# Homeric Greek, Lessons LXIV to LXVIII

Pharr III: The First Book Whole

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/14. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/14.json.

## Lesson LXIV: Iliad 436-449

### ὁ and τοὶ: he and they

Homer has no regular word for the. He uses ὁ and its forms where English uses he or they.

ὁ δὲ δέξατο χαίρων means and he received her, rejoicing. ὁ refers to Chryses without naming him again. Pharr labels ὁ here nominative singular.

The plural is used the same way. τοὶ δ’ ὦκα θεῷ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην ἐξείης ἔστησαν: and they swiftly set the holy hecatomb for the god in order. τοὶ means they.

### The Iliad: Chryseis returns to her father

The ship has reached Chryse. The crew throw out the mooring stones and make fast the stern-cables. They step out on the beach and lead out the hecatomb. Chryseis steps from the ship.

Odysseus leads her to the altar and places her in her father's hands. He speaks to Chryses. Agamemnon sent me to bring you your daughter, he says, and to offer a holy hecatomb to Phoebus for the Danaans.

### The Iliad: the hecatomb is set in order

The lord, he says, has sent grievous sorrows upon the Argives, and the offering is to appease him. Chryses receives his daughter, rejoicing. Then they set the hecatomb in order around the altar, wash their hands, and take up the barley grains.

Four lines begin with ἐκ, out of: ἐκ δ’ εὐνὰς ἔβαλον, ἐκ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βαῖνον, ἐκ δ’ ἑκατόμβην βῆσαν, ἐκ δὲ Χρυσηὶς νηὸς βῆ. The stones, the men, the hecatomb and Chryseis each go out.

**1** ἐκ δ’ εὐνὰς ἔβαλον, κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσι’ ἔδησαν·  
They threw out the mooring stones, and made fast the stern-cables;

**2** ἐκ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βαῖνον ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης,  
and they themselves stepped out upon the breaking surf of the sea,

**3** ἐκ δ’ ἑκατόμβην βῆσαν ἑκηβόλῳ Ἀπόλλωνι·  
and led out the hecatomb for far-shooting Apollo;

**4** ἐκ δὲ Χρυσηὶς νηὸς βῆ ποντοπόροιο.  
and Chryseis stepped out from the sea-crossing ship.

**5** τὴν μὲν ἔπειτ’ ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεὺς  
Then Odysseus of many wiles, leading her to the altar,

**6** πατρὶ φίλῳ ἐν χερσὶ τίθει, καί μιν προσέειπεν·  
placed her in her dear father's hands, and spoke to him:

**7** “ὦ Χρύση, πρό μ’ ἔπεμψεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων  
"O Chryses, Agamemnon, lord of men, has sent me before him

**8** παῖδά τε σοὶ ἀγέμεν, Φοίβῳ θ’ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην  
to bring you your daughter, and to offer to Phoebus a holy hecatomb

**9** ῥέξαι ὑπὲρ Δαναῶν, ὄφρ’ ἱλασόμεσθα ἄνακτα,  
on behalf of the Danaans, that we may propitiate the lord,

**10** ὃς νῦν Ἀργείοισι πολύστονα κήδε’ ἐφῆκεν.”  
who has now sent grievous sorrows upon the Argives."

**11** ὣς εἰπὼν ἐν χερσὶ τίθει, ὁ δὲ δέξατο χαίρων  
So speaking, he placed her in his hands, and he received her, rejoicing,

**12** παῖδα φίλην. τοὶ δ’ ὦκα θεῷ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην  
his dear daughter; and they swiftly set the holy hecatomb for the god

**13** ἐξείης ἔστησαν εὔδμητον περὶ βωμόν,  
in order around the well-built altar,

**14** χερνίψαντο δ’ ἔπειτα καὶ οὐλοχύτας ἀνέλοντο.  
and then washed their hands and took up the barley grains.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| εὐνὰς | Bed, sleeper, anchor-stone, from εὐνή |
| πρυμνήσι’ | The stern-cables, from πρυμνήσιος |
| ῥηγμῖνι | Beach, strand, shore, from ῥηγμίν |
| ποντοπόροιο | Sea-going, sea-traversing, crossing the sea, from ποντόπορος |
| βωμὸν | Altar, base, foundation, from βωμός |
| ὑπὲρ | Over, beyond, in behalf of |
| πολύστονα | Causing many a groan, rich in groans, from πολύστονος |
| κήδε’ | Woe, grief, suffering, from κῆδος |
| ἐξείης | In order, from ἑξῆς |
| εὔδμητον | Well-built, from εὔδμητος |
| χερνίψαντο | Washed their hands, from χερνίπτομαι |
| οὐλοχύτας | The barley grains, from οὐλοχύται |

## Lesson LXV: Iliad 450-461

### ἐμέ, μοι and ὃς

Chryses prays, so the lines have many forms of I and me. The pronoun has a form for each case.

ἐμέ is accusative: me. τίμησας μὲν ἐμέ means you honored me.

μοι means to me or for me. ἠδ’ ἔτι καὶ νῦν μοι τόδ’ ἐπικρήηνον ἐέλδωρ means and now too grant me this desire once more.

ὃς is the relative pronoun, nominative. In ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκας, who stand guard over Chryse, ὃς refers to the god Chryses addresses.

### The Iliad: the prayer of Chryses

Chryses lifts up his hands and prays aloud to the god of the silver bow. This god stands guard over Chryse and holy Cilla, and rules Tenedos with might.

He asks the god to remember. You heard me before, he says, and you honored me. You struck the host of the Achaeans hard. Now grant me this desire once more: ward off shameful ruin from the Danaans. Phoebus Apollo heard him.

### The Iliad: the sacrifice

Then comes the rite. They pray and throw the barley grains forward. They draw back the victims' heads, cut their throats, and flay them. They cut out the thigh-pieces, cover them with fat in a double fold, and lay raw flesh upon them.

ἠμὲν and ἠδ’ form a pair. The word list says ἠμέν goes with ἠδέ. The prayer has two halves. First: ἠμὲν δή ποτ’ ἐμεῦ πάρος ἔκλυες εὐξαμένοιο, truly before now you heard me when I prayed. Then: ἠδ’ ἔτι καὶ νῦν, and now too.

**15** τοῖσιν δὲ Χρύσης μεγάλ’ εὔχετο χεῖρας ἀνασχών·  
Then Chryses, lifting up his hands, prayed aloud for them:

**16** “κλῦθί μευ ἀργυρότοξ’, ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκας  
"Hear me, god of the silver bow, who stand guard over Chryse

**17** Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην, Τενέδοιό τε ἶφι ἀνάσσεις·  
and holy Cilla, and rule Tenedos with your might,

**18** ἠμὲν δή ποτ’ ἐμεῦ πάρος ἔκλυες εὐξαμένοιο,  
truly before now you heard me when I prayed;

**19** τίμησας μὲν ἐμέ, μέγα δ’ ἴψαο λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν·  
you honored me, and struck hard the host of the Achaeans;

**20** ἠδ’ ἔτι καὶ νῦν μοι τόδ’ ἐπικρήηνον ἐέλδωρ·  
and now too grant me this desire once more:

**21** ἤδη νῦν Δαναοῖσιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἄμυνον.”  
ward off at last from the Danaans this shameful ruin."

**22** ὣς ἔφατ’ εὐχόμενος, τοῦ δ’ ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.  
So he spoke in prayer, and Phoebus Apollo heard him.

**23** αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ’ εὔξαντο καὶ οὐλοχύτας προβάλοντο,  
And when they had prayed, and cast forward the barley grains,

**24** αὐέρυσαν μὲν πρῶτα καὶ ἔσφαξαν καὶ ἔδειραν,  
first they drew back the victims' heads, and cut their throats, and flayed them,

**25** μηρούς τ’ ἐξέταμον κατά τε κνίσῃ ἐκάλυψαν  
and cut out the thigh-pieces and covered them with fat,

**26** δίπτυχα ποιήσαντες, ἐπ’ αὐτῶν δ’ ὠμοθέτησαν.  
making a double fold, and laid raw flesh upon them;

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| ἀνασχών | Hold up, raise, endure, from ἀνέχω |
| ἠμὲν | Both |
| πάρος | Formerly, of old, before this |
| ἴψαο | Struck, from ἴπτομαι |
| ἐπικρήηνον | Grant, from ἐπικραίνω |
| προβάλοντο | Cast, throw forward, from προβάλλω |
| αὐέρυσαν | Draw up, from αὐερύω |
| ἔσφαξαν | Cut the throat, slaughter, slay, from σφάζω |
| ἔδειραν | Skin, flay, from δέρω |
| ἐξέταμον | Cut out, from ἐκτέμνω |
| ἐκάλυψαν | Cover, conceal, hide, from καλύπτω |
| δίπτυχα | In a double fold, from δίπτυχος |
| ποιήσαντες | Do, make, perform, from ποιέω |
| ὠμοθέτησαν | Place raw meat upon, from ὠμοθετέω |

## Lesson LXVI: Iliad 462-470

### Review: ὁ and αὐτὸν

This passage has no new forms. Beside a noun, ὁ can mean the. Pharr labels ὁ γέρων nominative singular: the old man.

Pharr labels αὐτὸν accusative singular. νέοι δὲ παρ’ αὐτὸν ἔχον πεμπώβολα χερσίν: and the young men beside him held five-pronged forks in their hands. παρ’ αὐτὸν means beside him.

### The Iliad: the sacrifice and the feast

The old man burns the pieces on split wood and pours gleaming wine over them. The young men stand beside him with five-pronged forks.

When the thigh-pieces are burned and the inner parts tasted, they cut up the rest. They pierce it on spits, roast it with care, and draw it all off. When the work is done and the feast is ready, they feast. When they have had enough food and drink, the young men crown the mixing bowls with drink.

Three lines begin with αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ, but when. Each begins a new stage of the meal: the thigh-pieces burned, the work ended, the desire for food and drink put away.

**27** καῖε δ’ ἐπὶ σχίζῃς ὁ γέρων, ἐπὶ δ’ αἴθοπα οἶνον  
and the old man burned them on the split wood, and poured over them gleaming wine;

**28** λεῖβε· νέοι δὲ παρ’ αὐτὸν ἔχον πεμπώβολα χερσίν.  
and the young men beside him held five-pronged forks in their hands.

**29** αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μῆρα κάη καὶ σπλάγχνα πάσαντο,  
But when the thigh-pieces were burned, and they had tasted the inner parts,

**30** μίστυλλόν τ’ ἄρα τἆλλα καὶ ἀμφ’ ὀβελοῖσιν ἔπειραν,  
they cut up the rest and pierced it on spits,

**31** ὤπτησάν τε περιφραδέως, ἐρύσαντό τε πάντα.  
and roasted it with care, and drew all of it off.

**32** αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου τετύκοντό τε δαῖτα  
And when they had ceased from their labor and made ready the feast,

**33** δαίνυντ’, οὐδέ τι θυμὸς ἐδεύετο δαιτὸς ἐίσης.  
they feasted, and no heart lacked its share of the fair-shared feast.

**34** αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,  
But when they had put from them the desire for drink and food,

**35** κοῦροι μὲν κρητῆρας ἐπεστέψαντο ποτοῖο,  
the young men crowned the mixing bowls with drink,

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| σχίζῃς | Split wood, from σχίζα |
| αἴθοπα | Bright, shining, from αἶθοψ |
| οἶνον | WINE, from οἶνος |
| λεῖβε | Pour a libation, from λείβω |
| πεμπώβολα | Five-pronged fork, from πεμπώβολον |
| μῆρα | Thigh-pieces |
| σπλάγχνα | Vitals, haslets, from σπλάγχνον |
| πάσαντο | Tasted, from πατέομαι |
| μίστυλλόν | Slice, cut into bits, from μιστύλλω |
| ὀβελοῖσιν | Spit, from ὀβελός |
| ὤπτησάν | Cook, roast, bake, from ὀπτάω |
| περιφραδέως | With care, from περιφραδής |
| πόνου | Work, labor, toil, from πόνος |
| δαίνυντ’ | Feast, banquet, entertain, from δαίνυμι |
| πόσιος | Drink, from πόσις |
| ἐδητύος | Food, feed, eating, from ἐδητύς |
| ἔρον | Love, desire, passion, from ἔρος |
| κοῦροι | Young men, from κόρος |
| κρητῆρας | Mixing bowls, from κρατήρ |
| ἐπεστέψαντο | Surround, encircle, fill brimming full, from ἐπιστέφω |
| ποτοῖο | With drink, from ποτός |

## Lesson LXVII: Iliad 471-479

### Agreement of adjective and noun

An adjective has the same case and number as its noun. So the two usually have the same ending.

καλὸν ἀείδοντες παιήονα means singing a beautiful paean. Pharr labels καλὸν nominative, accusative or vocative singular. The ending alone does not decide the case. The paean is what they sing, so the case is accusative.

τοῖσιν δ’ ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει ἑκάεργος Ἀπόλλων: and the far-worker Apollo sent them a favoring wind. ἴκμενον means favoring, and οὖρον means wind. The two have the same ending.

### The Iliad: the paean and the voyage back

The cups are served to all, after the first drops are poured. All day long the young men of the Achaeans appease the god with song. They sing a beautiful paean to the far-worker. He listens, and his heart is glad.

When the sun goes down and darkness comes, they lie down to sleep beside the stern-cables of the ship. When early-born Dawn appears, rosy-fingered, they put out to sea for the wide camp of the Achaeans. Apollo sends them a favoring wind.

Two lines begin with ἦμος δ’, when: when the sun went down, and when Dawn appeared. The same word begins the evening and the morning.

**36** νώμησαν δ’ ἄρα πᾶσιν ἐπαρξάμενοι δεπάεσσιν,  
and, having poured the first drops, served it out to all in cups;

**37** οἱ δὲ πανημέριοι μολπῇ θεὸν ἱλάσκοντο,  
and all day long they propitiated the god with song,

**38** καλὸν ἀείδοντες παιήονα, κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν,  
the young men of the Achaeans singing a beautiful paean,

**39** μέλποντες ἑκάεργον· ὁ δὲ φρένα τέρπετ’ ἀκούων.  
chanting to the far-worker; and his heart was glad as he listened.

**40** ἦμος δ’ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν,  
And when the sun went down and the darkness came on,

**41** δὴ τότε κοιμήσαντο παρὰ πρυμνήσια νηός.  
then they lay down to sleep beside the stern-cables of the ship;

**42** ἦμος δ’ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,  
When early-born Dawn appeared, rosy-fingered,

**43** καὶ τότ’ ἔπειτ’ ἀνάγοντο μετὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν·  
then at last they put out to sea, toward the wide camp of the Achaeans;

**44** τοῖσιν δ’ ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει ἑκάεργος Ἀπόλλων.  
and the far-worker Apollo sent them a favoring wind;

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| νώμησαν | Distribute, apportion, handle easily, from νωμάω |
| ἐπαρξάμενοι | Begin, perform the initiatory rites, from ἐπάρχω |
| δεπάεσσιν | Cup, goblet, from δέπας |
| πανημέριοι | All day long, from πανημέριος |
| μολπῇ | Dance, song, singing |
| παιήονα | Paean, from παιάν |
| μέλποντες | Sing, dance, hymn, from μέλπω |
| τέρπετ’ | Please, delight, satisfy, from τέρπω |
| ἦμος | When |
| ἠέλιος | Sun |
| κατέδυ | Go down, sink, set, from καταδύω |
| κνέφας | Darkness, night, gloom |
| κοιμήσαντο | Lay down to sleep, from κοιμάω |
| ἠριγένεια | Early-born |
| ῥοδοδάκτυλος | Rosy-fingered |
| Ἠώς | Eos, goddess of dawn, dawn |
| ἀνάγοντο | Lead forth, set out, go forth, from ἀνάγω |
| ἴκμενον | Favorable, welcome, from ἴκμενος |
| ἑκάεργος | Far-worker, from ʽἑκάεργος |

## Lesson LXVIII: Iliad 480-489

### Three forms of the word for ship

This passage has the word for ship in three forms.

νῆα μὲν οἵ γε μέλαιναν ἐπ’ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν: they drew the black ship up onto the mainland. νῆα is accusative.

νηὸς ἰούσης: as the ship went on her way. Pharr labels νηὸς genitive singular.

νηυσὶ is plural, in νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιν: sitting beside the swift-faring ships.

### The Iliad: the return to camp

They raise the mast and spread the white sail. The wind fills the belly of the sail. The dark wave roars loudly around the stem as the ship goes on her way. She runs over the wave and completes her path.

When they reach the wide camp, they draw the black ship up onto the mainland, high on the sand. They set long props beneath her. Then they scatter among the huts and the ships.

One man stays apart: αὐτὰρ ὁ μήνιε, but he nursed his wrath. His name follows: the Zeus-sprung son of Peleus, swift-footed Achilles.

He sits beside the ships: νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιν. The crew have scattered, and he stays by the ships.

**45** οἱ δ’ ἱστὸν στήσαντ’ ἀνά θ’ ἱστία λευκὰ πέτασσαν·  
they raised the mast and spread the white sail,

**46** ἐν δ’ ἄνεμος πρῆσεν μέσον ἱστίον, ἀμφὶ δὲ κῦμα  
and the wind filled the belly of the sail, and around the stem the dark wave

**47** στείρῃ πορφύρεον μεγάλ’ ἴαχε νηὸς ἰούσης·  
roared loudly as the ship went on her way;

**48** ἡ δ’ ἔθεεν κατὰ κῦμα διαπρήσσουσα κέλευθον.  
and she ran on over the wave, completing her path.

**49** αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ’ ἵκοντο κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν,  
But when they had come to the wide camp of the Achaeans,

**50** νῆα μὲν οἵ γε μέλαιναν ἐπ’ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν  
they drew the black ship up onto the mainland,

**51** ὑψοῦ ἐπὶ ψαμάθοις, ὑπὸ δ’ ἕρματα μακρὰ τάνυσσαν,  
high upon the sand, and stretched long props beneath her;

**52** αὐτοὶ δ’ ἐσκίδναντο κατὰ κλισίας τε νέας τε.  
and they themselves scattered among the huts and the ships.

**53** αὐτὰρ ὁ μήνιε νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιν  
But he nursed his wrath, sitting beside the swift-faring ships,

**54** διογενὴς Πηλῆος υἱός, πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς.  
the Zeus-sprung son of Peleus, swift-footed Achilles;

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| λευκὰ | White, shining, from λευκός |
| πέτασσαν | Spread, from πετάννυμι |
| ἄνεμος | Wind, breeze |
| πρῆσεν | Blow, burn, inflate, from πρήθω |
| μέσον | Middle, midst, medium, from μέσος |
| κῦμα | Wave, billow |
| στείρῃ | Cut-water, stem, from στεῖρα |
| πορφύρεον | Dark, purple, violet, from πορφύρεος |
| ἴαχε | Shout, howl, roar, from ἰάχω |
| ἔθεεν | Run, speed, from θέω |
| διαπρήσσουσα | Completing, from διαπράσσω |
| ἠπείροιο | Land, continent, from ἤπειρος |
| ὑψοῦ | High |
| ψαμάθοις | Sand, dune, from ψάμαθος |
| ἕρματα | Beam, prop, support, from ἕρμα |
| τάνυσσαν | Stretch, place along, from τανύω |
| ἐσκίδναντο | Scattered, from σκίδνημι |
| Πηλῆος | Peleus, from Πηλεύς |