{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":12,"id":"grc.module.ph.54-58","title":"Lessons LIV to LVIII","stage":"Pharr III: The First Book Whole","situation":null,"outcome":"Review of the Verb in the Passive Voice · Review of the Irregular Verbs of the -μι Conjugation · Iliad 304-314 · Iliad 315-333 · Iliad 334-347 · Iliad 348-358","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/12","lines":69},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/11","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/13","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson LIV: Review of the Verb in the Passive Voice","teaching":[{"title":"Review: the passive voice","paragraphs":["This lesson is a review. Review the passive forms of λύω.","Pharr's table of the passive has the aorist only. The passive has forms of its own only in the aorist. In the other tenses, the middle forms have the passive meaning. Pharr translates them both ways, with am loosed and with for myself. The aorist passive sometimes has a middle meaning.","In the indicative, the aorist passive is ἐλύθην, ἐλύθης, ἐλύθη: I was loosed, you were loosed, he was loosed. The plural is ἐλύθημεν, ἐλύθητε, ἐλύθησαν. θ comes before the ending in every mood.","Pharr translates the subjunctive with may: λυθῶ, I may be loosed. He translates the optative with may too: λυθείην, may I be loosed. The imperative is λύθητι, be loosed.","The infinitive is λυθῆναι, to be loosed. The participle is λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν, having been loosed."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Achilles refuses","paragraphs":["The lines open with a question. If the gods made Achilles a spearman, is that why insults rush forth for him to speak? Achilles interrupts and answers.","He would be called a coward and a man of nothing, he says, if he yielded in every deed to every order. Let the orders go to others. He will obey no longer.","He will not fight with his hands for the girl, since they take away what they gave. But of everything else beside his black ship, nothing shall be taken against his will.","He ends with a challenge: try it, and your dark blood will soon stream round my spear.","καλεοίμην, I would be called, is a middle form. Pharr's English translates it as a passive."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.290","source":"εἰ δέ μιν αἰχμητὴν ἔθεσαν θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες,","translation":"And if the gods who are forever made him a spearman,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μιν","gloss":"him"},{"text":"αἰχμητὴν","gloss":"αἰχμητής: spearman"},{"text":"ἔθεσαν","gloss":"τίθημι: made"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: gods"},{"text":"αἰὲν","gloss":"ἀεί: forever"},{"text":"ἐόντες,","gloss":"εἰμί: who are"}],"audio":null},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.291","source":"τούνεκά οἱ προθέουσιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι;\"","translation":"is that why reproaches rush forth for him to speak?\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τούνεκά","gloss":"is that why"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: for him"},{"text":"προθέουσιν","gloss":"προθέω: rush forth"},{"text":"ὀνείδεα","gloss":"ὄνειδος: reproaches"},{"text":"μυθήσασθαι;\"","gloss":"μυθέομαι: to speak"}],"audio":null},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.292","source":"τὸν δ’ ἄρ’ ὑποβλήδην ἠμείβετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Then breaking in, godlike Achilles answered him:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄρ’","gloss":"ἄρα: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ὑποβλήδην","gloss":"breaking in"},{"text":"ἠμείβετο","gloss":"ἀμείβω: answered"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"godlike"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς·","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.293","source":"\"ἦ γάρ κεν δειλός τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καλεοίμην,","translation":"\"Surely I would be called a coward and a man of nothing,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"\"ἦ","gloss":"surely"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"δειλός","gloss":"coward"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"οὐτιδανὸς","gloss":"man of nothing"},{"text":"καλεοίμην,","gloss":"καλέω: would be called"}],"audio":null},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.294","source":"εἰ δὴ σοὶ πᾶν ἔργον ὑπείξομαι, ὅττι κεν εἴπῃς·","translation":"if I yield to you in every deed, whatever you say.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"σοὶ","gloss":"σύ: to you"},{"text":"πᾶν","gloss":"πᾶς: every"},{"text":"ἔργον","gloss":"deed"},{"text":"ὑπείξομαι,","gloss":"ὑπείκω: yield"},{"text":"ὅττι","gloss":"ὅστις: whatever"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"εἴπῃς·","gloss":"εἶπον: you say"}],"audio":null},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.295","source":"ἄλλοισιν δὴ ταῦτ’ ἐπιτέλλεο, μὴ γὰρ ἐμοί γε","translation":"Give these orders to others, but not to me;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄλλοισιν","gloss":"ἄλλος: to others"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ταῦτ’","gloss":"οὗτος: these"},{"text":"ἐπιτέλλεο,","gloss":"ἐπιτέλλω: give orders"},{"text":"μὴ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἐμοί","gloss":"ἐγώ: to me"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"indeed"}],"audio":null},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.296","source":"σήμαιν’· οὐ γὰρ ἐγώ γ’ ἔτι σοι πείσεσθαι ὀίω.","translation":"command me no longer, for I do not intend to obey you any more.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"σήμαιν’·","gloss":"σημαίνω: command"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἐγώ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: indeed"},{"text":"ἔτι","gloss":"any longer"},{"text":"σοι","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"πείσεσθαι","gloss":"πείθω: to obey"},{"text":"ὀίω.","gloss":"οἴομαι: intend"}],"audio":null},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.297","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δ’ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"And I will tell you another thing, and lay it to heart:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄλλο","gloss":"ἄλλος: another thing"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: to you"},{"text":"ἐρέω,","gloss":"ἐρῶ: will tell"},{"text":"σὺ","gloss":"you"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in"},{"text":"φρεσὶ","gloss":"φρήν: heart"},{"text":"βάλλεο","gloss":"βάλλω: lay it"},{"text":"σῇσιν·","gloss":"σός: your"}],"audio":null},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.298","source":"χερσὶ μὲν οὔ τοι ἐγώ γε μαχήσομαι εἵνεκα κούρης","translation":"I will not fight with my hands for the girl's sake,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χερσὶ","gloss":"χείρ: with my hands"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἐγώ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"μαχήσομαι","gloss":"μάχομαι: will fight"},{"text":"εἵνεκα","gloss":"ἕνεκα: for the sake of"},{"text":"κούρης","gloss":"κόρη: the girl"}],"audio":null},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.299","source":"οὔτε σοὶ οὔτε τῳ ἄλλῳ, ἐπεί μ’ ἀφέλεσθέ γε δόντες·","translation":"neither with you nor with any other, since you take away what you gave.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὔτε","gloss":"neither... nor"},{"text":"σοὶ","gloss":"σύ: with you"},{"text":"οὔτε","gloss":"neither... nor"},{"text":"τῳ","gloss":"τις: any"},{"text":"ἄλλῳ,","gloss":"ἄλλος: other"},{"text":"ἐπεί","gloss":"since"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἀφέλεσθέ","gloss":"ἀφαιρέω: you take away"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δόντες·","gloss":"δίδωμι: gave"}],"audio":null},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.300","source":"τῶν δ’ ἄλλων, ἅ μοι ἔστι θοῇ παρὰ νηὶ μελαίνῃ,","translation":"But of all else that is mine beside my swift black ship,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: of all else"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but"},{"text":"ἄλλων,","gloss":"ἄλλος: else"},{"text":"ἅ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: mine"},{"text":"ἔστι","gloss":"εἰμί: is"},{"text":"θοῇ","gloss":"θοός: swift"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"νηὶ","gloss":"ναῦς: ship"},{"text":"μελαίνῃ,","gloss":"μέλας: black"}],"audio":null},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.301","source":"τῶν οὐκ ἄν τι φέροις ἀνελὼν ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖο.","translation":"of that you shall carry off nothing, taking it against my will.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: of that"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not"},{"text":"ἄν","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"τι","gloss":"τις: anything"},{"text":"φέροις","gloss":"φέρω: you shall carry off"},{"text":"ἀνελὼν","gloss":"ἀναιρέω: taking it"},{"text":"ἀέκοντος","gloss":"ἀέκων: against my will"},{"text":"ἐμεῖο.","gloss":"ἐγώ: my"}],"audio":null},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.302","source":"εἰ δ’ ἄγε μὴν πείρησαι, ἵνα γνώωσι καὶ οἵδε.","translation":"Come, try it, that these men here may know as well:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"come"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄγε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μὴν","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"πείρησαι,","gloss":"πειράω: try it"},{"text":"ἵνα","gloss":"that"},{"text":"γνώωσι","gloss":"γιγνώσκω: may know"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"as well"},{"text":"οἵδε.","gloss":"ὅδε: these men here"}],"audio":null},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L54.r360.303","source":"αἶψά τοι αἷμα κελαινὸν ἐρωήσει περὶ δουρί.\"","translation":"your dark blood will soon come streaming round my spear.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἶψά","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: your"},{"text":"αἷμα","gloss":"blood"},{"text":"κελαινὸν","gloss":"κελαινός: dark"},{"text":"ἐρωήσει","gloss":"ἐρωέω: will come streaming"},{"text":"περὶ","gloss":"round"},{"text":"δουρί.\"","gloss":"δόρυ: my spear"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":916,"text":"§916. INDICATIVE\n\nPASSIVE VOICE\n\nAorist only\nOccasionally with a middle meaning.\n\nS. 1 ἐλύθην I was loosed\nS. 2 ἐλύθης you were loosed\nS. 3 ἐλύθη he was loosed\nDu. 2 ἐλύθητον you two were loosed\nDu. 3 ἐλυθήτην they two were loosed\nPl. 1 ἐλύθημεν we were loosed\nPl. 2 ἐλύθητε you were loosed\nPl. 3 ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν) they were loosed"},{"section":917,"text":"§917. SUBJUNCTIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1 λυθῶ (λυθέω) I may be loosed\nS. 2 λυθῇς (λυθέῃς) you may be loosed\nS. 3 λυθῇ (λυθέῃ) he may be loosed\nDu. 2 λυθῆτον (λυθέητον) you two may be loosed\nDu. 3 λυθῆτον (λυθέητον) they two may be loosed\nPl. 1 λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν) we may be loosed\nPl. 2 λυθῆτε (λυθέητε) you may be loosed\nPl. 3 λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι) they may be loosed\nλυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.\nI may be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":918,"text":"§918. OPTATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1 λυθείην may I be loosed\nS. 2 λυθείης may you be loosed\nS. 3 λυθείη may he be loosed\nDu. 2 λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον) may you two be loosed\nDu. 3 λυθείτην (λυθειήτην) may they two be loosed\nPl. 1 λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν) may we be loosed\nPl. 2 λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε) may you be loosed\nPl. 3 λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν) may they be loosed\nmay I be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":919,"text":"§919. IMPERATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 2 λύθητι be loosed\nS. 3 λυθήτω let him be loosed\nDu. 2 λύθητον be loosed\nDu. 3 λυθήτων let them be loosed\nPl. 2 λύθητε be loosed\nPl. 3 λυθέντων let them be loosed"},{"section":920,"text":"§920. INFINITIVE\n\nλυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι) to be loosed, to have been loosed"},{"section":921,"text":"§921. PARTICIPLE\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742) having been loosed"},{"section":821,"text":"§821. In their earlier form they were as follows:\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Singular\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 -μι, -ω -ν, -ν̥ = -α\n2 -σι, -ς, -(σ)θα -ς, -σθα\n3 -τι = -σι -(τ)\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Dual\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 , ,\n2 -τον -τον\n3 -τον -την\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Plural\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 -μεν -μεν\n2 -τε -τε\n3 -ντι = -νσι -ν(τ), -σαν\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Singular\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 -μαι -μην\n2 -σαι -σο\n3 -ται -το\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Dual\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 -μεθον [-μεθον]\n2 -σθον -σθον\n3 -σθον -σθην\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Plural\n Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1 -μεθα (-μεσθα) -μεθα (-μεσθα)\n2 -σθε -σθε\n3 -νται (-αται = -ν̥ται, 597–598) -ντο (-ατο = -ν̥το, 597–598)\n\nImperative Endings, Singular\n Active Middle\n2 , , -θι, -ς -σο\n3 -τω -σθω\n\nImperative Endings, Dual\n Active Middle\n2 -τον -σθον\n3 -των -σθων\n\nImperative Endings, Plural\n Active Middle\n2 -τε -σθε\n3 -ντων -σθων"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"προθέουσιν","gloss":"Rush forth, from προθέω"},{"word":"ὀνείδεα","gloss":"Abuse, reviling, insult, from ὄνειδος"},{"word":"ὑποβλήδην","gloss":"Interrupting, breaking in"},{"word":"δειλός","gloss":"Cowardly, cringing, miserable"},{"word":"οὐτιδανὸς","gloss":"Worthless, of no account, cowardly"},{"word":"ὑπείξομαι","gloss":"Yield, submit, WEAKEN, from ὑπείκω"},{"word":"ὅττι","gloss":"Whatever, from ὅστις"},{"word":"ἐπιτέλλεο","gloss":"Command, accomplish, from ἐπιτέλλω"},{"word":"ἀνελὼν","gloss":"Take, seize, from ἀναιρέω"},{"word":"ἀέκοντος","gloss":"Unwilling, from ἀέκων"},{"word":"μὴν","gloss":"Truly, indeed, to be sure"},{"word":"πείρησαι","gloss":"Try, attempt, from πειράω"},{"word":"γνώωσι","gloss":"KNOW, recognize, learn, from γιγνώσκω"},{"word":"αἶψά","gloss":"Quickly, immediately"},{"word":"αἷμα","gloss":"Blood, gore"},{"word":"κελαινὸν","gloss":"Black, dark, dusky, from κελαινός"},{"word":"ἐρωήσει","gloss":"Flow, dash, spurt, from ἐρωέω"},{"word":"δουρί","gloss":"Spear, beam, timber, from δόρυ"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson LV: Review of the Irregular Verbs of the -μι Conjugation · Iliad 304-314","teaching":[{"title":"Review: irregular verbs in -μι","paragraphs":["This lesson is a review. Review the irregular verbs in -μι, and every verb form not covered in the last three reviews.","The irregular verbs in -μι are εἰμί, be, εἶμι, come or go, εἴδω, know, and φημί, say. Pharr adds two verbs with only middle forms. κεῖμαι means lie or recline: κεῖμαι, κεῖσαι, κεῖται. ἧμαι means sit: ἧμαι, ἧσαι, ἧσται.","He also gives the perfect of βαίνω, come or go: βέβηκα, βέβηκας, βέβηκε, then βέβατον and βέβαμεν in the dual and plural. The perfect of πείθω, persuade, is πέποιθα, πέποιθας, πέποιθε. The stem vowel differs between the singular and the dual and plural, as in ἵστημι and εἴδω."]},{"title":"Second aorists, and contraction","paragraphs":["A second aorist has no σ or κ. Pharr prints three that add their endings directly to the stem. βαίνω: ἔβην, ἔβης, ἔβη. γιγνώσκω, know: ἔγνων, ἔγνως, ἔγνω. δῡ́ω, enter or sink: ἔδῡν, ἔδῡς, ἔδῡ.","In some verbs, the stem ends in a vowel and the ending begins with a vowel. The two vowels can combine into one. This is contraction. A verb that contracts is a contract verb."]},{"title":"Contract verbs","paragraphs":["Pharr's tables give τῑμάω, honor, in both forms: open τῑμάω and contracted τῑμῶ. His other models are ποιέω and χολόω. Verbs in -οω are always contracted. Verbs in -αω and -εω may be contracted, but are usually left open.","The manuscripts of Homer often have forms that Pharr calls assimilated. One vowel is made like the other, and one is usually lengthened. ὁράω, see, has all three: open ὁράω, contracted ὁρῶ, assimilated ὁρόω."]},{"title":"The Iliad: the ship sails with Chryseis","paragraphs":["The quarrel ends. The two men rise and dismiss the assembly beside the ships. The son of Peleus goes to his huts and ships, with the son of Menoetius and his companions.","The son of Atreus draws a swift ship down to the sea. He chooses twenty oarsmen and puts a hecatomb aboard for the god. He sets fair-cheeked Chryseis on the ship. Resourceful Odysseus goes as leader, and they sail the watery ways.","Then the son of Atreus orders the people to purify themselves. They throw the defilement into the sea.","In the line about Odysseus, ἔβη, went, is the second aorist of βαίνω."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.304","source":"ὡς τώ γ’ ἀντιβίοισι μαχησαμένω ἐπέεσσιν","translation":"So when the two of them had fought with opposing words,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"τώ","gloss":"ὁ: the two of them"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἀντιβίοισι","gloss":"ἀντίβιος: opposing"},{"text":"μαχησαμένω","gloss":"μάχομαι: the two having fought"},{"text":"ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"ἔπος: with words"}],"audio":null},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.305","source":"ἀνστήτην, λῦσαν δ’ ἀγορὴν παρὰ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"they rose, and broke up the assembly beside the ships of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀνστήτην,","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: they rose"},{"text":"λῦσαν","gloss":"λύω: broke up"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀγορὴν","gloss":"ἀγορά: the assembly"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"νηυσὶν","gloss":"ναῦς: the ships"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.306","source":"Πηλείδης μὲν ἐπὶ κλισίας καὶ νῆας εἴσας","translation":"The son of Peleus went to his huts and his balanced ships","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Πηλείδης","gloss":"the son of Peleus"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"κλισίας","gloss":"κλισία: his huts"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"ναῦς: his ships"},{"text":"εἴσας","gloss":"ἔισος: balanced"}],"audio":null},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.307","source":"ἤιε σὺν τε Μενοιτιάδῃ καὶ οἷς ἑτάροισιν,","translation":"with the son of Menoetius and his companions;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἤιε","gloss":"εἶμι: went"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"Μενοιτιάδῃ","gloss":"Μενοιτιάδης: the son of Menoetius"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"οἷς","gloss":"ἑός: his"},{"text":"ἑτάροισιν,","gloss":"ἑταῖρος: companions"}],"audio":null},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.308","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρα νῆα θοὴν ἅλαδε προέρυσσεν,","translation":"and the son of Atreus drew a swift ship down into the sea,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"the son of Atreus"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄρα","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"νῆα","gloss":"ναῦς: a ship"},{"text":"θοὴν","gloss":"θοός: swift"},{"text":"ἅλαδε","gloss":"seaward"},{"text":"προέρυσσεν,","gloss":"προερύω: drew down"}],"audio":null},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.309","source":"ἐς δ’ ἐρέτας ἔκρινεν ἐείκοσιν, ἐς δ’ ἑκατόμβην","translation":"and chose twenty oarsmen for it, and put aboard a hecatomb","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς: (untranslated)"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐρέτας","gloss":"ἐρέτης: oarsmen"},{"text":"ἔκρινεν","gloss":"κρίνω: chose"},{"text":"ἐείκοσιν,","gloss":"εἴκοσι: twenty"},{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς: (untranslated)"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"ἑκατόμβη: a hecatomb"}],"audio":null},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.310","source":"βῆσε θεῷ, ἀνὰ δὲ Χρυσηίδα καλλιπάρηον","translation":"for the god, and led fair-cheeked Chryseis","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βῆσε","gloss":"βαίνω: put aboard"},{"text":"θεῷ,","gloss":"θεός: for the god"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Χρυσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηίς: Chryseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"καλλιπάρηος: fair-cheeked"}],"audio":null},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.311","source":"εἷσεν ἄγων· ἐν δ’ ἀρχὸς ἔβη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς.","translation":"and set her aboard; and as leader went resourceful Odysseus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἷσεν","gloss":"ἵζω: set aboard"},{"text":"ἄγων·","gloss":"ἄγω: leading her"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀρχὸς","gloss":"as leader"},{"text":"ἔβη","gloss":"βαίνω: went"},{"text":"πολύμητις","gloss":"resourceful"},{"text":"Ὀδυσσεύς.","gloss":"Odysseus"}],"audio":null},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.312","source":"οἱ μὲν ἔπειτ’ ἀναβάντες ἐπέπλεον ὑγρὰ κέλευθα,","translation":"So they went aboard, and sailed the watery ways,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: they"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἔπειτ’","gloss":"ἔπειτα: then"},{"text":"ἀναβάντες","gloss":"ἀναβαίνω: went aboard"},{"text":"ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"ἐπιπλέω: sailed"},{"text":"ὑγρὰ","gloss":"ὑγρός: watery"},{"text":"κέλευθα,","gloss":"κέλευθος: the ways"}],"audio":null},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.313","source":"λαοὺς δ’ Ἀτρεΐδης ἀπολυμαίνεσθαι ἄνωγεν.","translation":"and the son of Atreus bade the people purify themselves.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λαοὺς","gloss":"λαός: the people"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"the son of Atreus"},{"text":"ἀπολυμαίνεσθαι","gloss":"ἀπολυμαίνομαι: purify themselves"},{"text":"ἄνωγεν.","gloss":"ἄνωγα: bade"}],"audio":null},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L55.r365.314","source":"οἱ δ’ ἀπελυμαίνοντο καὶ εἰς ἅλα λύματ’ ἔβαλλον,","translation":"So they purified themselves, and cast the defilement into the sea,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: they"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἀπελυμαίνοντο","gloss":"ἀπολυμαίνομαι: purified themselves"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"into"},{"text":"ἅλα","gloss":"ἅλς: the sea"},{"text":"λύματ’","gloss":"λῦμα: the defilement"},{"text":"ἔβαλλον,","gloss":"βάλλω: threw, cast"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":964,"text":"§964. εἰμί (ἐσ-) be\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative\n Present Imperfect Present Present Present\nS. 1 εἰμί ἦα (ἔα, ἔον) ἔω εἴην\n2 ἐσσί (εἷς) ἦσθα (ἔησθα) ἔῃς(θα) εἴης (ἔοις) ἴσθι*\n3 ἐστί ἦεν (ἦην, ἔην, ἦν) ἔῃ(σι) (ᾗσι) εἴη (ἔοι) ἔστω\nDu. 2 ἐστόν ἦστον ἔητον εἶτον ἔστον\n3 ἐστόν ἦστην ἔητον εἴτην ἔστων\nPl. 1 εἰμέν ἦμεν ἔωμεν εἶμεν\n2 ἐστέ ἦτε ἔητε εἶτε ἔστε\n3 εἰσί (ἔᾱσι) ἦσαν (ἔσαν) ἔωσι (ὦσι) εἶεν ἔστων\n\nFuture ἔσ(σ)ομαι, ἔσεαι, etc.\nInfin. εἶναι, ἔμ(μ)εν(αι)\nMid. Imper. ἔσσο\nPartic. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν"},{"section":965,"text":"§965. εἶμι (εἰ-, ι-) come, go\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative\n Pres. Imperf. Pres. Pres. Pres.\nS. 1 εἶμι ἤια (ἤιον) ἴω(μι) ἴοιμι\n2 εἶσ(θα) ἤεισ(θα) ἴῃς(θα) ἴοις ἴθι\n3 εἶσι ἤει (ἤιε, ἠε, ἴε) ἴῃ(σι) ἴοι (ἰείη) ἴτω\nDu. 2 ἴτον ἴτον ἴητον ἴοιτον ἴτον\n3 ἴτον ἴτην ἴητον ἰοίτην ἴτων\nPl. 1 ἴμεν ἤομεν ἴωμεν ἴοιμεν\n2 ἴτε ἤτε ἴητε ἴοιτε ἴτε\n3 ἴᾱσι ἤισαν-(ἤσαν, ἤιον, ἴσαν) ἴωσι ἴοιεν ἰόντων\n\nFut. εἴσομαι\nInfin. ἰέναι, ἴμεν(αι)\nPartic. ἰών, οὖσα, ὄν"},{"section":966,"text":"§966. *εἴδω (εἴδομαι) (ϝειδ-, ϝοιδ-, ϝιδ-), εἰδήσω, εἶδον, οἶδα know, Active\n Indicative Second Perfect\n 2d Perf. 2d Pluperf. Subj. Opt. Imper.\nS. 1 οἶδα ᾔδεα εἰδῶ (εἰδέω, ἰδέω) εἰδείην\n2 οἶσθα (οἶδας) ᾔδης(θα) (ᾔειδεις) εἰδῇς(θα) εἰδείης ἴσθι\n3 οἶδε ᾔδη (ᾔδεε, ἠείδει) εἰδῇ(σι) εἰδείη ἴστω\nDu. 2 ἴστον ἴστον εἴδετον εἰδεῖτον ἴστον\n3 ἴστον ἴστην εἴδετον εἰδείτην ἴστων\nPl. 1 ἴδμεν ἴσμεν εἴδομεν εἰδεῖμεν (εἰδείημεν)\n2 ἴστε ἴστε εἴδετε εἰδεῖτε (εἰδείητε) ἴστε\n3 ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι ἴσαν εἰδῶσι εἰδεῖεν (εἰδείησαν) ἴστων\nεἴδομεν: The only Homeric examples of the first and second person plural subjunctive have the short mode vowel (-ομεν, -ετε, 800).\n\nFut. εἰδήσω (εἴσομαι)\nInfin. ἴδμεν(αι)\nPartic. εἰδώς, υἷα (ἰδυῖα), ός"},{"section":967,"text":"§967. φημί (φη-, φα-) say, speak, Active\n Indicative Present\n Pres. Imperf. (2d Aor.) Subj. Opt. Imper.\nS. 1 φημί ἔφην φῶ(μι) φαίην\n2 φής, φῆσθα ἔφης(θα) φῇς(θα) φαίης φαθί (φάθι)\n3 φησί ἔφη φῇ(σι) φαίη φάτω\nDu. 2 φατόν ἔφατον φῆτον φάτον\n3 φατόν ἐφάτην φῆτον φάτων\nPl. 1 φαμέν ἔφαμεν φῶμεν φαίημεν (φαῖμεν)\n2 φατέ ἔφατε φῆτε φαίητε φάτε\n3 φᾱσί ἔφασαν (ἔφαν) φῶσι φαίησαν (φαῖεν) φάντων\n\nPartic. φᾱ́ς, φᾶσα, φάν\nInfin. φάναι, φάμεν(αι)\n\nNote. The active imperative and infinitive do not occur in Homer, who uses the middle forms, φάο, φάσθαι, etc."},{"section":968,"text":"§968. κεῖ-μαι lie, recline\n Indicative\n Pres. Imperf. Subj. Imper. Infin.\nS. 1 κεῖμαι ἐκείμην κεῖται (κῆται) κεῖσθαι\n2 κεῖσαι ἔκεισο κεῖσο\n3 κεῖται ἔκειτο κείσθω\nDu. 2 κεῖσθον ἔκεισθον κεῖσθον\n3 κεῖσθον ἐκείσθην κείσθων\nPl. 1 κείμε(σ)θα ἐκείμε(σ)θα\n2 κεῖσθε ἔκεισθε κεῖσθε\n3 κείαται (κέονται, κέαται) ἔκειντο (ἐκείατο, ἐκέατο) κείσθων\n\nFut. κείσομαι\nPart. κείμενος, η, ον"},{"section":969,"text":"§969. ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit\n Indicative\n Pres. Imperf. Imper. Infin.\nS. 1 ἧμαι ἥμην ἧσθαι\n2 ἧσαι ἧσο ἧσο\n3 ἧσται ἧστο ἧσθω\nDu. 2 ἧσθον ἧσθον ἧσθον\n3 ἧσθον ἥσθην ἥσθων\nPl. 1 ἥμε(σ)θα ἥμε(σ)θα\n2 ἧσθε ἧσθε ἧσθε\n3 ἧνται (ἥαται, ἕαται) ἧντο (ἥατο, ἕατο) ἥσθων\n\nPart. ἥμενος, η, ον"},{"section":922,"text":"§922. PERFECT SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), come, go, walk\n\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE\nS. 1 βέβηκα βεβήκω βεβήκοιμι βεβάμεν(αι)\nS. 2 βέβηκας βεβήκῃς(θα) βεβήκοις βέβαθι\nS. 3 βέβηκε βεβήκῃ(σι) βεβήκοι βεβάτω PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2 βέβατον βεβήκετον βεβήκοιτον βέβατον βεβαώς, υῖα,\nDu. 3 βέβατον βεβήκετον βεβηκοίτην βεβάτων ός\nPl. 1 βέβαμεν βεβήκομεν βεβήκοιμεν\nPl. 2 βέβατε βεβήκετε βεβήκοιτε βέβατε\nPl. 3 βεβάᾱσι, βεβήκᾱσι βεβήκωσι βεβήκοιεν βεβάντων\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1 ἐβεβήκεα (-η 585) Du. Pl. ἐβέβαμεν\nS. 2 ἐβεβήκεας (-ης 585) ἐβέβατον ἐβέβατε\nS. 3 ἐβεβήκεε (-ει 585) ἐβεβάτην ἐβέβασαν"},{"section":923,"text":"§923. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF πείθω (πειθ-, ποιθ-, πιθ-), persuade\n\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE PLUPERFECT\nS. 1 πέποιθα πεποίθω πεποιθώς, πεπιθυῖα, πεποιθός ἐπεποίθεα (-η 585)\nS. 2 πέποιθας πεποίθῃς(θα) ἐπεποίθεας (-ης 585)\nS. 3 πέποιθε πεποίθῃ(σι) ἐπεποίθεε (-ει 585)\nDu. 2 *πέπιστον πεποίθετον *ἐπέπιστον\nDu. 3 *πέπιστον πεποίθετον *ἐπεπίστην\nPl. 1 πέπιθμεν πεποίθομεν ἐπέπιθμεν\nPl. 2 *πέπιστε πεποίθετε *ἐπέπιστε\nPl. 3 πεποίθᾱσι, *πεπίθᾱσι πεποίθωσι ἐπεποίθεσαν, (*ἐπέπισαν)\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain."},{"section":924,"text":"§924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand\n\nPERFECT\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE\nS. 1 ἕστηκα ἑστήκω ἑσταίην ἑστάμεν(αι)\nS. 2 ἕστηκας ἑστήκῃς(θα) ἑσταίης ἕσταθι\nS. 3 ἕστηκε ἑστήκῃ(σι) ἑσταίη ἑστάτω PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταῖτον ἕστατον ἑσταώς, υῖα,\nDu. 3 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταίτην ἑστάτων ός\nPl. 1 ἕσταμεν ἑστήκομεν ἑσταῖμεν\nPl. 2 ἕστατε ἑστήκετε ἑσταῖτε ἕστατε\nPl. 3 ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι ἑστήκωσι ἑσταῖεν ἑστάντων\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1 εἱστήκεα (-η 585) Du. Pl. ἕσταμεν\nS. 2 εἱστήκεας (-ης 585) ἕστατον ἕστατε\nS. 3 εἱστήκεε (-ει 585) ἑστάτην ἕστασαν"},{"section":925,"text":"§925. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF LABIAL VERBS: τρέπω (τρεπ-, τραπ-) turn, OF PALATAL VERBS: τεύχω (τευχ-, τυχ-, τυκ-) fashion, make, AND OF DENTAL VERBS: πεύθομαι (πευθ-, πυθ-) learn\n\nINDICATIVE\nS. 1 τέτραμμαι (τετραπμαι) τέτυγμαι (τετυχμαι) πέπυσμαι (πεπυθμαι)\nS. 2 τέτραψαι (τετραπσαι) τέτυξαι (τετυχσαι) πέπυσαι (πεπυθσαι)\nS. 3 τέτραπται (τετραπται) τέτυκται (τετυχται) πέπυσται (πεπυθται)\nDu. 2 τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον) τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον) πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\nDu. 3 τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον) τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον) πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\nPl. 1 τετράμμε(σ)θα (τετραπμε(σ)θα) τετύγμε(σ)θα (τετυχμε(σ)θα) πεπύσμε(σ)θα (πεπυθμε(σ)θα)\nPl. 2 τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε) τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε) πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)\nPl. 3 τετράφαται (τετραπνται), (τετεύχαται) τετύχαται (τετυχνται), (τετεύχαται) πεπύθαται (πεπυθνται)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, SINGULAR\n1 ἐτετράμμην (ἐτετραπμην) ἐτετύγμην (ἐτετυχμην) ἐπεπύσμην (ἐπεπυθμην)\n2 ἐτέτραψο (ἐτετραπσο) ἐτέτυξο (ἐτετυχσο) ἐπέπυσο (ἐπεπυθσο)\n3 ἐτέτραπτο (ἐτετραπτο) ἐτέτυκτο (ἐτετυχτο) ἐπέπυστο (ἐπεπυθτο)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, DUAL\n2 ἐτέτραφθον (ἐτετραπσθον) ἐτέτυχθον (ἐτετυχσθον) ἐπέπυσθον (ἐπεπυθσθον)\n3 ἐτετράφθην (ἐτετραπσθην) ἐτετύχθην (ἐτετυχσθην) ἐπεπύσθην (ἐπεπυθσθην)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, PLURAL\n1 ἐτετράμμε(σ)θα (ἐτετραπμε(σ)θα) ἐτετύγμε(σ)θα (ἐτετυχμε(σ)θα) ἐπεπύσμε(σ)θα (ἐπεπυθμε(σ)θα)\n2 ἐτέτραφθε (ἐτετραπσθε) ἐτέτυχθε (ἐτετυχσθε) ἐπέπυσθε (ἐπεπυθσθε)\n3 ἐτετράφατο (ἐτετραπντο), (ἐτετεύχατο) ἐτετύχατο (ἐτετυχντο), (ἐτετεύχατο) ἐπεπύθατο (ἐπεπυθντο)\n\nPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE\n1 τετραμμένος ἔω (τετραπμενος), etc. τετυγμένος ἔω (τετυχμενος), etc. πεπυσμένος ἔω (πεπυθμενος), etc.\n\nPERFECT OPTATIVE\n1 τετραμμένος εἴην, etc. τετυγμένος εἴην, etc. πεπυσμένος εἴην, etc.\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, SINGULAR\n2 τέτραψο (τετραπσο) τέτυξο (τετυχσο) πέπυσο (πεπυθσο)\n3 τετράφθω (τετραπσθω) τετύχθω (τετυχσθω) πεπύσθω (πεπυθσθω)\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, DUAL\n2 τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον) τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον) πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\n3 τετράφθων (τετραπσθων) τετύχθων (τετυχσθων) πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, PLURAL\n2 τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε) τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε) πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)\n3 τετράφθων (τετραπσθων) τετύχθων (τετυχσθων) πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)\n\nPERFECT INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE\nτετράφθαι (τετραπσθαι) τετύχθαι (τετυχσθαι) πεπύσθαι (πεπυθσθαι)\nτετραμμένος, η, ον (τετραπμενος) τετυγμένος, η, ον (τετυχμενος) πεπυσμένος, η, ον (πεπυθμενος)"},{"section":926,"text":"§926. For the change in the vowel of the stem between the singular and the dual and plural of the perfect active, see 882."},{"section":927,"text":"§927. For the euphonic changes found in the perfect middle, by means of which the regular forms are derived from the forms in parentheses, see 608 ff."},{"section":928,"text":"§928. -νται, -ντο (-γται, -γτο) of the third plural middle and passive become -αται, -ατο after a consonant, of course (597-598)."},{"section":929,"text":"§929. π-mutes and κ-mutes (510) are aspirated (619) before the endings -αται, -ατο of the third plural, π and β becoming φ, and κ and γ becoming χ."},{"section":930,"text":"§930. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-) come, go, γιγνώσκω (γνω-, γνο-) know, AND OF δῡ́-ω enter, sink\n\nINDICATIVE\nS. 1 ἔβην ἔγνων ἔδῡν\nS. 2 ἔβης ἔγνως ἔδῡς\nS. 3 ἔβη ἔγνω ἔδῡ\nDu. 2 ἔβητον (ἔβατον) ἔγνωτον ἔδῡτον\nDu. 3 ἐβήτην (ἐβάτην) ἐγνώτην ἐδύτην\nPl. 1 ἔβημεν (ἔβαμεν) ἔγνωμεν ἔδῡμεν\nPl. 2 ἔβητε (ἔβατε) ἔγνωτε ἔδῡτε\nPl. 3 ἔβησαν (ἔβασαν, ἔβαν) ἔγνωσαν (ἔγνον) (ἔδῡσαν) ἔδυν\n\nSUBJUNCTIVE\nS. 1 βήω etc. γνώω (γνῶ 585), etc. δῡ́ω etc.\n\nOPTATIVE\nS. 1 βαίην etc. γνοίην etc. δῡ́ην ( = δυίην) etc.\n\nIMPERATIVE\nS. 2 βῆθι etc. γνῶθι etc. δῦθι etc.\n\nINFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES\nβάς, βᾶσα, βάν γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν δῡ́ς, δῦσα, δύν\nβῆναι (βήμεναι) γνῶναι (γνώμεναι) δῦναι (δῦμεναι)"},{"section":931,"text":"§931. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE\n\nFIRST AORIST SYSTEM OF LIQUID VERBS\n\nφαίνω (STEM φαν-) show\n\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE\nS. 1 ἔφηνα φήνω(μι) φήναιμι φῆναι\nS. 2 ἔφηνας φήνῃς(θα) φήναις(θα) φῆνον\nS. 3 ἔφηνε φήνῃ(σι) φήναι (φήνειε) φηνάτω PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2 ἐφήνατον φήνητον φήναιτον φήνατον φήνᾱς, ᾱσα, αν\nDu. 3 ἐφηνάτην φήνητον φηναίτην φηνάτων\nPl. 1 ἐφήναμεν φήνωμεν φήναιμεν\nPl. 2 ἐφήνατε φήνητε φήναιτε φήνατε\nPl. 3 ἔφηναν φήνωσι φήναιεν (φήνειαν) φηνάντων"},{"section":932,"text":"§932. FIRST AORIST MIDDLE\n\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE\nS. 1 ἐφηνάμην φήνωμαι φηναίμην φήνασθαι\nS. 2 ἐφήναο φήνηαι φηναίο φῆναι\nS. 3 ἐφήνατο φήνηται φήναιτο φηνάσθω PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2 ἐφήνασθον φήνησθον φήναισθον φήνασθον φηνάμενος, η, ον\nDu. 3 ἐφηνάσθην φήνησθον φηναίσθην φηνάσθων 2D AOR. PASS.\nPl. 1 ἐφηνάμε(σ)θα φηνώμε(σ)θα φηναίμε(σ)θα ἐφάνην\nPl. 2 ἐφήνασθε φήνησθε φήναισθε φήνασθε ἐφάνης\nPl. 3 ἐφήναντο φήνωνται φηναίατο φηνάσθων ἐφάνη, etc."},{"section":933,"text":"§933. SECOND AORIST ACTIVE\n\nSECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF λείπω (λειπ-, λοιπ-, λιπ-) leave\n\n INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE\nS. 1 ἔλιπον λίπω λίποιμι λιπεῖν (λιπέεν),\nS. 2 ἔλιπες λίπῃς(θα) λίποις(θα) λίπε λιπέμεν(αι)\nS. 3 ἔλιπε λίπῃ(σι) λίποι λιπέτω\nDu. 2 ἐλίπετον λίπητον λίποιτον λίπετον PARTICIPLE\nDu. 3 ἐλιπέτην λίπητον λιποίτην λιπέτων λιπών, οὖσα, όν\nPl. 1 ἐλίπομεν λίπωμεν λίποιμεν\nPl. 2 ἐλίπετε λίπητε λίποιτε λίπετε\nPl. 3 ἔλιπον λίπωσι λίποιεν λιπόντων"},{"section":934,"text":"§934. Second Aorist Middle\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative\nS. 1 ἐλιπόμην λίπωμαι λιποίμην\n2 ἐλίπεο λίπηαι λίποιο λιπέο\n3 ἐλίπετο λίπηται λίποιτο λιπέσθω\nDu. 2 ἐλίπεσθον λίπησθον λίποισθον λίπεσθον\n3 ἐλιπέσθην λίπησθον λιποίσθην λιπέσθων\nPl. 1 ἐλιπόμε(σ)θα λιπώμε(σ)θα λιποίμε(σ)θα\n2 ἐλίπεσθε λίπησθε λίποισθε λίπεσθε\n3 ἐλίποντο λίπωνται λιποίατο λιπέσθων\n\nSecond Aorist Middle, Infinitive and Participle\nInfinitive λιπέσθαι\nParticiple λιπόμενος, η, ον"},{"section":935,"text":"§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative\nS. 1 ἐτράφην τραφῶ τραφείην\n2 ἐτράφης τραφῇς τραφείης τράφητι\n3 ἐτράφη τραφῇ τραφείη τραφήτω\nDu. 2 ἐτράφητον τραφῆτον τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον) τράφητον\n3 ἐτραφήτην τραφῆτον τραφείτην (τραφειήτην) τραφήτων\nPl. 1 ἐτράφημεν τραφῶμεν τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)\n2 ἐτράφητε τραφῆτε τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε) τράφητε\n3 ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν) τραφῶσι τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν) τραφέντων\n\nSecond Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle\nInfinitive τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)\nParticiple τραφείς, εἶσα, έν"},{"section":936,"text":"§936. Contract Verbs\n\nVerbs which end in -αω, -εω, -οω; -αομαι, -εομαι, -οομαι (including the futures of liquids and nasals) in the first person singular are contracted in the present and imperfect at times. For the laws of contraction see 584-585."},{"section":937,"text":"§937. Verbs in -οω, -οομαι, are always contracted; those in -αω, -αομαι, -εω, -εομαι, may be, but are usually left uncontracted."},{"section":938,"text":"§938. Present System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Present Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative\nS. 1 (τῑμάω) τῑμῶ (τῑμάω) τῑμῶ (τῑμάοιμι) τῑμῷμι\n2 (τῑμάεις) τῑμᾷς (τῑμάῃς) τιμᾷς (τῑμάοις) τῑμῷς\n3 (τῑμάει) τῑμᾷ (τῑμάῃ) τῑμᾷ (τῑμάοι) τῑμῷ\nDu. 2 (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον (τῑμάητον) τῑμᾶτον (τῑμάοιτον) τῑμῷτον\n3 (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον (τῑμάητον) τῑμᾶτον (τῑμαοίτην) τῑμῴτην\nPl. 1 (τῑμάομεν) τῑμῶμεν (τῑμάωμεν) τῑμῶμεν (τῑμάοιμεν) τῑμῷμεν\n2 (τῑμάετε) τῑμᾶτε (τῑμάητε) τῑμᾶτε (τῑμάοιτε) τῑμῷτε\n3 (τῑμάουσι) τῑμῶσι (τῑμάωσι) τῑμῶσι (τῑμάοιεν) τῑμῷεν\n\nPresent System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Imperative and Imperfect Indicative\n Imperative Imperfect Indicative\nS. 1 (ἐτίμαον) ἐτίμων\n2 (τίμαε) τίμα (ἐτίμαες) ἐτίμᾱς\n3 (τῑμαέτω) τῑμᾱ́τω (ἐτίμαε) ἐτίμᾱ\nDu. 2 (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον (ἐτῑμάετον) ἐτῑμᾶτον\n3 (τῑμαέτων) τῑμᾱ́των (ἐτῑμαέτην) ἐτῑμᾱ́την\nPl. 1 (ἐτῑμάομεν) ἐτῑμῶμεν\n2 (τῑμάετε) τῑμᾶτε (ἐτῑμάετε) ἐτῑμᾶτε\n3 (τῑμαόντων) τῑμώντων (ἐτίμαον) ἐτίμων\n\nPresent System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Participle and Infinitive\nParticiple (τῑμάων, ουσα, ον) τῑμῶν, ῶσα, ῶν, 745.\nInfinitive (τῑμάειν = τῑμαεεν) τῑμᾶν, (τῑμήμεναι)"},{"section":939,"text":"§939. Middle and Passive\n\nPresent Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative (Middle and Passive)\n Indicative Subjunctive Optative\nS. 1 (τῑμάομαι) τῑμῶμαι (τῑμάωμαι) τῑμῶμαι (τῑμαοίμην) τῑμῴμην\n2 (τῑμάεαι) τῑμᾷ (τῑμάηαι) τῑμᾷ (τῑμάοιο) τῑμῷο\n3 (τῑμάεται) τῑμᾶται (τῑμάηται) τῑμᾶται (τῑμάοιτο) τῑμῷτο\nDu. 2 (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον (τῑμάησθον) τῑμᾶσθον (τῑμάοισθον) τῑμῷσθον\n3 (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον (τῑμάησθον) τῑμᾶσθον (τῑμαοίσθην) τῑμῴσθην\nPl. 1 (τῑμαόμε(σ)θα) τῑμώμε(σ)θα (τῑμαώμε(σ)θα) τῑμώμε(σ)θα (τῑμαοίμε(σ)θα) τῑμῴμε(σ)θα\n2 (τῑμάεσθε) τῑμᾶσθε (τῑμάησθε) τῑμᾶσθε (τῑμάοισθε) τῑμῷσθε\n3 (τῑμάονται) τῑμῶνται (τῑμάωνται) τῑμῶνται (τῑμαοίατο) τῑμῷατο\n\nImperfect Indicative and Present Imperative (Middle and Passive)\n Imperfect Indicative Present Imperative\nS. 1 (ἐτῑμαόμην) ἐτῑμώμην\n2 (ἐτῑμάεο) ἐτῑμῶ (τῑμάεο) τῑμῶ\n3 (ἐτῑμάετο) ἐτῑμᾶτο (τῑμαέσθω) τῑμᾱ́σθω\nDu. 2 (ἐτῑμάεσθον) ἐτῑμᾶσθον (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον\n3 (ἐτῑμαέσθην) ἐτῑμᾱ́σθην (τῑμαέσθων) τῑμᾱ́σθων\nPl. 1 (ἐτῑμαόμε(σ)θα) ἐτῑμώμε(σ)θα\n2 (ἐτῑμάεσθε) ἐτῑμᾶσθε (τῑμάεσθε) τῑμᾶσθε\n3 (ἐτῑμάοντο) ἐτῑμῶντο (τῑμαέσθων) τῑμᾱ́σθων\n\nInfinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)\nInfinitive (τῑμάεσθαι) τῑμᾶσθαι\nParticiple (τῑμαόμενος, η, ον) τῑμώμενος, η, ον"},{"section":940,"text":"§940. Present System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive\n Present Indicative Imperfect Present Subjunctive\nS. 1 (ποιέω) ποιῶ (ἐποίεον) ἐποίευν (ποιέω) ποιῶ\n2 (ποιέεις) ποιεῖς (ἐποίεες) ἐποίεις (ποιέῃς) ποιῇς\n3 (ποιέει) ποιεῖ (ἐποίεε) ἐποίει (ποιέῃ) ποιῇ\nDu. 2 (ποιέετον) ποιεῖτον (ἐποιέετον) ἐποιεῖτον (ποιέητον) ποιῆτον\n3 (ποιέετον) ποιεῖτον (ἐποιεέτην) ἐποιείτην (ποιέητον) ποιῆτον\nPl. 1 (ποιέομεν) ποιεῦμεν (ἐποιέομεν) ἐποιεῦμεν (ποιέωμεν) ποιῶμεν\n2 (ποιέετε) ποιεῖτε (ἐποιέετε) ἐποιεῖτε (ποιέητε) ποιῆτε\n3 (ποιέουσι) ποιεῦσι (ἐποίεον) ἐποίευν (ποιέωσι) ποιῶσι\nPresent Subjunctive: Attic forms; not contracted in Homer.\n\nPresent System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Optative and Present Imperative\n Optative Present Imperative\nS. 1 (ποιέοιμι) ποιοῖμι or (ποιεοίην) ποιοίην\n2 (ποιέοις) ποιοῖς (ποίεε) ποίει\n3 (ποιέοι) ποιοῖ (ποιέτω) ποιείτω\nDu. 2 (ποιέοιτον) ποιοῖτον (ποιέετον) ποεῖτον\n3 (ποιεοίτην) ποιοίτην (ποιέτων) ποιείτων\nPl. 1 (ποιέοιμεν) ποιοῖμεν\n2 (ποιέοιτε) ποιοῖτε (ποιέετε) ποιεῖτε\n3 (ποιέοιεν) ποιοῖεν (ποιεόντων) ποιεύντων\n\nPresent System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Infinitive and Participle\nInfinitive (ποιέειν) ποιεῖν, (ποιήμεναι, ποιῆναι)\nParticiple (ποιέων, ουσα, ον) ποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, 745"},{"section":941,"text":"§941. Middle and Passive\n\nPresent Indicative and Imperfect (Middle and Passive)\n Present Indicative Imperfect\nS. 1 (ποιέομαι) ποιεῦμαι (ἐποιεόμην) ἐποιεύμην\n2 (ποιέεαι) ποιεῖαι, -εαι (ἐποιέεο) ἐποιεῖο, -έο\n3 (ποιέεται) ποιεῖται (ἐποιέετο) ἐποιεῖτο\nDu. 2 (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον (ἐποιέεσθον) ἐποιεῖσθον\n3 (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον (ἐποιεέσθην) ἐποιείσθην\nPl. 1 (ποιεόμε(σ)θα) ποιεύμε(σ)θα (ἐποιεόμε(σ)θα) ἐποιεύμε(σ)θα\n2 (ποιέεσθε) ποιεῖσθε (ἐποιέεσθε) ἐποιεῖσθε\n3 (ποιέονται) ποιεῦνται (ἐποιέοντο) ἐποιεῦντο\n\nPresent Subjunctive and Optative (Middle and Passive)\n Subjunctive Optative\nS. 1 (ποιέωμαι) ποιῶμαι (ποιεοίμην) ποιοίμην\n2 (ποιέηαι) ποιῇ (ποιέοιο) ποιοῖο\n3 (ποιέηται) ποιῆται (ποιέοιτο) ποιοῖτο\nDu. 2 (ποιέησθον) ποιῆσθον (ποιέοισθον) ποιοῖσθον\n3 (ποιέησθον) ποιῆσθον (ποιεοίσθην) ποιοίσθην\nPl. 1 (ποιεώμε(σ)θα) ποιώμε(σ)θα (ποιεοίμε(σ)θα) ποιοίμε(σ)θα\n2 (ποιέησθε) ποιῆσθε (ποιέοισθε) ποιοῖσθε\n3 (ποιέωνται) ποιῶνται (ποιεοίατο) ποιοίατο\n\nPresent Imperative (Middle and Passive)\n Imperative\nS. 2 (ποιέεο) ποιεῦ\n3 (ποιέεσθω) ποιείσθω\nDu. 2 (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον\n3 (ποιεέσθων) ποιείσθων\nPl. 2 (ποιέεσθε) ποιεῖσθε\n3 (ποιεέσθων) ποιείσθων\n\nInfinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)\nInfinitive (ποιέεσθαι) ποιεῖσθαι\nParticiple (ποιεόμενος, η, ον) ποιεύμενος, η, ον"},{"section":942,"text":"§942. Present System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive\n Present Indicative Imperfect Present Subjunctive\nS. 1 (χολόω) χολῶ (ἐχόλοον) ἐχόλουν (χολόω) χολῶ\n2 (χολόεις) χολοῖς (ἐχόλοες) ἐχόλους (χολόῃς) χολοῖς\n3 (χολόει) χολοῖ (ἐχόλοε) ἐχόλου (χολόῃ) χολοῖ\nDu. 2 (χολόετον) χολοῦτον (ἐχολόετον) ἐχολοῦτον (χολόητον) χολῶτον\n3 (χολόετον) χολοῦτον (ἐχολοέτην) ἐχολούτην (χολόητον) χολῶτον\nPl. 1 (χολόομεν) χολοῦμεν (ἐχολόομεν) ἐχολοῦμεν (χολόωμεν) χολῶμεν\n2 (χολόετε) χολοῦτε (ἐχολόετε) ἐχολοῦτε (χολόητε) χολῶτε\n3 (χολόουσι) χολοῦσι (ἐχόλοον) ἐχόλουν (χολόωσι) χολῶσι\n\nPresent System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Present Optative and Imperative\n Optative Imperative\nS. 1 (χολόοιμι) χολοῖμι\n2 (χολόοις) χολοῖς (χόλοε) χόλου\n3 (χολόοι) χολοῖ (χολόετω) χολούτω\nDu. 2 (χολόοιτον) χολοῖτον (χολόετον) χολοῦτον\n3 (χολοοίτην) χολοίτην (χολόετων) χολούτων\nPl. 1 (χολόοιμεν) χολοῖμεν\n2 (χολόοιτε) χολοῖτε (χολόετε) χολοῦτε\n3 (χολόοιεν) χολοῖεν (χολοόντων) χολούντων\n\nPresent System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Participle and Infinitive\nParticiple (χολόων, ουσα, ον) χολῶν, οῦσα, οῦν, 746\nInfinitive (χολόειν) χολοῦν"},{"section":943,"text":"§943. Middle and Passive\n\nPresent Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive (Middle and Passive)\n Present Indicative Imperfect Present Subjunctive\nS. 1 (χολόομαι) χολοῦμαι (ἐχολοόμην) ἐχολούμην (χολόωμαι) χολῶμαι\n2 (χολόεαι) χολοῖ (ἐχολόεο) ἐχολοῦ (χολόηαι) χολοῖ\n3 (χολόεται) χολοῦται (ἐχολόετο) ἐχολοῦτο (χολόηται) χολῶται\nDu. 2 (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον (ἐχολόεσθον) ἐχολοῦσθον (χολόησθον) χολῶσθον\n3 (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον (ἐχολοέσθην) ἐχολούσθην (χολόησθον) χολῶσθον\nPl. 1 (χολοόμε(σ)θα) χολούμε(σ)θα (ἐχολοόμε(σ)θα) ἐχολούμε(σ)θα (χολοώμε(σ)θα) χολώμε(σ)θα\n2 (χολόεσθε) χολοῦσθε (ἐχολόεσθε) ἐχολοῦσθε (χολόησθε) χολῶσθε\n3 (χολόονται) χολοῦνται (ἐχολόοντο) ἐχολοῦντο (χολόωνται) χολῶνται\n\nPresent Optative and Imperative (Middle and Passive)\n Optative Imperative\nS. 1 (χολοοίμην) χολοίμην\n2 (χολόοιο) χολοῖο (χολόεο) χολοῦ\n3 (χολόοιτο) χολοῖτο (χολοέσθω) χολούσθω\nDu. 2 (χολόοισθον) χολοῖσθον (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον\n3 (χολοοίσθην) χολοίσθην (χολοέσθων) χολούσθων\nPl. 1 (χολοοίμε(σ)θα) χολοίμε(σ)θα\n2 (χολόοισθε) χολοῖσθε (χολόεσθε) χολοῦσθε\n3 (χολοοίατο) χολοίατο (χολοέσθων) χολούσθων\n\nInfinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)\nInfinitive (χολόεσθαι) χολοῦσθαι\nParticiple (χολοόμενος, η, ον) χολούμενος, η, ον"},{"section":944,"text":"§944. These verbs may be contracted as indicated above, and are regularly so contracted in later classical Greek."},{"section":945,"text":"§945. The manuscripts of the Homeric poems often show a series of forms for verbs ending in -αω (as τιμάω) and in -οω (as χολόω), which are known as “assimilated” (sometimes called “distracted”) forms. In these cases αε, αει, αη, αη give a double α sound, by the α assimilating the ε sound; but αο, αω, αοι, αου give a double ο sound, by the ο assimilating the α sound. Usually one of the vowels is lengthened, sometimes both.\n\nAssimilation Formulas\nαε = 1) αα, 2) ᾱα αω = 1) οω, 2) ωω οο = 1) οω, 2) ωο\nαει = 1) ᾳ, 2) ᾱᾳ αοι = 1) ῳ, 2) ωοι οοι = ῳ\nαη = 1) ᾳ, 2) ᾱᾳ αου = 1) οω, 2) ωω οου = οω\nαο = 1) οω, 2) ωο"},{"section":946,"text":"§946. These forms are used also in futures in -αω from -ασω (603)."},{"section":947,"text":"§947. They are found only when the second syllable in the original form is long by nature or by position (522)."},{"section":948,"text":"§948. The following forms of ὁράω (ϝορα-) see, may serve as examples of assimilation of an -αω verb:\n\nIndicative\n Contracted Assimilated\nS. 1 ὁράω ὁρῶ ὁρόω\n2 ὁράεις ὁρᾷς ὁράᾳς\n3 ὁράει ὁρᾷ ὁράᾳ\nDu. 2 ὁράετον ὁρᾶτον\n3 ὁράετον ὁρᾶτον\nPl. 1 ὁράομεν ὁρῶμεν\n2 ὁράετε ὁρᾶτε\n3 ὁράουσι ὁρῶσι ὁρόωσι\n\nSubjunctive and Optative (sample forms)\n Contr. Assim.\nSubjunctive ὁράῃς ὁρᾷς ὁράᾳς\nOptative ὁράοιμι ὁρῷμι ὁρόωμι\n\nParticiple\n Contr. Assim.\nMasc. ὁράων ὁρῶν ὁρόων\nGen. ὁράοντος ὁρῶντος ὁρόωντος\nFem. ὁράουσα ὁρῶσα ὁρόωσα\n\nInfinitive\n Contr. Assim.\n ὁράεσθαι ὁρᾶσθαι ὁράασθαι"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἀντιβίοισι","gloss":"Opposing, hostile, from ἀντίβιος"},{"word":"κλισίας","gloss":"His huts, from κλισία"},{"word":"εἴσας","gloss":"Balanced, from ἔισος"},{"word":"Μενοιτιάδῃ","gloss":"Son of Menoetius, Patroclus, from Μενοιτιάδης"},{"word":"ἅλαδε","gloss":"Seaward"},{"word":"προέρυσσεν","gloss":"Draw forward, drag forward, launch, from προερύω"},{"word":"ἔκρινεν","gloss":"Pick out, select, choose, from κρίνω"},{"word":"ἐείκοσιν","gloss":"Twenty, from εἴκοσι"},{"word":"εἷσεν","gloss":"Set aboard, from ἵζω"},{"word":"πολύμητις","gloss":"Wily, rich in counsel"},{"word":"ἀναβάντες","gloss":"Go up, ascend, embark, from ἀναβαίνω"},{"word":"ἐπέπλεον","gloss":"Sail, navigate, from ἐπιπλέω"},{"word":"ὑγρὰ","gloss":"Wet, moist, damp, from ὑγρός"},{"word":"κέλευθα","gloss":"Road, way, path, from κέλευθος"},{"word":"ἀπολυμαίνεσθαι","gloss":"Purify, clean, from ἀπολυμαίνομαι"},{"word":"ἄνωγεν","gloss":"Bade, from ἄνωγα"},{"word":"λύματ’","gloss":"Offscouring, filth, from λῦμα"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson LVI: Iliad 315-333","teaching":[{"title":"The Iliad: Agamemnon sends for Briseis","paragraphs":["Perfect hecatombs of bulls and goats are offered to Apollo on the shore of the barren sea. The savor rises to heaven, curling amid the smoke. But Agamemnon does not cease from the strife with which he first threatened Achilles.","He calls Talthybius and Eurybates, his heralds and ready attendants. He orders them to go to the hut of Achilles and take fair-cheeked Briseis by the hand. If Achilles will not give her, Agamemnon will come himself with more men. That will be harsher for Achilles."]},{"title":"The Iliad: the heralds come to Achilles","paragraphs":["The two heralds go unwilling along the shore to the huts and ships of the Myrmidons. They find Achilles sitting beside his hut and his black ship. He is not glad to see them. In fear and awe of the king, they stand and say nothing. Achilles understands in his own heart and speaks to them.","In τὼ δ’ ἀέκοντε βάτην, the two of them went unwilling, τὼ is dual. It refers to the two heralds."]}],"lines":[{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.315","source":"ἔρδον δ’ Ἀπόλλωνι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας","translation":"and offered up to Apollo perfect hecatombs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔρδον","gloss":"ἔρδω: offered up"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: to Apollo"},{"text":"τεληέσσας","gloss":"τελήεις: perfect"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"ἑκατόμβη: hecatombs"}],"audio":null},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.316","source":"ταύρων ἠδ’ αἰγῶν παρὰ θῖν’ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο·","translation":"of bulls and goats along the shore of the barren sea;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ταύρων","gloss":"ταῦρος: of bulls"},{"text":"ἠδ’","gloss":"ἠδέ: and"},{"text":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"αἴξ: of goats"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"along"},{"text":"θῖν’","gloss":"θίς: the shore"},{"text":"ἁλὸς","gloss":"ἅλς: of the sea"},{"text":"ἀτρυγέτοιο·","gloss":"ἀτρύγετος: barren"}],"audio":null},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.317","source":"κνίση δ’ οὐρανὸν ἷκεν ἑλισσομένη περὶ καπνῷ.","translation":"and the savor rose to heaven, curling amid the smoke.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κνίση","gloss":"κνῖσα: the savor"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"οὐρανὸν","gloss":"οὐρανός: to heaven"},{"text":"ἷκεν","gloss":"ἱκνέομαι: rose"},{"text":"ἑλισσομένη","gloss":"ἑλίσσω: curling"},{"text":"περὶ","gloss":"amid"},{"text":"καπνῷ.","gloss":"καπνός: the smoke"}],"audio":null},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.318","source":"ὣς οἱ μὲν τὰ πένοντο κατὰ στρατόν· οὐδ’ Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"So they were busy with these tasks throughout the camp; but Agamemnon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: they"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: these tasks"},{"text":"πένοντο","gloss":"πένομαι: were busy with"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"στρατόν·","gloss":"στρατός: the camp"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐδέ: nor"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"}],"audio":null},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.319","source":"λῆγ’ ἔριδος, τὴν πρῶτον ἐπηπείλησ’ Ἀχιλῆι,","translation":"did not let go the quarrel he had first threatened against Achilles,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λῆγ’","gloss":"λήγω: let go"},{"text":"ἔριδος,","gloss":"ἔρις: the quarrel"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: which"},{"text":"πρῶτον","gloss":"πρῶτος: first"},{"text":"ἐπηπείλησ’","gloss":"ἐπαπειλέω: had threatened"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆι,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: against Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.320","source":"ἀλλ’ ὅ γε Ταλθύβιόν τε καὶ Εὐρυβάτην προσέειπεν,","translation":"but he called out to Talthybius and Eurybates,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"Ταλθύβιόν","gloss":"Ταλθύβιος: Talthybius"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Εὐρυβάτην","gloss":"Εὐρυβάτης: Eurybates"},{"text":"προσέειπεν,","gloss":"προσεῖπον: called out to"}],"audio":null},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.321","source":"τώ οἱ ἔσαν κήρυκε καὶ ὀτρηρὼ θεράποντε·","translation":"who were his heralds and brisk attendants:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τώ","gloss":"ὁ: who"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: his"},{"text":"ἔσαν","gloss":"εἰμί: were"},{"text":"κήρυκε","gloss":"κῆρυξ: heralds"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ὀτρηρὼ","gloss":"ὀτρηρός: brisk"},{"text":"θεράποντε·","gloss":"θεράπων: attendants"}],"audio":null},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.322","source":"“ἔρχεσθον κλισίην Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος·","translation":"\"Go, the two of you, to the hut of Peleus' son Achilles;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“ἔρχεσθον","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: go, the two of you"},{"text":"κλισίην","gloss":"κλισία: to the hut"},{"text":"Πηληϊάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: of Peleus' son"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος·","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.323","source":"χειρὸς ἑλόντ’ ἀγέμεν Βρισηίδα καλλιπάρηον·","translation":"take fair-cheeked Briseis by the hand, and lead her away;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χειρὸς","gloss":"χείρ: by the hand"},{"text":"ἑλόντ’","gloss":"αἱρέω: take"},{"text":"ἀγέμεν","gloss":"ἄγω: lead her away"},{"text":"Βρισηίδα","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον·","gloss":"καλλιπάρηος: fair-cheeked"}],"audio":null},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.324","source":"εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι","translation":"and if he will not give her, I myself will come and take her","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"μὴ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"δώῃσιν,","gloss":"δίδωμι: will give"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"myself"},{"text":"ἕλωμαι","gloss":"αἱρέω: will take her"}],"audio":null},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.325","source":"ἐλθὼν σὺν πλεόνεσσι· τό οἱ καὶ ῥίγιον ἔσται.”","translation":"with more men beside me; that will be the harsher for him.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐλθὼν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: will come"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with"},{"text":"πλεόνεσσι·","gloss":"πλείων: more men"},{"text":"τό","gloss":"ὁ: that"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: for him"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ῥίγιον","gloss":"harsher"},{"text":"ἔσται.”","gloss":"εἰμί: will be"}],"audio":null},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.326","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν προΐει, κρατερὸν δ’ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν.","translation":"So saying, he sent them off, laying on them a stern command;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"εἰπὼν","gloss":"εἶπον: saying"},{"text":"προΐει,","gloss":"προίημι: sent them off"},{"text":"κρατερὸν","gloss":"κρατερός: stern"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μῦθον","gloss":"μῦθος: command"},{"text":"ἔτελλεν.","gloss":"τέλλω: laid"}],"audio":null},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.327","source":"τὼ δ’ ἀέκοντε βάτην παρὰ θῖν’ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο,","translation":"and the two of them went unwilling along the shore of the barren sea,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὼ","gloss":"ὁ: the two of them"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀέκοντε","gloss":"ἀέκων: unwilling"},{"text":"βάτην","gloss":"βαίνω: went"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"along"},{"text":"θῖν’","gloss":"θίς: the shore"},{"text":"ἁλὸς","gloss":"ἅλς: of the sea"},{"text":"ἀτρυγέτοιο,","gloss":"ἀτρύγετος: barren"}],"audio":null},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.328","source":"Μυρμιδόνων δ’ ἐπί τε κλισίας καὶ νῆας ἱκέσθην.","translation":"and came to the huts and ships of the Myrmidons,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Μυρμιδόνων","gloss":"Μυρμιδόνες: of the Myrmidons"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐπί","gloss":"to"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κλισίας","gloss":"κλισία: the huts"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"ἱκέσθην.","gloss":"ἱκνέομαι: came"}],"audio":null},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.329","source":"τὸν δ’ εὗρον παρά τε κλισίῃ καὶ νηῒ μελαίνῃ","translation":"and found him beside his hut and his black ship,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"εὗρον","gloss":"εὑρίσκω: found"},{"text":"παρά","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κλισίῃ","gloss":"κλισία: his hut"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"νηῒ","gloss":"ναῦς: his ship"},{"text":"μελαίνῃ","gloss":"μέλας: black"}],"audio":null},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.330","source":"ἥμενον· οὐδ’ ἄρα τώ γε ἰδὼν γήθησεν Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"sitting there; and Achilles was not glad to see them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἥμενον·","gloss":"ἧμαι: sitting there"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐδέ: nor"},{"text":"ἄρα","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"τώ","gloss":"ὁ: them"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἰδὼν","gloss":"εἶδον: to see"},{"text":"γήθησεν","gloss":"γηθέω: was glad"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς.","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.331","source":"τὼ μὲν ταρβήσαντε καὶ αἰδομένω βασιλῆα","translation":"The two of them, in fear and in awe of the king,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὼ","gloss":"ὁ: the two of them"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ταρβήσαντε","gloss":"ταρβέω: in fear"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"αἰδομένω","gloss":"αἰδέομαι: in awe"},{"text":"βασιλῆα","gloss":"βασιλεύς: of the king"}],"audio":null},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.332","source":"στήτην, οὐδέ τί μιν προσεφώνεον οὐδ’ ἐρέοντο·","translation":"stood there, and neither spoke to him nor questioned him;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"στήτην,","gloss":"ἵστημι: stood"},{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"neither"},{"text":"τί","gloss":"τις: at all"},{"text":"μιν","gloss":"him"},{"text":"προσεφώνεον","gloss":"προσφωνέω: spoke to, addressed"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐδέ: nor"},{"text":"ἐρέοντο·","gloss":"ἔρομαι: asked, questioned"}],"audio":null},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L56.r369.333","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ ἔγνω ᾗσιν ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φώνησέν τε·","translation":"but he understood it in his own heart, and spoke to them:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"ἀτάρ: but"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ἔγνω","gloss":"γιγνώσκω: understood"},{"text":"ᾗσιν","gloss":"ἑός: his own"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in"},{"text":"φρεσὶ","gloss":"φρήν: heart"},{"text":"φώνησέν","gloss":"φωνέω: spoke to them"},{"text":"τε·","gloss":"and"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἔρδον","gloss":"Do, perform, make, from ἔρδω"},{"word":"τεληέσσας","gloss":"Complete, perfect, finished, from τελήεις"},{"word":"ἀτρυγέτοιο","gloss":"Barren, restless, from ἀτρύγετος"},{"word":"κνίση","gloss":"The savor, from κνῖσα"},{"word":"ἑλισσομένη","gloss":"Twirl, twist, curl, from ἑλίσσω"},{"word":"καπνῷ","gloss":"Smoke, vapor, mist, from καπνός"},{"word":"πένοντο","gloss":"Work, be busy, labor, from πένομαι"},{"word":"ἐπηπείλησ’","gloss":"Threaten, boast, from ἐπαπειλέω"},{"word":"Ταλθύβιόν","gloss":"Talthybius, from Ταλθύβιος"},{"word":"Εὐρυβάτην","gloss":"Eurybates, from Εὐρυβάτης"},{"word":"κήρυκε","gloss":"Herald, from κῆρυξ"},{"word":"ὀτρηρὼ","gloss":"Ready, eager, nimble, from ὀτρηρός"},{"word":"θεράποντε","gloss":"Attendant, squire, comrade, from θεράπων"},{"word":"ῥίγιον","gloss":"Harsher"},{"word":"Μυρμιδόνων","gloss":"Of the Myrmidons, from Μυρμιδόνες"},{"word":"εὗρον","gloss":"Find, come upon, hit upon, from εὑρίσκω"},{"word":"ταρβήσαντε","gloss":"Fear, be in terror, be frightened, from ταρβέω"},{"word":"προσεφώνεον","gloss":"Address, accost, speak to, from προσφωνέω"},{"word":"ἐρέοντο","gloss":"Asked, questioned, from ἔρομαι"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson LVII: Iliad 334-347","teaching":[{"title":"The Iliad: Achilles greets the heralds","paragraphs":["Achilles greets the heralds kindly. They are not to blame, he says. Agamemnon is to blame, who sent them for the girl Briseis.","He asks Patroclus, sprung from Zeus, to bring out the girl and give her to the heralds. He asks the heralds to be witnesses before the blessed gods, before mortal men, and before that pitiless king. A day may come when the rest need Achilles to ward off shameful ruin."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Achilles gives up Briseis","paragraphs":["Agamemnon, he says, rages with a ruinous mind. He cannot look both forward and back, so that the Achaeans may fight safely beside the ships. Patroclus obeys his dear companion. He leads Briseis out of the hut and gives her to the heralds. They go back to the ships of the Achaeans.","In οὐδέ τι οἶδε νοῆσαι, he does not know how to look, οἶδε is a perfect of the verb meaning know."]}],"lines":[{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.334","source":"“χαίρετε, κήρυκες, Διὸς ἄγγελοι ἠδὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"\"Welcome, heralds, messengers of Zeus and of men;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“χαίρετε,","gloss":"χαίρω: welcome"},{"text":"κήρυκες,","gloss":"κῆρυξ: heralds"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"ἄγγελοι","gloss":"ἄγγελος: messengers"},{"text":"ἠδὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν·","gloss":"ἀνήρ: of men"}],"audio":null},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.335","source":"ἆσσον ἴτ’· οὔ τί μοι ὔμμες ἐπαίτιοι, ἀλλ’ Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"come nearer. You are not to blame in my eyes, but Agamemnon,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἆσσον","gloss":"nearer"},{"text":"ἴτ’·","gloss":"εἶμι: come"},{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"τί","gloss":"τις: (untranslated)"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: in my eyes"},{"text":"ὔμμες","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"ἐπαίτιοι,","gloss":"ἐπαίτιος: to blame"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων,","gloss":"Agamemnon"}],"audio":null},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.336","source":"ὅ σφῶϊ προΐει Βρισηίδος εἵνεκα κούρης.","translation":"who sends the two of you here for the sake of the girl Briseis.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"σφῶϊ","gloss":"σύ: the two of you"},{"text":"προΐει","gloss":"προίημι: sends"},{"text":"Βρισηίδος","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis"},{"text":"εἵνεκα","gloss":"ἕνεκα: for the sake of"},{"text":"κούρης.","gloss":"κόρη: the girl"}],"audio":null},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.337","source":"ἀλλ’ ἄγε, διογενὲς Πατρόκλεις, ἔξαγε κούρην","translation":"But come, Patroclus, sprung from Zeus, lead out the girl","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἄγε,","gloss":"come"},{"text":"διογενὲς","gloss":"διογενής: sprung from Zeus"},{"text":"Πατρόκλεις,","gloss":"Πάτροκλος: Patroclus"},{"text":"ἔξαγε","gloss":"ἐξάγω: lead out"},{"text":"κούρην","gloss":"κόρη: the girl"}],"audio":null},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.338","source":"καί σφωιν δὸς ἄγειν. τὼ δ’ αὐτὼ μάρτυροι ἔστων","translation":"and give her to them to lead away; and let the two of them themselves be witnesses","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καί","gloss":"and"},{"text":"σφωιν","gloss":"σφεῖς: to them"},{"text":"δὸς","gloss":"δίδωμι: give"},{"text":"ἄγειν.","gloss":"ἄγω: to lead away"},{"text":"τὼ","gloss":"ὁ: the two of them"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"αὐτὼ","gloss":"αὐτός: themselves"},{"text":"μάρτυροι","gloss":"μάρτυρος: witnesses"},{"text":"ἔστων","gloss":"εἰμί: let... be"}],"audio":null},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.339","source":"πρός τε θεῶν μακάρων πρός τε θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων","translation":"before the blessed gods and before mortal men,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πρός","gloss":"before"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: the gods"},{"text":"μακάρων","gloss":"μάκαρος: blessed"},{"text":"πρός","gloss":"before"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"θνητῶν","gloss":"θνητός: mortal"},{"text":"ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"ἄνθρωπος: men"}],"audio":null},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.340","source":"καὶ πρὸς τοῦ βασιλῆος ἀπηνέος, εἴ ποτε δὴ αὖτε","translation":"and before that pitiless king himself, if ever again","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πρὸς","gloss":"before"},{"text":"τοῦ","gloss":"ὁ: that"},{"text":"βασιλῆος","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king"},{"text":"ἀπηνέος,","gloss":"ἀπηνής: pitiless"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"αὖτε","gloss":"again"}],"audio":null},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.341","source":"χρειὼ ἐμεῖο γένηται ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι","translation":"there should come need of me to ward off shameful ruin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χρειὼ","gloss":"χρεώ: need"},{"text":"ἐμεῖο","gloss":"ἐγώ: of me"},{"text":"γένηται","gloss":"γίγνομαι: should come"},{"text":"ἀεικέα","gloss":"ἀεικής: shameful"},{"text":"λοιγὸν","gloss":"λοιγός: ruin"},{"text":"ἀμῦναι","gloss":"ἀμύνω: to ward off"}],"audio":null},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.342","source":"τοῖς ἄλλοις. ἦ γὰρ ὅ γ’ ὀλοιῇσι φρεσὶ θύει,","translation":"from the rest, for indeed he rages with a ruinous mind,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τοῖς","gloss":"ὁ: the"},{"text":"ἄλλοις.","gloss":"ἄλλος: rest"},{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ὀλοιῇσι","gloss":"ὀλοός: ruinous"},{"text":"φρεσὶ","gloss":"φρήν: mind"},{"text":"θύει,","gloss":"θύω: rages"}],"audio":null},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.343","source":"οὐδέ τι οἶδε νοῆσαι ἅμα πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω,","translation":"and does not know how to look at once forward and back,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"τι","gloss":"τις: (untranslated)"},{"text":"οἶδε","gloss":"οἶδα: know"},{"text":"νοῆσαι","gloss":"νοέω: to look"},{"text":"ἅμα","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"πρόσσω","gloss":"πρόσω: forward"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ὀπίσσω,","gloss":"ὀπίσω: back"}],"audio":null},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.344","source":"ὅππως οἱ παρὰ νηυσὶ σόοι μαχεοίατ’ Ἀχαιοί.”","translation":"so that the Achaeans might fight safely for him beside the ships.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅππως","gloss":"ὅπως: so that"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: for him"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"νηυσὶ","gloss":"ναῦς: the ships"},{"text":"σόοι","gloss":"σῶς: safely"},{"text":"μαχεοίατ’","gloss":"μάχομαι: might fight"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί.”","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.345","source":"ὣς φάτο, Πάτροκλος δὲ φίλῳ ἐπεπείθεθ’ ἑταίρῳ,","translation":"So he spoke, and Patroclus obeyed his dear companion,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"φάτο,","gloss":"φημί: he spoke"},{"text":"Πάτροκλος","gloss":"Patroclus"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"φίλῳ","gloss":"φίλος: dear"},{"text":"ἐπεπείθεθ’","gloss":"ἐπιπείθομαι: obeyed"},{"text":"ἑταίρῳ,","gloss":"ἑταῖρος: companion"}],"audio":null},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.346","source":"ἐκ δ’ ἄγαγε κλισίης Βρισηίδα καλλιπάρηον,","translation":"and led fair-cheeked Briseis out of the hut,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄγαγε","gloss":"ἄγω: led"},{"text":"κλισίης","gloss":"κλισία: the hut"},{"text":"Βρισηίδα","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον,","gloss":"καλλιπάρηος: fair-cheeked"}],"audio":null},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L57.r373.347","source":"δῶκε δ’ ἄγειν. τὼ δ’ αὖτις ἴτην παρὰ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"and gave her to them to lead away; and the two of them went back beside the ships of the Achaeans;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δῶκε","gloss":"δίδωμι: gave"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄγειν.","gloss":"ἄγω: to lead away"},{"text":"τὼ","gloss":"ὁ: the two of them"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"αὖθις: back"},{"text":"ἴτην","gloss":"εἶμι: went"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"ναῦς: the ships"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἄγγελοι","gloss":"Messenger, courier, from ἄγγελος"},{"word":"ἆσσον","gloss":"Nearer, closer"},{"word":"ἐπαίτιοι","gloss":"Blameworthy, blamable, to blame, from ἐπαίτιος"},{"word":"διογενὲς","gloss":"Zeus-born, from διογενής"},{"word":"Πατρόκλεις","gloss":"Patroclus, from Πάτροκλος"},{"word":"ἔξαγε","gloss":"Lead out, lead forth, bring forth, from ἐξάγω"},{"word":"μάρτυροι","gloss":"Witness, from μάρτυρος"},{"word":"μακάρων","gloss":"Blessed, from μάκαρος"},{"word":"θνητῶν","gloss":"Mortal, human, from θνητός"},{"word":"ἀπηνέος","gloss":"Harsh, cruel, rude, from ἀπηνής"},{"word":"χρειὼ","gloss":"Need, from χρεώ"},{"word":"ὀλοιῇσι","gloss":"Ruinous, from ὀλοός"},{"word":"θύει","gloss":"Dash, rush, be rash, from θύω"},{"word":"νοῆσαι","gloss":"Perceive, think, consider, from νοέω"},{"word":"πρόσσω","gloss":"Forward, from πρόσω"},{"word":"ὀπίσσω","gloss":"Back, from ὀπίσω"},{"word":"ὅππως","gloss":"So that, from ὅπως"},{"word":"ἑταίρῳ","gloss":"Companion, comrade, follower, from ἑταῖρος"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson LVIII: Iliad 348-358","teaching":[{"title":"The Iliad: Achilles prays to his mother","paragraphs":["Briseis goes unwilling with the heralds. Achilles weeps. At once he sits apart from his companions on the shore of the gray sea and looks out over the boundless deep.","He stretches out his hands and prays to his dear mother. She bore him to a short life, he says. So Zeus, who thunders on high, should at least have given him honor. But Zeus has not honored him even a little.","The son of Atreus, wide-ruling lord Agamemnon, has dishonored him. He has taken Achilles' prize for himself and keeps it. His queenly mother hears him. She sits in the depths of the sea beside her aged father.","In the line about the prize, ἀπούρας means having taken away. Pharr's word list marks it a participle. It describes the man who took the prize."]}],"lines":[{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.348","source":"ἡ δ’ ἀέκουσ’ ἅμα τοῖσι γυνὴ κίεν. αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"and the woman went with them unwilling. But Achilles,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡ","gloss":"ὁ: she"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀέκουσ’","gloss":"ἀέκων: unwilling"},{"text":"ἅμα","gloss":"with"},{"text":"τοῖσι","gloss":"ὁ: them"},{"text":"γυνὴ","gloss":"the woman"},{"text":"κίεν.","gloss":"κίω: went"},{"text":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"ἀτάρ: but"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.349","source":"δακρύσας ἑτάρων ἄφαρ ἕζετο νόσφι λιασθεὶς","translation":"weeping, at once sat apart, withdrawn from his companions,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δακρύσας","gloss":"δακρύω: weeping"},{"text":"ἑτάρων","gloss":"ἑταῖρος: his companions"},{"text":"ἄφαρ","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"ἕζετο","gloss":"ἕζομαι: sat"},{"text":"νόσφι","gloss":"apart"},{"text":"λιασθεὶς","gloss":"λιάζομαι: withdrawn"}],"audio":null},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.350","source":"θῖν’ ἔφ’ ἁλὸς πολιῆς, ὁρόων ἐπ’ ἀπείρονα πόντον·","translation":"on the shore of the gray sea, gazing out over the boundless deep;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θῖν’","gloss":"θίς: the shore"},{"text":"ἔφ’","gloss":"ἐπί: on"},{"text":"ἁλὸς","gloss":"ἅλς: of the sea"},{"text":"πολιῆς,","gloss":"πολιός: gray"},{"text":"ὁρόων","gloss":"ὁράω: gazing"},{"text":"ἐπ’","gloss":"ἐπί: out over"},{"text":"ἀπείρονα","gloss":"ἀπείρων: boundless"},{"text":"πόντον·","gloss":"πόντος: the deep"}],"audio":null},{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.351","source":"πολλὰ δὲ μητρὶ φίλῃ ἠρήσατο χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς·","translation":"and stretching out his hands, he prayed fervently to his dear mother:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολύς: fervently"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μητρὶ","gloss":"μήτηρ: to his mother"},{"text":"φίλῃ","gloss":"φίλος: dear"},{"text":"ἠρήσατο","gloss":"ἀράομαι: prayed"},{"text":"χεῖρας","gloss":"χείρ: his hands"},{"text":"ὀρεγνύς·","gloss":"ὀρέγνυμι: stretching out"}],"audio":null},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.352","source":"“μῆτερ, ἐπεί μ’ ἔτεκές γε μινυνθάδιόν περ ἐόντα,","translation":"\"Mother, since you bore me to be short-lived, however brief my life,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“μῆτερ,","gloss":"μήτηρ: Mother"},{"text":"ἐπεί","gloss":"since"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἔτεκές","gloss":"τίκτω: you bore"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μινυνθάδιόν","gloss":"μινυνθάδιος: short-lived"},{"text":"περ","gloss":"however brief"},{"text":"ἐόντα,","gloss":"εἰμί: being"}],"audio":null},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.353","source":"τιμήν πέρ μοι ὄφελλεν Ὀλύμπιος ἐγγυαλίξαι","translation":"honor at least the Olympian ought to have granted me,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τιμήν","gloss":"τιμή: honor"},{"text":"πέρ","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ὄφελλεν","gloss":"ὀφέλλω: ought to have"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπιος","gloss":"the Olympian"},{"text":"ἐγγυαλίξαι","gloss":"ἐγγυαλίζω: granted"}],"audio":null},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.354","source":"Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης· νῦν δ’ οὐδέ με τυτθὸν ἔτισεν.","translation":"Zeus who thunders on high; but now he has not honored me even a little;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ζεὺς","gloss":"Zeus"},{"text":"ὑψιβρεμέτης·","gloss":"who thunders on high"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but"},{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"με","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"τυτθὸν","gloss":"τυτθός: even a little"},{"text":"ἔτισεν.","gloss":"τίνω: has honored"}],"audio":null},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.355","source":"ἦ γάρ μ’ Ἀτρεΐδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"for indeed the son of Atreus, the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"the son of Atreus"},{"text":"εὐρὺ","gloss":"εὐρύς: wide-ruling"},{"text":"κρείων","gloss":"lord"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"}],"audio":null},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.356","source":"ἠτίμησεν· ἑλὼν γὰρ ἔχει γέρας, αὐτὸς ἀπούρας.”","translation":"has dishonored me; for he has seized my prize and keeps it, having taken it for himself.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἠτίμησεν·","gloss":"ἀτιμάω: has dishonored"},{"text":"ἑλὼν","gloss":"αἱρέω: has seized"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: keeps"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"my prize"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"himself"},{"text":"ἀπούρας.”","gloss":"ἀπαυράω: having taken it"}],"audio":null},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.357","source":"ὣς φάτο δάκρυ χέων, τοῦ δ’ ἔκλυε πότνια μήτηρ","translation":"So he spoke, weeping, and his queenly mother heard him,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"φάτο","gloss":"φημί: he spoke"},{"text":"δάκρυ","gloss":"δάκρυον: tears"},{"text":"χέων,","gloss":"χέω: shedding"},{"text":"τοῦ","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἔκλυε","gloss":"κλύω: heard"},{"text":"πότνια","gloss":"queenly"},{"text":"μήτηρ","gloss":"mother"}],"audio":null},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L58.r377.358","source":"ἡμένη ἐν βένθεσσιν ἁλὸς παρὰ πατρὶ γέροντι.","translation":"sitting in the depths of the sea beside her aged father;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡμένη","gloss":"ἧμαι: sitting"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in"},{"text":"βένθεσσιν","gloss":"βένθος: the depths"},{"text":"ἁλὸς","gloss":"ἅλς: of the sea"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"πατρὶ","gloss":"πατήρ: her father"},{"text":"γέροντι.","gloss":"γέρων: aged"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"γυνὴ","gloss":"Woman, wife"},{"word":"δακρύσας","gloss":"Weeping, from δακρύω"},{"word":"ἄφαρ","gloss":"Immediately, forthwith"},{"word":"νόσφι","gloss":"Apart, away, separate"},{"word":"λιασθεὶς","gloss":"Bend, turn aside, sink, from λιάζομαι"},{"word":"πολιῆς","gloss":"Gray, hoary, from πολιός"},{"word":"ἀπείρονα","gloss":"Boundless, limitless, from ἀπείρων"},{"word":"πόντον","gloss":"Sea, from πόντος"},{"word":"ὀρεγνύς","gloss":"Stretching out, from ὀρέγνυμι"},{"word":"μινυνθάδιόν","gloss":"Short, ephemeral, brief, from μινυνθάδιος"},{"word":"ὄφελλεν","gloss":"Increase, magnify, exalt, from ὀφέλλω"},{"word":"ἐγγυαλίξαι","gloss":"Grant, present with, from ἐγγυαλίζω"},{"word":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","gloss":"Thundering, growling on high, or high-growling"},{"word":"τυτθὸν","gloss":"Small, little, young, from τυτθός"},{"word":"ἀπούρας","gloss":"Take away, deprive, snatch away, from ἀπαυράω"},{"word":"δάκρυ","gloss":"Tears, from δάκρυον"},{"word":"χέων","gloss":"Pour, shed, from χέω"},{"word":"πότνια","gloss":"Revered, honored"},{"word":"βένθεσσιν","gloss":"Depth, from βένθος"}],"paradigms":[]}]}