{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":3,"id":"grc.module.ph.11-15","title":"Lessons XI to XV","stage":"Pharr I: Letters, Nouns, Verbs","situation":null,"outcome":"Masculine Nouns of the First Declension. Compound Verbs · Review · Nouns of the Third Declension · Iliad 1-5 · Prosody. the Greek Hexameter · Iliad 1-5 · Third Declension (continued)","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/3","lines":56},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/2","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/4","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XI: Masculine Nouns of the First Declension. Compound Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Masculine nouns of the first declension","paragraphs":["The first-declension nouns so far are feminine. Some are masculine: Ἀτρείδης, son of Atreus, and αἰχμητής, spearman or warrior.","Their plural is the same as the feminine plural: Ἀτρεῖδαι, αἰχμηταί. They differ from the feminines only in the nominative and genitive singular, and sometimes in the vocative.","The nominative singular ends in ς: Ἀτρείδης, αἰχμητής. The feminine nouns have no ς. The genitive singular ends in ᾱο: Ἀτρείδᾱο, αἰχμητᾱο.","The rest of the singular is like the feminine. Dative Ἀτρείδῃ, accusative Ἀτρείδην. The vocative is Ἀτρείδη, but αἰχμητά, with a short α.","Names in -δης have η in the vocative. Nouns in -της have a short α."]},{"title":"Compound verbs","paragraphs":["A preposition is a short word that shows how one thing relates to another: in, to, from, through. εἰς and διὰ are prepositions.","Greek often joins a preposition to the front of a verb to make one word. This is a compound verb. ἀνα-βαίνω, go up, is the preposition for up joined to the verb for go.","ἀπολύω, loose or set free, is a preposition joined to the verb for loose.","In a compound verb the augment goes between the preposition and the verb, not at the front. ἀπολύω has the imperfect ἀπέλυον and the aorist ἀπέλῡσα.","If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with one, the first vowel is usually dropped. So ἀπό-ἔλυον becomes ἀπέλυον."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.1","source":"κᾱλοὶ θεοὶ ἔτευξαν θάνατον κακὸν δίῳ Πηληιάδῃ, ὁ δ’ ἀνέβη πῡρήν.","translation":"The noble gods caused an evil death for the divine son of Peleus, and he ascended the pyre.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κᾱλοὶ","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἔτευξαν","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"θάνατον","gloss":"θάνατος: death"},{"text":"κακὸν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"δίῳ","gloss":"δῖος: divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Πηληιάδῃ,","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, so, for"},{"text":"ἀνέβη","gloss":"ἀνα-βαίνω: go up, ascend, embark"},{"text":"πῡρήν.","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.2","source":"ἑκηβόλος ὤλεκε λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν, οὕνεκα δῖος Ἀτρείδης ἠτίμασε Χρύσην.","translation":"The free-shooter was destroying the people of the Achaeans, because the divine son of Atreus dishonored Chryses.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"ὤλεκε","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"text":"ἠτίμασε","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"Χρύσην.","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.3","source":"κατέκηα ἑκατόμβᾱς πολλάς.","translation":"I burned many hecatombs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κατέκηα","gloss":"κατα-καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"πολλάς.","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.4","source":"ἑκηβόλος οὐκ ἔκλυεν Ἀτρείδᾱο, οὕνεκα ἠτίμασε Χρύσην.","translation":"The free-shooter did not hearken to the son of Atreus, because he dishonored Chryses.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἔκλυεν","gloss":"κλεύω: hear, hearken to"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδᾱο,","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ἠτίμασε","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"Χρύσην.","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.5","source":"Χρύσης μετέειπεν Ἀχαιοῖσιν, ἀλλ’ οὐκ Ἀτρείδῃ ἥνδανε θῡμῷ.","translation":"Chryses spoke among the Achaeans, but it was not pleasing to the son of Atreus at heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Χρύσης","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"μετέειπεν","gloss":"μετ-έειπον: spoke among, addressed, spoke to"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"ἥνδανε","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"θῡμῷ.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.6","source":"ὅτε κακῶς προσέειπεν Ἀτρείδης Χρύσην, τότε ἐχόλωσεν ἑκηβόλον.","translation":"When the son of Atreus spoke harshly to Chryses, then he angered the free-shooter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅτε","gloss":"when(ever)"},{"text":"κακῶς","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"text":"προσέειπεν","gloss":"προσ-έειπον: addressed, spoke to"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"text":"Χρύσην,","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"τότε","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ἐχόλωσεν","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον.","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.7","source":"ἀπελύσαμεν Χρύσην, οὕνεκα τὸν ἐφιλήσαμεν.","translation":"We freed Chryses, because we loved him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀπελύσαμεν","gloss":"ἀπο-λύ-ω: loose, set free, release"},{"text":"Χρύσην,","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἐφιλήσαμεν.","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.8","source":"Χρύσης ἤνεικεν ἀπερείσ’ ἀγλά’ ἄποινα Ἀτρείδῃ.","translation":"Chryses brought boundless shining ransoms to the son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Χρύσης","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"ἤνεικεν","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"ἀπερείσ’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἀγλά’","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ.","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.9","source":"οἴσομεν ἄποινα πολλὰ καὶ ἀπολύσομεν Χρύσην, οὕνεκα τὸν ἐφιλήσαμεν, καὶ φίλος ἐστὶν ἑκηβόλῳ.","translation":"We shall bring many ransoms and free Chryses, because we loved him, and he is dear to the free-shooter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴσομεν","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἀπολύσομεν","gloss":"ἀπο-λύ-ω: loose, set free, release"},{"text":"Χρύσην,","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἐφιλήσαμεν,","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"φίλος","gloss":"dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"ἐστὶν","gloss":"ἐστί: is"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλῳ.","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.10","source":"τίς φέρει ἄποινα Χρύσᾱο Ἀτρείδῃ;","translation":"Who brings the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"φέρει","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"Χρύσᾱο","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ;","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.11","source":"δῖος Πηληιάδης ἐχόλωσεν Ἀτρείδην.","translation":"The divine son of Peleus angered the son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Πηληιάδης","gloss":"son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"ἐχόλωσεν","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδην.","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.12","source":"ὅτε κατεκήαμεν πολλὰς ἑκατόμβᾱς κᾱλάς, τότε ἐπείσαμεν θυμοὺς θεῶν.","translation":"When we burned many beautiful hecatombs, then we persuaded the hearts of the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅτε","gloss":"when(ever)"},{"text":"κατεκήαμεν","gloss":"κατα-καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"κᾱλάς,","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"τότε","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ἐπείσαμεν","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"θυμοὺς","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"},{"text":"θεῶν.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L11.g53.13","source":"διὰ μαντοσύνην Χρύσης εἶπε βουλὰς θεῶν Ἀτρείδῃ Πηληιάδῃ τε.","translation":"Through the gift of prophecy Chryses told the plans of the gods to the son of Atreus and to the son of Peleus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"μαντοσύνην","gloss":"μαντοσύνη: gift of prophecy"},{"text":"Χρύσης","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of Apollo"},{"text":"εἶπε","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"Πηληιάδῃ","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and, also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.g53.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.1","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς Ἴλιον καὶ ὤλεκον κᾱλὸν Πρίαμον.","translation":"The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.2","source":"κατεκήαμεν πολλὰς ἑκατόμβᾱς κᾱλὰς Ὀλυμπίοις θεοῖς.","translation":"We burned many goodly hecatombs to the Olympian gods.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.3","source":"Χρύσης μετέειπεν Ἀχαιοῖσιν, ἀλλ’ Ἀτρείδης οὐκ ἔκλυεν αὐτοῦ.","translation":"Chryses spoke among the Achaeans (dat.), but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him (gen., 984).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.3.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.4","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ προσέειπον Ἀτρείδην, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀπέλυσε Χρύσην.","translation":"The Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus, but he did not free Chryses.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.4.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.5","source":"Ἀτρείδης οἴσει ἄποινα πολλὰ εἰς στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms into the camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.5.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L11.e54.6","source":"τίς πείσει θεοὺς ἑκατόμβῃσι πολλῇσι κᾱλῇσιν;","translation":"Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L11.e54.6.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L11.h.1","source":"μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"ἄειδε","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing"},{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληϊάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: of Achilles"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":664,"text":"§664. FIRST DECLENSION MASCULINE\n\n   Ἀτρείδης, ᾱο, ὁ   Αἰνείᾱς, ᾱο, ὁ   αἰχμητής, ᾱο, ὁ\n   (Ἀτρεϝιδᾱ-)       (Αἰνειᾱ-)        (αἰχμητᾱ-)\n   son of Atreus     Aeneas           spearman, warrior\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   Ἀτρείδης        Αἰνείᾱς       αἰχμητής [αἰχμητά]\nG.   Ἀτρείδᾱο [εω]   Αἰνείᾱο [ω]   αἰχμητᾱο [έω]\nD.   Ἀτρείδῃ         Αἰνείᾳ        αἰχμητῇ\nA.   Ἀτρείδην        Αἰνείᾱν       αἰχμητήν\nV.   Ἀτρείδη         Αἰνείᾱ        αἰχμητά\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   Ἀτρείδᾱ        αἰχμητᾱ́\nG. D.      Ἀτρείδηιν      αἰχμητῆιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   Ἀτρεῖδαι                 αἰχμηταί\nG.      Ἀτρεϊδᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]      αἰχμητᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]\nD.      Ἀτρειδῆσι, ῆς            αἰχμητῆσι, ῆς\nA.      Ἀτρείδᾱς                 αἰχμητᾱ́ς"},{"section":665,"text":"§665. Observe that the original ᾱ of the stem of first declension nouns commonly becomes η throughout the singular (621). It rarely remains ᾱ (in θεᾱ́ goddess, and a few proper names)."},{"section":666,"text":"§666. In some feminines the ᾱ of the stem becomes ᾰ in the nominative, which is found also in the accusative and vocative, but in the genitive and dative singular the ᾱ of the stem becomes η, just as in nouns ending in η in the nominative singular."},{"section":667,"text":"§667. The masculines usually take the case-ending -ς in the nominative singular; the feminines do not."},{"section":668,"text":"§668. The nominative singular of a few masculines ends in -ᾰ; a very few end in -ᾱς, but most end in -ης. Those ending in -ᾰ, excepting those with variant forms in -ης, regularly have the recessive accent (548), and all are adjectival except the proper name Θύεστα Thyestes."},{"section":669,"text":"§669. Masculines and feminines of the first declension are all declined alike in the dual and plural."},{"section":670,"text":"§670. Masculines ending in -ης and -ᾱς in the nominative singular retain this η or ᾱ throughout the singular, with the exception that the genitive singular always has either the ending -ᾱο (regular) or -εω (rare)."},{"section":671,"text":"§671. Those ending in -ᾰ in the nominative have the same form also in the vocative singular, but otherwise are declined like those ending in -ης."},{"section":672,"text":"§672. Feminines ending in -η or -ᾱ in the nominative singular retain this throughout the singular."},{"section":673,"text":"§673. Those ending in -ᾰ retain this only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative: the genitive and dative are declined the same as those ending in -η."},{"section":674,"text":"§674. Masculines are declined like feminines except in the nominative and genitive singular, and occasionally in the vocative singular."},{"section":675,"text":"§675. Masculines ending in -δης have -η in the vocative singular; those ending in -της [-τα], compound nouns, and names of nationalities have -ᾰ; those ending in -ᾱς have -ᾱ."},{"section":838,"text":"§838. Compound Verbs. Some prepositions (originally adverbs) are prefixed to verbs, the whole forming a compound. If the preposition ends with a vowel and the verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is usually elided (575), as διίστημι (διά-ἵστημι), ἀφαιρέω (ἀπό-αἱρέω (582))."},{"section":839,"text":"§839. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb. If two vowels are thus brought together, the first is usually elided, as ἀπολύω loose, free; imperfect ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον); aorist ἀπέλῡσα (ἀπό-ἔλῡσα)."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἀνέβη","gloss":"Go up, ascend, embark, from ἀνα-βαίνω"},{"word":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"Son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"word":"κατέκηα","gloss":"Burn, consume, from κατα-καίω"},{"word":"ἔκλυεν","gloss":"Hear, hearken to, from κλεύω"},{"word":"μετέειπεν","gloss":"Spoke among, addressed, spoke to, from μετ-έειπον"},{"word":"ὅτε","gloss":"When"},{"word":"προσέειπεν","gloss":"Addressed, spoke to, from προσ-έειπον"},{"word":"τότε","gloss":"Then, at that time"},{"word":"ἐχόλωσεν","gloss":"Anger, enrage, vex, from χολό-ω"},{"word":"ἀπελύσαμεν","gloss":"Loose, set free, release, from ἀπο-λύ-ω"},{"word":"Χρύσᾱο","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of the god, Apollo, from Χρύσης"}],"paradigms":[{"section":664,"headword":"Ἀτρείδης","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"Ἀτρείδης","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"Ἀτρείδᾱο","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"Ἀτρείδῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"Ἀτρείδην","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"Ἀτρείδη","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"Ἀτρείδᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"Ἀτρείδηιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"Ἀτρεῖδαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"Ἀτρεϊδᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"Ἀτρειδῆσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"Ἀτρείδᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[6,7,10]},{"section":664,"headword":"αἰχμητής","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αἰχμητής","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αἰχμητᾱο","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αἰχμητῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αἰχμητήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"αἰχμητά","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"αἰχμητᾱ́","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αἰχμητῆιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"αἰχμηταί","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αἰχμητᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αἰχμητῆσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αἰχμητᾱ́ς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[4,5,10]}]},{"title":"Lesson XII: Review","teaching":[{"title":"Review of the first eleven lessons","paragraphs":["This lesson adds nothing new. It reviews the first eleven lessons, because the next lessons use all of them.","A Greek word that changes its form has two parts. The stem has the basic meaning. The ending shows such things as case, number, tense, or who acts.","In the forms of one word the stem stays the same and the ending changes. The augment is the one part that comes at the front.","You now have the main patterns: two declensions of nouns, adjectives that agree with their nouns, pronouns, and four tenses. The tenses are present, imperfect, future and aorist.","Pharr's page gives the full word list so far. Learn it thoroughly. It also gives the names of the Greek letters in order, from alpha to omega."]}],"lines":[],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XIII: Nouns of the Third Declension · Iliad 1-5","teaching":[{"title":"The third declension","paragraphs":["The third declension has nouns of all three genders. Their nominatives have many different endings: βασιλεύς, king, ἥρως, hero, πόλις, city, ἔπος, word.","In the first two declensions the stem shows in the nominative. In the third it often does not. The nominative is ἥρως, but the genitive is ἥρωος, of a hero.","Remove the ending of the genitive and the stem remains. The other forms are the stem plus an ending.","For this reason the word list gives the nominative and the genitive together. Learn both."]},{"title":"Third-declension endings","paragraphs":["The dative singular ends in ι: ἥρωι, πόλιι. The accusative singular ends in ν or α, depending on the stem: πόλιν, ἥρωα.","In the tables the nominative plural ends in ες: ἥρωες, πόλιες. The accusative plural ends in ας: ἥρωας, πόλιας.","The genitive plural has the same ending as in the other declensions: ἡρώων, πολίων. The dative plural usually ends in εσσι: ἡρώεσσι, πολίεσσι.","In neuter nouns the nominative, accusative and vocative are the same, as in the second declension. ἔπος, word, is ἔπος in all three. Its plural is ἔπεα in all three.","A noun that ends in ος can belong to either declension. In the second it is masculine or feminine. In the third it is neuter. The genitive shows which: ἔπος has ἔπεος."]},{"title":"The first five lines of the Iliad","paragraphs":["The poet speaks to a goddess. He asks her to sing: μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά. μῆνιν is the accusative of μῆνις, wrath. It is the thing she is to sing.","The lines then say what that wrath did. It brought the Achaeans countless woes. It hurled many mighty souls of heroes down to Hades. It made their bodies prey for dogs and birds.","And the will of Zeus was being fulfilled.","Find ἡρώων in the fourth line. It is the genitive plural of ἥρως: of heroes. It shows whose souls, ψυχὰς, were sent down in the line before."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L13.g61.1","source":"μῆνις Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος ἦν οὐλομένη, ἔθηκε γὰρ μῡρί’ ἄλγεα τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν, προΐαψε δὲ πολλὰς ψῡχὰς ἰφθῑ́μους ἡρώων Ἅιδι, ἔτευχε δ’ αὐτοὺς ἑλώρια καὶ δαῖτα κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε, ἐτέλεσε δὲ βουλὴν Διός.","translation":"The wrath of Peleus’ son Achilles was accursed, for it caused countless woes for the Achaeans, and it hurled down many mighty souls of heroes to Hades, and made their bodies a booty and a banquet for the dogs and the birds, and it fulfilled the will of Zeus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνις","gloss":"wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"Πηληιάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"was"},{"text":"οὐλομένη,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed, destructive, deadly"},{"text":"ἔθηκε","gloss":"τίθημι: put, place, cause"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"μῡρί’","gloss":"μυρίοι: countless, innumerable"},{"text":"ἄλγεα","gloss":"ἄλγος: grief, pain, woe, trouble"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"προΐαψε","gloss":"προ-ϊάπ-τω: hurl forward, send forth"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, so, for"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ψῡχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: soul, spirit, breath, life"},{"text":"ἰφθῑ́μους","gloss":"ἰφθῖμος: mighty, valiant, stout-hearted, brave"},{"text":"ἡρώων","gloss":"ἥρως: hero, mighty warrior, protector, savior"},{"text":"Ἅιδι,","gloss":"Ἅις: Hades, god of the lower world"},{"text":"ἔτευχε","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, so, for"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: self, him(self), her(self), it(self), same"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"δαῖτα","gloss":"δαίς: feast, banquet, portion"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird (of prey), vulture, omen"},{"text":"τε,","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ἐτέλεσε","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, so, for"},{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"Διός.","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.g61.1.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L13.g61.2","source":"θεὰ ἀείδει μῆνιν οὐλομένην Ἀχιλῆος, ἣ ἔθηκεν μῡρί’ ἄλγε’ Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","translation":"The goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles, which caused countless woes for the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"ἀείδει","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"οὐλομένην","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed, destructive, deadly"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"ἔθηκεν","gloss":"τίθημι: put, place, cause"},{"text":"μῡρί’","gloss":"μυρίοι: countless, innumerable"},{"text":"ἄλγε’","gloss":"ἄλγος: grief, pain, woe, trouble"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.g61.2.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L13.g61.3","source":"θεοὶ ὀλέκουσι τὸν στρατόν, καὶ προϊάπτουσι πολλὰς ψῡχὰς ἡρώων Ἅιδι.","translation":"The gods destroy the army, and hurl down many souls of heroes to Hades.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ὀλέκουσι","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"στρατόν,","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"προϊάπτουσι","gloss":"προ-ϊάπ-τω: hurl forward, send forth"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ψῡχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: soul, spirit, breath, life"},{"text":"ἡρώων","gloss":"ἥρως: hero, mighty warrior, protector, savior"},{"text":"Ἅιδι.","gloss":"Ἅις: Hades, god of the lower world"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.g61.3.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L13.g61.4","source":"τεύξομεν μῡρίους Ἀχαιοὺς ἑλώρια κύνεσσιν καὶ δαῖτα τοῖσιν οἰωνοῖσιν, οὕνεκα ἠτίμασαν Χρύσην.","translation":"We shall make countless Achaeans a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds, because they dishonored Chryses.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τεύξομεν","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"μῡρίους","gloss":"μυρίοι: countless, innumerable"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἐλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"δαῖτα","gloss":"δαίς: feast, banquet, portion"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσιν,","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird (of prey), vulture, omen"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ἠτίμασαν","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"Χρύσην.","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.g61.4.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L13.g61.5","source":"καλὴ ἦν ἡ βουλὴ Διός.","translation":"The will of Zeus was good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καλὴ","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, beautiful"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ἡ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"βουλὴ","gloss":"plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"Διός.","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.g61.5.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L13.e64.1","source":"ἴφθῑμοι Ἀχαιοὶ ἀείδουσι μῆνιν οὐλομένην Ἀχιλῆος.","translation":"The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.e64.1.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L13.e64.2","source":"μῆνις Ἀχιλῆος ἔθηκε πολλὰ ἄλγεα Ἀχαιοῖσιν καὶ προΐαψε πολλὰς ἰφθίμους ψῡχὰς ἡρώων θεῷ Ἅιδι.","translation":"The wrath of Achilles caused many woes to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.e64.2.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L13.e64.3","source":"τεύξομεν τὸν στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν ἑλώριον κύνεσσιν καὶ δαῖτα τοῖσιν οἰωνοῖσιν.","translation":"We shall make the army of the Achaeans a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.e64.3.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L13.e64.4","source":"τελείομεν βουλὴν θεᾶς.","translation":"We are accomplishing the will of the goddess.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L13.e64.4.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L13.r62.1","source":"Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"ἄειδε,","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληιάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: of Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L13.r62.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκεν,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρί’","gloss":"μυρίος: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγε’","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκεν,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L13.r62.3","source":"πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἅιδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολύς: many"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἅιδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L13.r62.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L13.r62.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and a feast for the birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δαῖτα,","gloss":"δαίς: feast"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελέω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":680,"text":"§680. THE THIRD DECLENSION\n\nNouns of the third declension are masculine, feminine, and neuter."},{"section":681,"text":"§681. There are many forms of the nominative of third declension nouns, which must be learned partly by practice, but in general:\n\n1) Masculine and feminine stems, except those ending in ν, ρ, and σ, add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613).\n2) Masculine and feminine stems ending in ρ, σ and most of those ending in ν make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short.\n3) Stems ending in ν(τ) either make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short, dropping final τ wherever it occurs, or else they add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613), loss of ν(τ) and lengthening of the preceding vowel. Thus the stems: δαιμον-, θῑν-, μελαν-, γεροντ- give the nominatives δαίμων divinity, θίς shore, beach, μέλᾱς black and γέρων old man, respectively."},{"section":682,"text":"§682. In neuters the nominative singular is usually the stem, with the exception of those with stems ending in τ which is dropped wherever it occurs (605)."},{"section":683,"text":"§683. As a rule the stem of third declension nouns may be found by dropping the case ending (-ος) of the genitive singular."},{"section":684,"text":"§684. The dative singular regularly ends in ι, but occasionally in ῑ."},{"section":685,"text":"§685. The accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is regularly formed by adding ν to stems ending in vowels and by adding ν̥ (597) to consonantal stems. ν̥ of course regularly becomes -ᾰ (598, 4), thus making the case ending of accusatives singular masculine and feminine regularly -ν for vowel stems and -ᾰ for consonantal stems."},{"section":686,"text":"§686. The dative plural is formed in two ways:\n\n1) By adding -εσσι (rarely -εσι) to the stem.\n2) By adding -σι (rarely -σσι) to the stem."},{"section":687,"text":"§687. NOTE. When -σι [-σσι] is added, the preceding consonants are assimilated, or dropped, according to the rules (613 ff.). Thus πούς, ποδός, ὁ foot gives ποσ-σί (from ποδ-σι), which may be further simplified to ποσί; νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ night gives νυξί (from νυκτ-σι); γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ old man, gives γέρουσι (from γεροντ-σι), etc. The longer forms of the datives of these nouns are πόδεσσι, νύκτεσσι, γερόντεσσι."},{"section":688,"text":"§688. The accusative plural of masculines and feminines originally ended in -ν̥ς (-νς), which gives the ending -ας (598, 4) for consonant stems, and -ῑς, -ῡς (613 ff.) as the regular ending for the vowel stems."},{"section":689,"text":"§689. NOTE. A few vowel stems seem to have had -ας in the accusative plural, formed by analogy from the consonantal stems."},{"section":690,"text":"§690. Words ending in -ις and -υς in the nominative singular, but with dental mute (τ, δ, θ) stems very rarely drop the mute and take the accusative singular ending (-ν) of vowel stems."},{"section":691,"text":"§691. The vocative singular is either the same as the nominative, or else the same as the stem, final consonants except ν, ρ, ς (605) being dropped whenever they occur."},{"section":692,"text":"§692. Compensative lengthening (601) regularly takes place in the formation of the dative plural when ντ is thus dropped, but does not take place when only one letter, as τ, δ, θ, σ, ν, is dropped; as πᾶσι (παντ-σι), γέρουσι (γεροντ-σι), δαίμοσι (δαιμον-σι)."},{"section":701,"text":"§701. STEMS IN ηυ (ευ), ου, AND ωϝ\n\n   βασιλεύς, ῆος, ὁ         βοῦς, βοός, ὁ, ἡ     νηῦς, νηός (νεός), ἡ   ἥρως, ωος, ὁ\n   (βασιλην-, -ευ-, -ηϝ-)   (βου-, βωϝ-, βοϝ-)   (νᾱυ-, νᾱϝ- 621)       (ἡρωϝ-)\n   king                     ox, cow              ship, bark             hero, mighty, warrior\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   βασιλεύς          βοῦς         νηῦς          ἥρως\nG.   βασιλῆος [-έος]   βοός         νηός [νεός]   ἥρωος\nD.   βασιλῆι [-έι]     βοΐ          νηΐ           ἥρωι\nA.   βασιλῆα [-έα]     βοῦν [βῶν]   νῆα [νέα]     ἥρωα\nV.   βασιλεῦ           βοῦ          νηῦ           ἥρως\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   βασιλῆε     βόε     νῆε     ἥρωε\nG. D.      βασιλήοιν   βοοῖν   νηοῖν   ἡρώοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   βασιλῆες                βόες            νῆες                     ἥρωες\nG.      βασιλήων                βοῶν            νηῶν [νεῶν]              ἡρώων\nD.      βασιλήεσσι, βασιλεῦσι   βόεσσι, βουσί   νήεσσι [νέεσσι], νηυσί   ἡρώεσσι, ἥρωσι\nA.      βασιλῆας                βόας (βοῦς)     νῆας (νέας)              ἥρωας"},{"section":702,"text":"§702. The shortening of a vowel before a following vowel in such forms as βασιλεύς (*βασιλῆνς), νηός (νεός) is explained in 572."},{"section":703,"text":"§703. Observe that the υ of the stem of these words became ϝ in many cases and was then lost (602)."},{"section":704,"text":"§704. STEMS IN ι (ει, ει̯), AND υ (ευ, εϝ)\n\n   πόλις, ιος, ἡ   πῆχυς, εος, ὁ   ἄστυ, εος, τό   νέκῡς, υος, ὁ   δάκρυ, υος, τό\n   (πολι-, -ει-)   (πηχυ-, -εϝ-)   (ϝαστυ-, εϝ-)   (νεκῡ-)         (δακρυ-)\n   city            forearm         city, town      corpse          tear\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πόλις                 πῆχυς    ἄστυ     νέκῡς    δάκρυ\nG.   πόλιος, -ηος          πήχεος   ἄστεος   νέκυος   δάκρυος\nD.   πόλιι; -ῑ, -ηι, -ει   πήχεϊ    ἄστεϊ    νέκυϊ    δάκρυϊ\nA.   πόλιν                 πῆχυν    ἄστυ     νέκῡν    δάκρυ\nV.   πόλι                  πῆχυ     ἄστυ     νέκῡ     δάκρυ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πόλιε     πήχεε     ἄστεε     νέκυε     δάκρυε\nG. D.      πολίοιν   πηχέοιν   ἀστέοιν   νεκύοιν   δακρύοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πόλιες, -ηες                  πήχεες             ἄστεα             νέκυες                δάκρυα\nG.      πολίων                        πηχέων             ἀστέων            νεκύων                δακρύων\nD.      πολίεσσι, πόλεσι, -ισι        πηχέεσσι, πήχεσι   ἀστέεσι, ἄστεσι   νεκύεσσι, νέκῡσ(σ)ι   δακρύεσσι, δάκρυσι\nA.      πόλιας, -ηας, -ῑς, (-εις ?)   πήχεας             ἄστεα             νέκυας [-ῡς]          δάκρυα"},{"section":705,"text":"§705. Forms as πόλις, πῆχυς, ἄστυ show different grades of ablaut (593–595): ι, ει, and υ, ευ (εϝ)."},{"section":706,"text":"§706. Observe the loss of the υ and ι in such words as πῆχυς, εος, ἄστυ, εος, and πόλις. They first become ϝ, or ι̯ of course (602, 600)."},{"section":707,"text":"§707. NOUNS WITH STEMS IN -ς (-ες, -ασ- -ος) AND IN τ\n\n   ἔπος, εος, τό   γέρας, αος, τό     ἠώς, ἠόος, ἡ   δῶμα          ἦμαρ, ἤματος, τό\n   (ϝεπεσ-)        (γερασ-)           (ἀϝσοσ-)       (δωματ-)      (ἠμαρ-, ἠματ-)\n   word, speech    prize (of honor)   Eos, dawn      house, home   day\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nG.   ἔπεος   γέραος   ἠόος   δώματος   ἤματος\nD.   ἔπεϊ    γέραϊ    ἠόι    δώματι    ἤματι\nA.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠόα    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nV.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἔπεε     γέραε        δώματε     ἤματε\nG. D.      ἐπέοιν   γεράοιν      δωμάτοιν   ἠμάτοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα\nG.      ἐπέων              γεράων                   δωμάτων             ἠμάτων\nD.      ἐπέσσι, ἔπε(σ)σι   γεράεσσι, γέρα(σ)σι      δωμάτεσσι, δώμασι   ἠμάτεσσι, ἤμασι\nA.      ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα"},{"section":708,"text":"§708. Observe that stems ending in σ lose this σ when it comes between two vowels (603). Thus these words were formerly declined:\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἔπος     γέρας     ἠϝώς = ἄϝσως (621) = ἄυσως (602)\nG.   ἐπεσος   γερασος   ἠϝοσος = ἄϝσοσος = ἄυσοσος\nD.   ἐπεσι    γερασι    ἠϝοσι = ἄϝσοσι = ἄυσοσι\n\nand thus throughout the whole declension, all numbers. The loss of intervocalic σ (603-604), and of ϝ also from ἠώς (602), gave the forms found above, 707."},{"section":709,"text":"§709. Observe that all nouns ending in -ος in the nominative singular are masculine or feminine (almost always masculine) if of the second declension, and that they are neuter if of the third declension."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"προΐαψε","gloss":"Hurl forward, send forth, from προ-ϊάπ-τω"},{"word":"μυρί’","gloss":"Countless, from μυρίος"},{"word":"Ἅιδι","gloss":"To Hades, from Ἀΐδης"}],"paradigms":[{"section":701,"headword":"βασιλεύς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"βασιλεύς","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"βασιλῆος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"βασιλῆι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"βασιλῆα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"βασιλεῦ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"βασιλῆε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"βασιλήοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"βασιλῆες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"βασιλήων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"βασιλήεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"βασιλῆας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,3,5]},{"section":701,"headword":"ἥρως","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἥρως","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἥρωος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἥρωι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἥρωα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἥρως","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"ἥρωε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"ἡρώοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἥρωες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἡρώων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἡρώεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἥρωας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,5,6]},{"section":704,"headword":"πόλις","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πόλις","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"πόλιος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"πόλιι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πόλιν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πόλι","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"πόλιε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"πολίοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πόλιες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πολίων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πολίεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πόλιας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,8,10]},{"section":707,"headword":"ἔπος","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἔπος","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἔπεος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἔπεϊ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἔπος","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἔπος","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"ἔπεε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"ἐπέοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἔπεα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἐπέων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἐπέσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἔπεα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[5,8,9]}]},{"title":"Lesson XIV: Prosody. the Greek Hexameter · Iliad 1-5","teaching":[{"title":"The hexameter","paragraphs":["English verse is a pattern of stressed syllables. Homer's verse is a pattern of long and short syllables. A long syllable takes twice as long to say as a short one.","Homer's line is the hexameter, a line of six feet. A foot is one unit of the rhythm.","Each of the first five feet is a dactyl or a spondee. A dactyl is one long syllable and two short ones. A spondee is two long syllables. The sixth foot is always a spondee.","The first syllable of each foot is long and has a slight stress. Pharr gives an English line in this rhythm, from Longfellow: This is the forest primaeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks. Say it aloud. It has six stresses.","The accent marks do not show the rhythm. Ignore them when you read verse."]},{"title":"Which syllables are long","paragraphs":["A syllable is long if it has a long vowel or a diphthong. η and ω are always long. ε and ο are always short. α, ι and υ can be either. The word list marks the long ones with a bar: θεᾱ́.","A syllable is also long if its vowel is followed by two or more consonants, even if one of them begins the next word. A short vowel followed by one consonant or by a vowel is normally short. The rhythm can make it long. A few consonant groups can count either way. Follow the narrator."]},{"title":"More rules for long and short","paragraphs":["The pattern helps. If a long syllable is followed by a short one, the next syllable is also short, to complete the dactyl. If a short syllable is followed by a long one, the syllable before the short one is also short.","The last syllable of a line always counts as long, because the voice pauses there.","Two more rules. In elision a final short vowel is dropped before a vowel, and an apostrophe marks it: ἄλγε’ ἔθηκεν. In synizesis two vowels side by side are said as one syllable, as at the end of Πηληϊάδεω."]},{"title":"The first five lines, in rhythm","paragraphs":["These are the first five lines of the Iliad again. The poet speaks to the goddess: sing the accursed wrath of Achilles, which brought the Achaeans countless woes.","In the second line, μυρί’ and ἄλγε’ each lose their last vowel before a word that begins with a vowel. This is elision.","Say the lines in the narrator's rhythm. Keep the long syllables long.","Learn these five lines until you can say them easily. Do this before you read further."]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L14.r69.1","source":"Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"ἄειδε,","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληιάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: of Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L14.r69.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκεν,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρί’","gloss":"μυρίος: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγε’","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκεν,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L14.r69.3","source":"πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἅιδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολύς: many"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἅιδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L14.r69.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L14.r69.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and a feast for the birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δαῖτα,","gloss":"δαίς: feast"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελέω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":519,"text":"§519. Quantity. The vowels η and ω are always long; ε and ο are always short, while α, ι, and υ are sometimes long and sometimes short, and hence are called doubtful vowels."},{"section":520,"text":"§520. When the doubtful vowels are long in this text, it will be indicated (except in the direct quotations from Homer) by their having the mark (¯) placed over them, as θεᾱ́ goddess. This mark will not be placed over vowels having the circumflex accent (534), as they are always long (537)."},{"section":521,"text":"§521. Diphthongs, including improper diphthongs (505), are always long."},{"section":522,"text":"§522. A syllable is long by nature when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong. It is long by position when its vowel is followed by two or more consonants, or by a double consonant (518)."},{"section":523,"text":"§523. One or both of the consonants which make a syllable long by position may come in the following word."},{"section":524,"text":"§524. If a mute (509), followed by a liquid (516), or by the nasals μ or ν, comes after a short vowel, and the mute and liquid (or nasal) come within the same word or the same part of a compound, the syllable is common, that is, it may be either long or short, according to the requirements of the verse."},{"section":525,"text":"§525. Sometimes, under the verse ictus (1183), a short vowel followed by λ, μ, ν or ρ (occasionally σ or ϝ) forms a syllable long by position, in which case these consonants seem to have been doubled in pronunciation, and are sometimes so written."},{"section":526,"text":"§526. If ϝ and another consonant come after a short vowel, the syllable is common, i.e. either long or short (524). Such syllables are regularly long only under the verse ictus (1183, 1171, 1168); otherwise, usually short."},{"section":1159,"text":"§1159. IV. PROSODY, Rules of Quantity, the Hexameter\n\nEvery vowel which has the circumflex accent is long (537)."},{"section":1160,"text":"§1160. The vowel of the ultima in every word having the circumflex on the penult is short (545)."},{"section":1161,"text":"§1161. If a long penult has the acute accent, then the ultima must be long also."},{"section":1162,"text":"§1162. If the ultima is short and the penult has the acute accent, then the penult must be short also."},{"section":1163,"text":"§1163. If the antepenult has the accent, the vowel of the ultima must be short (544)."},{"section":1164,"text":"§1164. Exceptions to these rules are to be found only in the cases of the diphthongs αι and οι, when final, which are then considered short (except in the optative and οἴκοι) for the purpose of accent but must be counted long when marking the feet of the verse (547)."},{"section":1165,"text":"§1165. Apparent exceptions to these rules are to be found in the case of certain classes of compounds, as οὔτε, μήτε, οὔτις, μήτις, ἠδέ, οἵδε, αἵδε, τούσδε, τάσδε, etc., where the primary form is accented without considering the following enclitic as an integral part of the word."},{"section":1166,"text":"§1166. Most exceptions to the rules of quantity are only apparent."},{"section":1167,"text":"§1167. If an apparently short final syllable stands where a long one is expected, it is probable that:\n\n1) The pause of the caesura (1185) or diaeresis (1188) fills out the time required for the foot, allowing the same freedom as at the end of a verse, or\n2) The following word has lost an initial ϝ, making the preceding syllable long by position. For various forms of metrical lengthening, see 525, 566, 571, 1168."},{"section":1168,"text":"§1168. Metrical Lengthening. Syllables containing a short vowel, followed by a single consonant, or by another vowel, are lengthened under the verse ictus (1183). Compare 525, 566, 571, 1167."},{"section":1169,"text":"§1169. Special Rules for Determining the Length of Syllables by their Position in Hexameter\n\nIf a long syllable is followed by a short, then the next syllable must be short also."},{"section":1170,"text":"§1170. If a short syllable is followed by a long, then the preceding syllable must be short also."},{"section":1171,"text":"§1171. The first syllable of each foot must be long, and is to be given slightly more stress than the other half of the foot (1183)."},{"section":1172,"text":"§1172. When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes the diphthongs αι and οι), and the next word begins with a vowel, the final vowel of the first word is regularly elided (575)."},{"section":1173,"text":"§1173. When a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and the next word begins with a vowel, the long final vowel or diphthong is regularly shortened.\n\nNOTE. Sometimes a long vowel or diphthong is shortened when followed by a vowel within the same word."},{"section":1174,"text":"§1174. If a word ends in a short vowel and the next word originally began with vau (ϝ), elision ordinarily does not take place (580), but may, as εὖ δ’ οἴκαδε = εὖ δ’ ϝοίκαδε."},{"section":1175,"text":"§1175. If a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and the next word originally began with a vau (ϝ), the long final vowel or diphthong ordinarily remains long."},{"section":1176,"text":"§1176. If a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and has the verse-accent on it, the long vowel or diphthong may remain long, even though the next word begins with a vowel. Cf. 1168."},{"section":1177,"text":"§1177. When a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, the result is hiatus. Hiatus is ordinarily avoided in poetry either 1) by elision; 2) by the use of movable consonants, 561-563; 3) by the shortening of a final long vowel or diphthong, 1173; 4) by crasis or synizesis, 586-587."},{"section":1178,"text":"§1178. Hiatus may be allowed 1) when there is a distinct pause in sense (diaeresis or caesura 1185-1189) between the vowels which produce it; 2) when the verse-accent (ictus) falls on the long vowel or diphthong which is followed by another vowel; 3) when elision has already taken place; 4) after ι or υ; 5) when a long vowel or diphthong is shortened (weak or improper hiatus)."},{"section":1179,"text":"§1179. The metre of the Homeric poems is the dactylic (sometimes called the heroic) hexameter, the most common of all Greek verse."},{"section":1180,"text":"§1180. There are six feet to the verse, the first five being either dactyls (that is, one long followed by two shorts – ⏑ ⏑), or its equivalent, the spondee (that is, two longs – –). The sixth foot is always a spondee."},{"section":1181,"text":"§1181. In dactylic hexameter the ictus (verse accent) is always on the first syllable of each foot (1183)."},{"section":1182,"text":"§1182. The fifth foot is usually a dactyl, only about one verse in twenty having a spondee in this place, which gives the verse a movement slower than usual. It is then called a spondaic verse."},{"section":1183,"text":"§1183. In each foot one part is distinguished from the other by a slight stress of voice, called the ictus (1171, 1181)."},{"section":1184,"text":"§1184. The final syllable of a verse may be either long or short, but as there is a slight pause here, the final syllable in hexameter is always considered long, making the last foot of the verse always a spondee, 1180."},{"section":1185,"text":"§1185. Whenever a word ends within a foot, it is called caesura. If this coincides with a pause in the verse, it is called the caesura of the verse. The caesura is employed with great skill in the Homeric poems to make the verse more melodious and to aid in its recital."},{"section":1186,"text":"§1186. There is almost always a caesura in the third foot. It occurs either after the first syllable of the foot, or else between the two short syllables."},{"section":1187,"text":"§1187. The pause after the first syllable is called the masculine caesura, that after the second the feminine."},{"section":1188,"text":"§1188. Whenever the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot, it is called diaeresis. When this falls with a pause, it is called the diaeresis of the verse."},{"section":1189,"text":"§1189. The most important diaeresis is the one which comes at the end of the fourth foot. From its common employment in pastoral poetry it is called the bucolic diaeresis."},{"section":1190,"text":"§1190. For metrical purposes all vowels and syllables of Greek words may be divided into long and short."},{"section":1191,"text":"§1191. The rhythm of Greek verse is based upon the regular succession of long and short syllables."},{"section":1192,"text":"§1192. To obtain facility in reading the verse, a considerable quantity of it should be memorized, special attention being paid to the quantity (that is, twice as much time should be given to each long syllable as to a short), and the pauses should be carefully observed. Although English verse is primarily accentual rather than quantitative, still the memorizing of a few lines of English dactylic hexameter (Longfellow’s “Evangeline,” for example, mediocre though it be) will materially aid in getting the swing and the movement of the Greek hexameter.\nThis is the forest primaeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks,\nBearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,\nStand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic,\nStand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms."},{"section":545,"text":"§545. An accented penult has the circumflex if it is long by nature (522), while the ultima is short by nature, as σκῆπτρον sceptre."},{"section":586,"text":"§586. Somewhat akin to contraction is synizesis, which takes place when two successive vowels which do not form a diphthong are pronounced as one syllable for the sake of the meter, as Πηληϊάδεω of the son of Peleus, where -δεω must be pronounced as one syllable; θεοὶ δοῖεν may the gods grant, where θεοὶ is also pronounced as one syllable. Or the two syllables forming synizesis may come in separate words, as δὴ οὕτως thus, pronounced as two syllables, or as δὴ αὖ again, pronounced as one syllable."},{"section":575,"text":"§575. Elision. A short final vowel (very rarely the diphthongs αι and οι also) is regularly dropped when the next word begins with a vowel or a diphthong. This is called elision. An apostrophe (’) marks the omission, as στέμματ’ ἔχων (for στέμματα ἔχων) having fillets, οἴκαδ’ ἱκέσθαι (οἴκαδε ἱκέσθαι) to arrive home, ἐπ’ ὤμων (ἐπὶ ὤμων) on his shoulders."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XV: Third Declension (continued)","teaching":[{"title":"Stems that end in a consonant","paragraphs":["In the third declension the genitive shows the stem. This lesson adds three nouns: ἄναξ, king or lord, παῖς, child, and ἀνήρ, man.","ἄναξ has the genitive ἄνακτος. παῖς has παιδός. Remove the ending ος to find the stem.","The nominative adds σ to the stem, and some sounds change. In ἄναξ the end of the stem and the σ are written ξ. In παῖς the δ drops out.","The endings are the third-declension endings you know. Dative ἄνακτι, παιδί. Accusative ἄνακτα, παῖδα. Nominative plural ἄνακτες, παῖδες. Genitive plural ἀνάκτων, παίδων."]},{"title":"ἀνήρ, man","paragraphs":["ἀνήρ is irregular. Its nominative has η and its genitive has ε: ἀνέρος, of a man. Accusative ἀνέρα, nominative plural ἀνέρες, genitive plural ἀνέρων.","Some forms have a δ. The dative plural is ἀνδράσι. The word list gives ἀνδρός as a second genitive.","Greek puts a δ between ν and ρ when the two would otherwise stand together.","So ἀνήρ has two sets of forms, one with ε and one with δ. Homer uses both. For this reason the word list prints ἀνέρος and ἀνδρός together."]},{"title":"The quarrel begins","paragraphs":["The poet has asked the goddess to sing the wrath of Achilles. Now he asks when it began. It began when Achilles and the son of Atreus, lord of men, first stood apart in strife.","Then he asks which of the gods set the two of them to fight. He answers: the son of Leto and Zeus.","The god was angry at the king. He sent a deadly plague through the camp, and the men were dying.","Find ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, lord of men. Both words are from this lesson. ἀνδρῶν is the genitive plural of ἀνήρ, with the δ."]}],"lines":[{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L15.g81.1","source":"θεὰ ἀείσει μῆνιν Ἀχιλῆος, ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν ἠρισάτην καὶ διεστήτην.","translation":"The goddess will sing the wrath of Achilles, from the time when first divine Achilles and the son of Atreus, lord of men, quarreled and stood apart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"ἀείσει","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn, chant"},{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, madness"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ἐξ","gloss":"ἐκ: from, out of"},{"text":"οὗ","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"indeed, truly, now"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"πρῶτα","gloss":"πρῶτος: first, foremost, chief"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"ἠρισάτην","gloss":"ἐρίζω: quarrel, strive"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"διεστήτην.","gloss":"δι-ΐστημι: stand apart, separate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.g81.1.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L15.g81.2","source":"τίς θεῶν ξυνέηκε δῖον Ἀχιλῆά τε καὶ Ἀτρεΐδην ἔριδι μάχεσθαι;","translation":"Which of the gods brought together divine Achilles and the son of Atreus in strife to fight?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"who? which? what?"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ξυνέηκε","gloss":"ξυν-ί-ημι: bring together, throw together"},{"text":"δῖον","gloss":"δῖος: divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆά","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδην","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔριδι","gloss":"ἔρις: strife, quarrel"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι;","gloss":"μάχ-ομαι: fight, battle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.g81.2.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L15.g81.3","source":"υἱὸς Λητόος καὶ Διός, ἑκηβόλος, ξυνέηκέ σφωε ἔριδι μάχεσθαι, τὸν γὰρ βασιλεὺς Ἀτρεΐδης ἐχόλωσεν, ὁ δ’ ὦρσε κακὴν νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν, ὤλεκε δὲ λαούς.","translation":"The son of Leto and Zeus, the free-shooter, brought these two together in strife to fight, for the king, the son of Atreus, angered him, and he roused an evil plague throughout the camp of the Achaeans, and kept destroying the people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"υἱὸς","gloss":"son"},{"text":"Λητόος","gloss":"Λητώ: Leto, mother of Apollo"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Διός,","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος,","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ξυνέηκέ","gloss":"ξυν-ί-ημι: bring together, throw together"},{"text":"σφωε","gloss":"these two, them (dual)"},{"text":"ἔριδι","gloss":"ἔρις: strife, quarrel"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι,","gloss":"μάχ-ομαι: fight, battle"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"βασιλεὺς","gloss":"king, ruler"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἐχόλωσεν,","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ὦρσε","gloss":"ὄρ-νυμι: stir up, kindle, incite"},{"text":"κακὴν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νοῦσος: plague, disease, pest(ilence)"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ὤλεκε","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"λαούς.","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.g81.3.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L15.e84.1","source":"ἀείδομεν μῆνιν οὐλομένην Ἀχιλῆος, ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα Ἀτρεΐδης ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἠρισάτην καὶ διεστήτην.","translation":"We were singing the accursed wrath of Achilles, from the time when first the son of Atreus, king of men, and divine Achilles quarreled and separated.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.e84.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L15.e84.2","source":"τίς θεῶν ξυνέηκε Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ λαὸν Πριάμοιο ἔριδι μάχεσθαι;","translation":"Which (one) of the gods brought together the Achaeans and the people of Priam in strife to fight?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.e84.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L15.e84.3","source":"υἱὸς Λητόος καὶ Διός, ἑκηβόλος, ξυνέηκε σφωε ἔριδι μάχεσθαι;","translation":"Did the son of Leto and of Zeus, the free-shooter, bring these two together in strife to fight?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.e84.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L15.e84.4","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης ἄναξ Ἀχαιῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐχολωσάτην ἄνακτα ἑκηβόλον, ὁ δ’ ὦρσε πολλὰς κακὰς νούσους ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν, ὤλεκε δὲ λαοὺς ἰφθίμους κακῶς.","translation":"The son of Atreus, king of the Achaeans, and the divine Achilles enraged the lord, the free-shooter, and he kindled many evil plagues up through the camp of the Achaeans and kept destroying the brave people evilly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L15.e84.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.1","source":"Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"ἄειδε,","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληιάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: of Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.2","source":"οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκεν,","translation":"the accursed wrath, that brought the Achaeans countless woes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐλομένην,","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed"},{"text":"ἣ","gloss":"ὅς: that"},{"text":"μυρί’","gloss":"μυρίος: countless"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"},{"text":"ἄλγε’","gloss":"ἄλγος: woes"},{"text":"ἔθηκεν,","gloss":"τίθημι: brought"}],"audio":null},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.3","source":"πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἅιδι προΐαψεν","translation":"and hurled down to Hades many mighty souls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολύς: many"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰφθίμους","gloss":"ἴφθιμος: mighty"},{"text":"ψυχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: souls"},{"text":"Ἅιδι","gloss":"Ἀΐδης: to Hades"},{"text":"προΐαψεν","gloss":"προιάπτω: hurled down"}],"audio":null},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.4","source":"ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν","translation":"of heroes, and made their bodies prey for dogs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡρώων,","gloss":"ἥρως: of heroes"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: them"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: prey"},{"text":"τεῦχε","gloss":"τεύχω: made"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: for dogs"}],"audio":null},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.5","source":"οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή,","translation":"and a feast for the birds, and the will of Zeus was being fulfilled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: birds"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δαῖτα,","gloss":"δαίς: feast"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο","gloss":"τελέω: was being fulfilled"},{"text":"βουλή,","gloss":"will"}],"audio":null},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.6","source":"ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε","translation":"from the time when first they stood apart in strife,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐξ","gloss":"ἐκ: from"},{"text":"οὗ","gloss":"ὅς: which"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"πρῶτα","gloss":"πρῶτος: first"},{"text":"διαστήτην","gloss":"διίστημι: stood apart"},{"text":"ἐρίσαντε","gloss":"ἐρίζω: quarreling"}],"audio":null},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.7","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"the son of Atreus, lord of men, and godlike Achilles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"lord"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: of men"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"godlike"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς.","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.8","source":"τίς τ’ ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι;","translation":"Which of the gods, then, set the two of them at odds to fight?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίς","gloss":"which"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄρ","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"σφωε","gloss":"σφεῖς: the two of them"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: of the gods"},{"text":"ἔριδι","gloss":"ἔρις: strife"},{"text":"ξυνέηκε","gloss":"συνίημι: set at odds"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι;","gloss":"μάχομαι: to fight"}],"audio":null},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.9","source":"Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱός. ὁ γὰρ βασιλῆι χολωθεὶς","translation":"The son of Leto and Zeus. For he, enraged at the king,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Λητοῦς","gloss":"Λητώ: of Leto"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"υἱός.","gloss":"son"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: the king"},{"text":"χολωθεὶς","gloss":"χολόω: enraged"}],"audio":null},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L15.r82.10","source":"νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὦρσε κακήν, ὀλέκοντο δὲ λαοί,","translation":"roused a deadly plague throughout the camp, and the men were dying,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νόσος: plague"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: the camp"},{"text":"ὦρσε","gloss":"ὄρνυμι: stirred"},{"text":"κακήν,","gloss":"κακός: deadly"},{"text":"ὀλέκοντο","gloss":"ὀλέκω: were dying"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"λαοί,","gloss":"λαός: the men"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":693,"text":"§693. DENTAL MUTE STEMS\n\n   ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ   νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ   παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ   γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ\n   (ϝανακτ-)          (νυκτ-)          (παϝιδ-)             (γεροντ-)\n   king, lord         night            child                old man\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἄναξ         νύξ      παῖς     γέρων\nG.   ἄνακτος      νυκτός   παιδός   γέροντος\nD.   ἄνακτι       νυκτί    παιδί    γέροντι\nA.   ἄνακτα       νύκτα    παῖδα    γέροντα\nV.   ἄναξ [ἄνα]   νύξ      παῖ      γέρον\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἄνακτε     νύκτε     παῖδε     γέροντε\nG. D.      ἀνάκτοιν   νύκτοιν   παίδοιν   γερόντοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἄνακτες                  νύκτες                 παῖδες                  γέροντες\nG.      ἀνάκτων                  νυκτῶν                 παίδων                  γερόντων\nD.      ἀνάκτεσσι [εσι], ἄναξι   νύκτεσσι [εσι], νυξί   παίδεσσι [εσι], παισί   γερόντεσσι [ἐσι], γέρουσι\nA.      ἄνακτας                  νύκτας                 παῖδας                  γέροντας"},{"section":694,"text":"§694. Observe the irregular accent of παίδων (642), genitive plural of παῖς. This word is somewhat irregular, owing to the fact that it was earlier dissyllabic (πάϝις). It has the following variants of accent: nom. sing. πάις, παῖς; voc. sing. πάι, παῖ."},{"section":697,"text":"§697. LIQUID STEMS\n\nSeveral words ending in -ηρ in the nominative singular have three different grades of ablaut (593–595), -ηρ, -ερ, -ρ in the stem. The vocative singular regularly has recessive accent (548).\n\n   πατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ὁ father   μήτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ mother\n   (πατερ-, -ηρ, -ρ)              (μᾱτηρ-, -ερ, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πατήρ           μήτηρ\nG.   πατέρος, τρός   μητέρος, τρός\nD.   πατέρι, τρί     μητέρι, τρί\nA.   πατέρα          μητέρα\nV.   πάτερ           μῆτερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πατέρε     μητέρε\nG. D.      πατέροιν   μητέροιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πατέρες         μητέρες\nG.      πατέρων, τρῶν   μητέρων\nD.      πατράσι         μητράσι\nA.      πατέρας         μητέρας\n\n   θυγάτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ daughter   ἀνήρ, έρος, δρός, ὁ man\n   (θυγατηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)               (ἀνηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   θυγάτηρ             ἀνήρ\nG.   θυγατέρος, τρός     ἀνέρος, ἀνδρός\nD.   θυγατέρι, τρί       ἀνέρι, ἀνδρί\nA.   θυγατέρα, θύγατρα   ἀνέρα, ἄνδρα\nV.   θύγατερ             ἄνερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   θυγατέρε     ἀνέρε, ἄνδρε\nG. D.      θυγατέροιν   ἀνέροιν, ἀνδροῖν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   θυγατέρες, θύγατρες   ἀνέρες, ἄνδρες\nG.      θυγατέρων, θυγατρῶν   ἀνέρων, ἀνδρῶν\nD.      θυγατράσι, τέρεσσι    ἀνδράσι, ἄνδρεσσι\nA.      θυγατέρας, θύγατρας   ἀνέρας, ἄνδρας"},{"section":698,"text":"§698. Observe that a δ is developed in the forms of ἀνήρ between ν and ρ whenever they would otherwise come together (612). The initial ἀ is often long, 571, 1168."},{"section":699,"text":"§699. In the genitive and dative singular of ἀνήρ, μήτηρ, and θυγάτηρ, the shorter forms have the accent, after the analogy of πατήρ, πατρός, πατρί, which was originally monosyllabic (πατρ), and follows the regular rules for the accentuation of monosyllabic nouns (642)."},{"section":700,"text":"§700. The ρά in the dative plural, and these forms in general are explained in 597–598."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"δὴ","gloss":"Indeed, truly, forsooth"},{"word":"πρῶτα","gloss":"First, foremost, chief, from πρῶτος"},{"word":"ἄναξ","gloss":"King, lord, protector"},{"word":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"Man, warrior, hero, from ἀνήρ"},{"word":"ἠρισάτην","gloss":"Quarrel, strive, from ἐρίζω"},{"word":"διεστήτην","gloss":"Stand apart, separate, from δι-ΐστημι"},{"word":"ξυνέηκε","gloss":"Bring together, throw together, from ξυν-ί-ημι"},{"word":"ἔριδι","gloss":"Strife, quarrel, from ἔρις"},{"word":"μάχεσθαι","gloss":"Fight, battle, from μάχ-ομαι"},{"word":"υἱὸς","gloss":"Son"},{"word":"Λητόος","gloss":"Leto, mother of Apollo, from Λητώ"},{"word":"σφωε","gloss":"These two, them"},{"word":"βασιλεὺς","gloss":"King, ruler"},{"word":"ὦρσε","gloss":"Stir up, kindle, incite, from ὄρ-νυμι"},{"word":"διαστήτην","gloss":"STAND apart, separate, from διίστημι"},{"word":"ἄρ","gloss":"Then, from ἄρα"},{"word":"χολωθεὶς","gloss":"Anger, enrage, vex, from χολόω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":693,"headword":"ἄναξ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἄναξ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἄνακτος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἄνακτι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἄνακτα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἄναξ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. 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