# Homeric Greek, Lessons LI to LIII Pharr II: The Whole Verb Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/11. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/11.json. ## Lesson LI: Review of Participles and Infinitives ### Review: the infinitive and the participle This lesson is a review. The infinitive and the participle name an action without showing the person. Learn their meanings for λύω, loose. The infinitive names the action itself, like English to loose. Greek has one for each tense. The present is λύειν, to loose or to be loosing. The aorist is λῦσαι, to loose or to have loosed. The middle is λύεσθαι. The passive is λυθῆναι, to be loosed. The present participle of λύω is λύων, λύουσα, λύον, loosing. The aorist is λύσᾱς, λύσᾱσα, λῦσαν, having loosed. The present middle is λυόμενος, η, ον, loosing for oneself, or being loosed. The aorist passive is λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν, having been loosed. ### The declension of participles All middle and passive participles, except the aorist passive, are declined like the adjective κᾱλός, ή, όν. All active participles, and the aorist passive participles, have stems in -ντ. The masculine and neuter are third declension. The feminine is first declension. The masculine singular of λύων is λύων, λύοντος, λύοντι, λύοντα. The feminine is λύουσα, λυούσης. A participle of a -μι verb forms its masculine nominative singular by adding ς, dropping ντ, and lengthening the vowel before it. So the verb meaning give has διδούς, οὖσα, όν, giving. Its genitive is διδόντος. ### The Iliad: Nestor begins his speech Nestor speaks to Achilles and Agamemnon. Two generations of mortal men have perished, he says, who were born and reared with him in sacred Pylos. Now he rules among the third. A great sorrow comes upon the land of Achaea, he says. Priam and his sons would rejoice, and the other Trojans would be glad at heart. They would rejoice to learn all this about the two men contending. For these two surpass the Danaans in counsel and in battle. Then he asks them to listen, for both are younger than he. μαρναμένοιιν, contending, is a middle participle like λυόμενος. It has a dual ending because it describes the two men. **1** δύο γενεαὶ μερόπων ἀνθρώπων ἤδη ἐφθίατο Νέστορι. Two generations of mortal men had already perished for Nestor. **2** αἱ γενεαὶ μερόπων ἀνθρώπων πρόσθεν ἐτράφησαν καὶ ἐγένοντο ἅμα Νέστορι ἐν ἠγαθέῃ Πύλῳ, μετὰ δὲ τριτάτῃ γενεῇ ἤνασσε τότε ὁ γέρων. The generations of mortal men had been reared before and were born together with Nestor in sacred Pylus, and then the old man was ruling among the third generation. **3** πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα πένθεα ἵξεται ἐπὶ γαῖαν Ἀχαιΐδα. Many great sorrows will come upon the land of Achaea. **4** Πρίαμος παῖδές τε Πριάμου γηθησαίατο, ἄλλοι τε Τρῶες μέγα κεν κεχαροίατο θῡμῷ, εἰ πυθοίατο πάντα τάδ’ Ἀχιλλῆός τε καὶ Ἀγαμέμνονος μαρναμένοιιν, τὼ γὰρ περὶ μέν ἐστον Δαναῶν ἄλλων βουλήν, περὶ δ’ ἐστὸν μάχην. Priam and the sons of Priam would rejoice, and the other Trojans would greatly rejoice at heart, if they should learn all this of Achilles and Agamemnon contending, for they two surpass the other Danaans in council, and they surpass them in battle. **5** Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ Ἀγαμέμνων ἤστην νεωτέρω Νέστορος, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ὣς ἐπείθοντο γέροντι. Achilles and Agamemnon were younger than Nestor, but not even so were they obeying the old man. **6** δύο γενεαὶ μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, αἳ ἅμα αὐτῷ ἐτράφησαν καὶ ἐγένοντο ἐν ἠγαθέῃ Πύλῳ, ἐφθίαται, νῦν δὲ τριτάτῃ γενεῇ ἀνάσσει. Two generations of mortal men, who were born and bred with him in the very sacred Pylus, have passed away, and he is now ruling among (those of) the third. **7** μέγα πένθος ἵξεται ἐπὶ πάσας γαίας Ἀχαιΐδας, οὕνεκα Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ Ἀγαμέμνων μάρνανται. A great woe will come upon all the lands of the Achaeans, because Achilles and Agamemnon are contending. **8** Πρίαμος καὶ παῖδες Πριάμου καὶ ἄλλοι πάντες Τρῶες μέγα χαιρήσουσι θῡμῷ, εὖτ’ ἂν πύθωνται πάντα τάδε Ἀχιλλῆός τε καὶ Ἀγαμέμνονος μαρναμένοιιν· τὼ γὰρ περὶ μέν ἐστον Ἀχαιῶν ἄλλων βουλήν, περὶ δ’ ἐστὸν μάχην. Priam and the sons of Priam and all the other Trojans will greatly rejoice in their souls when they learn all these things about Achilles and Agamemnon contending, for they are better than the other Achaeans both in council and battle. **9** νεωτέρω ἐστὸν πολὺ Νέστορος, ἀλλ’ οὐ πείσεσθον γέροντι. They are much younger than Nestor, but they will not obey him. **10** τῷ δ’ ἤδη δύο μὲν γενεαὶ μερόπων ἀνθρώπων For him already two generations of mortal men **11** ἐφθίαθ’, οἵ οἱ πρόσθεν ἅμα τράφεν ἠδὲ γένοντο had perished, who had been born and reared alongside him before, **12** ἐν Πύλῳ ἠγαθέῃ, μετὰ δὲ τριτάτοισιν ἄνασσεν. in sacred Pylos, and now he ruled among the third. **13** ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν· he, with good will toward them, addressed them and spoke: **14** “ὦ πόποι, ἦ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαιΐδα γαῖαν ἱκάνει· "Ah, truly a great sorrow comes upon the land of Achaea. **15** ἦ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες, Surely Priam and the sons of Priam would rejoice, **16** ἄλλοι τε Τρῶες μέγα κεν κεχαροίατο θυμῷ, and the rest of the Trojans would be glad at heart, **17** εἰ σφῶιν τάδε πάντα πυθοίατο μαρναμένοιιν, if they should learn all this of you two contending, **18** οἳ περὶ μὲν βουλὴν Δαναῶν, περὶ δ’ ἐστὲ μάχεσθαι. you who surpass the Danaans in counsel and surpass them in battle. **19** ἀλλὰ πίθεσθ’· ἄμφω δὲ νεωτέρω ἐστὸν ἐμεῖο.” But listen to me; both of you are younger than I am. ``` §908. INFINITIVE INFINITIVE PRES. λύειν (λύμεν, λύμεναι, λυέμεν, λυέμεναι) to loose, to be loosing FUT. λῡ́σειν (λῡσέμεν, λῡσέμεναι) to loose, to be about to loose, to be loosing AOR. λῦσαι (λῡσάμεν, λῡσάμεναι) to loose, to have loosed. PERF. λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι to loose, to have loosed. Read the notes at the end of 905. PERF. λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι: Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905. ``` ``` §909. PARTICIPLE PRES. λύων, ουσα, ον (740) loosing FUT. λῡ́σων, σουσα, σον (being) about to loose, desiring to loose AOR. λῡ́σᾱς, σᾱσα, σαν (741) having loosed PERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744) having loosed PERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744): Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905. ``` ``` §914. INFINITIVE INFINITIVE PRES. λύεσθαι to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed FUT. λῡ́σεσθαι to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to be about to be loosed AOR. λῦσασθαι to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed PERF. λέλυσθαι to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed F. PERF. λελῡ́σεσθαι to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed Read the note on 905. ``` ``` §915. PARTICIPLE PRES. λυόμενος, η, ον loosing (for) one’s self, being loosed. FUT. λῡσόμενος, η, ον being about to loose (for) one’s self, being about to be loosed, desiring to loose, . . . etc. AOR. λῡσάμενος, η, ον having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed PERF. λελυμένος, η, ον having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed. FUT. PERF. λελῡσόμενος, η, ον being about to have loosed (for) one’s self, being about to have been loosed ``` ``` §920. INFINITIVE λυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι) to be loosed, to have been loosed ``` ``` §921. PARTICIPLE λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742) having been loosed ``` ``` §735. Declension of Participles All middle and passive participles, except those of the first and second aorist passive, are declined like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721). ``` ``` §736. All active participles (except the perfect, 744) and both first and second aorist passive participles have stems in -ντ. The masculine and neuter are of the third declension, the feminine of the first. ``` ``` §737. The vocative of participles has the same form as the nominative. ``` ``` §738. Participles with stems in οντ usually have the nominative singular masculine in -ων, as γέρων 693. ``` ``` §739. But the present and second aorist of -μι verbs (διδούς, δούς), and all stems ending in αντ, εντ, υντ, add ς, lose ντ (613), and lengthen the preceding vowel (giving ους, ᾱς, εις, ῡς 601). The dative plural of these stems is similarly formed. ``` ``` §740. Participles with stems in οντ, ending in -ων, ουσα, ον in the nominative singular: λύων, ουσα, ον loosing, freeing (λυοντ-, λυοντι̯α-, λυοντ-), Singular N. V. λύων λύουσα λύον G. λύοντος λυούσης λύοντος D. λύοντι λυούσῃ λύοντι A. λύοντα λύουσαν λύον λύων, ουσα, ον, Dual N. A. V. λύοντε λυούσᾱ λύοντε G. D. λυόντοιν λυούσῃν λυόντοιν ``` ``` §741. Participles with stems in οντ, αντ, εντ, υντ, ending in s in the nominative singular masculine: Present Participle: διδούς, οὖσα, όν giving (διδοντ-, διδοντι̯α-, διδοντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. διδούς διδοῦσα διδόν G. διδόντος διδούσης διδόντος D. διδόντι διδούσῃ διδόντι A. διδόντα διδοῦσαν διδόν διδούς, οὖσα, όν, Dual N. A. V. διδόντε διδοῦσᾱ διδόντε G. D. διδόντοιν διδούσῃν διδόντοιν διδούς, οὖσα, όν, Plural N. V. διδόντες διδοῦσαι διδόντα G. διδόντων διδουσάων [έων, ὢν] διδόντων D. διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι διδούσῃσι, διδούσῃς διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι A. διδόντας διδούσᾱς διδόντα Aorist Participle: λύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν having loosed (λῡσαντ-, λῡσαντι̯α-, λῡσαντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. λύσᾱς λύσᾱσα λῦσαν G. λύσαντος λῡσάσης λύσαντος D. λύσαντι λῡσάσῃ λύσαντι A. λύσαντα λύσᾱσαν λῦσαν λύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Dual N. A. V. λύσαντε λῡσᾱ́σᾱ λύσαντε G. D. λῡσάντοιν λῡσάσῃν λῡσάντοιν λύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Plural N. V. λύσαντες λύσᾱσαι λύσαντα G. λῡσάντων λῡσᾱσάων [έων, ὢν] λῡσάντων D. λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι λῡσάσῃσι, λῡσάσῃς λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι A. λύσαντας λῡσάσᾱς λύσαντα ``` ``` §742. Aorist Passive Participle: λυθείς, εἶσα, έν (having been) loosed (λυθεντ-, λυθεντι̯α-, λυθεντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. λυθείς λυθεῖσα λυθέν G. λυθέντος λυθείσης λυθέντος D. λυθέντι λυθείσῃ λυθέντι A. λυθέντα λυθεῖσαν λυθέν λυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Dual N. A. V. λυθέντε λυθείσᾱ λυθέντε G. D. λυθέντοιν λυθείσῃν λυθέντοιν λυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Plural N. V. λυθέντες λυθεῖσαι λυθέντα G. λυθέντων λυθεισάων [έων, ὢν] λυθέντων D. λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι λυθείσῃσι, λυθείσῃς λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι A. λυθέντας λυθείσᾱς λυθέντα ``` ``` §743. Second Aorist Active Participle: δύς, δῦσα, δύν having entered (δυντ-, δυντι̯α-, δυντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. δύς δῦσα δύν G. δύντος δύσης δύντος D. δύντι δύσῃ δύντι A. δύντα δῦσαν δύν δύς, δῦσα, δύν, Dual N. A. V. δύντε δῦσᾱ δύντε G. D. δύντοιν δύσῃν δύντοιν δύς, δῦσα, δύν, Plural N. V. δύντες δῦσαι δύντα G. δύντων δῡσάων [έων, ὢν] δύντων D. δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι δύσῃσι, δύσῃς δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι A. δύντας δύσᾱς δύντα ``` ``` §744. Perfect Active Participles Perfect active participles have stems in (κ)οτ. Those which have κ are called first perfects, those without κ second perfects. λελυκώς, υἷα, ός having loosed (λελυκοτ-, λελυκυσι̯α-, λελυκοτ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκός G. λελυκότος λελυκυίης λελυκότος D. λελυκότι λελυκυίῃ λελυκότι A. λελυκότα λελυκυῖαν λελυκός λελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Dual N. A. V. λελυκότε λελυκυίᾱ λελυκότε G. D. λελυκότοιν λελυκυίηιν λελυκότοιν λελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Plural N. V. λελυκότες λελυκυῖαι λελυκόται G. λελυκότων λελυκυιάων [έων, ὢν] λελυκότων D. λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι λελυκυίῃσι, λελυκυίης λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι A. λελυκότας λελυκυίᾱς λελυκότα εἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός knowing (Ϝειδϝοτ-, Ϝ(ε)ιδϝυσι̯α-, Ϝειδϝοτ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. εἰδώς (ε)ἰδυῖα εἰδός G. εἰδότος (ε)ἰδυίης εἰδότος D. εἰδότι (ε)ἰδυίῃ εἰδότι A. εἰδότα (ε)ἰδυῖαν εἰδός εἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Dual N. A. V. εἰδότε (ε)ἰδυίᾱ εἰδότε G. εἰδότοιν (ε)ἰδυίηιν εἰδότοιν εἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Plural N. V. εἰδότες (ε)ἰδυῖαι εἰδότα G. εἰδότων (ε)ἰδυιάων [έων, ὢν] εἰδότων D. εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι (ε)ἰδυίῃσι, (ε)ἰδυίης εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι A. εἰδότας (ε)ἰδυίᾱς εἰδότα NOTE 1. λελυκώς, υἷα, ός does not occur in Homer, and there are very few first perfects in Homeric Greek. The forms of the first perfect participle, as given above are common in later Greek. NOTE 2. Perfect participles are often declined with ω instead of ο throughout; and at times end in -ων, -ουσα, -ον and are inflected with the same endings as the present participle. ``` ``` §745. Participles of contract verbs, 936–944 (usually left uncontracted) are declined in their contracted forms as follows: τῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν (τῑμάων, άουσα, άον) honoring (τῑμαοντ-, τῑμαοντι̯α-, τῑμαοντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. τῑμῶν τῑμῶσα τῑμῶν G. τῑμῶντος τῑμώσης τῑμῶντος D. τῑμῶντι τῑμώσῃ τῑμῶντι A. τῑμῶντα τῑμῶσαν τῑμῶν τῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Dual N. A. V. τῑμῶντε τῑμώσᾱ τῑμῶντε G. D. τῑμώντοιν τῑμώσῃν τῑμώντοιν τῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Plural N. V. τῑμῶντες τῑμῶσαι τῑμῶντα G. τῑμώντων τῑμωσάων [έων, ὢν] τῑμώντων D. τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι τῑμώσῃσι, τῑμώσῃς τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι A. τῑμώντας τῑμώσᾱς τῑμώντα ποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν (έων, έουσα, έον) (ποιεοντ-, ποιεοντι̯α-, ποιεοντ-), Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. ποιῶν ποιεῦσα ποιεῦν G. ποιεῦντος ποιεύσης ποιεῦντος D. ποιεῦντι ποιεύσῃ ποιεῦντι A. ποιεῦντα ποιεῦσαν ποιεῦν ποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Dual N. A. V. ποιεῦντε ποιεύσᾱ ποιεῦντε G. D. ποιεύντοιν ποιεύσῃν ποιεύντοιν ποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Plural (concludes on ia/314, the page on which 746 begins) N. V. ποιεῦντες ποιεῦσαι ποιεῦντα G. ποιεύντων ποιευσάων [έων, ὢν] ποιεύντων D. ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι ποιεύσῃσι, ποιεύσῃς ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι A. ποιεῦντας ποιεύσᾱς ποιεῦντα ``` ``` §746. The participles of -ω contract verbs (as χολόω anger) end in -ῶν, οὖσα, οὖν (as χολῶν, χολοῦσα, χολοῦν) in the nominative singular, and are quite regular in their declension, the genitive being χολοῦντος, χολούσης, χολοῦντος; the dative being χολοῦντι, χολούσῃ, χολοῦντι, etc. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | γενεαὶ | Generation, family, from γενεή | | μερόπων | Mortal, man, from μέροψ | | ἐφθίατο | Perish, die, waste away, from φθί-νω | | πρόσθεν | Before, formerly, sooner, from πρόσθε | | ἐτράφησαν | Nurture, feed, breed, from τρέφω | | ἠγαθέῃ | Very sacred, holy, from ἠγά-θεος | | Πύλῳ | Pylus, from Πύλος | | τριτάτῃ | Third, from τρίτατος | | πένθεα | Woe, grief, sadness, from πένθος | | Ἀχαιΐδα | Achaean, from Ἀχαιίς | | γηθησαίατο | Rejoice, from γηθέ-ω | | πυθοίατο | Learn, from πεύθομαι | | μαρναμένοιιν | Strive, fight, contend, from μάρνα-μαι | | νεωτέρω | NEW, young, recent, from νέος | | ἐφθίαθ’ | Had perished, from φθίω | | πόποι | Alas! ah me! O dear! good gracious! | | ἱκάνει | Come, go, from ἱκάνω | | γηθήσαι | Rejoice, from γηθέω | ## Lesson LII: Review of Verbs in the Active Voice ### Review: the active voice This lesson is a review. Review every active form of λύω and of the verbs in -μι. Learn the meaning of each. Pharr's tables give every tense of λύω. Present: λύω, I loose. Imperfect: ἔλυον, I was loosing. Future: λῡ́σω. Aorist: ἔλῡσα, I loosed. Perfect: λέλυκα, I have loosed. Pluperfect: ἐλελύκη, I had loosed. The perfect of λύω does not occur in Homer. Its forms are those of Attic Greek, the Greek of later Athens. For the Homeric perfect, Pharr refers to the second perfect, such as that of ἵστημι. ### Subjunctive, optative and imperative Pharr translates the subjunctive with may: λύωμεν, we may loose. He translates the optative the same way: λύοιμι, may I loose. Both can also mean might, could, would or should. The imperative gives a command: λῦσον, loose. In the subjunctive, optative, imperative and infinitive, the tenses do not show time. The present shows continuance: λύειν, to be loosing. The aorist shows simple occurrence: λῦσαι, to loose. The perfect shows completion. The tables of ἵστημι, τίθημι, ἵημι and δίδωμι give these moods in the present and the second aorist. ### Primary and secondary endings Learn the table of personal endings. A personal ending is the last part of a verb form. It shows the person. There are two sets. The primary endings are used in the present and future indicative. The secondary endings are used in the past tenses of the indicative, such as the imperfect and the aorist. The subjunctive uses the primary endings. The optative uses the secondary endings. ### The Iliad: Nestor and the men of old Nestor goes on speaking. He once lived among better men than these two, he says, and they never made light of him. He has never seen such men since, and he will not see them again. They were Pirithous, Dryas, shepherd of the people, Caeneus, Exadius, godlike Polyphemus, and Theseus, son of Aegeus. They were the mightiest of earthly men. They fought with the mightiest, the beasts of the mountains, and destroyed them terribly. ἀπόλεσσαν, destroyed, has the same ending as the aorist ἔλῡσαν, they loosed. **20** Νέστωρ ὠμίλησεν ἀνδράσιν ἀρείοσιν Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀχιλλῆός τε, οἱ δ’ οὔ ποτε τόν γ’ ἠθέριζον. Nestor associated with men mightier than Agamemnon and Achilles, and they never despised him. **21** οὔ τίς πω εἶδε τοίους ἄνδρας, οὐδὲ ἴδηται, οἷον Πειρίθοόν τε Δρύαντά τε ποιμένα λᾱῶν. No one has yet seen such men, nor may he see them, as Pirithous and Dryas, shepherd of the people. **22** κεῖνοι φῆρες ἦσαν κάρτιστοι πάντων φηρῶν ὀρεσκώων, ἀλλ’ οἵδε ἥρωες ἐτράφησαν κάρτιστοι πάντων ἐπιχθονίων ἀνδρῶν, ἐμάχοντο δὲ φηρσὶν καὶ ἀπώλεσαν τοὺς ἐκπάγλως. Those were the mightiest of all the mountain-dwelling beasts, but these heroes were reared as the mightiest of all earthly men, and they fought with the beasts and utterly destroyed them. **23** Νέστωρ ὠμίλησεν ἀνδράσιν ἀρείοσιν ἀνάκτων Ἀχαιῶν, οὐδέ τίς ποτε τόν τε καὶ βουλὰς ἀγαθὰς ἠθέριζεν. Nestor associated with better men than the chiefs of the Achaeans, and no one ever despised him and his good plans. **24** οὔ ποτε εἴδομεν τοίους ἄνδρας, οὐδὲ ἰδώμεθα, πάντες γὰρ θάνον. We never saw such men, nor may we see them, for they are all dead (have died). **25** κεῖνοι ἦσαν κάρτιστοι πάντων ἐπιχθονίων ἀνδρῶν, ἐμάχοντο δὲ φηρσὶν ὀρεσκώοισι καὶ ἀπώλεσαν τοὺς ἐκπάγλως. Those were the mightiest of mortal men upon the earth, and they fought with the wild beasts living in mountain dens, and they utterly destroyed them. **26** ἤδη γάρ ποτ’ ἐγὼ καὶ ἀρείοσιν ἠέ περ ὑμῖν For once already I moved among better men than you, **27** ἀνδράσιν ὠμίλησα, καὶ οὔ ποτέ μ’ οἵ γ’ ἀθέριζον. and they never once made light of me. **28** οὐ γάρ πω τοίους ἴδον ἀνέρας οὐδὲ ἴδωμαι, Never have I seen such men, nor shall I see them again, **29** οἷον Πειρίθοόν τε Δρύαντά τε ποιμένα λαῶν as Pirithous, and Dryas shepherd of the people, **30** Καινέα τ’ Ἐξάδιόν τε καὶ ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον Caeneus and Exadius, and godlike Polyphemus, **31** Θησέα τ’ Αἰγεΐδην, ἐπιείκελον ἀθανάτοισιν. and Theseus, son of Aegeus, the equal of the immortals. **32** κάρτιστοι δὴ κεῖνοι ἐπιχθονίων τράφεν ἀνδρῶν· Mightiest of earthly men were they, reared as such; **33** κάρτιστοι μὲν ἔσαν καὶ καρτίστοις ἐμάχοντο, mightiest they were, and with the mightiest they fought, **34** φηρσὶν ὀρεσκώοισι, καὶ ἐκπάγλως ἀπόλεσσαν. the mountain-dwelling beasts, and terribly destroyed them. ``` §904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose Observe that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short. Active Indicative Present Greek English S. 1 λύω I loose, am loosing, do loose 2 λύεις you loose, are loosing, do loose 3 λύει he looses, is loosing, does loose Du. 2 λύετον you two loose, etc. 3 λύετον they two loose, etc. Pl. 1 λύομεν we loose, etc. 2 λύετε you loose, etc. 3 λύουσι they loose, etc. Imperfect Greek English S. 1 ἔλυον I was loosing; I loosed, did loose 2 ἔλυες you were loosing, you loosed, did loose 3 ἔλυε he was loosing, he loosed, did loose Du. 2 ἐλύετον you two were loosing, etc. 3 ἐλυέτην they two were loosing, etc. Pl. 1 ἐλύομεν we were loosing, etc. 2 ἐλύετε you were loosing, etc. 3 ἔλυον they were loosing, etc. Future Greek English S. 1 λῡ́σω I shall (will) loose 2 λῡ́σεις you will (shall) loose 3 λῡ́σει he will (shall) loose Du. 2 λῡ́σετον you two will (shall) loose 3 λῡ́σετον they two will (shall) loose Pl. 1 λῡ́σομεν we shall (will) loose 2 λῡ́σετε you will (shall) loose 3 λῡ́σουσι they will (shall) loose Aorist Greek English S. 1 ἔλῡσα I loosed, did loose 2 ἔλῡσας you loosed, did loose 3 ἔλῡσε he loosed, did loose Du. 2 ἐλῡ́σατον you two loosed, did loose 3 ἐλῡσάτην they two loosed, did loose Pl. 1 ἐλῡ́σαμεν we loosed, did loose 2 ἐλῡ́σατε you loosed, did loose 3 ἔλῡσαν they loosed, did loose Perfect Greek English S. 1 λέλυκα I have loosed 2 λέλυκας you have loosed 3 λέλυκε he has loosed Du. 2 λελύκατον you two have loosed 3 λελύκατον they two have loosed Pl. 1 λελύκαμεν we have loosed 2 λελύκατε you have loosed 3 λελύκᾱσι they have loosed The perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966. Pluperfect Greek English S. 1 ἐλελύκη (-εα) I had loosed 2 ἐλελύκης (-εας) you had loosed 3 ἐλελύκει (-εε) he had loosed Du. 2 ἐλελύκετον you two had loosed 3 ἐλελυκέτην they two had loosed Pl. 1 ἐλελύκεμεν we had loosed 2 ἐλελύκετε you had loosed 3 ἐλελύκεσαν they had loosed ``` ``` §905. The Subjunctive Present Greek English S. 1 λύω(μι) I may loose 2 λύῃς(θα) you may loose 3 λύῃ(σι) he may loose Du. 2 λύητον you two may loose 3 λύητον they two may loose Pl. 1 λύωμεν we may loose 2 λύητε you may loose 3 λύωσι they may loose See footnote 1 on next page. I may loose: See footnote 2 on next page. Aorist Greek English S. 1 λῡ́σω(μι) I may loose 2 λῡ́σῃς(θα) you may loose 3 λῡ́σῃ(σι) he may loose Du. 2 λῡ́σητον you two may loose 3 λῡ́σητον they two may loose Pl. 1 λῡ́σωμεν we may loose 2 λῡ́σητε you may loose 3 λῡ́σωσι they may loose Also let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. I may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer. Perfect Greek English S. 1 λελύκω I may loose 2 λελύκης(θα) you may loose 3 λελύκη(σι) he may loose Du. 2 λελύκητον you two may loose 3 λελύκητον they two may loose Pl. 1 λελύκωμεν we may loose 2 λελύκητε you may loose 3 λελύκωσι they may loose The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time). The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time). The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time). ``` ``` §906. Optative Present Greek English S. 1 λύοιμι may I loose Du. 1 S. 2 λύοις(θα) may you loose Du. 2 λύοιτον may you two loose S. 3 λύοι may he loose Du. 3 λυοίτην may they two loose PLURAL λύοιμεν may we loose λύοιτε may you loose λύοιεν may they loose The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time). The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time). The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time). may I loose: Also, I may, might, could, would, should loose, with various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. Read the notes to 905. Aorist Greek English S. 1 λῡ́σαιμι may I loose 2 λῡ́σαις(θα) (λῡ́σειας) may you loose 3 λῡ͂σαι (λῡ́σειε) may he loose Du. 2 λῡ́σαιτον may you two loose 3 λῡσαίτην may they two loose Pl. 1 λῡ́σαιμεν may we loose 2 λῡ́σαιτε may you loose. 3 λῡ́σαιεν (λῡ́σειαν) may they loose may I loose: Read the notes at the end of 905. Perfect Greek English S. 1 λελύκοιμι may I loose 2 λελύκοις(θα) may you loose 3 λελύκοι may he loose Du. 2 λελύκοιτον may you two loose 3 λελυκοίτην may they two loose Pl. 1 λελύκοιμεν may we loose 2 λελύκοιτε may you loose 3 λελύκοιεν may they loose Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer. ``` ``` §907. IMPERATIVE PRESENT S. 2 λύε loose (continue to loose) 3 λυέτω let him loose (continue to loose) Du. 2 λύετον loose (you two), continue to loose 3 λυέτων let those (two) loose (continue to loose) Pl. 2 λύετε loose (continue to loose) 3 λυόντων let them loose (continue to loose) Read the notes at the end of 905. AORIST S. 2 λῦσον loose 3 λῡσάτω let him loose Du. 2 λῡ́σατον loose (you two) 3 λῡσάτων let those (two) loose. Pl. 2 λῡ́σατε loose 3 λῡσάντων let them loose ``` ``` §924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand PERFECT INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE S. 1 ἕστηκα ἑστήκω ἑσταίην ἑστάμεν(αι) S. 2 ἕστηκας ἑστήκῃς(θα) ἑσταίης ἕσταθι S. 3 ἕστηκε ἑστήκῃ(σι) ἑσταίη ἑστάτω PARTICIPLE Du. 2 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταῖτον ἕστατον ἑσταώς, υῖα, Du. 3 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταίτην ἑστάτων ός Pl. 1 ἕσταμεν ἑστήκομεν ἑσταῖμεν Pl. 2 ἕστατε ἑστήκετε ἑσταῖτε ἕστατε Pl. 3 ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι ἑστήκωσι ἑσταῖεν ἑστάντων SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain. PLUPERFECT S. 1 εἱστήκεα (-η 585) Du. Pl. ἕσταμεν S. 2 εἱστήκεας (-ης 585) ἕστατον ἕστατε S. 3 εἱστήκεε (-ει 585) ἑστάτην ἕστασαν ``` ``` §949. INDICATIVE REGULAR VERBS IN -μι ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), (make) stand; τίθημι (θη-, θε), put; ἵημι (ἡ-, ἑ) send; δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give, grant Active Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵστημι τίθημι ἵημι δίδωμι 2 ἵστης τίθης(θα) ἵης, ἱεῖς διδοῖς(θα) 3 ἵστησι τίθησι, τιθεῖ ἵησι, ἱεῖ δίδωσι (διδοῖ) Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν τίθεμεν ἵεμεν δίδομεν 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστᾶσι τιθεῖσι (θέουσι) ἱεῖσι διδοῦσι IMPERFECT S. 1 ἵστην ἐτίθην ἵειν ἐδίδουν 2 ἵστης ἐτίθεις ἵεις ἐδίδους 3 ἵστη ἐτίθει ἵει ἐδίδου Du. 2 ἵστατον ἐτίθετον ἵετον ἐδίδοτον 3 ἱστάτην ἐτιθέτην ἱέτην ἐδιδότην Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν ἐτίθεμεν ἵεμεν ἐδίδομεν 2 ἵστατε ἐτίθετε ἵετε ἐδίδοτε 3 ἵστασαν ἐτίθεσαν ἵεσαν, ἵεν ἐδίδοσαν FUTURE S. 1 στήσω θήσω ἥσω δώσω 2 στήσεις θήσεις ἥσεις δώσεις 3 στήσει θήσει ἥσει (ἔσει) δώσει Du. 2 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον 3 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον Pl. 1 στήσομεν θήσομεν ἥσομεν δώσομεν 2 στήσετε θήσετε ἥσετε δώσετε 3 στήσουσι θήσουσι ἥσουσι δώσουσι FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἔστησα ἔθηκα ἧκα ἔδωκα 2 ἔστησας ἔθηκας ἧκας ἔδωκας 3 ἔστησε ἔθηκε ἧκε ἔδωκε Du. 2 ἐστήσατον *ἐθήκατον *ἐήκατον *ἐδώκατον 3 ἐστησάτην *ἐθηκάτην *ἐηκάτην *ἐδωκάτην Pl. 1 ἐστήσαμεν *ἐθήκαμεν *ἐήκαμεν *ἐδώκαμεν 2 ἐστήσατε *ἐθήκατε *ἐήκατε *ἐδώκατε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔστασαν) ἔθηκαν *ἐήκαν ἔδωκαν SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἔστην 2 ἔστης 3 ἔστη Du. 2 ἔστητον ἔθετον εἷτον ἔδοτον 3 ἐστήτην ἐθέτην εἵτην ἐδότην Pl. 1 ἔστημεν ἔθεμεν εἷμεν ἔδομεν 2 ἔστητε ἔθετε εἷτε ἔδοτε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔσταν) ἔθεσαν εἷσαν ἔδοσαν ``` ``` §950. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶ(μι) τιθῶ(μι) ἱῶ(μι) διδῶ(μι) 2 ἱστῇς(θα) τιθῇς(θα) ἱῇς(θα) διδῷς(θα) 3 ἱστῇ(σι) τιθῇ(σι) ἱῇ(σι) διδῷ(σι) Du. 2 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον 3 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον Pl. 1 ἱστῶμεν τιθῶμεν ἱῶμεν διδῶμεν 2 ἱστῆτε τιθῆτε ἱῆτε διδῶτε 3 ἱστῶσι τιθῶσι ἱῶσι διδῶσι SECOND AORIST S. 1 στῶ(μι) θῶ(μι) ὧ(μι) δῶ(μι) 2 στῇς(θα) θῇς(θα) ᾗς(θα) δῷς(θα) 3 στῇ(σι) θῇ(σι) ᾗ(σι) δῷ(σι) Du. 2 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον 3 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον Pl. 1 στῶμεν θῶμεν ὧμεν δῶμεν 2 στῆτε θῆτε ἧτε δῶτε 3 στῶσι θῶσι ὧσι δῶσι ``` ``` §951. The second aorist subjunctive of -μι verbs (949 ff.) seems to have had a double form of inflection: 1) With a short thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θηέτην, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι (τίθημι put, place). 2) With a long thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι. The vowel of the stem is then shortened (572), producing, 3) θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι. This form then undergoes contraction (584–585), giving, 4) θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, θῆτον, θῆτον, θῶμεν, θῆτε, θῶσι. ``` ``` §952. The subjunctives of athematic (797; 865, 2) second aorists and the subjunctives passive of both first and second aorists are similarly formed. Thus, λυθῶ, λυθῇς, λυθῇ, etc., contracted from λυθέω, λυθέῃς, λυθέῃ, etc.; τραφῶ, τραφῇς, τραφῇ, etc., contracted from τραφέω, τραφέῃς, τραφέῃ, etc. ``` ``` §953. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίην τιθείην ἱείην διδοίην 2 ἱσταίης τιθείης ἱείης διδοίης 3 ἱσταίη τιθείη ἱείη διδοίη Du. 2 ἱσταῖτον τιθεῖτον ἱεῖτον διδοῖτον 3 ἱσταίτην τιθείτην ἱείτην διδοίτην Pl. 1 ἱσταῖμεν τιθεῖμεν ἱεῖμεν διδοῖμεν 2 ἱσταῖτε τιθεῖτε ἱεῖτε διδοῖτε 3 ἱσταῖεν τιθεῖεν ἱεῖεν διδοῖεν SECOND AORIST S. 1 σταίην θείην εἵην δοίην 2 σταίης θείης εἵης δοίης 3 σταίη θείη εἵη δοίη Du. 2 σταῖτον θεῖτον εἷτον δοῖτον 3 σταίτην θείτην εἵτην δοίτην Pl. 1 σταῖμεν θεῖμεν εἷμεν δοῖμεν 2 σταῖτε θεῖτε εἷτε δοῖτε 3 σταῖεν, σταίησαν θεῖεν εἷεν δοῖεν ``` ``` §954. IMPERATIVE PRESENT S. 2 ἵστη (-ᾱ) τίθει (=-εε) ἵει (=ἵεε) δίδου (δίδωθι) 3 ἱστάτω τιθέτω ἱέτω διδότω Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἱστάτων τιθέτων ἱέτων διδότων Pl. 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστάντων τιθέντων ἱέντων διδόντων SECOND AORIST S. 2 στῆθι θές ἕς δός 3 στήτω θέτω ἕτω δότω Du. 2 στῆτον θέτον ἕτον δότον 3 στήτων θέτων ἕτων δότων Pl. 2 στῆτε θέτε ἕτε δότε 3 στάντων θέντων ἕντων δόντων ``` ``` §955. INFINITIVE PRESENT ἱστάμεν(αι) τιθήμεν(αι) ἱέμεν(αι) διδόμεν(αι) (διδοῦναι) SECOND AORIST στήναι (στήμεναι) θεῖναι (θέμεν[αι]) εἷναι (ἕμεν[αι]) δοῦναι (δόμεν[αι]) ``` ``` §956. PARTICIPLE PRES. ἱστά̄ς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν τιθείς, εἶσα, ἔν ἱείς, εἷσα, ἕν διδούς, οὖσα, όν 2 AOR. στά̄ς, στᾶσα, στάν θείς, θεῖσα, θέν εἷς, εἷσα, ἕν δούς, δοῦσα, δόν NOTE 1. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι, see 924. NOTE 2. δίδωμι may have (very rarely) διδώσω instead of δώσω in the future. ``` ``` §819. Endings. Certain suffixes, called personal endings, are attached to the tense stems of the various finite (791) modes, and other endings are attached to the infinitives and participles, to make the complete verbal forms. ``` ``` §820. Some of these personal endings have undergone considerable changes. ``` ``` §821. In their earlier form they were as follows: Personal Endings, Active, Singular Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 -μι, -ω -ν, -ν̥ = -α 2 -σι, -ς, -(σ)θα -ς, -σθα 3 -τι = -σι -(τ) Personal Endings, Active, Dual Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 , , 2 -τον -τον 3 -τον -την Personal Endings, Active, Plural Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 -μεν -μεν 2 -τε -τε 3 -ντι = -νσι -ν(τ), -σαν Personal Endings, Middle, Singular Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 -μαι -μην 2 -σαι -σο 3 -ται -το Personal Endings, Middle, Dual Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 -μεθον [-μεθον] 2 -σθον -σθον 3 -σθον -σθην Personal Endings, Middle, Plural Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative 1 -μεθα (-μεσθα) -μεθα (-μεσθα) 2 -σθε -σθε 3 -νται (-αται = -ν̥ται, 597–598) -ντο (-ατο = -ν̥το, 597–598) Imperative Endings, Singular Active Middle 2 , , -θι, -ς -σο 3 -τω -σθω Imperative Endings, Dual Active Middle 2 -τον -σθον 3 -των -σθων Imperative Endings, Plural Active Middle 2 -τε -σθε 3 -ντων -σθων ``` ``` §822. Observe that the subjunctive has the same endings throughout as the primary tenses of the indicative, while the optative (except at times in the first singular, when it ends in -μι), has the same endings as the secondary tenses of the indicative. ``` ``` §823. The first and second aorists passive have the same endings as the secondary tenses of the active voice. ``` ``` §824. PRIMARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE) 1 sing.: -μι is found in the present indicative of all -μι verbs, and in a few subjunctives of -ω verbs. -ω is found in the present indicative of all -ω verbs, in all futures, and in the subjunctive. In the perfect indicative there is no personal ending, -α taking the place of the thematic vowel. 2 sing.: -σι is found only in ἐσσί you are; elsewhere -ς has taken its place. -θα (-σθα) is used at times in the perfect, imperfect and pluperfect of the indicative, and occasionally in the subjunctive and optative. 3 sing.: -τι is found only in ἐστί he is. It becomes -σι in the other -μι verbs, and -σι is occasionally found in the subjunctive of -ω verbs. -ω verbs have another ending, -ει, of which the origin is uncertain. The perfect, -ε, has no personal ending. 3 plur.: -ντι regularly becomes -νσι, and ν is then lost, with lengthening of the preceding vowel (613). Many -μι verbs seem to have ended in -αντι, which first became -ανσι, and then -ᾱσι (612). The perfect of consonant stems ended in -ντι (-νσι) which became -ν̥τι (-ν̥σι) and then -ᾱσι (597–8). Generally -ασι in both present and perfect has been replaced by -ᾱσι. ``` ``` §825. SECONDARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (INDICATIVE AND OPTATIVE) 1 sing.: -ν after vowels remained unchanged; after consonants it became -ν̥, and then -α (597–8). Pluperfect -εα is usually contracted to -η. The optative has -ν when the mode suffix is -ιη- (813); otherwise it has -μι. 3 sing.: -τ is always dropped (605); ἔλυε from ἔλυετ; cf. amat; ἔλῡσε has no personal ending; it takes its -ε from the perfect. 2 dual: -την sometimes occurs instead of -τον. 3 dual: -τον sometimes occurs instead of -την. 3 plur.: -ν is for an earlier -ντ, τ being lost (605), the vowel before it being regularly short. -σαν, from the first aorist ending, is used in the imperfect, and often in the second aorist of -μι verbs, at times in the aorist passive, in the pluperfect active, and in the optative when it has the mode suffix -ιη-. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ὠμίλησεν | Associate with, collect, from ὁμιλέ-ω | | ἀρείοσιν | Better, mightier, braver, from ἀρείων | | ἠθέριζον | Slight, disregard, despise, from ἀ-θερίζω | | τοίους | Such, of the sort that, of the kind that, from τοῖος | | Πειρίθοόν | Pirithous, from Πειρί-θοος | | Δρύαντά | Dryas, from Δρύας | | ποιμένα | Shepherd, guardian, protector, from ποιμήν | | φῆρες | Wild animal, beast, brute, from φήρ | | κάρτιστοι | Mightiest, strongest, bravest, from κάρτιστος | | ὀρεσκώων | Living in mountain dens, lying in mountain lairs, from ὀρέσ-κωος | | ἐπιχθονίων | Earthly, of the earth, earth-born, from ἐπι-χθόνιος | | ἐκπάγλως | Terribly, horribly, awfully, from ἐκ-πάγλως | | ὠμίλησα | Associate with, collect, from ὁμιλέω | | ἀθέριζον | Slight, disregard, despise, from ἀθερίζω | | Καινέα | Caeneus, from Καινεύς | | Ἐξάδιόν | Exadius, from Ἐξάδιος | | ἀντίθεον | Godlike, equal to the gods, a match for the gods, from ἀντίθεος | | Πολύφημον | Polyphemus, from Πολύφημος | | Θησέα | Theseus, from Θησεύς | | Αἰγεΐδην | Son of Aegeus | | ἐπιείκελον | Like, resembling, from ἐπιείκελος | | ἀθανάτοισιν | Deathless, immortal, imperishable, from ἀθάνατος | | καρτίστοις | Mightiest, from κράτιστος | | ὀρεσκώοισι | Living in mountain dens, lying in mountain lairs, from ὀρεσκῷος | | ἀπόλεσσαν | Destroy, kill, ruin, from ἀπόλλυμι | ## Lesson LIII: Review of the Verb in the Middle Voice ### Review: the middle voice This lesson is a review. Review every middle form of λύω and of the verbs in -μι. Learn the meaning of each. The middle has its own endings in the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, infinitive and participle. Pharr's English for the present gives both meanings: λύομαι, I loose for myself, or I am loosed. The sentence decides which. With an active sense, the middle means loosing something of one's own. So it can mean ransom, redeem or deliver. ### The middle endings Learn the table of middle endings. Like the active endings, they come in two sets. The primary set is -μαι, -σαι, -ται, and in the plural -μεθα, -σθε, -νται. The secondary set is -μην, -σο, -το, and in the plural -μεθα, -σθε, -ντο. So the present is λύομαι, λύεαι, λύεται, and the imperfect is ἐλυόμην, ἐλύεο, ἐλύετο. The σ of the endings drops out between vowels, but the perfect keeps it: λέλυσαι. The verbs in -μι add the same endings directly to the stem: ἵσταμαι, τίθεμαι, δίδομαι. The middle infinitive is λύεσθαι. The middle participle is λυόμενος, η, ον. ### The Iliad: Nestor asks them to obey Nestor goes on. He lived among the men of old, he says. He came from Pylos, a distant land, because they called him. He fought in his own right. They listened to his counsel and obeyed his word. So the two men should obey him too, since it is better to obey. To Agamemnon he says: do not take the girl from Achilles, though you are brave. Let her be, as the sons of the Achaeans first gave her. To Achilles: do not wish to strive face to face with the king. No sceptre-bearing king has had a share of equal honor. μήτε σὺ and μήτε σύ mean do not you, and do not you. Nestor speaks to each man in turn. Agamemnon answers: yes, old man, you have spoken rightly. But this man wishes to be above all others. **35** Νέστωρ δὲ μεθωμίλεεν τοῖσιν ἀνδράσιν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ τὸν ἐκαλέσαντο ἐκ Πύλου, ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης. And Nestor associated with those men, for they themselves had called him from Pylus, from a distant land. **36** Νέστωρ δὲ κατ’ αὐτὸν ἐμάχετο φηρσίν. And Nestor fought the beasts by himself. **37** πάντων τῶν οἳ νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, οὔ τις μαχέοιτο κείνοισι φηρσὶ κακοῖσιν. Of all those who are now mortals upon the earth, no one could fight those evil beasts. **38** κεῖνοι δ’ ἄνδρες ξυνέηκαν βουλάων Νέστορος καὶ ἐπείθετο μύθῳ. And those men heeded the counsels of Nestor, and were persuaded by his word. **39** ἄμεινόν ἐστιν πείθεσθαι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ Ἀτρείδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἤνδανε θῡμῷ, ἀλλ’ ἀγαθός περ ἐὼν ἀφεῖλε τὴν κούρην Ἀχιλλῆα, οὐδ’ εἴᾱσε τὸν ἔχειν τήν, ὡς υἷες Ἀχαιῶν ἔδοσαν τήν οἱ γέρας πρῶτα. It is better to obey, but it did not please the heart of Agamemnon, son of Atreus; though he was brave, he took the girl away from Achilles, nor did he allow him to keep her, as the sons of the Achaeans had first given her to him as a prize. **40** Ἀχιλλεὺς δ’ ἤθελεν ἐρίζειν βασιλῆι ἀντιβίην. But Achilles wished to strive with the king face to face. **41** οὔ ποτέ τις ἄλλος σκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς, ᾧ Ζεὺς ἔδωκε κῦδος, ἔμμορε τῑμῆς ὁμοίης τῑμῇ Ἀγαμέμνονος. No other sceptre-bearing king, to whom Zeus has given glory, has ever had a share of honor equal to the honor of Agamemnon. **42** καὶ μὲν τοῖσιν ἐγὼ μεθομίλεον ἐκ Πύλου ἐλθών, And I moved among them, having come from Pylos, **43** τηλόθεν ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης· καλέσαντο γὰρ αὐτοί· from a distant land far off; for they themselves had called me. **44** καὶ μαχόμην κατ’ ἔμ’ αὐτὸν ἐγώ· κείνοισι δ’ ἂν οὔ τις And I fought there in my own right; and with those men not one **45** τῶν, οἳ νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, μαχέοιτο. of the mortals now living upon the earth could fight. **46** καὶ μέν μευ βουλέων ξύνιεν πείθοντό τε μύθῳ. And they took in my counsels and obeyed my word. **47** ἀλλὰ πίθεσθε καὶ ὔμμες, ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον. So obey me, you too, since it is better to obey. **48** μήτε σὺ τόνδ’ ἀγαθός περ ἐὼν ἀποαίρεο κούρην, Do not you, valiant though you are, take away the girl from him, **49** ἀλλ’ ἔα, ὥς οἱ πρῶτα δόσαν γέρας υἷες Ἀχαιῶν· but let her be, as the sons of the Achaeans first gave her as his prize; **50** μήτε σύ, Πηλεΐδη, θέλ’ ἐριζέμεναι βασιλῆι and do not you, son of Peleus, wish to strive with the king **51** ἀντιβίην, ἐπεὶ οὔ ποθ’ ὁμοίης ἔμμορε τιμῆς face to face, since a scepter-holding king has never had a share of equal honor, **52** σκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς, ᾧ τε Ζεὺς κῦδος ἔδωκεν. not one to whom Zeus himself has given glory. **53** εἰ δὲ σὺ καρτερός ἐσσι, θεὰ δέ σε γείνατο μήτηρ, And if you are the stronger, and a goddess mother bore you, **54** ἀλλ’ ὅδε φέρτερός ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ πλεόνεσσιν ἀνάσσει. yet he is the greater, since he rules over more men. **55** Ἀτρεΐδη, σὺ δὲ παῦε τεὸν μένος· αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε Son of Atreus, you, put an end to your fury; and I myself **56** λίσσομ’ Ἀχιλλῆι μεθέμεν χόλον, ὃς μέγα πᾶσιν beg Achilles to let go his anger, he who is a great **57** ἕρκος Ἀχαιοῖσιν πέλεται πολέμοιο κακοῖο. bulwark for all the Achaeans against the evil of war." **58** τὸν δ’ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων· Then the lord Agamemnon answered him and said: **59** "ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε πάντα, γέρον, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες· "Yes, old man, all this you have spoken rightly and in due order. **60** ἀλλ’ ὅδ’ ἀνὴρ ἐθέλει περὶ πάντων ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, But this man wishes to be above all others; **61** πάντων μὲν κρατέειν ἐθέλει, πάντεσσι δ’ ἀνάσσειν, he wishes to rule over all, and to be lord of all, **62** πᾶσι δὲ σημαίνειν, ἅ τιν’ οὐ πείσεσθαι ὀίω." and to give commands to all, and I think one man will not obey him. ``` §910. INDICATIVE Middle Voice of λύω loose. PRESENT S. 1 λύομαι I loose (for) myself, I am loosed 2 λύεαι [(λύῃ)] you loose (for) yourself, are loosed 3 λύεται he looses (for) himself, is loosed Du. 2 λύεσθον you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed 3 λύεσθον they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed Pl. 1 λυόμε(σ)θα we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed 2 λύεσθε you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed 3 λύονται they loose (for) themselves, are loosed I loose (for) myself, I am loosed: The most common meanings are I loose for myself, I am loosed; I was loosing for myself, I was being loosed, etc. The context must determine which of these is most suitable. When it has an active meaning, I loose, it is with the strict implication of loosing one's own, or something in which the subject has an active personal interest, hence: to ransom, redeem, deliver, etc. IMPERFECT S. 1 ἐλυόμην I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed 2 ἐλύεο [(ἐλύεν)] you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed 3 ἐλύετο he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed Du. 2 ἐλύεσθον you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed 3 ἐλυέσθην they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed Pl. 1 ἐλυόμε(σ)θα we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed 2 ἐλύεσθε you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed 3 ἐλύοντο they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed: Less common, athematic (797-798) 2d aorist forms, 863; 865, 2. FUTURE S. 1 λῡ́σομαι I shall loose (for) myself, shall be loosed 2 λῡ́σεαι [(λῡ́σῃ)] you will loose (for) yourself, will be loosed 3 λῡ́σεται he will loose (for) himself, will be loosed Du. 2 λῡ́σεσθον you two will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed 3 λῡ́σεσθον they two will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed Pl. 1 λῡσόμε(σ)θα we will loose (for) ourselves, will be loosed 2 λῡ́σεσθε you will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed 3 λῡ́σονται they will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed AORIST S. 1 ἐλῡσάμην I loosed (for) myself, was loosed ἐλύμην 2 ἐλῡ́σαο [(ἐλῡ́σω)] you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed ἔλυ(σ)ο 3 ἐλῡ́σατο he loosed (for) himself, was loosed ἔλυτο Du. 2 ἐλῡ́σασθον you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed ἔλυσθον 3 ἐλῡσάσθην they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed ἐλύσθην Pl. 1 ἐλῡσάμε(σ)θα we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed ἐλύμε(σ)θα 2 ἐλῡ́σασθε you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed ἔλυσθε 3 ἐλῡ́σαντο they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed ἔλυντο PERFECT S. 1 λέλυμαι I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed 2 λέλυσαι you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed 3 λέλυται he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed Du. 2 λέλυσθον you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed 3 λέλυσθον they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed Pl. 1 λελύμε(σ)θα we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed 2 λέλυσθε you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed 3 λέλυνται (λελύαται) they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed λέλυνται (λελύαται): -αται, -ατο (= -νται, -ντο, 597-598) regularly in verbs with consonantal stems, and stems ending in ι; sometimes in stems ending in other vowels. PLUPERFECT S. 1 ἐλελύμην I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed 2 ἐλέλυσο you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed 3 ἐλέλυτο he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed Du. 2 ἐλέλυσθον you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed 3 ἐλελύσθην they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed Pl. 1 ἐλελύμε(σ)θα we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed 2 ἐλέλυσθε you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed 3 ἐλέλυντο (ἐλελύατο) they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed FUTURE PERFECT S. 1 λελῡ́σομαι I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed 2 λελῡ́σεαι [(-ῃ)] you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed 3 λελῡ́σεται he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed Du. 2 λελῡ́σεσθον you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed 3 λελῡ́σεσθον they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed Pl. 1 λελῡσόμε(σ)θα we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed 2 λελῡ́σεσθε you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed 3 λελῡ́σονται they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed ``` ``` §911. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 λύωμαι I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed 2 λύηαι [(λύῃ)] you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed 3 λύηται he may loose (for) himself, may be loosed Du. 2 λύησθον you two may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed 3 λύησθον they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed Pl. 1 λυώμε(σ)θα we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed 2 λύησθε you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed 3 λύωνται they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed: Read the note at the end of 905. AORIST S. 1 λῡ́σωμαι I may loose (for) myself, be loosed 2 λῡ́σηαι [(λῡ́σῃ)] you may loose (for) yourself, be loosed 3 λῡ́σηται he may loose (for) himself, be loosed Du. 2 λῡ́σησθον you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λῡ́σησθον they two may loose (for) themselves, be loosed Pl. 1 λῡσώμε(σ)θα we may loose (for) ourselves, be loosed 2 λῡ́σησθε you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λῡ́σωνται they may loose (for) themselves, be loosed PERFECT S. 1 λελυμένος ἔω I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed 2 λελυμένος ἔῃς you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed 3 λελυμένος ἔῃ he may loose (for) himself, be loosed Du. 2 λελυμένω ἔητον you two may loose (for) yourselves), may be loosed 3 λελυμένω ἔητον they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed Pl. 1 λελυμένοι ἔωμεν we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed 2 λελυμένοι ἔητε you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed 3 λελυμένοι ἔωσι they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed ``` ``` §912. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 λυοίμην may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed 2 λύοιο may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed 3 λύοιτο may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed Du. 2 λύοισθον may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed 3 λυοίσθην may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed Pl. 1 λυοίμε(σ)θα may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed 2 λύοισθε may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed 3 λυοίατο may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed Read the note at the end of 905. may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed: Read the note on 906. AORIST S. 1 λῡσαίμην may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed 2 λῡ́σαιο may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed 3 λῡ́σαιτο may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed Du. 2 λῡ́σαισθον may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed 3 λῡσαίσθην may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed Pl. 1 λῡσαίμε(σ)θα may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed 2 λῡ́σαισθε may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed 3 λῡσαίατο may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed PERFECT S. 1 λελυμένος εἴην may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed 2 λελυμένος εἴης may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed 3 λελυμένος εἴη may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed Du. 2 λελυμένω εἶτον may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed 3 λελυμένω εἴτην may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed Pl. 1 λελυμένοι εἶμεν may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed 2 λελυμένοι εἶτε may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed 3 λελυμένοι εἶεν may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed λελυμένος εἴη: Also λελῦτο (= λελυ-ῑ-το). ``` ``` §913. IMPERATIVE PRESENT S. 2 λύεο [(λύεν)] loose (for) yourself, be loosed 3 λυέσθω let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed Du. 2 λύεσθον loose (for) your two selves, be loosed 3 λυέσθων let those two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed Pl. 2 λύεσθε loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λυέσθων let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed Read the note on 905. AORIST S. 2 λῦσαι loose (for) yourself, be loosed 3 λῡσάσθω let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed Du. 2 λῡ́σασθον loose (for) your two selves, be loosed 3 λῡσάσθων let these two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed Pl. 2 λῡ́σασθε loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λῡσάσθων let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed PERFECT S. 2 λέλυσο loose (for) yourself, be loosed 3 λελύσθω let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed Du. 2 λέλυσθον loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λελύσθων let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed Pl. 2 λέλυσθε loose (for) yourselves, be loosed 3 λελύσθων let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed ``` ``` §957. INDICATIVE Middle Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵσταμαι τίθεμαι ἵεμαι δίδομαι 2 ἵστασαι τίθεσαι ἵεσαι δίδοσαι 3 ἵσταται τίθεται ἵεται δίδοται Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα τιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα διδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἵστανται τίθενται ἵενται δίδονται IMPERFECT S. 1 ἱστάμην ἐτιθέμην ἱέμην ἐδιδόμην 2 ἵστασο ἐτίθεσο ἵεσο ἐδίδοσο 3 ἵστατο ἐτίθετο ἵετο ἐδίδοτο Du. 2 ἵστασθον ἐτίθεσθον ἵεσθον ἐδίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθην ἐτιθέσθην ἱέσθην ἐδιδόσθην Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα ἐτιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα ἐδιδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε ἐτίθεσθε ἵεσθε ἐδίδοσθε 3 ἵσταντο ἐτίθεντο ἵεντο ἐδίδοντο FUTURE S. 1 στήσομαι θήσομαι ἥσομαι δώσομαι 2 στήσεαι θήσεαι ἥσεαι δώσεαι 3 στήσεται θήσεται ἥσεται δώσεται Du. 2 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον 3 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον Pl. 1 στησόμε(σ)θα θησόμε(σ)θα ἡσόμε(σ)θα δωσόμε(σ)θα 2 στήσεσθε θήσεσθε ἥσεσθε δώσεσθε 3 στήσονται θήσονται ἥσονται δώσονται FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἐστησάμην 2 ἐστήσαο 3 ἐστήσατο ἐθήκατο Du. 2 ἐστησάσθον 3 ἐστησάσθην Pl. 1 ἐστησάμε(σ)θα 2 ἐστήσασθε 3 ἐστήσαντο SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἐθέμην εἵμην ἐδόμην 2 ἔθεο εἷο ἔδοο (ου) 3 ἔθετο εἷτο ἔδοτο Du. 2 ἔθεσθον εἷσθον ἔδοσθον 3 ἐθέσθην εἵσθην ἐδόσθην Pl. 1 ἐθέμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα ἐδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἔθεσθε εἷσθε ἔδοσθε 3 ἔθεντο εἷντο ἔδοντο ``` ``` §958. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶμαι τιθῶμαι ἱῶμαι διδῶμαι 2 ἱστῆαι τιθῆαι ἱῆαι διδῷαι 3 ἱστῆται τιθῆται ἱῆται διδῶται Du. 2 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον 3 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον Pl. 1 ἱστώμε(σ)θα τιθώμε(σ)θα ἱώμε(σ)θα διδώμε(σ)θα 2 ἱστῆσθε τιθῆσθε ἱῆσθε διδῶσθε 3 ἱστῶνται τιθῶνται ἱῶνται διδῶνται SECOND AORIST S. 1 θῶμαι ὧμαι δῶμαι 2 θῆαι ἧαι δῷαι 3 θῆται ἧται δῶται Du. 2 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον 3 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον Pl. 1 θώμε(σ)θα ὡμε(σ)θα δώμε(σ)θα 2 θῆσθε ἧσθε δῶσθε 3 θῶνται ὧνται δῶνται ``` ``` §959. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίμην τιθείμην ἱείμην διδοίμην 2 ἱσταῖο τιθεῖο ἱεῖο διδοῖο 3 ἱσταῖτο τιθεῖτο ἱεῖτο διδοῖτο Du. 2 ἱσταῖσθον τιθεῖσθον ἱεῖσθον διδοῖσθον 3 ἱσταίσθην τιθείσθην ἱείσθην διδοίσθην Pl. 1 ἱσταίμε(σ)θα τιθείμε(σ)θα ἱείμε(σ)θα διδοίμε(σ)θα 2 ἱσταῖσθε τιθεῖσθε ἱεῖσθε διδοῖσθε 3 ἱσταίατο τιθείατο ἱείατο διδοίατο SECOND AORIST S. 1 θείμην εἵμην δοίμην 2 θεῖο εἷο δοῖο 3 θεῖτο εἷτο δοῖτο Du. 2 θεῖσθον εἷσθον δοῖσθον 3 θείσθην εἵσθην δοίσθην Pl. 1 θείμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα δοίμε(σ)θα 2 θεῖσθε εἷσθε δοῖσθε 3 θείατο εἵατο δοίατο ``` ``` §960. Imperative Present S. 2 ἵστασο τίθεσο ἵεσο δίδοσο 3 ἱστάσθω τιθέσθω ἱέσθω διδόσθω Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Pl. 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Second Aorist S. 2 , θέο (θεῦ) ἕο δόο (δοῦ) 3 , θέσθω ἕσθω δόσθω Du. 2 , θέσθον ἕσθον δόσθον 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων Pl. 2 , θέσθε ἕσθε δόσθε 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων ``` ``` §961. Infinitive Present ἵστασθαι τίθεσθαι ἵεσθαι δίδοσθαι Sec. Aor. , θέσθαι ἕσθαι δόσθαι ``` ``` §962. Participle Present ἱστάμενος, η, ον τιθήμενος, η, ον ἱέμενος, η, ον διδόμενος, η, ον Sec. Aor. , θέμενος, η, ον ἕμενος, η, ον δόμενος, μ, ον ``` ``` §826. MIDDLE ENDINGS, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, AND OPTATIVE) 2 sing.: -σαι drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect, and in the present indicative of -μι verbs. 2 sing. (secondary): -σο regularly drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the pluperfect, and in the imperfect of -μι verbs. In a few cases σ is dropped in the pluperfect. Dual: the first dual -μεθον is rare; -σθον occurs once instead of -σθην. 3 plur.: -νται, -ντο regularly become -αται, -ατο (-ν̥ται, -ν̥το) in the perfect and pluperfect of verbs with consonant stems, stems ending in -ι, occasionally in vowel stems, and always in the optative. Elsewhere occasionally -νται, -ντο become -αται, -ατο (597–8). ``` ``` §827. ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE 2 sing. active: -ε of the second sing. is the thematic vowel, and forms like λύε, ἄειδε have no personal ending. -θι is common, with both an active and passive meaning. In the first aorist passive -θι becomes -τι after -θη- of the passive stem (619). -ς occurs in a few cases. The endings of the aorist, -σον (active) and -σαι (middle) are obscure. 2 sing. middle: -σο loses its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect of all verbs and the pres. of -μι verbs. ``` ``` §828. ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVES, PARTICIPLES, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES Infinitives have the following endings: 1) dative (794): -αι (-ναι, -μεναι, -εναι, -σαι active; and -σθαι, -θαι middle and passive). 2) locative (794): -εν, -μεν (following the thematic vowel ε, ε-εν regularly contracts to -ειν, 584–5). ``` ``` §829. Participles have the following endings added to the tense stem: 1) -ντ- for all active tenses, except the perfect (usually), and the first and second aorists passive. 2) -οτ- (-ϝοτ-), occasionally -οντ- in the perfect active. 3) -μενο- (feminine -μενᾱ-) in the middle; and in the passive, except the aorist passive. NOTE. Verbal adjectives end in -τός, and are usually equivalent to passive (sometimes active) participles in meaning, or else denote possibility, as γνωτός [γιγνώσκω] known, ποιητός [ποιέω] made, τυκτός [τεύχω] made. They are formed by adding the ending τός to the verb stem, usually as it appears in the first or second aorist passive. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | μεθωμίλεεν | Associate with, consort with, from μεθ-ομιλέ-ω | | ἐκαλέσαντο | Call, summon, convoke, from καλέ-ω | | ἀπίης | Far, distant, from ἄπιος | | βροτοί | Mortal, man, from βροτός | | εἴᾱσε | Allow, permit, leave, from ἐάω | | ἀντιβίην | With opposing might, antagonistically, from ἀντι-βίην | | σκηπτοῦχος | Sceptre-bearing, sceptred | | κῦδος | Glory, honor, renown | | ἔμμορε | Divide, share, receive as lot, from μείρομαι | | ὁμοίης | Equal, similar, from ὁμοῖος | | μεθομίλεον | Associate with, consort with, from μεθομιλέω | | τηλόθεν | Far off | | ἐπιχθόνιοι | Earthly, of the earth, earth-born, from ἐπιχθόνιος | | μαχέοιτο | Could fight, from συμμαχέω | | ξύνιεν | Took in, from συνίημι | | μήτε | And not, neither, nor | | ἀποαίρεο | Take away, from ἀπαίρω | | γείνατο | Beget, bear, produce, from γείνομαι | | μήτηρ | Mother, dam | | μεθέμεν | Let go, give up, forego, from μεθίημι | | ἕρκος | Hedge, fence, defence | | πέλεται | Turn, move, from πέλω | | μοῖραν | Lot, portion, fate, from μοῖρα | | σημαίνειν | Order, point out, command, from σημαίνω |