# Homeric Greek, Lessons XLVI to L Pharr II: The Whole Verb Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/10. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/10.json. ## Lesson XLVI: First and Second Perfect System of -μι Verbs · Iliad 212-222 ### The second perfect of ἵστημι and εἴδω This lesson gives the perfect and pluperfect of two verbs: ἵστημι, stand, and εἴδω, know. Pharr calls these forms a second perfect. In the singular of ἵστημι, the stem has a long vowel and κ: ἕστηκα, ἕστηκας, ἕστηκε. In the dual and plural, the vowel is short and there is no κ: ἕστατον, ἕσταμεν, ἕστατε, ἑστᾶσι. οἶδα, the perfect of εἴδω, divides the same way. Singular: οἶδα, οἶσθα, οἶδε. Dual and plural: ἴστον, ἴδμεν, ἴστε, ἴσᾱσι. The pluperfect of εἴδω is ᾔδεα, ᾔδης, ᾔδη, then ἴστον, ἴστην, ἴσμεν, ἴστε, ἴσαν. For ἵστημι, Pharr gives forms such as εἱστήκεα and ἕστασαν. Pharr also prints ἵστημι in other moods. The imperative is ἕσταθι, ἑστάτω. The subjunctive is ἑστήκω, and the optative is ἑσταίην. He translates both with may. The perfect subjunctive is very rare. ### The Iliad: Achilles obeys Athena Athena says that, because of Agamemnon's insolence, Achilles will one day have three times as many splendid gifts. She tells him to hold back and obey. Achilles answers that it is right to heed the word of them both, however angry a man may be at heart. So it is better. He holds his heavy hand on the silver hilt and thrusts the great sword back into its sheath. He does not disobey the word of Athena. She had gone to Olympus, to the house of Zeus, among the other gods. βεβήκειν, had gone, is a pluperfect. It names an action done before the moment of the story. **1** πάντα γὰρ τάδε τελέσσουσι θεοὶ Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχοντες, ὡς ἐγὼ σοὶ ἐξερέω. For the gods who hold Olympian homes will accomplish all these things, as I declare to you. **2** καί ποτε τρὶς τόσσα δῶρ’ ἀγλά’ ἕξει Ἀχιλλεὺς εἵνεκα τῆσδ’ ὕβριος Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδᾱο. And someday Achilles will have three times as many splendid gifts on account of this insolence of Agamemnon, son of Atreus. **3** Ἀχιλλεὺς ἴσχεται, πείθεται δὲ θεῇιν Ἥρῃ λευκωλένῳ Ἀθηναίῃ τε γλαυκώπιδι. Achilles restrains himself, and obeys the two goddesses, white-armed Hera and flashing-eyed Athena. **4** χρή ἐστιν Ἀχιλλῆα, καὶ μάλα περ θῡμῷ κεχολωμένον, ἔπος εἰρύσασθαι θεῇιν κᾱλῇιν, ὡς γάρ ἐστιν ἄμεινον. It is right for Achilles, however greatly enraged in heart, to heed the word of the two fair goddesses, for so it is better. **5** θεοὶ μάλ’ ἔκλυον Ἀχιλλῆος, οὕνεκα τοῖσιν ἐπιπείθεται. The gods gladly listen to Achilles, because he obeys them. **6** Ἀχαιοὶ ἔσχεθον χεῖρας βαρείᾱς ἐπὶ κώπης ἀργυρέῃσι ξιφέων μεγάλων. The Achaeans held their heavy hands upon the silver hilts of their great swords. **7** Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔωσε μέγα ξίφος ἂψ ἐς κουλεόν. Achilles thrust his great sword back into its sheath. **8** Ἀχαιοὶ κακοὶ ἠπίθησαν μῦθοισιν Ἀθηναίης. The evil Achaeans disobeyed the words of Athena. **9** θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη ἐβεβήκειν Οὔλυμπόνδε ἐς δώματα Διός. The flashing-eyed goddess Athena had gone to Olympus, to the halls of Zeus. **10** ἐξερέω σοὶ βουλὴν θεῶν, τὸ δὲ καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται. I shall declare the will of the gods to you, and this also (καί) shall be accomplished. **11** καί ποτε δὶς τόσσα δῶρα ἀγλαὰ ἕξεις εἵνεκα τῆσδε ὕβριος Ἀγαμέμνονος, εἰ ἴσχεαι καὶ πείθεαι ἡμῖν. At some time you shall have twice as many splendid gifts on account of this arrogance of Agamemnon, if you will restrain yourself and obey us. **12** χρή ἐστιν ἡμέας πείθεσθαι θεοῖς, καὶ μάλα περ θυμῷ κεχολωμένους, ὡς γάρ ἐστιν ἄμεινον. We must obey the gods, even though (we be) greatly enraged in our hearts; for it is better thus. **13** ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται, μάλα τ’ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ. The gods give especial heed to (the prayer of) those who obey them. **14** ἐπὶ κώπῃσιν ἀργυρέῃσιν ἔχουσι χεῖρας βαρείᾱς, καὶ ὧδε ἀπιθέουσι μύθοισι θεῇιν. Upon their silver hilts they hold their heavy hands, and thus disobey the commands of the two goddesses. **15** ὅτε κεν Ἀθήνη βήῃ Οὔλυμπόνδε μετὰ δαίμονας ἄλλους, ὤσομεν μεγάλα ξίφεα ἂψ ἐς κουλεά. When Athena departs to Olympus, among the other divinities, we shall thrust our mighty swords into their scabbards. **16** ὧδε γὰρ ἐξερέω, τὸ δὲ καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται· For thus I tell you, and this shall be brought to pass: **17** καί ποτέ τοι τρὶς τόσσα παρέσσεται ἀγλαὰ δῶρα one day three times as many splendid gifts shall be given you **18** ὕβριος εἵνεκα τῆσδε· σὺ δ’ ἴσχεο, πείθεο δ’ ἡμῖν. because of this outrage; but hold back, and obey us." **19** τὴν δ’ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς· Then swift-footed Achilles answered her and said: **20** “χρὴ μὲν σφωίτερόν γε, θεά, ἔπος εἰρύσσασθαι, "Goddess, it is right to heed the word of you both, **21** καὶ μάλα περ θυμῷ κεχολωμένον· ὡς γὰρ ἄμεινον· however angered a man may be at heart, for so it is better. **22** ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται, μάλα τ’ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ.” Whoever obeys the gods, to him they gladly listen." **23** ἦ καὶ ἐπ’ ἀργυρέῃ κώπῃ σχέθε χεῖρα βαρεῖαν, So he spoke, and stayed his heavy hand upon the silver hilt, **24** ἂψ δ’ ἐς κουλεὸν ὦσε μέγα ξίφος, οὐδ’ ἀπίθησεν and thrust the great sword back into its sheath, and did not disobey **25** μύθῳ Ἀθηναίης· ἡ δ’ Οὔλυμπόνδε βεβήκειν the word of Athena; and she had gone to Olympus, **26** δώματ’ ἐς αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς μετὰ δαίμονας ἄλλους. to the house of Zeus who bears the aegis, among the other gods. ``` §924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand PERFECT INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE S. 1 ἕστηκα ἑστήκω ἑσταίην ἑστάμεν(αι) S. 2 ἕστηκας ἑστήκῃς(θα) ἑσταίης ἕσταθι S. 3 ἕστηκε ἑστήκῃ(σι) ἑσταίη ἑστάτω PARTICIPLE Du. 2 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταῖτον ἕστατον ἑσταώς, υῖα, Du. 3 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταίτην ἑστάτων ός Pl. 1 ἕσταμεν ἑστήκομεν ἑσταῖμεν Pl. 2 ἕστατε ἑστήκετε ἑσταῖτε ἕστατε Pl. 3 ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι ἑστήκωσι ἑσταῖεν ἑστάντων SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain. PLUPERFECT S. 1 εἱστήκεα (-η 585) Du. Pl. ἕσταμεν S. 2 εἱστήκεας (-ης 585) ἕστατον ἕστατε S. 3 εἱστήκεε (-ει 585) ἑστάτην ἕστασαν ``` ``` §966. *εἴδω (εἴδομαι) (ϝειδ-, ϝοιδ-, ϝιδ-), εἰδήσω, εἶδον, οἶδα know, Active Indicative Second Perfect 2d Perf. 2d Pluperf. Subj. Opt. Imper. S. 1 οἶδα ᾔδεα εἰδῶ (εἰδέω, ἰδέω) εἰδείην 2 οἶσθα (οἶδας) ᾔδης(θα) (ᾔειδεις) εἰδῇς(θα) εἰδείης ἴσθι 3 οἶδε ᾔδη (ᾔδεε, ἠείδει) εἰδῇ(σι) εἰδείη ἴστω Du. 2 ἴστον ἴστον εἴδετον εἰδεῖτον ἴστον 3 ἴστον ἴστην εἴδετον εἰδείτην ἴστων Pl. 1 ἴδμεν ἴσμεν εἴδομεν εἰδεῖμεν (εἰδείημεν) 2 ἴστε ἴστε εἴδετε εἰδεῖτε (εἰδείητε) ἴστε 3 ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι ἴσαν εἰδῶσι εἰδεῖεν (εἰδείησαν) ἴστων εἴδομεν: The only Homeric examples of the first and second person plural subjunctive have the short mode vowel (-ομεν, -ετε, 800). Fut. εἰδήσω (εἴσομαι) Infin. ἴδμεν(αι) Partic. εἰδώς, υἷα (ἰδυῖα), ός ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἐξερέω | Speak out, declare, from ἐξ-είρω | | τρὶς | Thrice, three times | | δῶρ’ | Gift, present, from δῶρον | | ἴσχεται | Have, hold, restrain, from ἴσχω | | χρή | Need, necessity, fate | | εἰρύσασθαι | Save, preserve, observe, from ε(ι)ρυμαι | | ἐπιπείθεται | Persuade, trust, from ἐπι-πείθω | | κώπης | Hilt, handle, from κώπη | | ἔωσε | Shove, push, thrust, from ὠθέω | | κουλεόν | = κολεόν, 571, 1168 | | ἠπίθησαν | Disobey, fail to obey, distrust, from ἀ-πιθέ-ω* | | τόσσα | As many, from τόσος | | σφωίτερόν | Of you two, belonging to you two, from σφωίτερος | | ἐπιπείθηται | Obeys, from ἐπιπείθομαι | | ἀπίθησεν | Disobey, from ἀπιθέω | | δαίμονας | Divinity, god, from δαίμων | ## Lesson XLVII: The Middle and Passive of -μι Verbs · Iliad 223-232 ### Review: the verbs in -μι This lesson is a review. Review the verbs in -μι, regular and irregular, in all voices, moods and tenses. The four regular models are ἵστημι, make stand, τίθημι, put, ἵημι, send, and δίδωμι, give. Their middle uses the endings you already know: ἵσταμαι, ἵστασαι, ἵσταται. Also τίθεμαι, τίθεσαι, τίθεται, and δίδομαι, δίδοσαι, δίδοται. Pharr also gives three irregular verbs. An irregular verb does not follow the models. Learn its forms one by one. ### Three irregular verbs εἰμί means be. Its forms include ἐστί, is, εἰσί, are, and ἦεν, was. ἦεν is imperfect. εἶμι means come or go. εἶσι is its third person singular, and ἴτον is its dual. εἶμι differs from εἰμί only in accent. φημί means say or speak. Its third person singular is φησί, and its imperfect is ἔφη. Homer does not use the active imperative and infinitive of φημί. He uses middle forms such as φάσθαι. The infinitive of εἰμί is εἶναι, to be. The infinitive of εἶμι is ἰέναι, to go. ### The Iliad: Achilles insults Agamemnon Achilles speaks to the son of Atreus with bitter words. He has not yet ceased from his rage. He calls Agamemnon heavy with wine, with the eyes of a dog and the heart of a deer. Agamemnon has never dared to arm for battle with the host. Nor has he gone into ambush with the bravest of the Achaeans. To Agamemnon that seems like death itself. It is far easier, Achilles says, to strip the gifts from any man who speaks against him. He calls Agamemnon a people-devouring king who rules over men of nothing. In οὔτε λόχονδ’ ἰέναι, ἰέναι means to go. It is the infinitive of εἶμι. **27** ἔπεα πτερόεντ’ Ἀχιλῆος ἦεν ἀταρτηρά. The winged words of Achilles were harsh. **28** προσεειπὼν Ἀτρεΐδην Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔληγε χόλοιο. Having addressed the son of Atreus, Achilles ceased from his wrath. **29** Ἀγαμέμνων οὐκ ἐστιν οἰνοβαρής, οὐδ’ ἔχει ὄμματα κυνὸς κραδίην δ’ ἐλάφοιο, ἀλλ’ ἔτλη θῡμῷ θωρηχθῆναι ἅμα λᾱῷ ἐς πόλεμον, ἰέναι δ’ ἐς λόχον σὺν ἀριστήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν. Agamemnon is not drunken, nor has he the eyes of a dog and the heart of a deer, but he had the heart to arm himself with the breastplate together with his host for war, and to go into ambush with the chiefs of the Achaeans. **30** τὸ δὲ εἴδεται εἶναι κὴρ ἄλλοισιν ἀνδράσιν. And this seems to be death to other men. **31** ἦ πολὺ λωϊόν ἐστιν ἀποαιρέεσθαι δῶρα πάντων οἵ τινες εἴπωσιν ἀντίον σέθεν. Surely it is much better to take away the gifts of all who speak against you. **32** Ἀγαμέμνων ἐστὶ δημοβόρος βασιλεύς, ἐπεὶ ἀνάσσει οὐτιδανοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισιν· ἦ γὰρ ἂν νῦν ὕστατα λωβήσαιτο, τάχ’ ἂν δὲ θῡμὸν ὀλέσσαιτο. Agamemnon is a people-devouring king, since he rules over worthless men; surely now he would insult for the last time, and he would soon lose his life. **33** πάντες ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ προσέειπον θεοὺς ἀταρτηροῖς ἔπεσιν, οὐδέ ποτε ἔληγον χόλοιο. All the well-greaved Achaeans addressed the gods with bitter words, nor ceased they ever from their hot wrath. **34** Ἀγαμέμνων οἰνοβαρής ἔχει ὄμματα κυνὸς κραδίην τ’ ἐλάφοιο, οὐδέ ποτε ἔτλη θῡμῷ θωρηχθῆναι ἅμα λᾱῷ ἐς πόλεμον, οὐδ’ ἰέναι ἐς λόχον σὺν ἀριστήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν· τὸ γὰρ εἴδετο εἶναι κὴρ θῡμῷ. The drunken Agamemnon has the face of a dog and the heart of a deer, nor did he ever dare in his soul to arm himself with the breastplate together with his people for war, nor to go into ambush with the leaders of the Achaeans; for this seemed to be death to his soul. **35** ὀίεται πολὺ λωΐον εἶναι κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν ἀποαιρέεσθαι γέρα πάντων οἵ τινες τλῶσιν εἰπεῖν ἀντίον αὐτοῦ. He thinks it much better throughout the broad camp of the Achaeans to take away the prizes of honor of all who dare to speak against him. **36** οὗτος ὁ βασιλεύς ἐστι δημοβόρος καὶ ἀνάσσει οὐτιδανοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισιν. This king is a devourer of the goods of the people and he rules over worthless men. **37** Ἀτρείδης νῦν ὕστατα ἐλωβήσατο, ὤλεσε γὰρ θῡμόν. The son of Atreus has now insulted for the last time, for he has lost his soul. **38** Πηλεΐδης δ’ ἐξαῦτις ἀταρτηροῖς ἐπέεσσιν But the son of Peleus once more with bitter words **39** Ἀτρεΐδην προσέειπε, καὶ οὔ πω λῆγε χόλοιο· addressed the son of Atreus, and had not yet ceased from his rage: **40** “οἰνοβαρές, κυνὸς ὄμματ’ ἔχων, κραδίην δ’ ἐλάφοιο, "You, heavy with wine, with the eyes of a dog and the heart of a deer, **41** οὔτε ποτ’ ἐς πόλεμον ἅμα λαῷ θωρηχθῆναι never once have you dared to arm for battle with the host, **42** οὔτε λόχονδ’ ἰέναι σὺν ἀριστήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν· nor go into ambush with the bravest of the Achaeans; **43** τέτληκας θυμῷ· τὸ δέ τοι κὴρ εἴδεται εἶναι. that seems to you like death itself. **44** ἦ πολὺ λωϊόν ἐστι κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν Far easier it is, throughout the wide camp of the Achaeans, **45** δῶρ’ ἀποαιρεῖσθαι, ὅς τις σέθεν ἀντίον εἴπῃ· to strip the gifts from any man who speaks against you. **46** δημοβόρος βασιλεύς, ἐπεὶ οὐτιδανοῖσιν ἀνάσσεις· People-devouring king, since you rule over men of nothing! **47** ἦ γὰρ ἄν, Ἀτρεΐδη, νῦν ὕστατα λωβήσαιο.” Otherwise, son of Atreus, this would be the last outrage you commit. ``` §949. INDICATIVE REGULAR VERBS IN -μι ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), (make) stand; τίθημι (θη-, θε), put; ἵημι (ἡ-, ἑ) send; δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give, grant Active Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵστημι τίθημι ἵημι δίδωμι 2 ἵστης τίθης(θα) ἵης, ἱεῖς διδοῖς(θα) 3 ἵστησι τίθησι, τιθεῖ ἵησι, ἱεῖ δίδωσι (διδοῖ) Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν τίθεμεν ἵεμεν δίδομεν 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστᾶσι τιθεῖσι (θέουσι) ἱεῖσι διδοῦσι IMPERFECT S. 1 ἵστην ἐτίθην ἵειν ἐδίδουν 2 ἵστης ἐτίθεις ἵεις ἐδίδους 3 ἵστη ἐτίθει ἵει ἐδίδου Du. 2 ἵστατον ἐτίθετον ἵετον ἐδίδοτον 3 ἱστάτην ἐτιθέτην ἱέτην ἐδιδότην Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν ἐτίθεμεν ἵεμεν ἐδίδομεν 2 ἵστατε ἐτίθετε ἵετε ἐδίδοτε 3 ἵστασαν ἐτίθεσαν ἵεσαν, ἵεν ἐδίδοσαν FUTURE S. 1 στήσω θήσω ἥσω δώσω 2 στήσεις θήσεις ἥσεις δώσεις 3 στήσει θήσει ἥσει (ἔσει) δώσει Du. 2 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον 3 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον Pl. 1 στήσομεν θήσομεν ἥσομεν δώσομεν 2 στήσετε θήσετε ἥσετε δώσετε 3 στήσουσι θήσουσι ἥσουσι δώσουσι FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἔστησα ἔθηκα ἧκα ἔδωκα 2 ἔστησας ἔθηκας ἧκας ἔδωκας 3 ἔστησε ἔθηκε ἧκε ἔδωκε Du. 2 ἐστήσατον *ἐθήκατον *ἐήκατον *ἐδώκατον 3 ἐστησάτην *ἐθηκάτην *ἐηκάτην *ἐδωκάτην Pl. 1 ἐστήσαμεν *ἐθήκαμεν *ἐήκαμεν *ἐδώκαμεν 2 ἐστήσατε *ἐθήκατε *ἐήκατε *ἐδώκατε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔστασαν) ἔθηκαν *ἐήκαν ἔδωκαν SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἔστην 2 ἔστης 3 ἔστη Du. 2 ἔστητον ἔθετον εἷτον ἔδοτον 3 ἐστήτην ἐθέτην εἵτην ἐδότην Pl. 1 ἔστημεν ἔθεμεν εἷμεν ἔδομεν 2 ἔστητε ἔθετε εἷτε ἔδοτε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔσταν) ἔθεσαν εἷσαν ἔδοσαν ``` ``` §950. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶ(μι) τιθῶ(μι) ἱῶ(μι) διδῶ(μι) 2 ἱστῇς(θα) τιθῇς(θα) ἱῇς(θα) διδῷς(θα) 3 ἱστῇ(σι) τιθῇ(σι) ἱῇ(σι) διδῷ(σι) Du. 2 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον 3 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον Pl. 1 ἱστῶμεν τιθῶμεν ἱῶμεν διδῶμεν 2 ἱστῆτε τιθῆτε ἱῆτε διδῶτε 3 ἱστῶσι τιθῶσι ἱῶσι διδῶσι SECOND AORIST S. 1 στῶ(μι) θῶ(μι) ὧ(μι) δῶ(μι) 2 στῇς(θα) θῇς(θα) ᾗς(θα) δῷς(θα) 3 στῇ(σι) θῇ(σι) ᾗ(σι) δῷ(σι) Du. 2 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον 3 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον Pl. 1 στῶμεν θῶμεν ὧμεν δῶμεν 2 στῆτε θῆτε ἧτε δῶτε 3 στῶσι θῶσι ὧσι δῶσι ``` ``` §951. The second aorist subjunctive of -μι verbs (949 ff.) seems to have had a double form of inflection: 1) With a short thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θηέτην, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι (τίθημι put, place). 2) With a long thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι. The vowel of the stem is then shortened (572), producing, 3) θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι. This form then undergoes contraction (584–585), giving, 4) θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, θῆτον, θῆτον, θῶμεν, θῆτε, θῶσι. ``` ``` §952. The subjunctives of athematic (797; 865, 2) second aorists and the subjunctives passive of both first and second aorists are similarly formed. Thus, λυθῶ, λυθῇς, λυθῇ, etc., contracted from λυθέω, λυθέῃς, λυθέῃ, etc.; τραφῶ, τραφῇς, τραφῇ, etc., contracted from τραφέω, τραφέῃς, τραφέῃ, etc. ``` ``` §953. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίην τιθείην ἱείην διδοίην 2 ἱσταίης τιθείης ἱείης διδοίης 3 ἱσταίη τιθείη ἱείη διδοίη Du. 2 ἱσταῖτον τιθεῖτον ἱεῖτον διδοῖτον 3 ἱσταίτην τιθείτην ἱείτην διδοίτην Pl. 1 ἱσταῖμεν τιθεῖμεν ἱεῖμεν διδοῖμεν 2 ἱσταῖτε τιθεῖτε ἱεῖτε διδοῖτε 3 ἱσταῖεν τιθεῖεν ἱεῖεν διδοῖεν SECOND AORIST S. 1 σταίην θείην εἵην δοίην 2 σταίης θείης εἵης δοίης 3 σταίη θείη εἵη δοίη Du. 2 σταῖτον θεῖτον εἷτον δοῖτον 3 σταίτην θείτην εἵτην δοίτην Pl. 1 σταῖμεν θεῖμεν εἷμεν δοῖμεν 2 σταῖτε θεῖτε εἷτε δοῖτε 3 σταῖεν, σταίησαν θεῖεν εἷεν δοῖεν ``` ``` §954. IMPERATIVE PRESENT S. 2 ἵστη (-ᾱ) τίθει (=-εε) ἵει (=ἵεε) δίδου (δίδωθι) 3 ἱστάτω τιθέτω ἱέτω διδότω Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἱστάτων τιθέτων ἱέτων διδότων Pl. 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστάντων τιθέντων ἱέντων διδόντων SECOND AORIST S. 2 στῆθι θές ἕς δός 3 στήτω θέτω ἕτω δότω Du. 2 στῆτον θέτον ἕτον δότον 3 στήτων θέτων ἕτων δότων Pl. 2 στῆτε θέτε ἕτε δότε 3 στάντων θέντων ἕντων δόντων ``` ``` §955. INFINITIVE PRESENT ἱστάμεν(αι) τιθήμεν(αι) ἱέμεν(αι) διδόμεν(αι) (διδοῦναι) SECOND AORIST στήναι (στήμεναι) θεῖναι (θέμεν[αι]) εἷναι (ἕμεν[αι]) δοῦναι (δόμεν[αι]) ``` ``` §956. PARTICIPLE PRES. ἱστά̄ς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν τιθείς, εἶσα, ἔν ἱείς, εἷσα, ἕν διδούς, οὖσα, όν 2 AOR. στά̄ς, στᾶσα, στάν θείς, θεῖσα, θέν εἷς, εἷσα, ἕν δούς, δοῦσα, δόν NOTE 1. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι, see 924. NOTE 2. δίδωμι may have (very rarely) διδώσω instead of δώσω in the future. ``` ``` §957. INDICATIVE Middle Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵσταμαι τίθεμαι ἵεμαι δίδομαι 2 ἵστασαι τίθεσαι ἵεσαι δίδοσαι 3 ἵσταται τίθεται ἵεται δίδοται Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα τιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα διδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἵστανται τίθενται ἵενται δίδονται IMPERFECT S. 1 ἱστάμην ἐτιθέμην ἱέμην ἐδιδόμην 2 ἵστασο ἐτίθεσο ἵεσο ἐδίδοσο 3 ἵστατο ἐτίθετο ἵετο ἐδίδοτο Du. 2 ἵστασθον ἐτίθεσθον ἵεσθον ἐδίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθην ἐτιθέσθην ἱέσθην ἐδιδόσθην Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα ἐτιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα ἐδιδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε ἐτίθεσθε ἵεσθε ἐδίδοσθε 3 ἵσταντο ἐτίθεντο ἵεντο ἐδίδοντο FUTURE S. 1 στήσομαι θήσομαι ἥσομαι δώσομαι 2 στήσεαι θήσεαι ἥσεαι δώσεαι 3 στήσεται θήσεται ἥσεται δώσεται Du. 2 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον 3 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον Pl. 1 στησόμε(σ)θα θησόμε(σ)θα ἡσόμε(σ)θα δωσόμε(σ)θα 2 στήσεσθε θήσεσθε ἥσεσθε δώσεσθε 3 στήσονται θήσονται ἥσονται δώσονται FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἐστησάμην 2 ἐστήσαο 3 ἐστήσατο ἐθήκατο Du. 2 ἐστησάσθον 3 ἐστησάσθην Pl. 1 ἐστησάμε(σ)θα 2 ἐστήσασθε 3 ἐστήσαντο SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἐθέμην εἵμην ἐδόμην 2 ἔθεο εἷο ἔδοο (ου) 3 ἔθετο εἷτο ἔδοτο Du. 2 ἔθεσθον εἷσθον ἔδοσθον 3 ἐθέσθην εἵσθην ἐδόσθην Pl. 1 ἐθέμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα ἐδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἔθεσθε εἷσθε ἔδοσθε 3 ἔθεντο εἷντο ἔδοντο ``` ``` §958. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶμαι τιθῶμαι ἱῶμαι διδῶμαι 2 ἱστῆαι τιθῆαι ἱῆαι διδῷαι 3 ἱστῆται τιθῆται ἱῆται διδῶται Du. 2 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον 3 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον Pl. 1 ἱστώμε(σ)θα τιθώμε(σ)θα ἱώμε(σ)θα διδώμε(σ)θα 2 ἱστῆσθε τιθῆσθε ἱῆσθε διδῶσθε 3 ἱστῶνται τιθῶνται ἱῶνται διδῶνται SECOND AORIST S. 1 θῶμαι ὧμαι δῶμαι 2 θῆαι ἧαι δῷαι 3 θῆται ἧται δῶται Du. 2 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον 3 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον Pl. 1 θώμε(σ)θα ὡμε(σ)θα δώμε(σ)θα 2 θῆσθε ἧσθε δῶσθε 3 θῶνται ὧνται δῶνται ``` ``` §959. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίμην τιθείμην ἱείμην διδοίμην 2 ἱσταῖο τιθεῖο ἱεῖο διδοῖο 3 ἱσταῖτο τιθεῖτο ἱεῖτο διδοῖτο Du. 2 ἱσταῖσθον τιθεῖσθον ἱεῖσθον διδοῖσθον 3 ἱσταίσθην τιθείσθην ἱείσθην διδοίσθην Pl. 1 ἱσταίμε(σ)θα τιθείμε(σ)θα ἱείμε(σ)θα διδοίμε(σ)θα 2 ἱσταῖσθε τιθεῖσθε ἱεῖσθε διδοῖσθε 3 ἱσταίατο τιθείατο ἱείατο διδοίατο SECOND AORIST S. 1 θείμην εἵμην δοίμην 2 θεῖο εἷο δοῖο 3 θεῖτο εἷτο δοῖτο Du. 2 θεῖσθον εἷσθον δοῖσθον 3 θείσθην εἵσθην δοίσθην Pl. 1 θείμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα δοίμε(σ)θα 2 θεῖσθε εἷσθε δοῖσθε 3 θείατο εἵατο δοίατο ``` ``` §960. Imperative Present S. 2 ἵστασο τίθεσο ἵεσο δίδοσο 3 ἱστάσθω τιθέσθω ἱέσθω διδόσθω Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Pl. 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Second Aorist S. 2 , θέο (θεῦ) ἕο δόο (δοῦ) 3 , θέσθω ἕσθω δόσθω Du. 2 , θέσθον ἕσθον δόσθον 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων Pl. 2 , θέσθε ἕσθε δόσθε 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων ``` ``` §961. Infinitive Present ἵστασθαι τίθεσθαι ἵεσθαι δίδοσθαι Sec. Aor. , θέσθαι ἕσθαι δόσθαι ``` ``` §962. Participle Present ἱστάμενος, η, ον τιθήμενος, η, ον ἱέμενος, η, ον διδόμενος, η, ον Sec. Aor. , θέμενος, η, ον ἕμενος, η, ον δόμενος, μ, ον ``` ``` §963. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι see 924. ``` ``` §964. εἰμί (ἐσ-) be Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Present Imperfect Present Present Present S. 1 εἰμί ἦα (ἔα, ἔον) ἔω εἴην 2 ἐσσί (εἷς) ἦσθα (ἔησθα) ἔῃς(θα) εἴης (ἔοις) ἴσθι* 3 ἐστί ἦεν (ἦην, ἔην, ἦν) ἔῃ(σι) (ᾗσι) εἴη (ἔοι) ἔστω Du. 2 ἐστόν ἦστον ἔητον εἶτον ἔστον 3 ἐστόν ἦστην ἔητον εἴτην ἔστων Pl. 1 εἰμέν ἦμεν ἔωμεν εἶμεν 2 ἐστέ ἦτε ἔητε εἶτε ἔστε 3 εἰσί (ἔᾱσι) ἦσαν (ἔσαν) ἔωσι (ὦσι) εἶεν ἔστων Future ἔσ(σ)ομαι, ἔσεαι, etc. Infin. εἶναι, ἔμ(μ)εν(αι) Mid. Imper. ἔσσο Partic. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν ``` ``` §965. εἶμι (εἰ-, ι-) come, go Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Pres. Imperf. Pres. Pres. Pres. S. 1 εἶμι ἤια (ἤιον) ἴω(μι) ἴοιμι 2 εἶσ(θα) ἤεισ(θα) ἴῃς(θα) ἴοις ἴθι 3 εἶσι ἤει (ἤιε, ἠε, ἴε) ἴῃ(σι) ἴοι (ἰείη) ἴτω Du. 2 ἴτον ἴτον ἴητον ἴοιτον ἴτον 3 ἴτον ἴτην ἴητον ἰοίτην ἴτων Pl. 1 ἴμεν ἤομεν ἴωμεν ἴοιμεν 2 ἴτε ἤτε ἴητε ἴοιτε ἴτε 3 ἴᾱσι ἤισαν-(ἤσαν, ἤιον, ἴσαν) ἴωσι ἴοιεν ἰόντων Fut. εἴσομαι Infin. ἰέναι, ἴμεν(αι) Partic. ἰών, οὖσα, ὄν ``` ``` §967. φημί (φη-, φα-) say, speak, Active Indicative Present Pres. Imperf. (2d Aor.) Subj. Opt. Imper. S. 1 φημί ἔφην φῶ(μι) φαίην 2 φής, φῆσθα ἔφης(θα) φῇς(θα) φαίης φαθί (φάθι) 3 φησί ἔφη φῇ(σι) φαίη φάτω Du. 2 φατόν ἔφατον φῆτον φάτον 3 φατόν ἐφάτην φῆτον φάτων Pl. 1 φαμέν ἔφαμεν φῶμεν φαίημεν (φαῖμεν) 2 φατέ ἔφατε φῆτε φαίητε φάτε 3 φᾱσί ἔφασαν (ἔφαν) φῶσι φαίησαν (φαῖεν) φάντων Partic. φᾱ́ς, φᾶσα, φάν Infin. φάναι, φάμεν(αι) Note. The active imperative and infinitive do not occur in Homer, who uses the middle forms, φάο, φάσθαι, etc. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἀταρτηρά | Harsh, bitter, from ἀταρτηρός | | οἰνοβαρής | Drunken, wine-heavy, sot, from οἰνο-βαρής | | ὄμματα | Eye, from ὄμμα | | κραδίην | Heart, from κραδίη | | ἐλάφοιο | Deer, stag, hind, from ἔλαφος | | ἔτλη | Have the heart, have courage, endure, from *τλάω | | θωρηχθῆναι | Arm, don the breastplate, from θωρήσσω | | λόχον | Ambush, ambuscade, from λόχος | | ἀριστήεσσιν | Chief, leader, from ἀριστεύς | | λωϊόν | Better, from λωΐων | | ἀντίον | In opposition, opposing, facing, from ἀντίος | | δημοβόρος | Devouring the people, from δημο-βόρος | | οὐτιδανοῖσιν | Worthless, of no account, cowardly, from οὐ-τιδανός | | ἀνθρώποισιν | Man, ordinary man, from ἄνθρωπος | | ὕστατα | Latest, last, uppermost, from ὕστατος | | λωβήσαιτο | Insult, revile, act arrogantly, from λωβά-ομαι* | | ἐξαῦτις | Again, anew, then | | οἰνοβαρές | Drunken, WINE-heavy, sot, from οἰνοβαρής | | τέτληκας | Have the heart, have courage, endure, from τλάω | | εἴδεται | Seems, from εἴδομαι | | λωβήσαιο | Commit outrage, from λωβάομαι | ## Lesson XLVIII: Review of Nouns · Iliad 233-239 ### Review: nouns of the three declensions This lesson is a review. Review all three declensions of nouns. Learn the meaning and the forms of each word. The word list marks the gender of each noun with a small word after it: ὁ for masculine, ἡ for feminine, τό for neuter. Each entry gives the noun, the ending of its genitive, and the gender. τομή, ῆς, ἡ means stump. ὄζος, ου, ὁ means branch. φύλλον, ου, τό means leaf. ὄρος, εος, τό means mountain. ### The Iliad: Achilles swears by the sceptre Achilles speaks harsh words to the Achaeans and swears a great oath. He swears by the sceptre. It will never again put forth leaves or branches, nor bloom. The bronze has stripped it of leaf and bark. Now the sons of the Achaeans hold the sceptre in their hands, he says. They are the judges who guard the laws that come from Zeus. In the line about the stump, λέλοιπεν means has left. The sceptre has left its stump in the mountains. **48** Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐξεῖπεν ἀταρτηρὰ ἔπεα τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσι καὶ ὤμοσεν ὅρκον μέγαν. Achilles declared harsh words to the Achaeans and swore a great oath. **49** ναὶ μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον ὄμνυμι, τό τοι μέγας ὅρκος ἔσσεται. Yea, by this sceptre I swear, and it will be a great oath to you. **50** τόδε σκῆπτρον οὔ ποτε φύσει φύλλα καὶ ὄζους, οὐδ’ ἀναθηλήσει, περὶ γάρ ῥά ἑ φύλλα τε καὶ φλοιὸν ἐλέψαμεν χαλκῷ. This sceptre will never produce leaves and branches, nor will it bloom forth, since we stripped it all around of its leaves and bark with bronze. **51** τὸ σκῆπτρον Ἀχιλῆος λέλοιπε τομὴν ἐν ὄρεσσιν. The sceptre of Achilles has left its stump in the mountains. **52** νῦν δ’ αὖθ’ υἷες Ἀχαιῶν, δικασπόλοι, οἳ εἰρύαται θέμιστας πρὸς Διός, φορέουσι τὸ σκῆπτρον ἐν παλάμῃσιν. But now, in turn, the sons of the Achaeans, dispensers of justice, who preserve the laws from Zeus, carry the sceptre in their hands. **53** ἐξερέομεν καὶ μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμούμεθα. We shall declare and also swear a great oath. **54** μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον, οὐ νέεσθε σόοι οἴκαδε, ἀλλὰ πάντες θανέεσθε ἐνθάδε. By this sceptre, ye shall not return safely home, but ye shall all perish here. **55** τὰ ἡμέτερα σκῆπτρα οὔ ποτε φύσουσι φύλλα καὶ ὄζους, οὐδ’ ἀναθηλήσουσιν, ἐπεὶ τομὰς ἐν ὄρεσσι λελοίπασιν. Our sceptres will never produce leaves and branches, nor will they sprout forth, since they have left their stumps in the mountains. **56** υἷες Ἀχαιῶν περὶ σκῆπτρα ἔλεψαν φύλλα τε καὶ ὄζους χαλκῷ, νῦν δὲ βασιλῆες, δικασπόλοι, οἳ εἰρύαται θέμιστας πρὸς Διός, φορέουσι τὰ ἐν παλάμῃσιν. The sons of the Achaeans with bronze peeled the sceptres round about of their leaves and branches, and now the kings, dispensers of justice, who preserve the laws given to them by Zeus, bear them in their hands. **57** ἀλλ’ ἐκ τοι ἐρέω καὶ ἐπὶ μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμοῦμαι· But I will tell you plainly, and swear a great oath upon it: **58** ναὶ μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον· τὸ μὲν οὔ ποτε φύλλα καὶ ὄζους by this scepter, which shall never again put forth leaves and boughs, **59** φύσει, ἐπεὶ δὴ πρῶτα τομὴν ἐν ὄρεσσι λέλοιπεν, since first it left its stump behind on the mountains, **60** οὐδ’ ἀναθηλήσει· περὶ γάρ ῥά ἑ χαλκὸς ἔλεψεν nor will it bloom again, for the bronze has stripped it round **61** φύλλα τε καὶ φλοιόν· νῦν αὖτέ μιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν of leaf and bark; and now the sons of the Achaeans **62** ἐν παλάμῃς φορέουσι δικασπόλοι, οἵ τε θέμιστας carry it in their palms as judges, who guard the ordinances **63** πρὸς Διὸς εἰρύαται· ὁ δέ τοι μέγας ἔσσεται ὅρκος· that come from Zeus, and this shall be my great oath to you: | word | gloss | |---|---| | ὅρκον | Oath, that by which one swears, from ὅρκος | | ναὶ | Yea, yes, verily | | φύσει | Bear, produce, bring forth, from φύ-ω | | φύλλα | Leaf, FOLIAGE, from φύλλον | | ὄζους | Branch, shoot, limb, from ὄζος | | ἀναθηλήσει | Sprout, bloom, bud, from ἀνα-θηλέ-ω | | περὶ | And prep. with gen., dat., and acc | | ῥά | Naturally, of course, as you might expect, from ἄρ(α) | | φλοιὸν | Bark, peel, rind, from φλοιός | | ἐλέψαμεν | Strip, peel, scale, from λέπω* | | χαλκῷ | Bronze, implement of bronze, from χαλκός | | λέλοιπε | LEAVE, forsake, abandon, from λείπω | | τομὴν | Cut, stump, from τομή | | δικασπόλοι | Judge, arbiter, from δικασ-πόλος | | θέμιστας | Custom, law, decree, from θέμις | | φορέουσι | Bear, carry, bring, from φορέ-ω | | παλάμῃσιν | PALM, hand, fist, from παλάμη | | ἔλεψεν | Stripped, from λέπω | ## Lesson XLIX: Review of Adjectives, Regular and Irregular ### Review: adjectives This lesson is a review. Review all the adjectives, regular and irregular. Learn their meanings and forms. Adjectives have the same three declensions as nouns. An adjective agrees with its noun in case, number and gender. So one adjective has a set of forms. The word list gives the nominative singular with the endings for each gender. κᾱλός, ή, όν means beautiful, noble. κᾱλός is masculine, κᾱλή feminine, κᾱλόν neuter. ### The four classes of adjectives Pharr divides adjectives into four classes by declension. The first class is of the first and second declensions, like κᾱλός. It has three endings: ος, η, ον. The second class is of the second declension only. Most are compounds. They have two endings: ος for masculine and feminine, and ον for neuter. The third class is of the first and third declensions. Its feminine is declined like θάλασσα. An example is πτερόεις, εσσα, εν, winged. The fourth class is of the third declension only. It has two endings, one for masculine and feminine, and one for neuter. An example is ἀμείνων, ον, better. Many adjectives use the masculine form for the feminine too, even where a separate feminine exists. Superlatives such as ἄριστος, best, are declined like κᾱλός. Irregular adjectives include μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, great, and πᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν, all. ### The Iliad: what Achilles foresees Achilles tells Agamemnon what will happen. One day all the sons of the Achaeans will long for Achilles. Then Agamemnon, for all his grief, will have no power to help them. Many will fall dying beneath man-slaying Hector. Agamemnon will tear his heart within him. He will rage that he gave no honor to the best of the Achaeans. In ὑφ’ Ἕκτορος ἀνδροφόνοιο, the adjective ἀνδροφόνοιο has the same case as Ἕκτορος. **64** ποθὴ Ἀχιλλῆος ἵξεται σύμπαντας υἷας Ἀχαιῶν, τότε δ’ Ἀγαμέμνων ἀχνύμενός περ οὐ δυνήσεται χραισμέειν λᾱῷ, εὖτ’ ἂν πολλοὶ ἄνδρες θνήσκοντες ὑπ’ ἀνδροφόνοιο Ἕκτορος πίπτωσιν. A longing for Achilles will come upon all the sons of the Achaeans, and then Agamemnon, though grieved, will not be able to help his host, when many men fall dying at the hands of man-slaying Hector. **65** ἀμύξει δὲ θῡμὸν ἔνδοθι Ἀγαμέμνων χωόμενος οὕνεκα οὐδὲν ἔτῑσεν Ἀχιλῆα ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν. And Agamemnon will gnaw his heart within, enraged because he did no honor to Achilles, the bravest of the Achaeans. **66** τὸ σκῆπτρόν ἐστιν πεπαρμένον χρυσείοισιν ἥλοισιν, Ἀχιλλεὺς δὲ τὸ ἔβαλε ποτὶ γαίῃ, ἕζετο δ’ αὐτός. The sceptre is studded with golden nails, and Achilles hurled it to the ground and sat down himself. **67** Ἕκτωρ ἀπολέσει πολλοὺς Ἀχαιῶν ἐν μάχῃ, Ἀχιλλῆος οὐ παρέοντος. Hector will destroy many of the Achaeans in battle, Achilles not being present. **68** μεγάλη ποθὴ δίου Πηλείωνος ἵκετο σύμπαντας υἷας Ἀχαιῶν, Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ Ἀτρείδης ἀχνύμενος θῡμῷ οὐδὲν ἐδύνατο χραισμέειν αὐτοῖς, εὖτ’ ἐσθλοὶ ἄνδρες πολλοὶ ἔπεσον ὑπ’ ἀνδροφόνοιο Ἕκτορος, υἷος Πριάμοιο. A great yearning for the divine son of Peleus came upon all the sons of the Achaeans, and Agamemnon, son of Atreus, was not at all able to help them, though grieved in his soul, when many of the brave men fell at the hands of the man-slaying Hector, son of Priam. **69** τότε Ἀγαμέμνων ἤμυξε θῡμὸν ἔνδοθι, χωόμενος οὕνεκα οὐδὲν ἔτῑσεν Ἀχιλῆα ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν. Then did Agamemnon gnaw his heart within, enraged that he in no wise did honor to Achilles, the bravest of the Achaeans. **70** ἦ ποτ’ Ἀχιλλῆος ποθὴ ἵξεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν one day a longing for Achilles will come upon the sons of the Achaeans, **71** σύμπαντας· τότε δ’ οὔ τι δυνήσεαι ἀχνύμενός περ all of them; and then, grieving as you are, you will have no power **72** χραισμεῖν, εὖτ’ ἂν πολλοὶ ὑφ’ Ἕκτορος ἀνδροφόνοιο to help them, when many fall dying beneath man-slaying Hector **73** θνήσκοντες πίπτωσι· σὺ δ’ ἔνδοθι θυμὸν ἀμύξεις and are cut down; and you will tear at your heart within you, **74** χωόμενος, ὅ τ’ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισας.” raging that you paid no honor to the best of the Achaeans." ``` §717. Adjectives Adjectives have three declensions, as nouns, and follow the same general rules. ``` ``` §718. With respect to form they may be divided into four classes: 1) Adjectives of the first and second (vowel) declensions. 2) Adjectives of the second declension (mostly compounds). 3) Adjectives of the first and third declensions. 4) Adjectives of the third (consonant) declension. ``` ``` §719. The form of the adjective which appears in the vocabulary is the nominative singular of all genders (except in the case of a very few of only one gender, in which case the nominative and genitive singular are given). ``` ``` §720. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have three endings (ος, η, ον) in the nominative singular, for the three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively. ``` ``` §721. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS κᾱλός, ή, όν beautiful, noble (κᾱλο-, κᾱλᾱ-, κᾱλο-) SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. κᾱλός κᾱλή κᾱλόν G. κᾱλοῦ, οῖο [όο] κᾱλῆς κᾱλοῦ, οῖο [όο] D. κᾱλῷ κᾱλῇ κᾱλῷ A. κᾱλόν κᾱλήν κᾱλόν V. κᾱλέ κᾱλή κᾱλόν DUAL N. A. V. κᾱλώ κᾱλᾱ́ κᾱλώ G. D. κᾱλοῖιν κᾱλῆιν κᾱλοῖιν PLURAL N. V. κᾱλοί κᾱλαί κᾱλά G. κᾱλῶν κᾱλᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν] κᾱλῶν D. κᾱλοῖσι, οῖς κᾱλῇσι, ῇς κᾱλοῖσι, οῖς A. κᾱλούς κᾱλᾱ́ς κᾱλά φίλος, η, ον dear, lovely, beloved (φιλο-, φιλᾱ-, φιλο-) SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. φίλος φίλη φίλον G. φίλου, οιο [οο] φίλης φίλου, οιο [οο] D. φίλῳ φίλῃ φίλῳ A. φίλον φίλην φίλον V. φίλε φίλη φίλον DUAL N. A. V. φίλω φίλᾱ φίλω G. D. φίλοιν φίλῃιν φίλοιν PLURAL N. V. φίλοι φίλαι φίλα G. φίλων φιλᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν] φίλων D. φίλοισι, οις φίλῃσι, ῃς φίλοισι, οις A. φίλους φίλᾱς φίλα NOTE. Superlatives (as ἄριστος, η, ον), participles in ος, η, ον and all words that have these three endings in the nominative singular are similarly declined. ``` ``` §722. The feminine of adjectives of the first and second declensions regularly ends in -η, and is declined as above; a few end in the -α, as δῖος, α, ον, and are declined as θάλασσα (663). ``` ``` §723. Adjectives of the second declension have only two endings (ος, ον), of which the first is both masculine and feminine, the second neuter. Most of these adjectives are compounds. ``` ``` §724. The masculine form of many adjectives is often used for both masculine and feminine, even in the case of those which have separate forms for the feminine. ``` ``` §725. Adjectives of the first and third declensions have a separate form for the feminine, which is declined like a noun in -α (θάλασσα, 663) of the first declension. ``` ``` §726. The masculine and neuter of adjectives with stems in -υ-, -εϝ- are declined like πῆχυς and ἄστυ respectively (704). ``` ``` §727. πτερόεις, εσσα, εν wingéd (πτεροϝεντ-, ϝετι͡α-, ϝεντ-) SINGULAR N. πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν G. πτερόεντος πτεροέσσης πτερόεντος D. πτερόεντι πτεροέσσῃ πτερόεντι A. πτερόεντα πτερόεσσαν πτερόεν V. πτερόεν πτερόεσσα πτερόεν DUAL N. A. V. πτερόεντε πτεροέσσᾱ πτερόεντε G. D. πτεροέντοιν πτεροέσσῃν πτεροέντοιν PLURAL N. V. πτερόεντες πτερόεσσαι πτερόεντα G. πτερόεντων πτεροεσσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν] πτερόεντων D. πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόεσ(σ)ι πτεροέσσησι, πτεροέσσης πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόε(σ)σι A. πτερόεντας πτεροέσσᾱς πτερόεντα εὐρύς, εἶα, ὺ broad, wide (εὐρυ-, εϝ-; εϝια-; υ-, εϝ-) SINGULAR N. εὐρύς εὐρεῖα εὐρύ G. εὐρέος εὐρείης εὐρέος D. εὐρέι εὐρείῃ εὐρέι A. εὐρύν [έα] εὐρεῖαν εὐρύ V. εὐρύ(ς) εὐρεῖα εὐρύ DUAL N. A. V. εὐρέε εὐρεῖᾱ εὐρέε G. D. εὐρέοιν εὐρείῃν εὐρέοιν PLURAL N. V. εὐρέες εὐρεῖαι εὐρέα G. εὐρέων εὐρειᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν] εὐρέων D. εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι εὐρείῃσι εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι A. εὐρέας εὐρεῖᾱς εὐρέα ``` ``` §728. Observe that πτεροϝετια gives πτεροεσσα (600), while εὐρεϝος gives εὐρέος, etc. 602. ``` ``` §729. Adjectives of the third declension have only two endings, one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter. Most of them have stems in -ον (nominatives in -ων, -ον), and in -ες (nominative in -ης, -ες). ``` ``` §730. A very few defectives have stems in -ωπ (nominative in -ωψ, -ωπις). ``` ``` §731. ἀμείνων, ον better, braver (ἀμεινον-) ἀεικής, ές unseemly (-ἀ-ϝεικεσ-) SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. ἀμείνων ἄμεινον ἀεικής ἀεικές G. ἀμείνονος ἀμείνονος ἀεικέος ἀεικέος D. ἀμείνονι ἀμείνονι ἀεικέι ἀεικέι A. ἀμείνονα ἄμεινον ἀεικέα ἀεικές V. ἄμεινον ἄμεινον ἀεικές ἀεικές DUAL N. A. V. ἀμείνονε ἀμείνονε ἀεικέε ἀεικέε G. D. ἀμεινόνοιν ἀμεινόνοιν ἀεικέοιν ἀεικέοιν PLURAL N. V. ἀμείνονες [ους] ἀμείνονα ἀεικέες ἀεικέα G. ἀμεινόνων ἀμεινόνων ἀεικέων ἀεικέων D. ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι A. ἀμείνονας [ους] ἀμείνονα ἀεικέας ἀεικέα ``` ``` §732. STEMS IN ΝΤ AND IN Ν πᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν all, every (παντ-, παντι͡α-, παντ-) SINGULAR N. πᾱς πᾱσα πᾱν G. παντός πᾱσης παντός D. παντί πᾱσῃ παντί A. πάντα πᾱσαν πᾱν V. πᾱς πᾱσα πᾱν (None) PLURAL N. V. πάντες πᾱσαι πάντα G. πάντων πᾱσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν] πάντων D. πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι πᾱσῃσι, πᾱσης πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι A. πάντας πᾱσᾱς πάντα μέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν black, dark (μελαν-, μελανι͡α-, μελαν-) SINGULAR N. μέλᾱς μέλαινα μέλαν G. μέλανος μελαίνης μέλανος D. μέλανι μελαίνῃ μέλανι A. μέλανα μέλαιναν μέλαν V. μέλαν μέλαινα μέλαν DUAL N. A. V. μέλανε μελαίνᾱ μέλανε G. D. μελάνοιν μελαίνῃν μελάνοιν PLURAL N. V. μέλανες μέλαιναι μέλανα G. μελάνων μελαίνᾱων [έων, ὧν] μελάνων D. μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι μελαίνῃσι, μελαίνης μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι A. μέλανας μελαίνᾱς μέλανα ``` ``` §733. Irregular Adjectives μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα great, large (μεγα-, μεγαλο-, μεγαλᾱ-, μεγαλο-), Singular N. μέγας μεγάλη μέγα G. μεγάλου, οιο μεγάλης μεγάλου, οιο D. μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳ A. μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα V. μέγα(ς) μεγάλη μέγα μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Dual N. A. V. μεγάλω μεγάλᾱ μεγάλω G. D. μεγάλοιν μεγάλῃιν μεγάλοιν μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Plural N. V. μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα G. μεγάλων μεγαλάων [έων, ὢν] μεγάλων D. μεγάλοισι, οις μεγάλῃσι, ῃς μεγάλοισι, οις A. μεγάλους μεγάλᾱς μεγάλα πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many (πολυ-, πολεϝ-; πολϝᾱ-; πολυ-, πολεϝ-), Singular N. πολύς [πουλύς] πολλή πολύ [πουλύ] G. πολέος πολλῆς πολέος D. πολέι πολλῇ πολέι A. πολύν [πουλύν] πολλήν πολύ [πουλύ] V. πολύ(ς) πολλή πολύ DUAL (none). πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, Plural N. V. πολέες πολλαί πολέα G. πολέων πολλάων [έων, ὢν] πολέων D. πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι πολλῇσι, ῇς πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι A. πολέας [πολῦς] πολλάς πολέα ``` ``` §734. In addition to the irregular form πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, there is another form (πολλός, ή, όν) of this adjective which is regular and declined like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721). ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ποθὴ | Yearning, longing, regret | | δυνήσεται | Be able, can, have power, from δύνα-μαι | | εὖτ’ | When, as, from εὖτε | | ὑπ’ | Under, beneath, by, from ὑπό | | ἀνδροφόνοιο | Man-slaying, murderous, from ἀνδρο-φόνος | | Ἕκτορος | Hector, son of Priam, and leader of the Trojans, from Ἕκτωρ | | πίπτωσιν | Fall, drop, die, from πί-πτω | | ἀμύξει | Gnaw, tear, bite, from ἀμύσσω | | ἔνδοθι | Within, inside, at home, from ἔν-δοθι | | οὐδὲν | No one, not any, none, from οὐδ-είς | | ἔτῑσεν | Honor, esteem, from τί-ω | | πεπαρμένον | Pierce, stud, rivet, from πείρω | | ἥλοισιν | Nail, rivet, stud, from ἦλος | | γαίῃ | Earth, land, country, from γαῖα | | παρέοντος | Be present, be at hand, be near, from πάρ-ειμι | | σύμπαντας | All, from σύμπας | | δυνήσεαι | Be able, can, have power, from δύναμαι | | πίπτωσι | Fall, drop, die, from πίπτω | ## Lesson L: Review of Pronouns ### Review: personal and possessive pronouns This lesson is a review. Learn the meanings and all the forms of the pronouns. Pronouns have a form for each case: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative. The personal pronouns name the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken of. ἐγώ is I, and σύ is you. Their dative forms are ἐμοί and σοί. The plural is ἡμεῖς, we, and ὑμεῖς, you. The nominative singular of these pronouns is used only for emphasis and contrast. Elsewhere it is omitted, because the verb's ending shows the person. The third person pronoun is sometimes reflexive. A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main verb. The possessive pronouns show the owner. ἐμός means my, σός means your, and ἡμέτερος means belonging to us. They are declined like the adjective κᾱλός, ή, όν. ### The other pronouns ὁ, ἡ, τό is the most common pronoun. In Homer it is usually a demonstrative: this, that. Sometimes it means he, she, it, or who. In later Greek it was the usual word for the. αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό is the intensive pronoun. It means self or same. The relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ means who, which, what. The reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλων means of one another. It has only the genitive, dative and accusative. τίς, τί is the interrogative pronoun: who, which, what, in a question. τὶς, τὶ is the indefinite pronoun: someone, anyone, something. The two have the same forms and differ only in accent. The interrogative has its acute accent on the first syllable. The indefinite is an enclitic. ### The Iliad: Nestor rises to speak Achilles has spoken all his bitter words. He dashes the sceptre, studded with golden nails, to the ground and sits down. On the other side, the son of Atreus rages. Then Nestor rises among them, the clear-toned speaker of the Pylians. Speech flows from his tongue, sweeter than honey. In τοῖσι δὲ Νέστωρ, τοῖσι means among them. It is the dative plural of ὁ. **75** δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἕζετο χωόμενος, Ἀγαμέμνων δ’ ἑτέρωθεν ἐμήνιε. Divine Achilles sat down in anger, and Agamemnon raged on the other side. **76** τοῖσι δ’ Ἀχαιοῖσι Νέστωρ λιγὺς ἀγορητὴς Πυλίων ἀνώρουσεν. And Nestor, the clear-toned orator of the Pylians, sprang up among the Achaeans. **77** ἀπὸ γλώσσης Νέστορος αὐδὴ ἔρρεεν γλυκίων μέλιτος. From Nestor's tongue speech flowed sweeter than honey. **78** τὸ σκῆπτρόν ἐστιν πεπαρμένον χρυσείοισιν ἥλοισιν, Ἀχιλλεὺς δὲ τὸ ἔβαλε ποτὶ γαίῃ, ἕζετο δ’ αὐτός The sceptre is studded with golden nails, and Achilles hurled it to the ground and sat down himself. **79** ἐπεὶ Πηλείων εἶπε τάδε πάντα ἀταρτηρὰ ἔπεα, σκῆπτρον ἔβαλε ποτὶ γαίῃ, ἕζετο δὲ χωόμενος. When the son of Peleus had spoken all these bitter words, he hurled the sceptre to the ground and sat down in anger. **80** πολλὰ σκῆπτρα υἱῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἦεν πεπαρμένα χρυσείοισιν ἥλοισιν. Many sceptres of the sons of the Achaeans were studded with golden nails. **81** Ἀτρείδης δὲ ἐμήνιε δίῳ Πηλείωνι, Νέστωρ δὲ ὃς πᾶσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἐὺ ἐφρόνει ἀνώρουσε καὶ μετέειπεν ἔπεα πτερόεντα, τὰ πολὺ γλυκίω ἦεν μέλιτος. The son of Atreus kept raging at the divine son of Peleus; but Nestor, who was kindly disposed toward all the Achaeans, sprang up and addressed them (with) winged words, which were much sweeter than honey. **82** Νέστωρ ἡδυεπής, λιγὺς Πυλίων ἀγορητής, μετέειπε πᾶσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν πολλοῖσιν ἔπεσιν. The sweet-speaking Nestor, the clear-toned orator of the Pylians, harangued all the Achaeans with many words. **83** αὐδὴ γλυκίων μέλιτος ῥέει ἀπὸ γλώσσης γέροντος. Words sweeter than honey flow from the tongue of the aged warrior. **84** ὣς φάτο Πηλεΐδης, ποτὶ δὲ σκῆπτρον βάλε γαίῃ So the son of Peleus spoke, and dashed the scepter to the ground, **85** χρυσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον, ἕζετο δ’ αὐτός· studded with golden nails, and sat down himself; **86** Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἑτέρωθεν ἐμήνιε. τοῖσι δὲ Νέστωρ and on the other side the son of Atreus raged. Then among them Nestor **87** ἡδυεπὴς ἀνόρουσε, λιγὺς Πυλίων ἀγορητής, the honey-voiced rose up, the clear-toned speaker of the Pylians, **88** τοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ γλώσσης μέλιτος γλυκίων ῥέεν αὐδή. from whose tongue speech flowed sweeter than honey. ``` §760. Personal Pronouns The personal pronouns are declined as follows: SINGULAR N. V. ἐγώ(ν) I σύ [τύνη] you , he, she, it G. ἐμεῖο, μευ (ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, ἐμέθεν) σεῖο, σεο (σέο, σεῦ, σευ, σέθεν) εἷο, ἕο, (ἕο, εὖ, εὗ, ἕθεν, ἑθεν) D. ἐμοί, μοι σοί, τοι [τεῖν] ἑοῖ, οἷ (οἷ) A. ἐμέ, με σέ, σε ἑέ, ἕ (ἕ, μιν) DUAL N. A. V. νῶι, νώ σφῶι, σφώ σφωε G. D. νῶιν σφῶιν (σφῶν) σφωιν PLURAL N. V. ἡμεῖς (ἄμμες) ὑμεῖς (ὔμμες) G. ἡμείων (ἡμέων) ὑμείων (ὑμέων) σφείων, σφεων (σφέων, σφῶν) D. ἡμῖν (ἄμμι(ν), ἥμῑν, ἧμιν) ὑμῖν (ὔμμι(ν), ὕμῖν) σφίσι, σφισι (σφι(ν)) A. ἡμέας (ἥμας, ἥμεας, ἄμμε) ὑμέας (ὔμμε) σφέας, σφε(ας), σφάς ``` ``` §761. The nominative singular of the personal pronouns is used only for the sake of emphasis and contrast, being omitted under other conditions. ``` ``` §762. The oblique cases of these pronouns are enclitic (553), but if the pronoun is emphatic these cases keep their accent, and the longer forms of the first person are then used. This happens as a rule after prepositions. The forms without accent in the above table are enclitic. ``` ``` §763. The pronoun of the third person is sometimes used as a reflexive, that is, it refers to the subject of the leading verb of the sentence. ``` ``` §764. Possessive Pronouns The possessive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns and are declined like adjectives of the vowel declension, i.e. like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721). SING. ἐμός, ή, όν my, mine. σός, σή, σόν (τεός, τεή, τεόν) your(s). ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν (ὅς, ἥ, ὅν) his, her(s), its (own), [my, your own]. DUAL. νωίτερος, η, ον our(s). σφωίτερος, η, ον your(s). PLURAL. ἡμέτερος, η, ον our(s). ἁμός, ή, όν our(s). ὑμέτερος, η, ον your(s). ὑμός, ή, όν your(s). σφέτερος, η, ον their(s). σφός, σφή, σφόν their(s). ``` ``` §765. The most common pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό, used regularly as the definite article in later Greek, is usually employed as the demonstrative, but sometimes as a personal or as a relative pronoun in Homer. It is declined as follows: ὁ, ἡ, τό this, that; he, she, it; who, which, what SINGULAR N. ὁ ἡ τό G. τοῦ, τοῖο τῆς τοῦ, τοῖο D. τῷ τῇ τῷ A. τόν τήν τό DUAL N. A. τώ (τώ) τώ G. D. τοῖιν (τοῖιν) τοῖιν PLURAL N. οἱ (τοί) αἱ (ταί) τά G. τῶν τάων [τῶν] τῶν D. τοῖσι, τοῖς τῇσι, τῇς τοῖσι, τοῖς A. τούς τάς τά ``` ``` §766. The intensive pronoun is declined as follows: αὐτός, ή; ὁ self, same SINGULAR N. αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό G. αὐτοῦ, οἷο αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ, οἷο D. αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ A. αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό DUAL N. A. αὐτώ (αὐτώ) αὐτώ G. D. αὐτοῖιν (αὐτοῖιν) αὐτοῖιν PLURAL N. αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά G. αὐτῶν αὐτᾱ́ων [έων, ὦν] αὐτῶν D. αὐτοῖσι, οἷς αὐτῇσι, ῇς αὐτοῖσι, οἷς A. αὐτούς αὐτᾱ́ς αὐτά ``` ``` §767. The most important interrogative pronoun, τίς, τί who? which? what? has the acute accent always on the first syllable, and never changes the acute to the grave, even when followed by other words. ``` ``` §768. The indefinite τὶς, τὶ some (one), any (one), something, anything, a(n) is spelled and declined the same as the interrogative, but differs from it in accent, the indefinite pronoun being always an enclitic, 553 ff. ``` ``` §769. Indefinite and Interrogative Pronouns τὶς, τὶ some (one), any (one), something SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τὶς τὶ G. τέο (τεῦ) D. τέῳ (τῷ, τινί) A. τινά τὶ DUAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. A. τινέ τινέ G. D. τινοῖιν τινοῖιν PLURAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τινές τινά (ἄσσα) G. τεῶν τεῶν D. τεοῖσι τεοῖσι A. τινάς τινά (ἄσσα) τίς, τί, who? which? what? SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τίς τί G. τέο (τεῦ) D. τέῳ (τῷ, τίνι) A. τίνα τί DUAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. A. τίνε τίνε G. D. τίνοιιν τίνοιιν PLURAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τίνες τίνα G. τέων τέων D. τέοισι τέοισι A. τίνας τίνα ``` ``` §770. The relative pronouns are ὅς, ἥ, ὅ, and ὁ, ἡ; τό who, which, what (765), together with the indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι (ὅς τις, ἥ τις, ὅ τι) whoever, whichever, whatever, 776. ``` ``` §771. The most important demonstrative pronouns are οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this, (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that, ὁ, ἡ, τό (used also as a relative and as a personal pronoun, 765) this, that, with its compounds, as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε (ὅ γε, ἥ γε, τό γε), etc. ``` ``` §772. These pronouns are declined in the main like adjectives of the vowel declension (κά̄λός, ή, όν, 721) with the exception that the neuter nominative and accusative singular ends in -ο instead of in -ον. ``` ``` §773. Relative Pronoun ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who? which? what? SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. ὅς (ὅ) ἥ ὅ G. οὗ [ὅου, ὅο] ἧς [ἕης] οὗ [ὅου, ὅο] D. ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ A. ὅν ἥν ὅ DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. A. V. ὥ (ὥ) ὥ G. D. οἷν (οἷν) οἷν PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. οἵ αἵ ἅ G. ὧν ὧν ὧν D. οἷσι, οἷς ᾗσι, ᾗς οἷσι, οἷς A. οὕς ἅς ἅ ``` ``` §774. Demonstrative Pronouns (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. (ἐ)κεῖνος (ἐ)κείνη (ἐ)κεῖνο G. (ἐ)κείνου, οιο (ἐ)κείνης (ἐ)κείνου, οιο D. (ἐ)κείνῳ (ἐ)κείνῃ (ἐ)κείνῳ A. (ἐ)κεῖνον (ἐ)κείνην (ἐ)κεῖνο DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. A. V. (ἐ)κείνω ((ἐ)κείνω) (ἐ)κείνω G. D. (ἐ)κείνοιιν ((ἐ)κείνοιιν) (ἐ)κείνοιιν PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. (ἐ)κεῖνοι (ἐ)κεῖναι (ἐ)κεῖνα G. (ἐ)κείνων (ἐ)κεινά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν] (ἐ)κείνων D. (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις (ἐ)κείνῃσι, ῃς (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις A. (ἐ)κείνους (ἐ)κείνά̄ς (ἐ)κεῖνα ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. ὅδε ἥδε τόδε G. τοῦδε, τοῖοδε τῆσδε τοῦδε, τοῖοδε D. τῷδε τῇδε τῷδε A. τόνδε τήνδε τόδε DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. A. τώδε (τώδε) τώδε G. D. τοῖινδε (τοῖινδε) τοῖινδε PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. οἵδε (τοίδε) αἵδε (ταίδε) τάδε G. τῶνδε τά̄ωνδε [τῶνδε] τῶνδε D. τοῖσ(ι)δε τῇσ(ι)δε τοῖσ(ι)δε A. τούσδε τά̄σδε τάδε οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο G. τούτου, οιο ταύτης τούτου, οιο D. τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ A. τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. A. τούτω (τούτω) τούτω G. D. τούτοιιν (τούτοιιν) τούτοιιν PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα G. τούτων ταυτά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν] τούτων D. τούτοισι, οις ταύτῃσι, ῃς τούτοισι, οις A. τούτους ταύτά̄ς ταῦτα NOTE. The dative plural of ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε at times has τοίσδεσ(σ)ι instead of τοῖσ(ι)δε. ``` ``` §775. Compounds of ὁ, ἡ, τό (as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) are declined the same as the simple form (ὁ, ἡ, τό) with the additional part (-γε, -δε, etc.) attached. As these are compounds, formed of the simple pronouns and the enclitics, they are accented the same as the simple forms without the enclitics (553, 558). ``` ``` §776. The indefinite relative pronoun (ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι) whoever, whichever, whatever, is a compound of the simple relative (ὅς, ἥ, ὅ) and the indefinite τὶς, τὶ, each part of which is declined separately (or sometimes only the latter part). ``` ``` §777. ὅ τι, the neuter of the indefinite relative pronoun, is thus printed in most texts, that it may not be confused with the conjunction, ὅτι that, because, why. ``` ``` §778. The Reciprocal Pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ηιν, οιιν (of) one another DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. G. ἀλλήλοιιν ἀλλήλῃιν ἀλλήλοιιν D. ἀλλήλοιιν ἀλλήλῃιν ἀλλήλοιιν A. ἀλλήλω ἀλλήλά̄ ἀλλήλω PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. G. ἀλλήλων ἀλληλά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν] ἀλλήλων D. ἀλλήλοις(ι) ἀλλήλῃς(ι) ἀλλήλοις(ι) A. ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλά̄ς ἄλληλα ``` ``` §779. This pronoun is used only in the genitive, dative, and accusative. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἑτέρωθεν | From the other side | | ἐμήνιε | Rage, fume, be furious, from μηνί-ω | | Νέστωρ | Nestor, one of the Greek chieftains | | λιγὺς | Shrill, clear-toned | | ἀγορητὴς | Orator | | Πυλίων | Pylian, of Pylus, from Πύλιος | | ἀνώρουσεν | Jump up, spring up, start up, from ἀν-ορού-ω* | | γλώσσης | Tongue, language, speech, from γλῶσσα | | αὐδὴ | Voice, speech, discourse | | ἔρρεεν | Run, flow, stream, from ῥέω | | γλυκίων | Sweet, from γλυκύς | | μέλιτος | Honey, from μέλι | | ἡδυεπὴς | SWEET-speaking, sweet-toned | | ἀνόρουσε | Rose up, from ἀνορούω |