","gloss":"slouch"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"kreuzigung-s1-l4","source":"dann und wann nur eine große Fratze","translation":"only now and then turning a great grimace","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s1-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dann und wann","title":"An idiom for now and then","body":"Dann und wann is a fixed phrase meaning 'now and then, occasionally'. It governs the participle kehrend, 'turning', which opens the next line, so the clause deliberately spills across the stanza break."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Fratze","title":"A word for a grimace","body":"Die Fratze means 'a grimace, a distorted or ugly face'. Eine große Fratze, 'a great grimace', is the accusative object of kehrend, 'turning', in the line that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"dann","lemma":"dann","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on kehrend","gloss":"now","note":"dann und wann is a fixed idiom meaning 'now and then.'"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on dann","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wann","lemma":"wann","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on und","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nur","lemma":"nur","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Fratze","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Fratze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"große","lemma":"groß","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Fratze","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Fratze","lemma":"Fratze","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on kehrend","gloss":"grimace"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"kreuzigung-s2-l1","source":"kehrend nach den abgetanen Drein.","translation":"toward the three already done away with.","stanza":2,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s2-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kehrend","title":"Present participle 'kehrend'","body":"Kehrend is the present participle of kehren, 'to turn'. It reaches back to eine große Fratze in the line before: 'turning a great grimace toward...'. Nach governs the dative den abgetanen Drein that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"abgetanen Drein","title":"A participle and a dative plural","body":"Abtun means 'to do away with, dispose of'; its past participle abgetan, used as an adjective, means 'dealt-with, finished-off'. Drein is the dative plural of die Drei, 'the three': 'toward the three already disposed of.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"kehrend","lemma":"kehren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on Fratze","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"nach","lemma":"nach","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on kehrend","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"depends on Drein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"abgetanen","lemma":"abgetan","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"depends on Drein","gloss":"done away with"},{"surface":"Drein","lemma":"Drei","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"depends on nach","gloss":"three","note":"Drein is an archaic contraction of 'den Dreien,' dative plural of 'die Drei,' referring to the three crucified men."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"kreuzigung-s2-l2","source":"Aber oben war das schlechte Henkern","translation":"But up above, the shoddy hangman's work","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s2-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"oben","title":"An adverb of place","body":"Oben means 'up, above, up there', the opposite of unten, 'below'. It shifts attention from the crowd on the ground to the crosses raised over them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"das schlechte Henkern","title":"A verb made into a noun","body":"Henkern, 'to do a hangman's work', is built from der Henker, 'hangman'. Capitalized with an article, das Henkern becomes a noun, 'the hangman-ing'. Das schlechte Henkern means 'the shoddy work of executing.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on war","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"oben","lemma":"oben","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on war","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Henkern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schlechte","lemma":"schlecht","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Henkern","gloss":"shoddy"},{"surface":"Henkern","lemma":"Henkern","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"hangman's work","note":"Nominalized infinitive of henkern ('to act as executioner'), meaning 'the hangman's work' — distinct from der Henker ('the hangman' as a person)."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"kreuzigung-s2-l3","source":"rasch getan; und nach dem Fertigsein","translation":"was quickly done; and once the finishing was over","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s2-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rasch getan","title":"Completing the clause","body":"Rasch means 'quick, swift'; getan is the past participle of tun, 'to do'. Reaching back to war in the line above, war ... rasch getan means 'was quickly done', the participle closing the clause at its end, as German word order requires."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Fertigsein","title":"A verb phrase turned into a noun","body":"Fertig sein, 'to be finished, done', is turned into the noun das Fertigsein, 'the being-finished'. Nach dem Fertigsein means 'after the being-done', once the job was over."}],"words":[{"surface":"rasch","lemma":"rasch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on getan","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"getan","lemma":"tun","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on war","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on nach","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nach","lemma":"nach","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on ließen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dem","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Fertigsein","gloss":"the","note":"Agrees with Fertigsein (w6), a substantivized infinitive with 'sein', which is always neuter (das Fertigsein), not masculine."},{"surface":"Fertigsein","lemma":"Fertigsein","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on nach","gloss":"finishing","note":"Nominalized infinitives formed with 'sein' are always neuter (das Sein, das Dasein, das Fertigsein) — the same rule is already correctly applied to Hingegebensein elsewhere in this output; masculine here is inconsistent."}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"kreuzigung-s2-l4","source":"ließen sich die freien Männer schlenkern.","translation":"the men, now free, let their limbs swing loose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s2-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die freien Männer","title":"Free meaning off duty","body":"Frei means 'free', but here it means simply off-duty, done with the work. Die freien Männer, 'the free men', are the soldiers now at leisure, set against the three still fixed to their crosses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ließen sich … schlenkern","title":"Letting the limbs dangle","body":"Schlenkern means 'to dangle, swing loosely, let limbs flop'. With sich ... lassen, 'to let oneself...', ließen sich ... schlenkern means 'let themselves dangle, swing their limbs loose', echoing ließen sich ... hängen earlier in the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"ließen","lemma":"lassen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"sich","lemma":"sich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"depends on schlenkern","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Männer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"freien","lemma":"frei","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Männer","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"Männer","lemma":"Mann","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"depends on ließen","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"schlenkern","lemma":"schlenkern","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on ließen","gloss":"swing loose"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"kreuzigung-s3-l1","source":"Bis der eine (fleckig wie ein Selcher)","translation":"Until one of them (spattered like a butcher)","stanza":3,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s3-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Bis","title":"A subordinator meaning until","body":"Bis, 'until', opens a subordinate clause running into the next line: Bis der eine ... sagte, 'Until one of them said'. As a subordinator it sends the verb, sagte, to the end of its clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bis","lemma":"bis","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on sagte","gloss":"Until"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on eine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eine","lemma":"einer","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sagte","gloss":"one","note":"'der eine' = 'the one [of them]', the pronominal/substantival use of 'ein', not the bare determiner — matches this dataset's own convention of citing pronominal ein-forms as 'einer' rather than the inflected surface form."},{"surface":"fleckig","lemma":"fleckig","morphology":"adjective","role":"depends on eine","gloss":"spattered","note":"'fleckig' predicatively describes 'der eine' (the person in the parenthetical), not any verb — there is no verb nearby for it to modify adverbially."},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on fleckig","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Selcher","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Selcher","lemma":"Selcher","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on wie","gloss":"butcher","note":"Selcher is Austrian/Bavarian dialect for a pork butcher who cures and smokes meat."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"kreuzigung-s3-l2","source":"sagte: Hauptmann, dieser hat geschrien.","translation":"said: Captain, this one cried out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s3-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hauptmann","title":"A word for captain","body":"Der Hauptmann means 'captain', literally 'head-man', from Haupt and Mann, the officer commanding the detail. Dieser, 'this one', refers to one of the three men, subject of hat geschrien, 'has cried out.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hat geschrien","title":"Perfect of 'schreien'","body":"Schreien, 'to scream, cry out', is a strong verb whose past participle is geschrien. Hat geschrien is the present perfect: 'has cried out.' The everyday reporting tense treats the cry as a routine fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"sagte","lemma":"sagen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Hauptmann","lemma":"Hauptmann","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, depends on sagte","gloss":"Captain","note":"The note on this parse already identifies 'Hauptmann' as a vocative direct address, but the role field still says 'depends on hat' — hat is the auxiliary of the embedded quoted clause and has no syntactic relationship to the vocative."},{"surface":"dieser","lemma":"dieser","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hat","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"hat","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"geschrien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on hat","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"kreuzigung-s3-l3","source":"Und der Hauptmann sah vom Pferde: Welcher?","translation":"And the captain looked down from his horse: Which one?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s3-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vom Pferde","title":"Old dative ending","body":"Vom is the contraction of von dem, and von takes the dative: vom Pferde means 'from the horse', with the archaic -e dative ending on Pferd. The captain stays mounted, looking down rather than dismounting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Hauptmann","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hauptmann","lemma":"Hauptmann","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"sah","lemma":"sehen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"vom","lemma":"von","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on sah","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Pferde","lemma":"Pferd","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on vom","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"Welcher","lemma":"welcher","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Which one?"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"kreuzigung-s3-l4","source":"und es war ihm selbst, er hätte ihn","translation":"and it seemed to him that he himself had","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s3-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es war ihm","title":"An idiom of impression","body":"Es war ihm (selbst), ... is an idiom of impression meaning 'it seemed to him', literally 'it was to him'. Ihm is the dative of er, 'he'; selbst adds 'himself', stressing that even he half-felt it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er hätte","title":"Subjunctive of report","body":"Hätte is the subjunctive II of haben, 'to have'. After es war ihm, it reports an uncertain impression: er hätte ihn ... hören, 'that he had heard him', marking a perception the speaker is not sure of, not a stated fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on war","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"es","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"war","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed","note":"Idiomatic: es war ihm (selbst) means 'it seemed to him (himself),' not literally 'it was.'"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"selbst","lemma":"selbst","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ihm","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hätte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hätte","lemma":"haben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on war","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ihn","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hätte","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"kreuzigung-s4-l1","source":"den Elia rufen hören. Alle","translation":"heard him call for Elijah. All of them","stanza":4,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s4-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rufen hören","title":"Double infinitive after 'hören'","body":"Verbs of perception like hören, 'to hear', take a bare infinitive, not a zu-infinitive: ihn rufen hören, 'to hear him call'. In a perfect tense this produces two stacked infinitives instead of a participle: er hätte ihn rufen hören, 'he had heard him call.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Elia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Elia","lemma":"Elia","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on rufen","gloss":"Elijah"},{"surface":"rufen","lemma":"rufen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on hören","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"hören","lemma":"hören","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on hätte","gloss":"heard","note":"hätte...rufen hören is a double-infinitive perfect construction (accusative + infinitive) meaning 'had heard [him] call.'"},{"surface":"Alle","lemma":"alle","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"All"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"kreuzigung-s4-l2","source":"waren zuzuschauen voller Lust,","translation":"were full of eagerness to watch,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s4-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zuzuschauen","title":"Zu inside a separable infinitive","body":"Zuschauen, 'to watch, look on', is a separable verb. As a zu-infinitive the zu nests between prefix and stem: zu-zu-schauen. It depends on voller Lust, 'full of eagerness': 'full of eagerness to watch.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voller Lust","title":"Full of eagerness","body":"Voll(er) means 'full of'; die Lust here means 'desire, eager appetite', not the narrower English 'lust'. Voller Lust zuzuschauen means 'full of eagerness to watch.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"waren","lemma":"sein","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zuzuschauen","lemma":"zuschauen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on Lust","gloss":"to watch","note":"zu-infinitive of zuschauen ('to watch, look on'); zu is inserted between the prefix zu- and the stem, giving the doubled zuzu-."},{"surface":"voller","lemma":"voll","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"depends on waren","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"Lust","lemma":"Lust","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on voller","gloss":"eagerness"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"kreuzigung-s4-l3","source":"und sie hielten, daß er nicht verfalle,","translation":"and so that he should not give out, they held","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s4-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daß er nicht verfalle","title":"Subjunctive of purpose","body":"Verfalle is the present subjunctive of verfallen, 'to collapse, give out'. In the purpose clause daß er nicht verfalle, 'so that he should not give out', the subjunctive marks an intended outcome rather than a stated fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hielten","lemma":"halten","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"daß","lemma":"daß","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on verfalle","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on verfalle","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nicht","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on verfalle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verfalle","lemma":"verfallen","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"give out"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"kreuzigung-s4-l4","source":"gierig ihm die ganze Essiggalle","translation":"greedily, to him, the whole gall of vinegar","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s4-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gierig","title":"An adjective for greed","body":"Gierig means 'greedy, avid', from die Gier, 'greed'. Ihm, dative, refers to the dying man, object of hielten, 'held', in the line above: the crowd holds the sponge to him, greedy for the spectacle to continue."}],"words":[{"surface":"gierig","lemma":"gierig","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"ihm","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Essiggalle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ganze","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Essiggalle","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Essiggalle","lemma":"Essiggalle","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"gall of vinegar","note":"Refers to the vinegar-soaked sponge offered to the crucified in the Passion narrative; a Rilke compound of Essig ('vinegar') + Galle ('gall')."}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"kreuzigung-s4-l5","source":"an sein schwindendes Gehust.","translation":"against his fading fit of coughing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s4-l5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schwindendes","title":"Present participle as adjective","body":"Schwinden means 'to dwindle, fade away'; schwindend is its present participle, 'fading'. Sein schwindendes Gehust, accusative after an, means 'his fading fit of coughing.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gehust","title":"A collective noun with the Ge prefix","body":"Das Gehust is a collective noun built from husten, 'to cough', with the Ge- frame that gathers a repeated action into one continuous mass: 'a fit of coughing'. The same pattern gives Gerede, 'chatter', and Gelächter, 'laughter.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on hielten","gloss":"against","note":"Not the separable verb anhalten ('to stop/halt', e.g. den Atem anhalten) — an unrelated sense. Here 'an' is a plain preposition immediately governing 'sein schwindendes Gehust' (w2-w4, adjacent in the same line, not stranded), continuing 'hielten' two lines earlier: 'held...up against his fading coughing' — matches the segment's own translation, which says 'against', not 'to'."},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Gehust","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schwindendes","lemma":"schwindend","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Gehust","gloss":"fading"},{"surface":"Gehust","lemma":"Gehust","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on an","gloss":"fit of coughing"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"kreuzigung-s5-l1","source":"Denn sie hofften noch ein ganzes Spiel","translation":"For they still hoped for a whole show","stanza":5,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s5-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denn","title":"A conjunction that keeps word order","body":"Denn means 'for, because', a coordinating conjunction that gives a reason. Unlike subordinating weil, denn keeps normal main-clause word order: Denn sie hofften, 'For they hoped.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ein ganzes Spiel","title":"A noun for a whole show","body":"Das Spiel means 'a play, game, performance, show'. Ein ganzes Spiel, accusative after hofften, 'hoped for', means 'a whole show', the object the crowd was still waiting on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denn","lemma":"denn","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"sie","lemma":"sie","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hofften","lemma":"hoffen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoped for"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ein","lemma":"ein","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Spiel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ganzes","lemma":"ganz","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on Spiel","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Spiel","lemma":"Spiel","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"show"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"kreuzigung-s5-l2","source":"und vielleicht den kommenden Elia.","translation":"and perhaps the coming of Elijah.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s5-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den kommenden Elia","title":"Present participle as adjective","body":"Kommend is the present participle of kommen, 'to come', used adjectivally: 'coming, approaching'. Den kommenden Elia, accusative, is a second object of hofften: 'the coming Elijah.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vielleicht","lemma":"vielleicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"der","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Elia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kommenden","lemma":"kommend","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Elia","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"Elia","lemma":"Elia","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on hofften","gloss":"Elijah"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"kreuzigung-s5-l3","source":"Aber hinten ferne schrie Maria,","translation":"But far behind, Mary was screaming,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s5-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hinten ferne","title":"Two adverbs of distance","body":"Hinten means 'at the back, behind'; ferne, more usually fern, means 'far, far off'. Together, hinten ferne means 'far back, in the distance', locating where the cry sounds from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aber","lemma":"aber","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on schrie","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hinten","lemma":"hinten","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on ferne","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ferne","lemma":"fern","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on schrie","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"schrie","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was screaming"},{"surface":"Maria","lemma":"Maria","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on schrie","gloss":"Mary"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"kreuzigung-s5-l4","source":"und er selber brüllte und verfiel.","translation":"and he himself bellowed, and gave out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/rilke/kreuzigung-s5-l4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"brüllte","title":"A blunt verb for roaring","body":"Brüllen means 'to roar, bellow, howl', a raw and blunter word than rufen, 'to call', used earlier of the same man. Er selber brüllte means 'he himself bellowed.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verfiel","title":"Simple past of collapsing","body":"Verfiel is the simple past of verfallen, 'to collapse, give out, sink'. It is the same verb the crowd earlier tried to forestall with daß er nicht verfalle; here it happens: er ... verfiel, 'he gave out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on brüllte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on brüllte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"selber","lemma":"selber","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on brüllte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"brüllte","lemma":"brüllen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on brüllte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verfiel","lemma":"verfallen","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on und","gloss":"gave out"}]}]}