{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":2,"id":"grc.module.ph.06-10","title":"Lessons VI to X","stage":"Pharr I: Letters, Nouns, Verbs","situation":null,"outcome":"The Second Declension · Review · Second Declension (continued) · The Imperfect of Verbs in -ω · The Future and Aorist of Verbs in -ω","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/2","lines":113},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/1","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/3","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson VI: The Second Declension","teaching":[{"title":"The second declension","paragraphs":["βουλή and the nouns like it belong to the first declension. This lesson adds the second declension. Its model is θῡμός, heart or spirit.","Singular: nominative θῡμός, genitive θῡμοῦ, dative θῡμῷ, accusative θῡμόν, vocative θῡμέ.","Plural: θῡμοί, θῡμῶν, θῡμοῖσι, θῡμούς. An ο is in almost every form. It marks the second declension, as α and η mark the first."]},{"title":"Gender","paragraphs":["Every Greek noun has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. The gender belongs to the noun, like its spelling.","The word list shows the gender with a short word after the noun. ὁ means masculine, as in θεός, god. ἡ means feminine, as in νοῦσος, plague. τό means neuter, as in ἔργον, deed.","νοῦσος is feminine but ends in ος, like the masculine θεός. The nominative ending does not always show the gender. The word list does.","In a neuter noun the nominative, the accusative and the vocative are the same: ἔργον. In the plural all three are ἔργα."]},{"title":"Agreement","paragraphs":["An adjective has the same gender, number and case as its noun. This is called agreement. Number means singular, dual or plural.","So an adjective has a form for each gender. κᾱλός, good, is masculine. κᾱλή is feminine. κᾱλόν is neuter. The word list gives all three: κᾱλός, ή, όν.","The masculine forms follow θῡμός, the feminine forms follow βουλή, and the neuter forms follow ἔργον. κᾱλοῦ ἔργου, of a good deed. κᾱλὰς βουλάς, good plans, as the object. φίλος, η, ον, dear, follows the same pattern.","Agreement does not mean the same ending. In νοῦσος κακή, an evil plague, the noun is feminine but has a second-declension ending. The adjective has the feminine form κακή. It follows the gender, not the ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.1","source":"ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα φέρουσιν Ἀχαιοὶ εἰς στρατόν.","translation":"The Achaeans bring splendid ransoms to the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀγλαὰ","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"φέρουσιν","gloss":"φέρω: bring, carry"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"στρατόν.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.2","source":"φέρομεν ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"We bring countless ransoms throughout the camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"φέρομεν","gloss":"φέρω: bring, carry"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.3","source":"θεὸς τεύχει πολλοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐλώρια οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"The god makes many Achaeans a prey for the birds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"τεύχει","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"πολλοὺς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐλώρια","gloss":"ἐλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσιν.","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird, omen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.4","source":"ἦσαν Ἀχαιοὶ κακοί;","translation":"Were the Achaeans cowardly?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦσαν","gloss":"were, there were"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"κακοί;","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.5","source":"οὐκ ἦσαν κακοί, κᾱλοὶ δέ. νοῦσος κακὴ ὀλέκει λᾱὸν κᾱλόν.","translation":"They were not cowardly, but noble. A wicked plague destroys the noble host.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἦσαν","gloss":"were, there were"},{"text":"κακοί,","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"κᾱλοὶ","gloss":"καλός: good, noble, beautiful"},{"text":"δέ.","gloss":"but, and, so"},{"text":"νοῦσος","gloss":"plague, disease"},{"text":"κακὴ","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"ὀλέκει","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"λαός: people, host"},{"text":"κᾱλόν.","gloss":"καλός: good, noble, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.6","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ πέμπουσιν ἄποινα μῡρί’ εἰς πάτρην.","translation":"The Achaeans send countless ransoms to their fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"πέμπουσιν","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"μῡρί’","gloss":"μυρίοι: countless, innumerable"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"πάτρην.","gloss":"πάτρη: fatherland, native land"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.7","source":"θεὸς βαίνει ἐς στρατόν, ὀλέκει δὲ λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"The god goes to the camp, and destroys the host of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"βαίνει","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go"},{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς: to, into"},{"text":"στρατόν,","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"ὀλέκει","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, so"},{"text":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"λαός: people, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.8","source":"τίς ἀτιμάζει θεοὺς κᾱλούς;","translation":"Who dishonors the noble gods?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζει","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, insult"},{"text":"θεοὺς","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"κᾱλούς;","gloss":"καλός: good, noble, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.9","source":"κακοὶ λᾱοὶ ἀτιμάζουσι θεοὺς πάτρης.","translation":"Wicked peoples dishonor the gods of their fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κακοὶ","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"λᾱοὶ","gloss":"λαός: people, host"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, insult"},{"text":"θεοὺς","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"πάτρης.","gloss":"πάτρη: fatherland, native land"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.10","source":"θεὸς πέμπει νοῦσον κακὴν ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν, οὐ γὰρ τελείουσι βουλὴν θεῶν πάτρης.","translation":"The god sends an evil plague throughout the camp of the Achaeans, for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of their fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"πέμπει","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort"},{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νοῦσος: plague, disease"},{"text":"κακὴν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"τελείουσι","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill, complete"},{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"πάτρης.","gloss":"πάτρη: fatherland, native land"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.11","source":"βαίνει ἐπὶ θάλασσαν δεινὴν καὶ τεύχει πυρὰς πολλὰς ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"He goes to the terrible sea and makes many pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βαίνει","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"θάλασσαν","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"δεινὴν","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dread"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"τεύχει","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"πυρὰς","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.12","source":"ἔχουσιν ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα Ἀχαιῶν ἐνὶ στρατῷ.","translation":"They have countless ransoms of the Achaeans in the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔχουσιν","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in, among"},{"text":"στρατῷ.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.13","source":"βουλὴ στρατοῦ οὐχ ἀνδάνει θῡμῷ θεοῦ.","translation":"The plan of the army is not pleasing to the soul of the god.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βουλὴ","gloss":"plan, will, wish"},{"text":"στρατοῦ","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀνδάνει","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"θῡμῷ","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"},{"text":"θεοῦ.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.14","source":"λᾱὸς Κίλλης φίλος ἦν ψῡχῇ θεᾶς θαλάσσης.","translation":"The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of the goddess of the sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λᾱὸς","gloss":"people, host"},{"text":"Κίλλης","gloss":"Κίλλα: Cilla, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"φίλος","gloss":"dear, beloved"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"was, there was"},{"text":"ψῡχῇ","gloss":"soul, breath, life"},{"text":"θεᾶς","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"θαλάσσης.","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.14.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L06.g26.15","source":"οὐκ ἀείδομεν κᾱλὰς βουλὰς θεῶν στρατῷ, οὐ γὰρ ἀνδάνει Ἀχαιοῖσι θῡμῷ.","translation":"We do not sing the fair plans of the gods to the army, for it is not pleasing to the Achaeans in soul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀείδομεν","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing, hymn"},{"text":"κᾱλὰς","gloss":"καλός: good, noble, beautiful"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"στρατῷ,","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"ἀνδάνει","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσι","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.g26.15.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.1","source":"δεινὴ κλαγγὴ θαλάσσης ἀνδάνει θεᾷ θῡμῷ.","translation":"The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.1.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.2","source":"φέρομεν ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα πολλὰ στρατῷ Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"We bring many splendid ransoms to the army of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.2.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.3","source":"θεὸς οὐκ ὀλέκει λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν, οὐ γὰρ ἀτιμάζουσι θεοὺς πάτρης.","translation":"The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans, for they do not dishonor the gods of (their) fatherland.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.3.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.4","source":"νοῦσος κακὴ τεύχει μῡρίους Ἀχαιοὺς ἐλώρια πολλοῖσιν οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.4.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.5","source":"λᾱὸς Ἀχαιῶν πέμπει ἀγλαὰ μῡρία ἄποινα θεᾷ θαλάσσης ἐν Κίλλῃ.","translation":"The people of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.5.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.6","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ βαίνουσιν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν καὶ ἀείδουσιν, κλαγγὴ δὲ οὐκ ἀνδάνει θεᾷ θῡμῷ.","translation":"The Achaeans go to the sea and sing, but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.6.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L06.e27.7","source":"νοῦσος ὀλέκει λᾱόν, ἀτιμάζουσι γὰρ θεὸν Χρύσης.","translation":"The plague destroys the people, for they dishonor the god of Chrysa.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L06.e27.7.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L06.h.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρίʼ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγεʼ ἔθηκε,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρίʼ","gloss":"μῡρίοι: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγεʼ","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκε,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L06.h.3","source":"πολλὰς δʼ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: many"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἄϊδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L06.h.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L06.h.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δʼ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and for all birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πᾶσι,","gloss":"πᾶς: all"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελέω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":678,"text":"§678.    θῡμός, οῦ, ὁ spirit, life, soul.   κακὸς πόλεμος, ου, ὁ evil war.\n   (θῡμο-)                            (κακο- πολεμο-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   θῡμός             κακὸς πόλεμος\nG.   θῡμοῦ, οῖο [όο]   κακοῦ πολέμου, οῖο, οιο [όο, οο]\nD.   θῡμῷ              κακῷ πολέμῳ\nA.   θῡμόν             κακὸν πόλεμον\nV.   θῡμέ              κακὲ πόλεμε\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   θῡμώ      κακὼ πολέμω\nG. D.      θῡμοῖιν   κακοῖιν πολέμοιιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   θῡμοί          κακοὶ πόλεμοι\nG.      θῡμῶν          κακῶν πολέμων\nD.      θῡμοῖσι, οῖς   κακοῖσι πολέμοισι, οῖς οις\nA.      θῡμούς         κακοὺς πολέμους"},{"section":679,"text":"§679.    κᾱλὸν ἔργον, ου, τό noble deed.   κακὴ νοῦσος, ου, ἡ destructive plague.\n   (κᾱλο- ϝεργο-)                    (κακᾱ- νουσο-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   κᾱλὸν ἔργον                      κακὴ νοῦσος\nG.   κᾱλοῦ ἔργου, οῖο, οιο [όο, οο]   κακῆς νούσου, οιο [οο]\nD.   κᾱλῷ ἔργῳ                        κακῇ νούσῳ\nA.   κᾱλὸν ἔργον                      κακὴν νοῦσον\nV.   κᾱλὸν ἔργον                      κακὴ νοῦσε\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   κᾱλὼ ἔργω         κακᾱ̀ νούσω\nG. D.      κᾱλοῖιν ἔργοιιν   κακῆιν νούσοιιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   κᾱλὰ ἔργα                   κακαὶ νοῦσοι\nG.      κᾱλῶν ἔργων                 κακᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν] νούσων\nD.      κᾱλοῖσι ἔργοισι, οῖς, οις   κακῇσι νούσοισι, ῇς οις\nA.      κᾱλὰ ἔργα                   κακὰς νούσους"},{"section":717,"text":"§717. Adjectives\n\nAdjectives have three declensions, as nouns, and follow the same general rules."},{"section":718,"text":"§718. With respect to form they may be divided into four classes:\n\n1) Adjectives of the first and second (vowel) declensions.\n2) Adjectives of the second declension (mostly compounds).\n3) Adjectives of the first and third declensions.\n4) Adjectives of the third (consonant) declension."},{"section":719,"text":"§719. The form of the adjective which appears in the vocabulary is the nominative singular of all genders (except in the case of a very few of only one gender, in which case the nominative and genitive singular are given)."},{"section":720,"text":"§720. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have three endings (ος, η, ον) in the nominative singular, for the three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively."},{"section":721,"text":"§721. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS\n\nκᾱλός, ή, όν beautiful, noble\n(κᾱλο-, κᾱλᾱ-, κᾱλο-)\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.             Fem.    Neut.\nN.   κᾱλός             κᾱλή    κᾱλόν\nG.   κᾱλοῦ, οῖο [όο]   κᾱλῆς   κᾱλοῦ, οῖο [όο]\nD.   κᾱλῷ              κᾱλῇ    κᾱλῷ\nA.   κᾱλόν             κᾱλήν   κᾱλόν\nV.   κᾱλέ              κᾱλή    κᾱλόν\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   κᾱλώ      κᾱλᾱ́     κᾱλώ\nG. D.      κᾱλοῖιν   κᾱλῆιν   κᾱλοῖιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   κᾱλοί          κᾱλαί              κᾱλά\nG.      κᾱλῶν          κᾱλᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]   κᾱλῶν\nD.      κᾱλοῖσι, οῖς   κᾱλῇσι, ῇς         κᾱλοῖσι, οῖς\nA.      κᾱλούς         κᾱλᾱ́ς              κᾱλά\n\nφίλος, η, ον dear, lovely, beloved\n(φιλο-, φιλᾱ-, φιλο-)\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.             Fem.    Neut.\nN.   φίλος             φίλη    φίλον\nG.   φίλου, οιο [οο]   φίλης   φίλου, οιο [οο]\nD.   φίλῳ              φίλῃ    φίλῳ\nA.   φίλον             φίλην   φίλον\nV.   φίλε              φίλη    φίλον\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   φίλω     φίλᾱ     φίλω\nG. D.      φίλοιν   φίλῃιν   φίλοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   φίλοι          φίλαι              φίλα\nG.      φίλων          φιλᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]   φίλων\nD.      φίλοισι, οις   φίλῃσι, ῃς         φίλοισι, οις\nA.      φίλους         φίλᾱς              φίλα\n\nNOTE. Superlatives (as ἄριστος, η, ον), participles in ος, η, ον and all words that have these three endings in the nominative singular are similarly declined."},{"section":1025,"text":"§1025. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not always in form, since they may belong to different declensions, as νοῦσος κακή an evil plague, where νοῦσος, although feminine, is of the second declension and ends in -ος. This rule applies also to adjective pronouns and participles, as μῡρί’ ἄλγεα countless woes, πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθῑ́μους ψῡχὰς Ἄιδι προίαψεν and sent many valiant souls to Hades, διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε these two separated after they had quarreled, δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς godlike Achilles, ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας he came to the swift ships, θεοὶ Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχοντες the gods who have Olympian homes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἀγλαὰ","gloss":"Bright, shining, splendid, from ἀγλαός"},{"word":"ἄποινα","gloss":"Ransom"},{"word":"στρατόν","gloss":"Army, encampment, host, from στρατός"},{"word":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"Boundless, countless, immeasurable, from ἀ-περείσιος"},{"word":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"Adv., and prep. with gen., dat"},{"word":"θεὸς","gloss":"God, divinity"},{"word":"κακοί","gloss":"Bad, poor, ugly, from κακός"},{"word":"κᾱλοὶ","gloss":"Good, noble, handsome, from καλός"},{"word":"νοῦσος","gloss":"Plague, disease, pest"},{"word":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"People, host, soldiery, from λαός"},{"word":"δεινὴν","gloss":"Terrible, awful, dread, from δεινός"},{"word":"θῡμῷ","gloss":"Heart, soul, spirit, from θυμός"},{"word":"φίλος","gloss":"Dear, darling, lovely"}],"paradigms":[{"section":678,"headword":"θῡμός","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"θῡμός","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"θῡμοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"θῡμῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"θῡμόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"θῡμέ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"θῡμώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"θῡμοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"θῡμοί","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"θῡμῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"θῡμοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"θῡμούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,5,9]},{"section":679,"headword":"κᾱλὸν ἔργον","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλὸν ἔργον","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλοῦ ἔργου","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλῷ ἔργῳ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλὸν ἔργον","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλὸν ἔργον","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλὼ ἔργω","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλοῖιν ἔργοιιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλὰ ἔργα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλῶν ἔργων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλοῖσι ἔργοισι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλὰ ἔργα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,5,6]},{"section":721,"headword":"κᾱλός, masculine","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλός","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλέ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλοί","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[5,7,8]},{"section":721,"headword":"κᾱλή, feminine","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλή","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"κᾱλή","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλᾱ́","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"κᾱλῆιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλαί","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλῇσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"κᾱλᾱ́ς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[5,6,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson VII: Review","teaching":[{"title":"Review of the first six lessons","paragraphs":["This lesson teaches nothing new. It reviews the first six lessons before the next lessons add to them.","You have learned three things. Nouns change their endings to show their case, in two declensions: βουλή and θῡμός. Adjectives agree with their nouns. Verb endings show who acts, as in λύετε.","The word list repeats the words of those lessons. Learn them exactly. Every word in a later reading lesson is first given in a word list."]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.1","source":"ἀείδομεν θεὰν θαλάσσης δεινῆς κλαγγῇ πολλῇ.","translation":"We sing of the goddess of the terrible sea with much clamor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀείδομεν","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing, hymn"},{"text":"θεὰν","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"θαλάσσης","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"δεινῆς","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dread"},{"text":"κλαγγῇ","gloss":"roar, uproar, noise"},{"text":"πολλῇ.","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.1.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.2","source":"οὐκ ἀτιμάζουσι θεούς.","translation":"They do not dishonor the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, insult"},{"text":"θεούς.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.2.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.3","source":"βουλαὶ Ἀχαιῶν οὐχ ἀνδάνουσι θεᾷ κᾱλῇ θῡμῷ.","translation":"The plans of the Achaeans are not pleasing to the beautiful goddess in her soul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βουλαὶ","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀνδάνουσι","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"θεᾷ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"κᾱλῇ","gloss":"καλός: good, noble, beautiful"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.3.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.4","source":"βαίνει ἐκ στρατοῦ Ἀχαιῶν εἰς Κίλλαν καὶ φέρει ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα θεῷ.","translation":"He goes from the camp of the Achaeans to Cilla and brings countless ransoms to the god.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βαίνει","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go"},{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"from, out of"},{"text":"στρατοῦ","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Κίλλαν","gloss":"Κίλλα: Cilla, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"φέρει","gloss":"φέρω: bring, carry"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"θεῷ.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.4.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.5","source":"νοῦσος κακὴ βαίνει ἀνὰ στρατὸν καὶ τεύχει πολλοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐλώρια οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"An evil plague goes throughout the camp and makes many Achaeans a prey for the birds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νοῦσος","gloss":"plague, disease"},{"text":"κακὴ","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"βαίνει","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"τεύχει","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"πολλοὺς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐλώρια","gloss":"ἐλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσιν.","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird, omen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.5.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.6","source":"καὶ θεοὶ καὶ θεαὶ ὀλέκουσι λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"θεαὶ","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"ὀλέκουσι","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"λαός: people, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.6.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.7","source":"τίς Ἀχαιῶν ἔχει θῡμὸν κακόν;","translation":"Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"θῡμὸν","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"},{"text":"κακόν;","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.7.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.8","source":"ἦσαν πολλαὶ θεαὶ ἐνὶ θαλάσσῃ;","translation":"Were there many goddesses in the sea?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦσαν","gloss":"were, there were"},{"text":"πολλαὶ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"θεαὶ","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in, among"},{"text":"θαλάσσῃ;","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.8.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.9","source":"καίει πυρὰς ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ.","translation":"He burns pyres by the sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καίει","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"πυρὰς","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"on, at, by"},{"text":"θαλάσσῃ.","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.9.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.10","source":"λύετε στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"You break up the army of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λύετε","gloss":"λύω: break up, destroy"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.10.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.11","source":"πάτρη ἐστὶ φίλη ψῡχῇ μῡρίων Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πάτρη","gloss":"fatherland, native land"},{"text":"ἐστὶ","gloss":"is, there is"},{"text":"φίλη","gloss":"φίλος: dear, beloved"},{"text":"ψῡχῇ","gloss":"soul, breath, life"},{"text":"μῡρίων","gloss":"μυρίοι: countless, innumerable"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.11.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.12","source":"τίς πέμπει στρατὸν ἐκ Κίλλης εἰς Χρύσην;","translation":"Who sends the army from Cilla to Chrysa?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"πέμπει","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"from, out of"},{"text":"Κίλλης","gloss":"Κίλλα: Cilla, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Χρύσην;","gloss":"Χρύση: Chrysa, a town in the Troad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.12.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.13","source":"βουλὴ κακή ἐστιν, ἀνδάνει δὲ θεᾷ θῡμῷ.","translation":"The plan is evil, but it is pleasing to the goddess in her soul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βουλὴ","gloss":"plan, will, wish"},{"text":"κακή","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, cowardly"},{"text":"ἐστιν,","gloss":"ἐστί: is, there is"},{"text":"ἀνδάνει","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, so"},{"text":"θεᾷ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.13.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L07.g31.14","source":"τί ἀείδετε;","translation":"What are you singing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τί","gloss":"what? why?"},{"text":"ἀείδετε;","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing, hymn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.g31.14.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.1","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ ἀείδουσι κᾱλὴν θεὰν θαλάσσης δεινῆς.","translation":"The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.1.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.2","source":"οὐκ ἀτιμάζομεν θεούς, φίλοι γάρ εἰσιν ψῡχῇσι.","translation":"We do not dishonor the gods, for they are dear to (our) souls.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.2.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.3","source":"βουλαὶ στρατοῦ ἀνδάνουσι θεᾷ κᾱλῷ θῡμῷ.","translation":"The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.3.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.4","source":"πολλοὶ Ἀχαιοὶ βαίνουσιν ἐκ στρατοῦ καὶ φέρουσιν μῡρία καὶ ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα θεοῖσι.","translation":"Many Achaeans are going from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.4.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.5","source":"νοῦσος κακὴ ὀλέκει λᾱὸν καὶ τεύχει στρατὸν ἐλώρια μῡρίοισιν οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"The evil plague destroys the people and makes the army a booty for countless birds.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.5.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L07.e32.6","source":"οὐκ ἀείδομεν, οὐ γὰρ ἀνδάνει ψῡχῇ θεᾶς.","translation":"We do not sing, for it is not pleasing to the soul of the goddess.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L07.e32.6.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L07.h.1","source":"μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"ἄειδε","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing"},{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληϊάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: of Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L07.h.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρίʼ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγεʼ ἔθηκε,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρίʼ","gloss":"μῡρίοι: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγεʼ","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκε,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L07.h.3","source":"πολλὰς δʼ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: many"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψῡχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἄϊδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L07.h.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L07.h.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δʼ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and for all birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πᾶσι,","gloss":"πᾶς: all"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελείω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson VIII: Second Declension (continued)","teaching":[{"title":"Pronouns","paragraphs":["A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or points to one: he, she, it, this, that, who.","This lesson teaches four pronouns. It also teaches ἄλλος, other, which has the same endings.","A pronoun has a form for each gender, like κᾱλός, κᾱλή, κᾱλόν.","One rule is new. In the neuter these words end in ο, where κᾱλός has κᾱλόν: αὐτό and κεῖνο. The tables show the other differences. Read them closely."]},{"title":"ὁ, ἡ, τό","paragraphs":["The most common pronoun is ὁ, ἡ, τό: masculine ὁ, feminine ἡ, neuter τό.","In Homer it usually means this or that. It can also mean he, she or it, or who or which.","Later Greek used it as the word for the. Pharr's English often translates it that way: τὸν στρατὸν, the army.","Learn its forms well. They are everywhere. Masculine: ὁ, τοῦ, τῷ, τόν. Feminine: ἡ, τῆς, τῇ, τήν. Neuter: τό, τοῦ, τῷ, τό. Plural masculine: οἱ, τῶν, τοῖσι, τούς.","Most masculine and neuter forms are the second-declension endings with τ in front. The feminine forms are like βουλή."]},{"title":"αὐτός, ὅς, κεῖνος and ἄλλος","paragraphs":["αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό is an intensive pronoun. An intensive pronoun adds emphasis: self, or same. δῖος ἑκηβόλος αὐτὸς is the divine free-shooter himself. Its forms are αὐτός, αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ, αὐτόν, and the feminine αὐτή.","ὅς, ἥ, ὅ is a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun begins a group of words that describes a noun: the gods who have golden sceptres. There, who is a form of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ. Its plural is οἵ, αἵ, ἅ.","ἐκεῖνος, η, ο is a demonstrative pronoun. A demonstrative pronoun points: that one, he, she, it. Pharr also prints it without the first ε: κεῖνος.","ἄλλος, η, ο means other. It has the same endings as κεῖνος."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.1","source":"δῖος ἑκηβόλος αὐτὸς ἀείδει, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἀνδάνει ἄλλοισι θεοῖσι θῡμῷ.","translation":"The divine free-shooter himself sings, but it is not pleasing to the other gods in soul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"self, him(self), her(self), it(self), same"},{"text":"ἀείδει,","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀνδάνει","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"ἄλλοισι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"θεοῖσι","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.1.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.2","source":"κεῖνοι Ἀχαιοὶ ἀτιμάζουσι τοὺς θεούς.","translation":"Those Achaeans dishonor the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κεῖνοι","gloss":"κεῖνος: that (one), he, she, it"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζουσι","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεούς.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.2.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.3","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος πέμπει νοῦσον κακὴν ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ κακῶς ὀλέκει κεῖνον λᾱόν, οὕνεκα τὸν ἀτιμάζουσιν.","translation":"The free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and evilly destroys that people, because they dishonor him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"πέμπει","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort, conduct"},{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νοῦσος: plague, disease, pestilence"},{"text":"κακὴν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along, up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"κακῶς","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"text":"ὀλέκει","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"κεῖνον","gloss":"κεῖνος: that (one), he, she, it"},{"text":"λᾱόν,","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζουσιν.","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.3.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.4","source":"οὐκ ἀτιμάζομεν τοὺς θεούς, οἳ ἔχουσι σκῆπτρα χρύσεα.","translation":"We do not dishonor the gods, who have golden sceptres.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀτιμάζομεν","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεούς,","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"οἳ","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"ἔχουσι","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"σκῆπτρα","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: sceptre, staff"},{"text":"χρύσεα.","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.4.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.5","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος τε καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι θεοὶ φέρουσι χρύσεα σκῆπτρα κᾱλά.","translation":"Both the free-shooter and the other gods carry beautiful golden sceptres.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"φέρουσι","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"χρύσεα","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"},{"text":"σκῆπτρα","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: sceptre, staff"},{"text":"κᾱλά.","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.5.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.6","source":"τίς τεύχει τὰ σκῆπτρα χρύσεα τοῖσι θεοῖς θαλάσσης;","translation":"Who makes the golden sceptres for the gods of the sea?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"τεύχει","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"σκῆπτρα","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: sceptre, staff"},{"text":"χρύσεα","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"},{"text":"τοῖσι","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεοῖς","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"θαλάσσης;","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.6.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.7","source":"ἀείδει ἑκηβόλος αὐτὸς βουλὰς ἄλλων θεῶν τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν;","translation":"Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to the Achaeans?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀείδει","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"self, him(self), her(self), it(self), same"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"ἄλλων","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν;","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.7.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.8","source":"εἰσὶν οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ κᾱλοί, οἳ ὀλέκουσι τὸν στρατὸν καίουσί τε τὰς πυράς;","translation":"Are the Achaeans, who destroy the army and burn the funeral pyres, noble?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰσὶν","gloss":"εἰσί: are"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"κᾱλοί,","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"οἳ","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"ὀλέκουσι","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"καίουσί","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"τὰς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"πυράς;","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.8.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.9","source":"ἡ θεὰ τῆς δεινῆς θαλάσσης ἔχει τὸ σκῆπτρον χρύσεον.","translation":"The goddess of the terrible sea has the golden sceptre.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"τῆς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δεινῆς","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dreadful"},{"text":"θαλάσσης","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"σκῆπτρον","gloss":"sceptre, staff"},{"text":"χρύσεον.","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.9.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.10","source":"ἐνὶ τῇ πάτρῃ εἰσὶν αἱ πυραί.","translation":"The funeral pyres are in the fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"τῇ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"πάτρῃ","gloss":"fatherland, native land"},{"text":"εἰσὶν","gloss":"εἰσί: are"},{"text":"αἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"πυραί.","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.10.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L08.g38.11","source":"τίς τεύχει τὸν στρατὸν ἐλώρια τοῖσιν οἰωνοῖσιν;","translation":"Who makes the army a prey for the birds?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"τεύχει","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"ἐλώρια","gloss":"ἐλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσιν;","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird (of prey), vulture, omen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.g38.11.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.1","source":"ἀείδει δῖος ἑκηβόλος αὐτὸς τὰς κᾱλὰς βουλὰς τῶν θεῶν;","translation":"Does the divine free-shooter himself sing these noble plans of the gods?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.2","source":"τί οὐκ ἀνδάνει τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι θεοῖσιν, οἳ εἰσὶν ἐνὶ θαλάσσῃ;","translation":"Why is it not pleasing to these other gods who are in the sea?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.2.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.3","source":"κεῖνος Ἀχαιὸς ἀτιμάζει κείνους θεοὺς πάτρης, οἳ ἔχουσι τὰ χρύσεα σκῆπτρα.","translation":"That Achaean dishonors those gods of (his) fatherland who have these golden sceptres.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.3.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.4","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος πέμπει νούσους κακὰς πολλὰς ἀνὰ κεῖνον στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ὀλέκει μυρίους λᾱούς, οὕνεκα τὸν ἀτιμάζουσιν.","translation":"This free-shooter sends many evil plagues up through that camp of the Achaeans and destroys countless people (plural), because they dishonor him.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.4.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.5","source":"τίς καίει κείνας πυρὰς Ἀχαιῶν ἐπὶ δεινῇ θαλάσσῃ;","translation":"Who is burning those funeral pyres of the Achaeans by the terrible sea?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.5.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L08.e39.6","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος τεύχει μῡρίους Ἀχαιοὺς ἐλώρια τοῖσιν οἰωνοῖσιν, οὕνεκα ἀτιμάζουσι τὰς κᾱλὰς θεὰς θαλάσσης.","translation":"This free-shooter makes countless Achaeans a booty for the birds, because they dishonor these beautiful goddesses of the sea.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L08.e39.6.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L08.h.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρίʼ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγεʼ ἔθηκε,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρίʼ","gloss":"μυρίος: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγεʼ","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκε,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L08.h.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L08.h.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δʼ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and for all birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πᾶσι,","gloss":"πᾶς: all"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελέω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":765,"text":"§765. The most common pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό, used regularly as the definite article in later Greek, is usually employed as the demonstrative, but sometimes as a personal or as a relative pronoun in Homer. It is declined as follows:\n\nὁ, ἡ, τό this, that; he, she, it; who, which, what\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ὁ           ἡ     τό\nG.   τοῦ, τοῖο   τῆς   τοῦ, τοῖο\nD.   τῷ          τῇ    τῷ\nA.   τόν         τήν   τό\n\nDUAL\nN. A.   τώ      (τώ)      τώ\nG. D.   τοῖιν   (τοῖιν)   τοῖιν\n\nPLURAL\nN.   οἱ (τοί)      αἱ (ταί)     τά\nG.   τῶν           τάων [τῶν]   τῶν\nD.   τοῖσι, τοῖς   τῇσι, τῇς    τοῖσι, τοῖς\nA.   τούς          τάς          τά"},{"section":766,"text":"§766. The intensive pronoun is declined as follows:\n\nαὐτός, ή; ὁ self, same\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   αὐτός        αὐτή    αὐτό\nG.   αὐτοῦ, οἷο   αὐτῆς   αὐτοῦ, οἷο\nD.   αὐτῷ         αὐτῇ    αὐτῷ\nA.   αὐτόν        αὐτήν   αὐτό\n\nDUAL\nN. A.   αὐτώ      (αὐτώ)      αὐτώ\nG. D.   αὐτοῖιν   (αὐτοῖιν)   αὐτοῖιν\n\nPLURAL\nN.   αὐτοί          αὐταί              αὐτά\nG.   αὐτῶν          αὐτᾱ́ων [έων, ὦν]   αὐτῶν\nD.   αὐτοῖσι, οἷς   αὐτῇσι, ῇς         αὐτοῖσι, οἷς\nA.   αὐτούς         αὐτᾱ́ς              αὐτά"},{"section":773,"text":"§773. Relative Pronoun\n\nὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who? which? what?\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.          Fem.       Neut.\nN.   ὅς (ὅ)         ἥ          ὅ\nG.   οὗ [ὅου, ὅο]   ἧς [ἕης]   οὗ [ὅου, ὅο]\nD.   ᾧ              ᾗ          ᾧ\nA.   ὅν             ἥν         ὅ\n\nDUAL\n           Masc.   Fem.    Neut.\nN. A. V.   ὥ       (ὥ)     ὥ\nG. D.      οἷν     (οἷν)   οἷν\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.       Fem.      Neut.\nN.   οἵ          αἵ        ἅ\nG.   ὧν          ὧν        ὧν\nD.   οἷσι, οἷς   ᾗσι, ᾗς   οἷσι, οἷς\nA.   οὕς         ἅς        ἅ"},{"section":774,"text":"§774. Demonstrative Pronouns\n\n(ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.            Fem.        Neut.\nN.   (ἐ)κεῖνος        (ἐ)κείνη    (ἐ)κεῖνο\nG.   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο   (ἐ)κείνης   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο\nD.   (ἐ)κείνῳ         (ἐ)κείνῃ    (ἐ)κείνῳ\nA.   (ἐ)κεῖνον        (ἐ)κείνην   (ἐ)κεῖνο\n\nDUAL\n           Masc.         Fem.            Neut.\nN. A. V.   (ἐ)κείνω      ((ἐ)κείνω)      (ἐ)κείνω\nG. D.      (ἐ)κείνοιιν   ((ἐ)κείνοιιν)   (ἐ)κείνοιιν\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.              Fem.                   Neut.\nN.   (ἐ)κεῖνοι          (ἐ)κεῖναι              (ἐ)κεῖνα\nG.   (ἐ)κείνων          (ἐ)κεινά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   (ἐ)κείνων\nD.   (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις   (ἐ)κείνῃσι, ῃς         (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις\nA.   (ἐ)κείνους         (ἐ)κείνά̄ς              (ἐ)κεῖνα\n\nὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.           Fem.    Neut.\nN.   ὅδε             ἥδε     τόδε\nG.   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε   τῆσδε   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε\nD.   τῷδε            τῇδε    τῷδε\nA.   τόνδε           τήνδε   τόδε\n\nDUAL\n        Masc.     Fem.        Neut.\nN. A.   τώδε      (τώδε)      τώδε\nG. D.   τοῖινδε   (τοῖινδε)   τοῖινδε\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.          Fem.             Neut.\nN.   οἵδε (τοίδε)   αἵδε (ταίδε)     τάδε\nG.   τῶνδε          τά̄ωνδε [τῶνδε]   τῶνδε\nD.   τοῖσ(ι)δε      τῇσ(ι)δε         τοῖσ(ι)δε\nA.   τούσδε         τά̄σδε            τάδε\n\nοὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.         Fem.     Neut.\nN.   οὗτος         αὕτη     τοῦτο\nG.   τούτου, οιο   ταύτης   τούτου, οιο\nD.   τούτῳ         ταύτῃ    τούτῳ\nA.   τοῦτον        ταύτην   τοῦτο\n\nDUAL\n        Masc.      Fem.         Neut.\nN. A.   τούτω      (τούτω)      τούτω\nG. D.   τούτοιιν   (τούτοιιν)   τούτοιιν\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.           Fem.                Neut.\nN.   οὗτοι           αὗται               ταῦτα\nG.   τούτων          ταυτά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   τούτων\nD.   τούτοισι, οις   ταύτῃσι, ῃς         τούτοισι, οις\nA.   τούτους         ταύτά̄ς              ταῦτα\n\nNOTE. The dative plural of ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε at times has τοίσδεσ(σ)ι instead of τοῖσ(ι)δε."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"δῖος","gloss":"DIVINE, heavenly, glorious"},{"word":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"Free-shooter, sharpshooter, from ἑκη-βόλος"},{"word":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"But, moreover, from ἀλλά"},{"word":"ἄλλοισι","gloss":"Other, another, from ἄλλος"},{"word":"κεῖνοι","gloss":"= ἐκεῖνος, η, ο, from κεῖνος"},{"word":"τοὺς","gloss":"Demonstrative, personal, and relative pronoun, from ὁ"},{"word":"κακῶς","gloss":"Evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"word":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"Because"},{"word":"σκῆπτρα","gloss":"SCEPTRE, staff, from σκῆπτρον"},{"word":"χρύσεα","gloss":"Gold, of gold, from χρύσεος"}],"paradigms":[{"section":765,"headword":"ὁ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ὁ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"τώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"τοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"οἱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,6,9]},{"section":765,"headword":"ἡ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἡ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αἱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τάων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τῇσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τάς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,4]},{"section":765,"headword":"τό","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"τό","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τό","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"τώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"τοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"τά","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τά","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,5,8]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτός","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτός","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοί","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,5,7]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτή","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτή","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐταί","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῇσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτᾱ́ς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,4,7]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτό","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτό","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτό","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτά","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτά","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[4,6,8]}]},{"title":"Lesson IX: The Imperfect of Verbs in -ω","teaching":[{"title":"Tense and the augment","paragraphs":["A verb has tenses. A tense is a form that shows when the action happens. So far you know only the present.","English usually marks the past at the end of the word: loose, loosed. Greek marks it at the front.","Greek adds ἐ to the beginning of the verb. This is the augment. λύω, I loose, becomes ἔλυον, I was loosing."]},{"title":"The imperfect","paragraphs":["This lesson's tense is the imperfect, a past tense. Pharr translates it I was loosing, and also I loosed or I did loose. The sentence shows which fits.","If the verb begins with a consonant, the augment is ἐ in front: λύω, ἔλυον. If the verb begins with a vowel, the augment makes that vowel long: ἀκούω, I hear, becomes ἤκουον, I was hearing.","Homer often leaves the augment off.","The endings differ a little from the present. Singular: ἔλυον, ἔλυες, ἔλυε, for I, you, he. Plural: ἐλύομεν, ἐλύετε, ἔλυον, for we, you all, they. Dual: ἐλύετον, you two, and ἐλυέτην, they two.","ἔλυον means both I was loosing and they were loosing. The sentence shows which."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.1","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος διὰ μαντοσύνην εἴρει βουλὰς τῶν θεῶν Ἀργείοισιν.","translation":"The free-shooter, through the gift of prophecy, tells the plans of the gods to the Argives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"μαντοσύνην","gloss":"μαντοσύνη: gift of prophecy"},{"text":"εἴρει","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"Ἀργείοισιν.","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.2","source":"οἱ Ὀλύμπιοι θεοὶ εἶχον οἴκους ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ.","translation":"The Olympian gods had homes on Olympus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπιοι","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"εἶχον","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"οἴκους","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπῳ.","gloss":"Ὄλυμπος: Olympus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.2.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.3","source":"ὁ ἑκηβόλος διίφιλος ἔτευχε τοὺς Ἀργείους Ἀχαιούς τε ἐλώρια οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"The free-shooter, dear to Zeus, made the Argives and Achaeans a prey for the birds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"διίφιλος","gloss":"διί-φιλος: dear to Zeus"},{"text":"ἔτευχε","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀργείους","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ἐλώρια","gloss":"ἐλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσιν.","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird (of prey), vulture, omen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.3.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.4","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ Ἀργεῖοί τ’ ἔτευχον ἔργα κακὰ διὰ βουλὴν θεᾶς.","translation":"The Achaeans and the Argives performed evil deeds because of the will of a goddess.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"Ἀργεῖοί","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τέ: and, also"},{"text":"ἔτευχον","gloss":"τεύχω: do, perform, make"},{"text":"ἔργα","gloss":"ἔργον: work, deed, accomplishment"},{"text":"κακὰ","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"θεᾶς.","gloss":"θεά: goddess"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.4.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.5","source":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρη διὰ τὸν θῡμὸν ἔτευχεν τὰ ἔργα δεινά.","translation":"Clytaemestra performed the dreadful deeds because of passion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρη","gloss":"Clytaem(n)estra, wife of Agamemnon"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θῡμὸν","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, passion"},{"text":"ἔτευχεν","gloss":"τεύχω: do, perform, make"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἔργα","gloss":"ἔργον: work, deed, accomplishment"},{"text":"δεινά.","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dreadful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.5.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.6","source":"Πρίαμος λᾱός τε Πριάμου ὤλεκον πολλοὺς Ἀργείους.","translation":"Priam and the people of Priam destroyed many Argives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Πρίαμος","gloss":"Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"λᾱός","gloss":"people, host, soldiery"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"Πριάμου","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"ὤλεκον","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"πολλοὺς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"Ἀργείους.","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.6.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.7","source":"τίς εἴρει τὰ σὰ ἔργα κακὰ Πριάμῳ;","translation":"Who tells Priam your evil deeds?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"εἴρει","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"σὰ","gloss":"σός: your, yours"},{"text":"ἔργα","gloss":"ἔργον: work, deed, accomplishment"},{"text":"κακὰ","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"Πριάμῳ;","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.7.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.8","source":"τὰ ἔργα ἐμά ἐστι κᾱλά, οὕνεκα ἔτευχον βουλὰς θεῶν καὶ θεάων διὰ τὴν μαντοσύνην.","translation":"My deeds are noble, because I performed the plans of the gods and goddesses through the gift of prophecy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἔργα","gloss":"ἔργον: work, deed, accomplishment"},{"text":"ἐμά","gloss":"ἐμός: my, mine"},{"text":"ἐστι","gloss":"ἐστί: is"},{"text":"κᾱλά,","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ἔτευχον","gloss":"τεύχω: do, perform, make"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"θεάων","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"μαντοσύνην.","gloss":"μαντοσύνη: gift of prophecy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.8.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.9","source":"ἐπέμπομεν τὰ χρύσεα σκῆπτρα εἰς οἶκον Πριάμῳ.","translation":"We sent the golden sceptres into Priam's house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐπέμπομεν","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort, conduct"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"χρύσεα","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"},{"text":"σκῆπτρα","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: sceptre, staff"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"οἶκον","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"},{"text":"Πριάμῳ.","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.9.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.10","source":"ἐκαίετε τὰς πυρὰς δεινῇ κλαγγῇ;","translation":"Were you burning the funeral pyres with a terrible roar?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐκαίετε","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"τὰς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"πυρὰς","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"},{"text":"δεινῇ","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dreadful"},{"text":"κλαγγῇ;","gloss":"roar, uproar, noise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.10.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.11","source":"οὐχ ἥνδανε ἡ βουλὴ θεᾷ θαλάσσης θῡμῷ;","translation":"Was the plan not pleasing to the goddess of the sea in soul?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἥνδανε","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"ἡ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"βουλὴ","gloss":"plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"θεᾷ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"θαλάσσης","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"θῡμῷ;","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.11.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.12","source":"αἱ θεαὶ ἀείδουσι τὰ κᾱλὰ ἔργα τῶν θεῶν, ἑκηβόλος δὲ βαίνει ἄλλῃ.","translation":"The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods, but the free-shooter goes elsewhere.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεαὶ","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"ἀείδουσι","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"κᾱλὰ","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"ἔργα","gloss":"ἔργον: work, deed, accomplishment"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεῶν,","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, so, for"},{"text":"βαίνει","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go, walk"},{"text":"ἄλλῃ.","gloss":"elsewhere"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.12.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L09.g43.13","source":"εἶχε Πρίαμος ἀγλαὸν καὶ κᾱλὸν οἶκον.","translation":"Priam had a splendid and beautiful home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἶχε","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"Πρίαμος","gloss":"Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"ἀγλαὸν","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"κᾱλὸν","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"οἶκον.","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.g43.13.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.1","source":"τίς ἔφερε τὰ μῡρία ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα εἰς τὸν κᾱλὸν οἶκον Πριάμου;","translation":"Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.1.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.2","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ Ἀργεῖοι ἔκαιον πολλὰς πυρὰς ἐνὶ σῇ φίλῃ πάτρῃ.","translation":"The Achaeans and the Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.2.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.3","source":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρη κακὴ ἦν καὶ ἔτευχε πολλὰ ἔργα δεινά.","translation":"Clytaem(n)estra was wicked and performed many dreadful deeds.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.3.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.4","source":"διὰ τὴν μαντοσύνην εἴρομεν πολλὰ ἀγλαὰ ἔργα θεῶν καὶ θεάων, οἳ ἔχουσιν Ὀλυμπίους οἴκους.","translation":"Through the gift of prophecy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have Olympian homes.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.4.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.5","source":"τὰ ἔργα ἐμά ἐστι κᾱλά, τὰ δὲ σὰ κακά.","translation":"My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.5.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.6","source":"οἱ θεοὶ ἔπεμπον νοῦσον κακὴν ἀνὰ τὸν στρατὸν καὶ ὤλεκον πολλοὺς Ἀχαιούς, οὕνεκα ἠτίμαζον τὸν ἑκηβόλον.","translation":"The gods sent an evil plague up through the camp and destroyed many Achaeans, because they dishonored the free-shooter.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.6.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"grc.ph.L09.e44.7","source":"οὐχ ἥνδανε Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρῃ κακῇ ψῡχῇ.","translation":"It was not pleasing to Clytaem(n)estra in (her) wicked soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L09.e44.7.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"grc.ph.L09.h.3","source":"πολλὰς δʼ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολύς: many"},{"text":"δʼ","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἄϊδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":830,"text":"§830. Augment. Greek verbs prefix an augment (increase) at the beginning of the secondary (816) tenses of the indicative, to denote past time."},{"section":831,"text":"§831. This augment is of two kinds:\n\n1) syllabic augment, which prefixes ἐ- to verbs beginning with a consonant, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing.\n2) temporal augment, which lengthens the first syllable of words beginning with a vowel or a diphthong, as ἀκούω I hear, ἤκουον I was hearing."},{"section":832,"text":"§832. When augmented α, ε regularly become η; ι, ο, υ become ῑ, ω, ῡ respectively; αι and ᾳ become η; while οι becomes ῳ."},{"section":833,"text":"§833. Of course η, ῃ, ῑ, ῡ, ω, and ῳ do not undergo any change when augmented."},{"section":834,"text":"§834. Verbs beginning with ρ regularly double it after the augment. Those beginning with λ, μ, ν, or σ sometimes double the initial consonant after the augment."},{"section":835,"text":"§835. Verbs beginning with a vowel formerly preceded by a lost consonant (usually ϝ, or σ), may take the syllabic instead of the temporal augment, as ἐάνδανον, imperfect of ἀνδάνω (σϝανδανω) please."},{"section":836,"text":"§836. When initial σ has thus been lost, the augment always contracts with the first vowel of the stem, according to the rules (584-5); when initial ϝ has been lost, contraction may or may not take place. Thus ἔχω (σεχω), imperfect εἶχον (ἐσεχον, ἔεχον); ἕπομαι (σεπομαι), imperfect εἰπόμην (ἐσεπομην, ἔεπομην); εἶδον (ἐϝιδον), second aorist of ὁράω (ϝοραω); ἄγνῡμι (ϝαγνῡμι, aorist ἔαξα (ἐϝαξα)."},{"section":837,"text":"§837. The augment, both syllabic and temporal, is often omitted."},{"section":838,"text":"§838. Compound Verbs. Some prepositions (originally adverbs) are prefixed to verbs, the whole forming a compound. If the preposition ends with a vowel and the verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is usually elided (575), as διίστημι (διά-ἵστημι), ἀφαιρέω (ἀπό-αἱρέω (582))."},{"section":839,"text":"§839. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb. If two vowels are thus brought together, the first is usually elided, as ἀπολύω loose, free; imperfect ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον); aorist ἀπέλῡσα (ἀπό-ἔλῡσα)."},{"section":840,"text":"§840. Imperfect. The imperfect (a secondary tense (816)) is formed by adding the secondary endings (821) to the augmented stem of the present, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing; τίθημι I place, imperfect ἐτίθην."},{"section":904,"text":"§904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose\nObserve that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short.\n\nActive\n\nIndicative\n\nPresent\n        Greek    English\nS. 1    λύω      I loose, am loosing, do loose\n2       λύεις    you loose, are loosing, do loose\n3       λύει     he looses, is loosing, does loose\nDu. 2   λύετον   you two loose, etc.\n3       λύετον   they two loose, etc.\nPl. 1   λύομεν   we loose, etc.\n2       λύετε    you loose, etc.\n3       λύουσι   they loose, etc.\n\nImperfect\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    ἔλυον     I was loosing; I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλυες     you were loosing, you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλυε      he was loosing, he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλύετον   you two were loosing, etc.\n3       ἐλυέτην   they two were loosing, etc.\nPl. 1   ἐλύομεν   we were loosing, etc.\n2       ἐλύετε    you were loosing, etc.\n3       ἔλυον     they were loosing, etc.\n\nFuture\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω      I shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σεις    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σει     he will (shall) loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σετον   you two will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σετον   they two will (shall) loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σομεν   we shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σετε    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σουσι   they will (shall) loose\n\nAorist\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    ἔλῡσα      I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλῡσας     you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσε      he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σατον   you two loosed, did loose\n3       ἐλῡσάτην   they two loosed, did loose\nPl. 1   ἐλῡ́σαμεν   we loosed, did loose\n2       ἐλῡ́σατε    you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσαν     they loosed, did loose\n\nPerfect\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λέλυκα      I have loosed\n2       λέλυκας     you have loosed\n3       λέλυκε      he has loosed\nDu. 2   λελύκατον   you two have loosed\n3       λελύκατον   they two have loosed\nPl. 1   λελύκαμεν   we have loosed\n2       λελύκατε    you have loosed\n3       λελύκᾱσι    they have loosed\nThe perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966.\n\nPluperfect\n        Greek             English\nS. 1    ἐλελύκη (-εα)     I had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκης (-εας)   you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκει (-εε)    he had loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλελύκετον        you two had loosed\n3       ἐλελυκέτην        they two had loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύκεμεν        we had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκετε         you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκεσαν        they had loosed"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"διὰ","gloss":"Adv., and prep. with gen. and acc., through"},{"word":"μαντοσύνην","gloss":"Gift of prophecy, from μαντοσύνη"},{"word":"εἴρει","gloss":"Speak, say, tell, from εἴρω"},{"word":"Ἀργείοισιν","gloss":"Argive, Greek, from Ἀργεῖος"},{"word":"Ὀλύμπιοι","gloss":"Olympian, from Ὀλύμπιος"},{"word":"οἴκους","gloss":"House, home, from οἶκος"},{"word":"Ὀλύμπῳ","gloss":"Olympus, from Ὄλυμπος"},{"word":"διίφιλος","gloss":"Dear to Zeus, from διί-φιλος"},{"word":"ἔργα","gloss":"Work, deed, accomplishment, from ἔργον"},{"word":"Κλυταιμνήστρη","gloss":"Clytaemestra, wife of Agamemnon"},{"word":"Πρίαμος","gloss":"Priam, king of Troy"},{"word":"σὰ","gloss":"Your, yours, from σός"},{"word":"ἐμά","gloss":"My, mine, from ἐμός"},{"word":"ἄλλῃ","gloss":"Elsewhere"}],"paradigms":[{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"imperfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἔλυον","meaning":"I was loosing; I loosed, did loose","name":"imperfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἔλυες","meaning":"you were loosing, you loosed, did loose","name":"imperfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἔλυε","meaning":"he was loosing, he loosed, did loose","name":"imperfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλύετον","meaning":"you two were loosing, etc.","name":"imperfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλυέτην","meaning":"they two were loosing, etc.","name":"imperfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύομεν","meaning":"we were loosing, etc.","name":"imperfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύετε","meaning":"you were loosing, etc.","name":"imperfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἔλυον","meaning":"they were loosing, etc.","name":"imperfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,6]}]},{"title":"Lesson X: The Future and Aorist of Verbs in -ω","teaching":[{"title":"The future and the aorist","paragraphs":["This lesson adds two tenses. The future states what will happen. The aorist is another past tense: I loosed, I did loose.","Both are formed the same way. Add σ to the stem, before the ending. The stem is the part of the verb that has its basic meaning. In λύω it is the part before the ending.","Future: λῡ́σω, I shall loose. λῡ́σεις, you will loose. λῡ́σει, he will loose. The endings are the present endings.","Aorist: the augment marks the past at the front, as in the imperfect. Most endings have α. ἔλῡσα, I loosed. ἔλῡσας, you loosed. ἔλῡσε, he loosed. Plural: ἐλῡ́σαμεν, ἐλῡ́σατε, ἔλῡσαν."]},{"title":"σ after the last sound of the stem","paragraphs":["The σ combines with the last sound of the stem. π and σ make ψ: πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, send. κ, γ or χ and σ make ξ: τεύχω, τεύξω, ἔτευξα, make.","τ, δ or θ drop out before σ: πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, persuade. ἀείδω, ἀείσω, ἤεισα, sing.","A short vowel at the end of the stem becomes long: φιλέ-ω, φιλήσω, ἐφίλησα, love.","Some verbs are irregular. ἄγ-ω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, lead, has an aorist with no σ.","From now on the word list gives three forms of each verb: present, future and aorist, each in the I form. Learn all three for every verb."]}],"lines":[{"number":93,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.1","source":"τίς ἦν ὄχ’ ἄριστος Δαναῶν;","translation":"Who was by far the best of the Danaans?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much, considerably"},{"text":"ἄριστος","gloss":"best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"Δαναῶν;","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.1.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.2","source":"Πρίαμος μεγάθῡμος ἤνασσεν Ἰλίου.","translation":"Great-souled Priam ruled over Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Πρίαμος","gloss":"Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"μεγάθῡμος","gloss":"μεγά-θυμος: great-souled, brave"},{"text":"ἤνασσεν","gloss":"ἀνάσσω: rule (over), guard, protect"},{"text":"Ἰλίου.","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.2.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.3","source":"οὐκ αὖτις ἄξουσι Δαναοὶ μεγάθῡμοι ἑκατόμβᾱς πολλὰς εἰς Χρύσην.","translation":"The great-souled Danaans will not again bring many hecatombs to Chrysa.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"(back) again, anew"},{"text":"ἄξουσι","gloss":"ἄγ-ω: lead, drive, conduct, bring"},{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"μεγάθῡμοι","gloss":"μεγά-θυμος: great-souled, brave"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Χρύσην.","gloss":"Χρύση: Chrysa, a town in the Troad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.3.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.4","source":"οὐκ ἔπεισαν ἑκηβόλον πολλῇς ἑκατόμβησι κᾱλῇσιν.","translation":"They did not persuade the free-shooter with many beautiful hecatombs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἔπεισαν","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"πολλῇς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβησι","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"κᾱλῇσιν.","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.4.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.5","source":"οὐ φιλήσομεν θεούς, οὕνεκα κᾱλοί εἰσιν;","translation":"Shall we not love the gods, because they are good?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"φιλήσομεν","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"},{"text":"θεούς,","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"κᾱλοί","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"εἰσιν;","gloss":"εἰσί: are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.5.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.6","source":"Δαναοὶ τεύξουσι θάνατον Πριάμῳ ἐν Ἰλίῳ.","translation":"The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"τεύξουσι","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"θάνατον","gloss":"θάνατος: death"},{"text":"Πριάμῳ","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"Ἰλίῳ.","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.6.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.7","source":"ἐφίλησα θεὰν θαλάσσης, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἥνδανε ἑκηβόλῳ θῡμῷ.","translation":"I loved the goddess of the sea, but it was not pleasing to the free-shooter in soul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐφίλησα","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"},{"text":"θεὰν","gloss":"θεά: goddess"},{"text":"θαλάσσης,","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἥνδανε","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλῳ","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.7.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.8","source":"ἀείσομεν καὶ πείσομεν θεούς.","translation":"We shall sing and persuade the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀείσομεν","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"πείσομεν","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"θεούς.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.8.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.9","source":"ὄχ’ ἄριστοι ἐν Ἰλίῳ τὰ εἶπον Πριάμῳ, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἠτίμασεν.","translation":"By far the best men in Ilium said these things to Priam, but he dishonored them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much, considerably"},{"text":"ἄριστοι","gloss":"ἄριστος: best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"Ἰλίῳ","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"εἶπον","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"Πριάμῳ,","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but, moreover"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἠτίμασεν.","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.9.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.10","source":"Πρίαμος ἔπεμψε τὸν στρατὸν ἄριστον ἐπ’ Ἀργείοισιν.","translation":"Priam sent the best army against the Argives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Πρίαμος","gloss":"Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"ἔπεμψε","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort, conduct"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"ἄριστον","gloss":"ἄριστος: best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"ἐπ’","gloss":"ἐπί: to, (up)on, against, by"},{"text":"Ἀργείοισιν.","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.10.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.11","source":"ἔβησαν αὖτις Δαναοὶ εἰς Ἴλιον, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἔπεισαν Πρίαμον.","translation":"The Danaans went again to Ilium, but they did not persuade Priam.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔβησαν","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go, walk"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"(back) again, anew"},{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Ἴλιον,","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἔπεισαν","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"Πρίαμον.","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.11.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"grc.ph.L10.g48.12","source":"ἀείσομεν ἑκηβόλον ὄχ’ ἄριστον θεῶν, οὕνεκ’ ἤγαγε Δαναοὺς εἰς Ἴλιον.","translation":"We shall sing of the free-shooter, by far the best of the gods, because he led the Danaans to Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀείσομεν","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much, considerably"},{"text":"ἄριστον","gloss":"ἄριστος: best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"θεῶν,","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"οὕνεκ’","gloss":"οὕνεκα: because"},{"text":"ἤγαγε","gloss":"ἄγ-ω: lead, drive, conduct, bring"},{"text":"Δαναοὺς","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Ἴλιον.","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.g48.12.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.1","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ μεγάθῡμοι οὐ πείσουσι τὸν ἑκηβόλον ἑκατόμβῃσι κᾱλῇσιν, ἀλλὰ τεύξει θάνατον κακὸν λᾱῷ.","translation":"The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs, but he will prepare evil death for the people.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.1.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.2","source":"οἱ ἄριστοι Ἀχαιῶν ἔβησαν εἰς Ἴλιον, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἔπεισαν ψῡχὴν Πριάμου.","translation":"The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium, but they did not persuade the soul of Priam.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.2.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.3","source":"ἀείσομεν, οὕνεκα θεοὶ ἤγαγον τὸν λᾱὸν εἰς Ἴλιον.","translation":"We shall sing, because the gods have led (aor.) the people into Troy.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.3.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.4","source":"ἕξομεν πολλὰ ἀγλαὰ χρύσεα σκῆπτρα.","translation":"We shall have many shining golden sceptres.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.4.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.5","source":"οὐκ ἐφιλήσατε τοὺς θεούς, οἳ ἔχουσιν Ὀλυμπίους οἴκους;","translation":"Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.5.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.6","source":"οὐκ αὖτις ἀνάξει Πρίαμος Ἰλίου, Ἀχαιοὶ γὰρ τεύξουσι θάνατον κακὸν αὐτῷ.","translation":"Priam shall not rule Ilium again, for the Achaeans will prepare evil death for him.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.6.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.7","source":"εἶπε κᾱλῇ θεᾷ θαλάσσης;","translation":"Did he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.7.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"grc.ph.L10.e49.8","source":"πείσουσι τὰς ψῡχὰς τῶν θεῶν ἑκατόμβῃσι πολλῇσιν.","translation":"They will persuade the souls of the gods with many hecatombs.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L10.e49.8.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"grc.ph.L10.h.27","source":"ἢ νῦν δηθύνοντʼ ἢ ὕστερον αὖτις ἰόντα,","translation":"either lingering now or coming back hereafter,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"δηθύνοντʼ","gloss":"δηθύνω: lingering"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ὕστερον","gloss":"ὕστερος: hereafter"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"αὖτις: again"},{"text":"ἰόντα,","gloss":"εἶμι: coming"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":841,"text":"§841. First Aorist. The first aorist of vowel and mute verbs (849) (a secondary tense, 816) is regularly formed by adding -σ(σ)α to the augmented verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel or a consonant only one σ is ever added; if it ends in a short vowel, either one or two sigmas may be used."},{"section":842,"text":"§842. “Mixed” Aorists. A few aorists (sometimes called “mixed aorists”) are formed by adding -σο/ε, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses, to the augmented verb stem."},{"section":843,"text":"§843. ἵημι throw, send; δίδωμι give, grant; and τίθημι put, place, have -κα in the aorist instead of -σα."},{"section":844,"text":"§844. Future. The future (a primary tense) of vowel and mute verbs (849) is regularly formed by adding the tense suffix -σ(σ)ο/ε to the verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the primary tenses."},{"section":845,"text":"§845. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel, the stem is not affected by the addition of -σο/ε and -σα in the formation of the future and aorist."},{"section":846,"text":"§846. If the verb stem ends in a short vowel, all tenses except the present and imperfect regularly lengthen this, α and ε becoming η; ο becoming ω; as ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα; χολόω, χολώσω, ἐχόλωσα. Exception: ἐάω gives ἐάσω, εἴᾱσα."},{"section":847,"text":"§847. Some verbs do not lengthen the short vowel according to the rule in 846."},{"section":848,"text":"§848. These, and a few others, usually have σ before the personal ending of the perfect middle and the aorist passive."},{"section":849,"text":"§849. Classes of Verbs. Verbs are called vowel verbs, liquid verbs, nasal verbs, and mute verbs, according as their stem ends in a vowel, a liquid, a nasal, or a mute (509-516)."},{"section":850,"text":"§850. Mute Verbs. If the verb stem ends in a mute, the following euphonic changes take place:\n\n1) a labial mute (π, β, φ) unites with the sigma following and forms ψ, as πέμπω, πέμψω (πεμπσω), ἔπεμψα (ἐπεμπσα) send, escort: ἀμείβω, ἀμείψω, ἤμειψα (ἀμειβσω, ἠμειβσα) (ex)change;\n2) a palatal mute (κ, γ, χ) unites with the sigma following and forms ξ, as ἀρήγω, ἀρήξω (ἀρηγσω), ἤρηξα (ἠρηγσα) help, assist; τεύχω, τεύξω (τευχσω), ἔτευξα (ἐτευχσα) make, fashion, cause.\n3) a lingual mute (τ, δ, θ) before the σ is assimilated (610, 4), as πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade; ἀείδω, ἀείσω, ἤεισα sing."},{"section":851,"text":"§851. Liquid and Nasal Verbs. If a verb stem ends in a liquid (λ, ρ) or a nasal (μ, ν), the future is regularly formed by adding -εσο/ε, with the loss of σ between vowels (603), to the verb stem, to which are attached the primary personal endings, as βάλλω, βαλέω (from βαλεσω) throw, shoot."},{"section":852,"text":"§852. In a few cases the first ε is omitted, and σ is retained in verbs of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὄρσω arouse, stir up."},{"section":853,"text":"§853. A few verbs in addition to those with liquid and nasal stems have lost σ in the future, as καλέω, καλέω call, summon. In general these verbs have a liquid or nasal before the final vowel of the stem, and imitate the forms of the futures of liquid and nasal verbs."},{"section":854,"text":"§854. Those formations in which σ is dropped after α or ε are sometimes called “Attic futures.”"},{"section":855,"text":"§855. A few verbs have active forms in the present, but middle forms in the future, as ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι hear."},{"section":856,"text":"§856. Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form their aorists by dropping the σ and lengthening the stem vowel by compensation (601), α becoming η, ε becoming ει, ι becoming ῑ, and υ becoming ῡ, as φαίνω (φαν-), φανέω (φανεσω), ἔφηνα (ἐφανσα) show; μένω, μενέω (μενεσω), ἔμεινα (ἐμενσα) remain, await."},{"section":857,"text":"§857. In some cases the σ is retained in formations of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὦρσα stir up, arouse; κέλλω, ἔκελσα land; κύρω, κύρσω meet."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ὄχ’","gloss":"Far, much, considerably, from ὄχα"},{"word":"ἄριστος","gloss":"Best, noblest, bravest"},{"word":"Δαναῶν","gloss":"Danaan, Greek, from Δαναός"},{"word":"μεγάθῡμος","gloss":"Great-souled, brave, from μεγά-θυμος"},{"word":"ἤνασσεν","gloss":"Rule, guard, protect, from ἀνάσσω"},{"word":"Ἰλίου","gloss":"Ilium, Troy, from Ἴλιος"},{"word":"αὖτις","gloss":"Again, anew"},{"word":"ἄξουσι","gloss":"Lead, drive, conduct, from ἄγ-ω"},{"word":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"Hecatomb, sacrifice, from ἑκατόμ-βη"},{"word":"ἔπεισαν","gloss":"Persuade, win over, mislead, from πείθω"},{"word":"φιλήσομεν","gloss":"Love, cherish, entertain hospitably, from φιλέ-ω"},{"word":"θάνατον","gloss":"Death, from θάνατος"},{"word":"ἢ","gloss":"Or, than, whether"},{"word":"νῦν","gloss":"Now, at this time, as matters now are"},{"word":"δηθύνοντʼ","gloss":"Loiter, tarry, delay, from δηθύνω"},{"word":"ὕστερον","gloss":"Behind, later, at another time, from ὕστερος"},{"word":"ἰόντα","gloss":"Come, go, from εἶμι"}],"paradigms":[{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"future indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σω","meaning":"I shall (will) loose","name":"future indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σεις","meaning":"you will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σει","meaning":"he will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σετον","meaning":"you two will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σετον","meaning":"they two will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σομεν","meaning":"we shall (will) loose","name":"future indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σετε","meaning":"you will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σουσι","meaning":"they will (shall) loose","name":"future indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]},{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἔλῡσα","meaning":"I loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἔλῡσας","meaning":"you loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἔλῡσε","meaning":"he loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλῡ́σατον","meaning":"you two loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλῡσάτην","meaning":"they two loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλῡ́σαμεν","meaning":"we loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλῡ́σατε","meaning":"you loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἔλῡσαν","meaning":"they loosed, did loose","name":"aorist indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,6]}]}]}