# Homeric Greek, Lessons LIX to LXIII

Pharr III: The First Book Whole

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/13. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/13.json.

## Lesson LIX: Iliad 359-379

### The Iliad: Achilles tells his mother the story

His mother rises swiftly from the gray sea like a mist. She sits down before him as he weeps, strokes him with her hand, and calls him by name. She asks why he weeps and what grief has come upon his heart. She tells him to speak out and not hide it, so that both may know.

Achilles groans heavily and answers. You know it, he says. Why should I tell you everything? Then he tells it. The Achaeans went to Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion. They sacked it and brought everything back. They divided it among themselves and set apart fair-cheeked Chryseis for the son of Atreus.

### The Iliad: the story of Chryses

Then Chryses, priest of far-shooting Apollo, came to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter. He brought a boundless ransom and held the wreaths of Apollo on a golden staff.

All the other Achaeans shouted their assent: respect the priest and accept the ransom. But this did not please the heart of Agamemnon, and he sent the priest away harshly.

οἶσθα, you know, begins Achilles' answer. It is the second person singular of a perfect of the verb meaning know.

**1** καρπαλίμως δ’ ἀνέδυ πολιῆς ἁλὸς ἠΰτ’ ὀμίχλη,  
and swiftly she rose from the gray sea like a mist,

**2** καί ῥα πάροιθ’ αὐτοῖο καθέζετο δάκρυ χέοντος,  
and sat down before him as he wept,

**3** χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν, ἔπος τ’ ἔφατ’ ἔκ τ’ ὀνόμαζεν·  
and stroked him with her hand, and spoke to him, and called him by name:

**4** “τέκνον, τί κλαίεις; τί δέ σε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος;  
"My child, why do you weep? What grief has come upon your heart?

**5** ἐξαύδα, μὴ κεῦθε νόῳ, ἵνα εἴδομεν ἄμφω.”  
Speak out, do not hide it in your mind, so that we both may know."

**6** τὴν δὲ βαρὺ στενάχων προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·  
Groaning heavily, swift-footed Achilles answered her:

**7** “οἶσθα· τί ἤ τοι ταῦτα ἰδυίῃ πάντ’ ἀγορεύω;  
"You know it. Why then should I tell you everything, when you know it all already?

**8** ᾠχόμεθ’ ἐς Θήβην, ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος,  
We went to Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion,

**9** τὴν δὲ διεπράθομέν τε καὶ ἤγομεν ἐνθάδε πάντα.  
and we sacked it, and brought everything back here;

**10** καὶ τὰ μὲν εὖ δάσσαντο μετὰ σφίσιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,  
and the sons of the Achaeans divided it well among themselves,

**11** ἐκ δ’ ἕλον Ἀτρεΐδῃ Χρυσηίδα καλλιπάρῃον.  
and set apart fair-cheeked Chryseis for the son of Atreus.

**12** Χρύσης δ’ αὖθ’ ἱερεὺς ἑκατηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος  
Then Chryses, priest of far-shooting Apollo,

**13** ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων  
came to the swift ships of the bronze-clad Achaeans,

**14** λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ’ ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα,  
to free his daughter, bringing boundless ransom,

**15** στέμματ’ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος  
holding in his hands the wreaths of far-shooting Apollo

**16** χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ ἐλίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιούς,  
upon a golden staff, and he besought all the Achaeans,

**17** Ἀτρεΐδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν.  
but above all the two sons of Atreus, marshals of the people:

**18** ἔνθ’ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἐπευφήμησαν Ἀχαιοὶ  
Then all the rest of the Achaeans cried out their assent,

**19** αἰδεῖσθαί θ’ ἱερῆα καὶ ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα,  
to respect the priest and accept the splendid ransom;

**20** ἀλλ’ οὐκ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἥνδανε θυμῷ,  
but this did not please the heart of Atreus' son Agamemnon,

**21** ἀλλὰ κακῶς ἀφίει, κρατερὸν δ’ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν.  
and he sent him away harshly, laying on him a stern command:

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| καρπαλίμως | Swiftly, from καρπάλιμος |
| ἀνέδυ | She rose, from ἀναδύνω |
| ἠΰτ’ | As, just as, like, from ἠύτε |
| ὀμίχλη | Mist, fog, cloud |
| πάροιθ’ | Before, formerly, from πάροιθε |
| καθέζετο | Sit down, from καθέζομαι |
| κατέρεξεν | Stroked, from καταρρέζω |
| ὀνόμαζεν | Address, call, from ὀνομάζω |
| τέκνον | Child, young, offspring |
| κλαίεις | Cry, weep, from κλαίω |
| ἐξαύδα | Speak out, tell, say, from ἐξαυδάω |
| κεῦθε | Hide, conceal, enclose, from κεύθω |
| στενάχων | Groan, sob, sigh, from στενάχω |
| Ἠετίωνος | Eëtion, father of Andromache, from Ἠετίων |
| διεπράθομέν | Sack, sack thoroughly, pillage, from διαπέρθω |
| ἑκατηβόλου | Free-shooter, sharp-shooter, free-shooting, from ἑκατηβόλος |
| χαλκοχιτώνων | With bronze tunics, from χαλκοχίτων |

## Lesson LX: Iliad 380-400

### The Iliad: Achilles finishes the story

Achilles goes on with the story. The angry old priest went back, and Apollo heard his prayer, since the priest was very dear to him. Apollo shot an evil arrow at the Argives, and the people died one after another. The god's arrows went everywhere through the wide camp. A seer who knew well declared the prophecies of the far-shooter.

Achilles says he was the first to urge them to appease the god. But anger seized the son of Atreus, and he made a threat. That threat is now fulfilled. The Achaeans are sending one girl to Chryse with gifts. A moment ago, heralds led the daughter of Briseus away from Achilles' hut.

### The Iliad: Achilles asks his mother to plead with Zeus

So he asks his mother, if she can, to protect her own son. She is to go to Olympus and beg Zeus. In his father's halls he often heard her say that she alone of the immortals saved the son of Cronos from shameful ruin. That was when the other Olympians wished to bind him.

ἤκουσεν, he heard, and ἄκουσα, I have heard, both come from ἀκού-ω, hear, hearken. ἤκουσεν has the augment. ἄκουσα has none. Homer often omits the augment.

**22** χωόμενος δ’ ὁ γέρων πάλιν ᾤχετο· τοῖο δ’ Ἀπόλλων  
enraged, the old man went back again; and Apollo

**23** εὐξαμένου ἤκουσεν, ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν,  
heard him as he prayed, since he was very dear to him,

**24** ἧκε δ’ ἐπ’ Ἀργείοισι κακὸν βέλος· οἱ δέ νυ λαοὶ  
and let fly an evil shaft against the Argives; and the people

**25** θνῆσκον ἐπασσύτεροι, τὰ δ’ ἐπώχετο κῆλα θεοῖο  
kept dying, one after another, and the god's arrows ranged

**26** πάντῃ ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν. ἄμμι δὲ μάντις  
everywhere throughout the wide camp of the Achaeans; and a seer

**27** εὖ εἰδὼς ἀγόρευε θεοπροπίας ἑκάτοιο.  
who knew it well declared to us the prophecies of the far-shooter.

**28** αὐτίκ’ ἐγὼ πρῶτος κελόμην θεὸν ἱλάσκεσθαι·  
At once I was the first to urge that we appease the god;

**29** Ἀτρεΐωνα δ’ ἔπειτα χόλος λάβεν, αἶψα δ’ ἀναστὰς  
but then anger seized the son of Atreus, and rising up at once

**30** ἠπείλησεν μῦθον, ὃ δὴ τετελεσμένος ἐστίν.  
he spoke a threat that has now been fulfilled;

**31** τὴν μὲν γὰρ σὺν νηὶ θοῇ ἑλίκωπες Ἀχαιοὶ  
for the one girl the bright-eyed Achaeans, with a swift ship,

**32** ἐς Χρύσην πέμπουσιν, ἄγουσι δὲ δῶρα ἄνακτι·  
are sending to Chryse, and bringing gifts to the lord;

**33** τὴν δὲ νέον κλισίηθεν ἔβαν κήρυκες ἄγοντες  
and the other, just now, heralds went from my hut and led away,

**34** κούρην Βρισῆος, τήν μοι δόσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν.  
the daughter of Briseus, whom the sons of the Achaeans gave me.

**35** ἀλλὰ σύ, εἰ δύνασαί γε, περίσχεο παιδὸς ἑῆος·  
But you, if you are able, stand by your own son;

**36** ἐλθοῦσ’ Οὐλυμπόνδε Δία λίσαι, εἴ ποτε δή τι  
go to Olympus and beseech Zeus, if ever indeed

**37** ἢ ἔπει ὤνησας κραδίην Διὸς ἠὲ καὶ ἔργῳ.  
you gladdened his heart, either by word or by deed.

**38** πολλάκι γάρ σεο πατρὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἄκουσα  
For often I have heard you, in the halls of my father,

**39** εὐχομένης, ὅτ’ ἔφησθα κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι  
declaring, when you spoke to the dark-clouded son of Cronos,

**40** οἴη ἐν ἀθανάτοισιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι,  
that you alone among the immortals warded off shameful ruin from him,

**41** ὁππότε μιν ξυνδῆσαι Ὀλύμπιοι ἤθελον ἄλλοι,  
when the other Olympians wished to bind him,

**42** Ἥρη τ’ ἠδὲ Ποσειδάων καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη.  
Hera, and Poseidon, and Pallas Athena;

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| ἤκουσεν | Hear, from ἀκούω |
| ἐπασσύτεροι | Thick, in quick succession, from ἐπασσύτερος |
| πάντῃ | Everywhere, throughout |
| ἑκάτοιο | Free-shooter, sharp-shooter, from ἕκατος |
| λάβεν | Seized, from λαμβάνω |
| ἑλίκωπες | Bright-eyed, flashing-eyed, from ἑλίκωψ |
| κλισίηθεν | From my hut |
| περίσχεο | Protect, defend, encompass, from περιέχω |
| ἑῆος | Mighty, valiant, from ἐύς |
| ὤνησας | Help, benefit, assist, from ὀνίνημι |
| πολλάκι | Often, from πολλάκις |
| μεγάροισιν | Great hall, from μέγαρον |
| ὅτ’ | When, from ὅτι |
| κελαινεφέι | Wrapped in black clouds, from κελαινεφής |
| Κρονίωνι | Son of Cronus, from Κρονίων |
| ξυνδῆσαι | To bind, from συνδέω |
| Ποσειδάων | Poseidon, from Ποσειδεών |

## Lesson LXI: Iliad 401-412

### The relative pronoun ὅς

The relative pronoun joins two statements, like English who and whom. It refers to someone already named.

ὅς is nominative. ὃν is accusative.

ὃν Βριάρεων καλέουσι θεοί means whom the gods call Briareus. ὃν refers to the hundred-handed one. The gods are the subject.

In ὅς ῥα παρὰ Κρονίωνι καθέζετο, the English is and he sat down beside the son of Cronos. Here ὅς begins a new statement about the same person.

### The Iliad: the hundred-handed Briareus

The speaker asks a goddess to act. He reminds her that she once came and freed Zeus from his bonds.

She called the hundred-handed one to high Olympus. The gods call him Briareus, and all men call him Aegaeon. He is greater in strength than his own father. The blessed gods were afraid of him.

Then comes the request. Remind Zeus of these things, sit beside him, and clasp his knees. If he is willing to help the Trojans, the Achaeans will be penned in against their ships and the sea. Then Agamemnon will know his own blind folly.

ἑκατόγχειρον means hundred-handed. The word list prints it as ἑκατόγ-χειρος, from hundred and hand.

**43** ἀλλὰ σὺ τόν γ’ ἐλθοῦσα, θεά, ὑπελύσαο δεσμῶν.  
but you, goddess, went and freed him from his bonds,

**44** ὦχ’ ἑκατόγχειρον καλέσασ’ ἐς μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον,  
quickly calling the hundred-handed one to tall Olympus,

**45** ὃν Βριάρεων καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δέ τε πάντες  
whom the gods call Briareus, but all men

**46** Αἰγαίων’· ὁ γὰρ αὖτε βίη οὗ πατρὸς ἀμείνων·  
call Aegaeon, for he is greater in strength than his own father;

**47** ὅς ῥα παρὰ Κρονίωνι καθέζετο κύδεϊ γαίων·  
and he sat down beside the son of Cronos, exulting in his glory;

**48** τὸν καὶ ὑπέδεισαν μάκαρες θεοὶ οὐδέ τ’ ἔδησαν.  
and the blessed gods were afraid of him, and did not bind Zeus after all.

**49** τῶν νῦν μιν μνήσασα παρέζεο καὶ λαβὲ γούνων,  
Remind him of these things now, and sit beside him, and clasp his knees,

**50** αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι,  
in case he might be willing to help the Trojans,

**51** τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ’ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιοὺς  
and to pen the Achaeans in against their ships' sterns and the sea,

**52** κτεινομένους, ἵνα πάντες ἐπαύρωνται βασιλῆος,  
as they are slaughtered, so that all may have their profit of their king,

**53** γνῷ δὲ καὶ Ἀτρείδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων  
and the son of Atreus, the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon, may know

**54** ἣν ἄτην, ὅ τ’ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισεν.”  
his own blind folly, that he paid no honor to the best of the Achaeans."

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| ὑπελύσαο | Loose, from ὑπολύω |
| δεσμῶν | Bond, band, fetter, from δεσμός |
| ὦχ’ | Quickly, swiftly, suddenly, from ὦκα |
| ἑκατόγχειρον | Hundred-handed, hundred-armed, from ἑκατόγχειρος |
| μακρὸν | Long, high, lofty, from μακρός |
| Βριάρεων | Briareüs, from Βριάρεως |
| Αἰγαίων’ | Aegaeon |
| βίη | Strength, from βία |
| γαίων | Rejoice, exult, glory, from γαίω |
| ὑπέδεισαν | Fear, shrink before, cringe before, from ὑποδείδω |
| μάκαρες | Blessed, happy, fortunate, from μάκαρ |
| ἔδησαν | Bind, tie, from δέω |
| μνήσασα | Remind, call to mind, remember, from μιμνήσκω |
| παρέζεο | Sit beside, sit near, from παρέζομαι |
| γούνων | Knee, from γόνυ |
| πρύμνας | Ships' sterns, from πρύμνα |
| ἀμφ’ | With gen., dat., and acc, from ἀμφί |
| ἔλσαι | Crowd, drive, from εἴλω |
| κτεινομένους | Kill, slay, murder, from κτείνω |
| ἐπαύρωνται | May have their profit, from ἐπαυρέω |
| ἄτην | Blind infatuation, folly, ruin, from ἄτη |

## Lesson LXII: Iliad 413-424

### The aorist ἔβη

The aorist tells what happened. English uses a simple past: she went, he came.

In this passage the aorist is ἔβη, he went. The line is χθιζὸς ἔβη κατὰ δαῖτα: he went yesterday to a feast. Pharr labels ἔβη a second aorist indicative.

The next words are θεοὶ δ’ ἅμα πάντες ἕποντο: and all the gods together followed. πάντες means all. It is nominative plural.

### The Iliad: Thetis answers her son

Thetis answers him in tears. She calls him τέκνον ἐμόν, my child. She asks why she reared him, since she bore him to such sorrow.

She wishes he could sit beside the ships without tears and without harm. His fate is brief. Now he is short-fated and more sorrowful than all others.

She will go to snowy Olympus to tell this to Zeus, in case he may be persuaded. Meanwhile her son should nurse his wrath against the Achaeans and hold back from war. For Zeus went yesterday to the blameless Ethiopians, and the gods followed.

ὠκύμορος means swift-fated, and ὠκυπόροισιν means swift-faring. Both begin with a word for swift.

**55** τὸν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα Θέτις κατὰ δάκρυ χέουσα·  
Then Thetis, shedding tears, answered him:

**56** “ὤ μοι, τέκνον ἐμόν, τί νύ σ’ ἔτρεφον αἰνὰ τεκοῦσα;  
"Ah, my child, why did I rear you, having borne you to such sorrow?

**57** αἴθ’ ὄφελες παρὰ νηυσὶν ἀδάκρυτος καὶ ἀπήμων  
Would that you might sit beside the ships without tears and without harm,

**58** ἧσθαι, ἐπεί νύ τοι αἶσα μίνυνθά περ, οὔ τι μάλα δήν·  
since your fate is brief indeed, not long at all;

**59** νῦν δ’ ἅμα τ’ ὠκύμορος καὶ ὀιζυρὸς περὶ πάντων  
but now you are at once short-fated and, beyond all others, most sorrowful,

**60** ἔπλεο· τῶ σε κακῇ αἴσῃ τέκον ἐν μεγάροισιν.  
such you have become; for this I bore you to an evil fate in my halls.

**61** τοῦτο δέ τοι ἐρέουσα ἔπος Διὶ τερπικεραύνῳ  
But to carry this word to Zeus who delights in thunder,

**62** εἶμ’ αὐτὴ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον ἀγάννιφον, αἴ κε πίθηται.  
I myself will go to snowy Olympus, in case he may be persuaded.

**63** ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιν  
But you, for now, sit beside your swift-faring ships,

**64** μήνι’ Ἀχαιοῖσιν, πολέμου δ’ ἀποπαύεο πάμπαν·  
nurse your wrath against the Achaeans, and hold back from war entirely;

**65** Ζεὺς γὰρ ἐς Ὠκεανὸν μετ’ ἀμύμονας Αἰθιοπῆας  
for Zeus has gone to Oceanus, to the blameless Ethiopians,

**66** χθιζὸς ἔβη κατὰ δαῖτα, θεοὶ δ’ ἅμα πάντες ἕποντο·  
went yesterday to a feast, and all the gods together followed him;

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Θέτις | Thetis, a sea goddess, wife of Peleus |
| αἰνὰ | Dread, terrible, awful, from αἰνός |
| αἴθ’ | Would that, from εἴθε |
| ὄφελες | Owe, ought, be obligated, from ὀφείλω |
| ἀδάκρυτος | Tearless |
| ἀπήμων | Unharmed, painless |
| αἶσα | Fate, lot, portion |
| μίνυνθά | Brief |
| δήν | Long, for a long time |
| ὠκύμορος | Swift-fated |
| ὀιζυρὸς | Piteous, woeful, miserable |
| τῶ | Therefore, for this |
| αἴσῃ | Fate, from αἶσις |
| τερπικεραύνῳ | Hurling the thunderbolt, from τερπικέραυνος |
| ἀγάννιφον | Snow-clad, from ἀγάννιφος |
| παρήμενος | Sit beside, from πάρημαι |
| ὠκυπόροισιν | Swift-sailing, swift-going, crossing quickly, from ὠκύπορος |
| μήνι’ | Rage, fume, be furious, from μηνίω |
| ἀποπαύεο | Cease, refrain, stop, from ἀποπαύω |
| πάμπαν | Completely, altogether |
| Ὠκεανὸν | Ocean, Oceanus, from Ὠκεανός |
| Αἰθιοπῆας | The Ethiopians, from Αἰθίοψ |
| χθιζὸς | Yesterday |

## Lesson LXIII: Iliad 425-435

### εἶμι, I will go

εἶμι is a form of the verb go. Pharr labels it a present. In this passage the English is I will go.

The line is καὶ τότ’ ἔπειτά τοι εἶμι Διὸς ποτὶ χαλκοβατὲς δῶ: and then I will go to the bronze-floored house of Zeus.

δῶ, the last word of the line, is a noun here: house, home.

### The Iliad: a promise, and the ship at Chryse

A speaker ends her speech. On the twelfth day he will come back to Olympus, she says. Then she will go to the bronze-floored house of Zeus and clasp his knees. She thinks she will persuade him.

So speaking, she went away and left him there. He was angry at heart for the fair-girdled woman, whom they had taken from him by force, against his will.

The next scene begins with αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς, but Odysseus. He came to Chryse, leading the holy hecatomb. In the deep harbor they furled the sail and stowed it in the black ship. Then they rowed her to the anchorage.

**67** δωδεκάτη δέ τοι αὖτις ἐλεύσεται Οὔλυμπόνδε,  
and on the twelfth day he will come back again to Olympus,

**68** καὶ τότ’ ἔπειτά τοι εἶμι Διὸς ποτὶ χαλκοβατὲς δῶ,  
and then I will go to the bronze-floored house of Zeus,

**69** καί μιν γουνάσομαι, καί μιν πείσεσθαι ὀίω.”  
and clasp his knees, and I think I shall persuade him."

**70** ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασ’ ἀπεβήσετο, τὸν δὲ λίπ’ αὐτοῦ  
So speaking, she went away, and left him there,

**71** χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐυζώνοιο γυναικός,  
enraged at heart for the fair-girdled woman's sake,

**72** τήν ῥα βίῃ ἀέκοντος ἀπηύρων. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς  
whom they had taken from him by force, against his will; but Odysseus

**73** ἐς Χρύσην ἵκανεν ἄγων ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην.  
he came to Chryse, leading the holy hecatomb.

**74** οἱ δ’ ὅτε δὴ λιμένος πολυβενθέος ἐντὸς ἵκοντο,  
And when they had come within the deep harbor,

**75** ἱστία μὲν στείλαντο, θέσαν δ’ ἐν νηὶ μελαίνῃ,  
they furled the sail, and stowed it in the black ship,

**76** ἱστὸν δ’ ἱστοδόκῃ πέλασαν προτόνοισιν ὑφέντες  
and lowering the forestays, they brought the mast down to its socket

**77** καρπαλίμως, τὴν δ’ εἰς ὅρμον προέρεσσαν ἐρετμοῖς.  
swiftly, and rowed her forward into the anchorage with oars.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| δωδεκάτη | On the twelfth day, from δωδέκατος |
| χαλκοβατὲς | With bronze threshold, with bronze pavement, from χαλκοβατής |
| γουνάσομαι | Embrace the knees, entreat, implore, from γουνάζομαι |
| ἀπεβήσετο | Depart, go away, from ἀποβαίνω |
| ἐυζώνοιο | Well-girded, beautiful-waisted, from εὔζωνος |
| λιμένος | Harbor, anchoring place, from λιμήν |
| πολυβενθέος | Very deep, from πολυβενθής |
| ἐντὸς | 992, within, inside |
| ἱστία | Sail, from ἱστίον |
| στείλαντο | Put, place, arrange, from στέλλω |
| ἱστοδόκῃ | Mast-receiver |
| πέλασαν | Bring near, draw near, approach, from πελάζω |
| προτόνοισιν | The forestays, from πρότονοι |
| ὑφέντες | Let down, lower, from ὑφίημι |
| ὅρμον | Anchorage, from ὅρμος |
| προέρεσσαν | Row forward, from προερέσσω |
| ἐρετμοῖς | Oar, from ἐρετμόν |