{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":4,"id":"grc.module.ph.16-20","title":"Lessons XVI to XX","stage":"Pharr I: Letters, Nouns, Verbs","situation":null,"outcome":"Present and Future, Middle and Passive of Verbs. Deponent Verbs · The Imperfect, Middle and Passive, and the Aorist Middle of Verbs · The Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs · The Infinitive · Iliad 22-27 · Participles, Active · Iliad 28-32","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/4","lines":84},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/3","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/5","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XVI: Present and Future, Middle and Passive of Verbs. Deponent Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Voice: active and passive","paragraphs":["Voice is the relation of the subject to the action. You know the active voice: the subject does the action. He kindled a plague.","This lesson adds two voices. In the passive voice the subject receives the action. The will of Zeus was being fulfilled. The will does not act. It is acted on.","English makes the passive with was being. Greek uses different endings."]},{"title":"The middle voice","paragraphs":["In the middle voice the subject acts with an interest of its own. It can act on itself: πείθομαι, I persuade myself, so I obey. It can act for itself: καλέομαι, I call for myself, so I summon. It can act on something of its own: λύομαι, I loose my own, so I ransom.","Pharr says the difference between active and middle is often hard to show in English. In the middle, the action always relates back to the subject."]},{"title":"Middle and passive endings","paragraphs":["In the present, the middle and the passive have the same endings. The sentence shows which is meant. λύονται means they loose for themselves, or they are being loosed.","Present: λύομαι, λύεαι, λύεται, for I, you, he. Plural: λυόμεθα, λύεσθε, λύονται. The future middle adds σ: λῡ́σομαι, λῡ́σεται, λῡ́σονται.","A deponent verb has no active forms. It uses middle forms with an active meaning. ἔρχομαι, I come, λίσσομαι, I beg, and μάχομαι, I fight, are deponents.","In the word list, a deponent verb's first form ends in -μαι."]},{"title":"Four new words, and the priest Chryses","paragraphs":["Three nouns and an adjective complete the third declension. θυγάτηρ, daughter, is like ἀνήρ: genitive θυγατέρος, dative plural θυγατράσι.","νηῦς, ship, has the genitive νηός and the accusative νῆα. δῶμα, house, is neuter, with the genitive δώματος.","πᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν, all or every, uses two declensions. The masculine and neuter are third declension, with the stem παντ-: genitive παντός, accusative πάντα. The feminine is first declension: πᾱσα, πᾱσης.","In these lines of Homer, Chryses, a priest, comes to the ships of the Achaeans. He brings ransom for his daughter. He holds the wreaths of Apollo on a golden staff. He begs all the Achaeans, and most of all the two sons of Atreus.","Find πάντας Ἀχαιούς, all the Achaeans. The adjective and the noun agree: both are accusative plural."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.1","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἑκηβόλος χολοῦται βασιλῆι Ἀτρείδῃ καὶ πέμπει νοῦσον κακὴν ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν, ὀλέκονται δὲ λᾱοί, οὕνεκα δῖος Ἀτρείδης ἠτίμασε Χρύσην ἀρητῆρα.","translation":"Apollo the free-shooter grows angry at the king, the son of Atreus, and sends an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans, and the people are perishing, because the divine son of Atreus dishonored Chryses the priest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"χολοῦται","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"πέμπει","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort, conduct"},{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νοῦσος: plague, disease, pest(ilence)"},{"text":"κακὴν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ὀλέκονται","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"λᾱοί,","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἠτίμασε","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses, a priest of the god Apollo, from the town Chrysa"},{"text":"ἀρητῆρα.","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest, pray-er"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.2","source":"Χρύσης γὰρ ἀρητὴρ ἑκηβόλου ἔρχεται ἐπὶ θοὰς νῆας Ἀχαιῶν, φέρει δ’ ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα θυγατρός, ἣν Ἀτρείδης ἔχει ἐν στρατῷ.","translation":"For Chryses, priest of the free-shooter, comes to the swift ships of the Achaeans, and brings boundless ransom for his daughter, whom the son of Atreus holds in the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Χρύσης","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of the god Apollo, from the town Chrysa"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"ἀρητὴρ","gloss":"priest, pray-er"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλου","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ἔρχεται","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to, (up)on, against"},{"text":"θοὰς","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"φέρει","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"θυγατρός,","gloss":"θυγάτηρ: daughter"},{"text":"ἣν","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"στρατῷ.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.3","source":"ὁ δ’ ἀρητὴρ ἔχει στέμματα ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν χερσὶν ἀνὰ χρῡσέῳ σκήπτρῳ καὶ λίσσεται πάντας Ἀχαιούς, μάλιστα δ’ Ἀτρεῖδᾱ δύω κοσμήτορε λᾱῶν.","translation":"And the priest holds the wreaths of the free-shooter Apollo in his hands upon a golden staff, and he entreats all the Achaeans, but above all the two sons of Atreus, marshals of the people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ἀρητὴρ","gloss":"priest, pray-er"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"στέμματα","gloss":"στέμμα: fillet, wreath"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλου","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"χερσὶν","gloss":"χείρ: hand, arm"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along"},{"text":"χρῡσέῳ","gloss":"χρύσεος: gold(en), of gold"},{"text":"σκήπτρῳ","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: sceptre, staff"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"λίσσεται","gloss":"λίσσομαι: beg, entreat"},{"text":"πάντας","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"μάλιστα","gloss":"most, especially, by all means"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"Ἀτρεῖδᾱ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"δύω","gloss":"δύο: two"},{"text":"κοσμήτορε","gloss":"κοσμήτωρ: commander, marshaller"},{"text":"λᾱῶν.","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.4","source":"Ἀπόλλων χολώσεται βασιλῆι καὶ ὄρσει νοῦσον κακὴν ἀνὰ στρατόν.","translation":"Apollo will grow angry at the king and will rouse an evil plague throughout the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"χολώσεται","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ὄρσει","gloss":"ὄρ-νυμι: stir up, kindle, incite"},{"text":"νοῦσον","gloss":"νοῦσος: plague, disease, pest(ilence)"},{"text":"κακὴν","gloss":"κακός: bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"through(out), up through"},{"text":"στρατόν.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.5","source":"ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ θοὰς νῆας Ἀχαιῶν καὶ οἴσουσι ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα βασιλῆι.","translation":"They will come to the swift ships of the Achaeans and will bring boundless ransom to the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐλεύσονται","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to, (up)on, against"},{"text":"θοὰς","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"οἴσουσι","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"βασιλῆι.","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.6","source":"λίσσονται πάντας Ἀχαιούς.","translation":"They entreat all the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λίσσονται","gloss":"λίσσομαι: beg, entreat"},{"text":"πάντας","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L16.g88.7","source":"Ἀτρείδης ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα καὶ οὐκ ἀπέλῡσε θύγατρα.","translation":"The son of Atreus dishonored the priest and did not release his daughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἠτίμασεν","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"ἀρητῆρα","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest, pray-er"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀπέλῡσε","gloss":"ἀπο-λύ-ω: loose, set free, release"},{"text":"θύγατρα.","gloss":"θυγάτηρ: daughter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L16.g88.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.11","source":"οὕνεκα τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα","translation":"because he had dishonored Chryses the priest,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύσης: Chryses"},{"text":"ἠτίμασεν","gloss":"ἀτιμάζω: dishonored"},{"text":"ἀρητῆρα","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest"}],"audio":null},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.12","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης. ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"the son of Atreus. For Chryses had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδης.","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἦλθε","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: had come"},{"text":"θοὰς","gloss":"θοός: swift"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.13","source":"λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ’ ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα,","translation":"to free his daughter, bringing boundless ransom,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λυσόμενός","gloss":"λύω: to free"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"θύγατρα","gloss":"θυγάτηρ: daughter"},{"text":"φέρων","gloss":"φέρω: bringing"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀπερείσιος: boundless"},{"text":"ἄποινα,","gloss":"ransom"}],"audio":null},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.14","source":"στέμματ’ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος","translation":"holding in his hands the wreaths of far-shooting Apollo","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"στέμματ’","gloss":"στέμμα: wreaths"},{"text":"ἔχων","gloss":"ἔχω: holding"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in"},{"text":"χερσὶν","gloss":"χείρ: his hands"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλου","gloss":"ἑκηβόλος: far-shooting"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: of Apollo"}],"audio":null},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.15","source":"χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ ἐλίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"upon a golden staff, and he besought all the Achaeans,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χρυσέῳ","gloss":"χρύσεος: golden"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"upon"},{"text":"σκήπτρῳ,","gloss":"σκῆπτρον: staff"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἐλίσσετο","gloss":"λίσσομαι: begged"},{"text":"πάντας","gloss":"πᾶς: all"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L16.r89.16","source":"Ἀτρεΐδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν·","translation":"but above all the two sons of Atreus, marshals of the people:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδα","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: the two sons of Atreus"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"μάλιστα","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"δύω,","gloss":"δύο: two"},{"text":"κοσμήτορε","gloss":"κοσμήτωρ: marshals"},{"text":"λαῶν·","gloss":"λαός: of the people"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":887,"text":"§887. Middle Voice. The endings of the middle are different from those of the active. See the table, 821."},{"section":888,"text":"§888. Passive. The aorist passive has active endings; the other forms of the passive have middle endings."},{"section":889,"text":"§889. Since only the aorist of the passive differs in form from the middle, all the other tenses having the same forms in both voices, the context must determine in these other tenses which voice is intended.\nBut see 817, note, for two exceptions."},{"section":890,"text":"§890. The aorist middle, especially the athematic (797) aorist, is often used instead of the aorist passive. On the other hand the aorist passive is often used with a middle meaning."},{"section":891,"text":"§891. The perfect and pluperfect, middle and passive are athematic (797), i.e. the personal endings are attached directly to the reduplicated verb stem."},{"section":892,"text":"§892. The future perfect passive stem is formed by adding -σε/ο to the perfect middle (passive) stem. A vowel which precedes this -σε/ο is lengthened, even though it be short in the perfect middle."},{"section":893,"text":"§893. The first aorist passive stem is formed by adding θε/η to the verb stem."},{"section":894,"text":"§894. Sometimes a sigma also is added to the verb stem before the θε/η."},{"section":895,"text":"§895. Before the theta of the passive stem, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ; τ, δ, and θ regularly become σ (610, 1, 2)."},{"section":896,"text":"§896. Many verbs have a second aorist passive, which does not have the θ, but otherwise has the same endings as the first aorist passive."},{"section":897,"text":"§897. Deponent Verbs. There are many verbs which have no active forms, but the middle, or the middle and passive are used with an active meaning. These are called deponent verbs."},{"section":910,"text":"§910. INDICATIVE\n\nMiddle Voice of λύω loose.\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λύομαι          I loose (for) myself, I am loosed\n2       λύεαι [(λύῃ)]   you loose (for) yourself, are loosed\n3       λύεται          he looses (for) himself, is loosed\nDu. 2   λύεσθον         you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύεσθον         they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nPl. 1   λυόμε(σ)θα      we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed\n2       λύεσθε          you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύονται         they loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nI loose (for) myself, I am loosed: The most common meanings are I loose for myself, I am loosed; I was loosing for myself, I was being loosed, etc. The context must determine which of these is most suitable. When it has an active meaning, I loose, it is with the strict implication of loosing one's own, or something in which the subject has an active personal interest, hence: to ransom, redeem, deliver, etc.\n\nIMPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλυόμην           I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed\n2       ἐλύεο [(ἐλύεν)]   you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύετο            he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλύεσθον          you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλυέσθην          they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλυόμε(σ)θα       we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed\n2       ἐλύεσθε           you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύοντο           they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nI was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed: Less common, athematic (797-798) 2d aorist forms, 863; 865, 2.\n\nFUTURE\nS. 1    λῡ́σομαι           I shall loose (for) myself, shall be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you will loose (for) yourself, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεται           he will loose (for) himself, will be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σεσθον          you two will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεσθον          they two will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσόμε(σ)θα       we will loose (for) ourselves, will be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεσθε           you will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σονται          they will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    ἐλῡσάμην           I loosed (for) myself, was loosed               ἐλύμην\n2       ἐλῡ́σαο [(ἐλῡ́σω)]   you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed          ἔλυ(σ)ο\n3       ἐλῡ́σατο            he loosed (for) himself, was loosed             ἔλυτο\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σασθον          you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed    ἔλυσθον\n3       ἐλῡσάσθην          they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed   ἐλύσθην\nPl. 1   ἐλῡσάμε(σ)θα       we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed          ἐλύμε(σ)θα\n2       ἐλῡ́σασθε           you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed        ἔλυσθε\n3       ἐλῡ́σαντο           they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed       ἔλυντο\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λέλυμαι               I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσαι               you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed\n3       λέλυται               he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed\nDu. 2   λέλυσθον              you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυσθον              they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελύμε(σ)θα           we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσθε               you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυνται (λελύαται)   they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nλέλυνται (λελύαται): -αται, -ατο (= -νται, -ντο, 597-598) regularly in verbs with consonantal stems, and stems ending in ι; sometimes in stems ending in other vowels.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλελύμην              I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσο               you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυτο               he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλέλυσθον             you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλελύσθην             they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύμε(σ)θα          we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσθε              you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυντο (ἐλελύατο)   they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\n\nFUTURE PERFECT\nS. 1    λελῡ́σομαι         I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεαι [(-ῃ)]   you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεται         he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed\nDu. 2   λελῡ́σεσθον        you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεσθον        they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελῡσόμε(σ)θα     we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεσθε         you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σονται        they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed"},{"section":1065,"text":"§1065. The active voice denotes the subject as acting, as νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὦρσε he kindled a plague up through the camp."},{"section":1066,"text":"§1066. The passive voice denotes the subject as being acted upon, as Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή but the will of Zeus was being accomplished."},{"section":1067,"text":"§1067. The middle voice denotes the subject as acting reflexively:\n\n1) upon itself, as πείθομαι I persuade myself (obey), φαίνομαι I show myself (appear).\n2) for itself, as καλέομαι I call for myself, summon.\n3) upon something belonging to itself, or in which it has a special interest, as λύομαι I loose my own, ransom."},{"section":1068,"text":"§1068. It is often difficult to distinguish in translation between the active and middle, but the action of the middle always has some reference, either direct or indirect, to the subject, and the subject has an interest in, or is affected by the action."},{"section":697,"text":"§697. LIQUID STEMS\n\nSeveral words ending in -ηρ in the nominative singular have three different grades of ablaut (593–595), -ηρ, -ερ, -ρ in the stem. The vocative singular regularly has recessive accent (548).\n\n   πατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ὁ father   μήτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ mother\n   (πατερ-, -ηρ, -ρ)              (μᾱτηρ-, -ερ, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πατήρ           μήτηρ\nG.   πατέρος, τρός   μητέρος, τρός\nD.   πατέρι, τρί     μητέρι, τρί\nA.   πατέρα          μητέρα\nV.   πάτερ           μῆτερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πατέρε     μητέρε\nG. D.      πατέροιν   μητέροιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πατέρες         μητέρες\nG.      πατέρων, τρῶν   μητέρων\nD.      πατράσι         μητράσι\nA.      πατέρας         μητέρας\n\n   θυγάτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ daughter   ἀνήρ, έρος, δρός, ὁ man\n   (θυγατηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)               (ἀνηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   θυγάτηρ             ἀνήρ\nG.   θυγατέρος, τρός     ἀνέρος, ἀνδρός\nD.   θυγατέρι, τρί       ἀνέρι, ἀνδρί\nA.   θυγατέρα, θύγατρα   ἀνέρα, ἄνδρα\nV.   θύγατερ             ἄνερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   θυγατέρε     ἀνέρε, ἄνδρε\nG. D.      θυγατέροιν   ἀνέροιν, ἀνδροῖν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   θυγατέρες, θύγατρες   ἀνέρες, ἄνδρες\nG.      θυγατέρων, θυγατρῶν   ἀνέρων, ἀνδρῶν\nD.      θυγατράσι, τέρεσσι    ἀνδράσι, ἄνδρεσσι\nA.      θυγατέρας, θύγατρας   ἀνέρας, ἄνδρας"},{"section":698,"text":"§698. Observe that a δ is developed in the forms of ἀνήρ between ν and ρ whenever they would otherwise come together (612). The initial ἀ is often long, 571, 1168."},{"section":699,"text":"§699. In the genitive and dative singular of ἀνήρ, μήτηρ, and θυγάτηρ, the shorter forms have the accent, after the analogy of πατήρ, πατρός, πατρί, which was originally monosyllabic (πατρ), and follows the regular rules for the accentuation of monosyllabic nouns (642)."},{"section":700,"text":"§700. The ρά in the dative plural, and these forms in general are explained in 597–598."},{"section":701,"text":"§701. STEMS IN ηυ (ευ), ου, AND ωϝ\n\n   βασιλεύς, ῆος, ὁ         βοῦς, βοός, ὁ, ἡ     νηῦς, νηός (νεός), ἡ   ἥρως, ωος, ὁ\n   (βασιλην-, -ευ-, -ηϝ-)   (βου-, βωϝ-, βοϝ-)   (νᾱυ-, νᾱϝ- 621)       (ἡρωϝ-)\n   king                     ox, cow              ship, bark             hero, mighty, warrior\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   βασιλεύς          βοῦς         νηῦς          ἥρως\nG.   βασιλῆος [-έος]   βοός         νηός [νεός]   ἥρωος\nD.   βασιλῆι [-έι]     βοΐ          νηΐ           ἥρωι\nA.   βασιλῆα [-έα]     βοῦν [βῶν]   νῆα [νέα]     ἥρωα\nV.   βασιλεῦ           βοῦ          νηῦ           ἥρως\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   βασιλῆε     βόε     νῆε     ἥρωε\nG. D.      βασιλήοιν   βοοῖν   νηοῖν   ἡρώοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   βασιλῆες                βόες            νῆες                     ἥρωες\nG.      βασιλήων                βοῶν            νηῶν [νεῶν]              ἡρώων\nD.      βασιλήεσσι, βασιλεῦσι   βόεσσι, βουσί   νήεσσι [νέεσσι], νηυσί   ἡρώεσσι, ἥρωσι\nA.      βασιλῆας                βόας (βοῦς)     νῆας (νέας)              ἥρωας"},{"section":702,"text":"§702. The shortening of a vowel before a following vowel in such forms as βασιλεύς (*βασιλῆνς), νηός (νεός) is explained in 572."},{"section":703,"text":"§703. Observe that the υ of the stem of these words became ϝ in many cases and was then lost (602)."},{"section":707,"text":"§707. NOUNS WITH STEMS IN -ς (-ες, -ασ- -ος) AND IN τ\n\n   ἔπος, εος, τό   γέρας, αος, τό     ἠώς, ἠόος, ἡ   δῶμα          ἦμαρ, ἤματος, τό\n   (ϝεπεσ-)        (γερασ-)           (ἀϝσοσ-)       (δωματ-)      (ἠμαρ-, ἠματ-)\n   word, speech    prize (of honor)   Eos, dawn      house, home   day\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nG.   ἔπεος   γέραος   ἠόος   δώματος   ἤματος\nD.   ἔπεϊ    γέραϊ    ἠόι    δώματι    ἤματι\nA.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠόα    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nV.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἔπεε     γέραε        δώματε     ἤματε\nG. D.      ἐπέοιν   γεράοιν      δωμάτοιν   ἠμάτοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα\nG.      ἐπέων              γεράων                   δωμάτων             ἠμάτων\nD.      ἐπέσσι, ἔπε(σ)σι   γεράεσσι, γέρα(σ)σι      δωμάτεσσι, δώμασι   ἠμάτεσσι, ἤμασι\nA.      ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα"},{"section":710,"text":"§710. Nouns ending in -μα, in the nominative singular, and all others with genitives in -ατος are neuter."},{"section":732,"text":"§732. STEMS IN ΝΤ AND IN Ν\n\nπᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν all, every\n(παντ-, παντι͡α-, παντ-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν\nG.   παντός   πᾱσης   παντός\nD.   παντί    πᾱσῃ    παντί\nA.   πάντα    πᾱσαν   πᾱν\nV.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν\n\n(None)\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πάντες             πᾱσαι              πάντα\nG.      πάντων             πᾱσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]   πάντων\nD.      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι   πᾱσῃσι, πᾱσης      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι\nA.      πάντας             πᾱσᾱς              πάντα\n\nμέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν black, dark\n(μελαν-, μελανι͡α-, μελαν-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   μέλᾱς     μέλαινα    μέλαν\nG.   μέλανος   μελαίνης   μέλανος\nD.   μέλανι    μελαίνῃ    μέλανι\nA.   μέλανα    μέλαιναν   μέλαν\nV.   μέλαν     μέλαινα    μέλαν\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   μέλανε     μελαίνᾱ    μέλανε\nG. D.      μελάνοιν   μελαίνῃν   μελάνοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   μέλανες               μέλαιναι              μέλανα\nG.      μελάνων               μελαίνᾱων [έων, ὧν]   μελάνων\nD.      μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι   μελαίνῃσι, μελαίνης   μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι\nA.      μέλανας               μελαίνᾱς              μέλανα"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"word":"ἀρητῆρα","gloss":"Priest, pray-er, from ἀρητήρ"},{"word":"ἔρχεται","gloss":"Come, go, from ἔρχομαι"},{"word":"θοὰς","gloss":"Swift, speedy, from θοός"},{"word":"νῆας","gloss":"Ship, from νηῦς"},{"word":"θυγατρός","gloss":"Daughter, from θυγάτηρ"},{"word":"στέμματα","gloss":"Fillet, wreath, from στέμμα"},{"word":"χερσὶν","gloss":"Hand, arm, from χείρ"},{"word":"λίσσεται","gloss":"Beg, entreat, from λίσσομαι"},{"word":"μάλιστα","gloss":"Most, especially, by all means"},{"word":"δύω","gloss":"Two, from δύο"},{"word":"κοσμήτορε","gloss":"Commander, marshaller, from κοσμήτωρ"},{"word":"ἑκηβόλου","gloss":"Free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo. As an adjective: shooting, from ἑκηβόλος"}],"paradigms":[{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λύομαι","meaning":"I loose (for) myself, I am loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λύεαι","meaning":"you loose (for) yourself, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λύεται","meaning":"he looses (for) himself, is loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύεσθον","meaning":"you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λύεσθον","meaning":"they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λυόμεθα","meaning":"we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λύεσθε","meaning":"you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λύονται","meaning":"they loose (for) themselves, are loosed","name":"present indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,6]},{"section":697,"headword":"θυγάτηρ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"θυγάτηρ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"θυγατέρος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"θυγατέρι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"θυγατέρα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"θύγατερ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"θυγατέρε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"θυγατέροιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"θυγατέρες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"θυγατέρων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"θυγατράσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"θυγατέρας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,3,8]},{"section":701,"headword":"νηῦς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"νηῦς","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"νηός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"νηΐ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"νῆα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"νηῦ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"νῆε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"νηοῖν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"νῆες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"νηῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"νήεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"νῆας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,6,9]},{"section":707,"headword":"δῶμα","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"δῶμα","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"δώματος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"δώματι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"δῶμα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"δῶμα","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"δώματε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"δωμάτοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"δώματα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"δωμάτων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"δωμάτεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"δώματα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,7,9]},{"section":732,"headword":"πᾱς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱς","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"παντός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"παντί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πάντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱς","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πάντες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πάντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πάντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πάντας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,5]},{"section":732,"headword":"πᾱσα","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱσα","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱσης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱσῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱσαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πᾱσα","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πᾱσαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πᾱσᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πᾱσῃσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πᾱσᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XVII: The Imperfect, Middle and Passive, and the Aorist Middle of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"The imperfect and aorist middle","paragraphs":["The last lesson gave the present and future of the middle and passive. This lesson gives two past tenses in the same voices: the imperfect and the aorist.","The augment marks the past, and the aorist adds σ, as in the active. The endings are new. They are the past endings of the middle.","Imperfect: ἐλυόμην, ἐλύετο, ἐλύοντο, for I, he, they. ἐλυόμην means I was loosing for myself, or I was being loosed. Aorist: ἐλῡσάμην, ἐλῡ́σατο, ἐλῡ́σαντο. ἐλῡσάμην means I loosed for myself, or I was loosed.","The same form can be middle or passive. The sentence decides. In παῖς φίλη ἀρητῆρος ἐλῡ́σατο, the priest's dear child was freed, ἐλῡ́σατο is passive.","Deponent verbs use these forms with active meaning. δέχ-ομαι, I accept, has the aorist ἐδεξάμην, I accepted."]},{"title":"The endings of all three declensions","paragraphs":["Pharr now prints the endings of all three declensions side by side. There are few patterns.","The dative singular ends in ι in every declension. Under a long vowel the ι is written small, below the line, as an iota subscript. The genitive plural always ends in ων. The dative plural regularly ends in σι.","In every neuter the nominative, accusative and vocative are the same, and in the plural they end in a short α. The dual has only two forms. One is for the nominative, accusative and vocative. The other is for the genitive and dative."]},{"title":"Cases that went out of use, and two pronouns","paragraphs":["Greek once had three more cases: one for the means, one for the place where, and one for separation or source. They went out of use. The dative and genitive took over their meanings. So the dative has many meanings: to, for, with, in, at.","The word list has two pronouns: ἐγώ, I, and σύ, you. Each has its own forms."]},{"title":"Chryses speaks","paragraphs":["In these lines the priest Chryses speaks. He addresses the sons of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans.","He wishes them well: may the gods grant that you sack the city of Priam and return home safely.","Then he asks: free my dear daughter and accept this ransom, in reverence for Apollo, the son of Zeus.","Find παῖδα δ’ ἐμοὶ λῦσαί τε φίλην, free my dear daughter for me. παῖδα is the accusative of παῖς, child. φίλην, dear, is the feminine adjective that agrees with it."]}],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.1","source":"θεοὶ ἔχουσιν Ὀλύμπια δώματα, ἔδωκαν δ’ Ἀτρεΐδῃς καὶ ἄλλοισιν εὐκνημίδεσσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἐκπέρσαι πόλιν Πριάμου, τότε δ’ ἵκοντο εὖ οἴκαδε, οὕνεκα παῖδα φίλην ἀρητῆρος ἔλῡσαν.","translation":"The gods have Olympian homes, and they granted the sons of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to sack the city of Priam utterly; then they arrived home safely, because they had freed the priest's beloved daughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity."},{"text":"ἔχουσιν","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep."},{"text":"Ὀλύμπια","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian."},{"text":"δώματα,","gloss":"δῶμα: house, home."},{"text":"ἔδωκαν","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant."},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so."},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδῃς","gloss":"(to the) sons of Atreus, dative plural"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even."},{"text":"ἄλλοισιν","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another."},{"text":"εὐκνημίδεσσιν","gloss":"ἐυ-κνήμις: well-greaved."},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek."},{"text":"ἐκπέρσαι","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage."},{"text":"πόλιν","gloss":"π(τ)όλις: city, state."},{"text":"Πριάμου,","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy."},{"text":"τότε","gloss":"then, at that time."},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so."},{"text":"ἵκοντο","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)."},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"well, safely."},{"text":"οἴκαδε,","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home."},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because."},{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter."},{"text":"φίλην","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved."},{"text":"ἀρητῆρος","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest, pray-er."},{"text":"ἔλῡσαν.","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, break up, destroy."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.2","source":"ἀπέλῡσαν εὐκνήμῑδες Ἀχαιοὶ θύγατρα φίλην ἀρητῆρος, ἐδέξαντο δ’ ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα, οὕνεκα ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα Διὸς υἱὸν ἅζοντο.","translation":"The well-greaved Achaeans released the priest's dear daughter, and accepted the shining ransoms, because they revered the free-shooter Apollo, son of Zeus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀπέλῡσαν","gloss":"ἀπο-λύ-ω: loose, set free, release."},{"text":"εὐκνήμῑδες","gloss":"ἐυ-κνήμις: well-greaved."},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek."},{"text":"θύγατρα","gloss":"θυγάτηρ: daughter."},{"text":"φίλην","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved."},{"text":"ἀρητῆρος,","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest, pray-er."},{"text":"ἐδέξαντο","gloss":"δέχ-ομαι: accept, receive."},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so."},{"text":"ἀγλαὰ","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid, glorious."},{"text":"ἄποινα,","gloss":"ransom(s)."},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because."},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo."},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνα","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo."},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men."},{"text":"υἱὸν","gloss":"υἱός: son."},{"text":"ἅζοντο.","gloss":"ἅζομαι: reverence."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.3","source":"ἅζεται ἑκηβόλον.","translation":"He reveres the free-shooter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἅζεται","gloss":"ἅζομαι: reverence."},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον.","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.3.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.4","source":"Ἀτρείδης οὐκ ἐδέξατο τὰ ἀγλά’ ἄποινα.","translation":"The son of Atreus did not accept the shining ransoms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon."},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no."},{"text":"ἐδέξατο","gloss":"δέχ-ομαι: accept, receive."},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἀγλά’","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid, glorious."},{"text":"ἄποινα.","gloss":"ransom(s)."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.4.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.5","source":"Χρύσης ἀρητὴρ ἔδωκεν ἄποινα πολλὰ βασιλῆι Ἀτρείδῃ.","translation":"Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to the king, the son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Χρύσης","gloss":"Chryses, a priest of Apollo, from the town Chrysa."},{"text":"ἀρητὴρ","gloss":"priest, pray-er."},{"text":"ἔδωκεν","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant."},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom(s)."},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous."},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler."},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ.","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.5.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.6","source":"πάντες θεοὶ καὶ πᾶσαι θεαὶ εἶχον Ὀλύμπια δώματα.","translation":"All the gods and all the goddesses had Olympian homes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole."},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity."},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even."},{"text":"πᾶσαι","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole."},{"text":"θεαὶ","gloss":"θεά: goddess."},{"text":"εἶχον","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep."},{"text":"Ὀλύμπια","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian."},{"text":"δώματα.","gloss":"δῶμα: house, home."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.6.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.7","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ εὐκνήμῑδες ἐκπέρσουσι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, ἵξονται δ’ εὖ οἴκαδε.","translation":"The well-greaved Achaeans will sack the city of Priam utterly, and they will arrive home safely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek."},{"text":"εὐκνήμῑδες","gloss":"ἐυ-κνήμις: well-greaved."},{"text":"ἐκπέρσουσι","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage."},{"text":"Πριάμοιο","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy."},{"text":"πόλιν,","gloss":"π(τ)όλις: city, state."},{"text":"ἵξονται","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)."},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so."},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"well, safely."},{"text":"οἴκαδε.","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.7.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L17.g95.8","source":"παῖς φίλη ἀρητῆρος ἐλῡ́σατο, ἵκετο δ’ εὖ οἴκαδε.","translation":"The priest's dear child was freed, and arrived home safely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"παῖς","gloss":"child, son, daughter."},{"text":"φίλη","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved."},{"text":"ἀρητῆρος","gloss":"ἀρητήρ: priest, pray-er."},{"text":"ἐλῡ́σατο,","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, break up, destroy."},{"text":"ἵκετο","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)."},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so."},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"well, safely."},{"text":"οἴκαδε.","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.g95.8.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.1","source":"Χρύσης ἀρητὴρ Ἀπόλλωνος ἀτιμάζεται Ἀτρείδῃ.","translation":"Chryses, the priest of Apollo, is dishonored by (dative) the son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.1.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.2","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ ἐλεύσονται ἐκ θοάων νηῶν εἰς Ἴλιον καὶ ἀπολύσουσι θύγατρα φίλην ἀρητῆρος.","translation":"The Achaeans will go from (their) swift ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.2.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.3","source":"οἴσομεν ἄποινα πολλὰ καὶ ἕξομεν ἐνὶ χερσὶ στέμματα Ἀπόλλωνος.","translation":"We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in (our) hands the fillets of Apollo.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.3.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.4","source":"οὐκ ἔχομεν χρύσεον σκῆπτρον, ἀλλὰ λισσόμεθα Πρίαμον καὶ πάντα λᾱὸν Ἰλίου.","translation":"We do not have a golden sceptre, but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.4.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.5","source":"δύο Ἀτρείδαι, κοσμήτορες λαῶν, λίσσονται Πρίαμον, ὁ δ’ ἀτιμάσει τούς.","translation":"The two sons of Atreus, marshallers of the people(s), are entreating Priam, but he will slight them.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.5.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e91.6","source":"Ἀτρείδης ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα καὶ οὐκ ἀπέλῡσε θύγατρα.","translation":"The son of Atreus, king of men, slighted the priest and did not release (his) daughter.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e91.6.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.1","source":"θεοὶ ἔχοντες Ὀλύμπια δώματα δώσουσιν Ἀτρείδῃσι καὶ ἄλλοισιν εὐκνημίδεσσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν.","translation":"The gods who have (ἔχοντες) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved Achaeans to sack utterly the city of Priam.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.1.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.2","source":"ὅτε ἐξέπερσαν Πριάμοιο πόλιν, ἵκοντο εὖ οἴκαδε.","translation":"When they sacked the city of Priam, they returned happily home.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.2.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.3","source":"ἐδέξαντο ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα καὶ θύγατρα φίλην ἀρητῆρος Χρύσαο.","translation":"They accepted the shining ransoms and the darling daughter of the priest Chryses.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.3.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.4","source":"ἁζόμεθα ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα, υἱὸν Λητόος καὶ Διός, καὶ οὐκ ὠλεκόμεθα.","translation":"We reverenced the free-shooter Apollo, son of Leto and Zeus, and escaped death.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.4.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.5","source":"δέξεται Ἀτρείδης ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα;","translation":"Will the son of Atreus accept the shining ransoms?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.5.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L17.e98.6","source":"παῖς ἀρητῆρος ἐλύσατο, ὅτε ἔδωκεν ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα πολλά, τὰ δύο Ἀτρείδαι ἐδέξαντο.","translation":"The child of the priest was freed, when he gave many shining ransoms, which the two sons of Atreus accepted.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L17.e98.6.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L17.r96.17","source":"“Ἀτρεΐδαι τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐυκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"\"Sons of Atreus, and you other well-greaved Achaeans,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ἀτρεΐδαι","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: sons of Atreus"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other"},{"text":"ἐυκνήμιδες","gloss":"ἐυκνήμις: well-greaved"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L17.r96.18","source":"ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχοντες","translation":"may the gods who hold the halls of Olympus grant you","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὑμῖν","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: the gods"},{"text":"δοῖεν","gloss":"δίδωμι: grant"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπια","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: of Olympus"},{"text":"δώματ’","gloss":"δῶμα: halls"},{"text":"ἔχοντες","gloss":"ἔχω: who hold"}],"audio":null},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L17.r96.19","source":"ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ’ οἴκαδ’ ἱκέσθαι·","translation":"to sack the city of Priam, and to return safely home;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐκπέρσαι","gloss":"ἐκπέρθω: to sack"},{"text":"Πριάμοιο","gloss":"Πρίαμος: of Priam"},{"text":"πόλιν,","gloss":"πόλις: city"},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"safely"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"οἴκαδε: home"},{"text":"ἱκέσθαι·","gloss":"ἱκνέομαι: to return"}],"audio":null},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L17.r96.20","source":"παῖδα δ’ ἐμοὶ λῦσαί τε φίλην, τά τ’ ἄποινα δέχεσθαι","translation":"but free for me my dear daughter, and accept this ransom,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: daughter"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐμοὶ","gloss":"ἐγώ: for me"},{"text":"λῦσαί","gloss":"λύω: free"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"φίλην,","gloss":"φίλος: dear"},{"text":"τά","gloss":"ὁ: the"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἄποινα","gloss":"ransom"},{"text":"δέχεσθαι","gloss":"δέχομαι: accept"}],"audio":null},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L17.r96.21","source":"ἁζόμενοι Διὸς υἱὸν ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα.”","translation":"in reverence for the son of Zeus, far-shooting Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἁζόμενοι","gloss":"ἅζομαι: in reverence for"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"υἱὸν","gloss":"υἱός: son"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον","gloss":"ἑκηβόλος: far-shooting"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνα.”","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":648,"text":"§648. Case Endings. To form the various cases, numbers, and genders, the following case endings were fused with the stems of substantives and adjectives:\n\nCase Endings, Singular\n       Vowel Declension                               Consonant Declension\n       First                     Second\n       Masc.              Fem.   M. and F.   Neut.    M. and F.              Neut.\nNom.   s (none)           none   s           ν        s (none)               none\nGen.   ο (ιο?)            ς      ο (ιο)      ο (ιο)   ος                     ος\nDat.   ι                  ι      ι           ι        ι                      ι\nAcc.   ν                  ν      ν           ν        ν, α (ν)               none\nVoc.   none               none   none        ν        s (none)               none\nν, α (ν): See §597, §598, 4 in Pharr's grammar, on the Shelf.\nnone: But with ablaut of the final vowel of the stem ο: ε (595).\n\nCase Endings, Dual\n           Vowel Declension                              Consonant Declension\n           First                     Second\n           Masc.              Fem.   M. and F.   Neut.   M. and F.              Neut.\nN. A. V.   none               none   none        none    ε                      ε\nG. D.      ιιν                ιιν    ιιν         ιιν     οιιν                   οιιν\n\nCase Endings, Plural\n        Vowel Declension                                       Consonant Declension\n        First                          Second\n        Masc.              Fem.        M. and F.   Neut.       M. and F.              Neut.\nN. V.   ι                  ι           ι           ᾰ           ες                     ᾰ\nGen.    ων                 ων          ων          ων          ων                     ων\nDat.    (ι)σι, ις          (ι)σι, ις   (ι)σι, ις   (ι)σι, ις   σ(σ)ι, εσ(σ)ι          σ(σ)ι, εσ(σ)ι\nAcc.    νς                 νς          νς          ᾰ           νς, ᾰς                 ᾰ\nDat. (ι)σι, ις: Usually ισι; rarely the shorter form ις.\nσ(σ)ι, εσ(σ)ι: -εσι unusually rare.\nνς: See §613 in Pharr's grammar, on the Shelf."},{"section":649,"text":"§649. When these suffixes combined with the stem of a word, the following endings were produced:\n\nFirst Declension, Singular\n     Masc.         Fem.\nN.   ης, [α, ᾱς]   η, α, ᾱ\nG.   ᾱο, [εω, ω]   ης, ᾱς\nD.   ῃ, [ᾳ]        ῃ, ᾳ\nA.   ην, [ᾱν]      ην, αν, ᾱν\nV.   η, α, [ᾱ]     η, α, ᾱ\nης, [α, ᾱς]: Forms in square brackets [ ] are rare and need not be memorized; those in parentheses ( ) are contracted.\nᾱο, [εω, ω]: -εω, -εων regularly pronounced as one syllable by synizesis, 586; -εω usually contracted to -ω after a vowel.\n\nSecond Declension, Singular\n     Masc. and Fem.          Neut.\nN.   ος, [(ως, ους)]         ον\nG.   οιο, ου, [οο, ωο (ω)]\nD.   ῳ                       ῳ\nA.   ον, [(ων)]              ον\nV.   ε [ος]                  ον"},{"section":650,"text":"§650. Observe that the dative singular of all declensions ends in ι, which always becomes iota subscript (505) after long vowels (584, 1, note)."},{"section":651,"text":"§651. The dative plural regularly ends in σι, to which may be added nu-movable (561, 1)."},{"section":652,"text":"§652. -ησι and -οισι are the regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declensions. Occasionally the shorter forms, -ης, -οις, are found, but this is almost always before vowels, and it is possible that in that case they should be treated as examples of elision (575) and written -ησ’ and -οισ’."},{"section":653,"text":"§653. The genitive plural of all forms ends in -ων."},{"section":654,"text":"§654. There are but two forms of the dual in each declension, one (masc. only) for the nominative, accusative, and vocative; the other for the genitive and dative.\n\nNOTE. The form of the gen. and dat. dual of the first declension is uncertain. Instead of -ηιν, some read -αιιν (-αιν)"},{"section":655,"text":"§655. As in Latin, the vocative singular is often like the nominative, and the vocative plural of all forms is always like the nominative plural."},{"section":656,"text":"§656. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of all neuters are alike, and in the plural end in short -a."},{"section":657,"text":"§657. In an earlier stage of the language there were three other cases: the instrumental, denoting instrument, means, manner, etc., the locative, denoting the place where, and the ablative, denoting separation, source, etc. There are only remnants of these left in Greek, as the dative became fused with the instrumental and locative, taking over most of their uses, while the genitive absorbed most of the functions of the ablative."},{"section":658,"text":"§658. In addition to the endings given in the tables (648–649), two other suffixes, -φι(ν) and -θεν, were sometimes used. For their uses, see 712, 715."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"δώματα","gloss":"House, home, from δῶμα"},{"word":"ἔδωκαν","gloss":"Give, grant, from δί-δωμι"},{"word":"εὐκνημίδεσσιν","gloss":"Well-greaved, from ἐυ-κνήμις"},{"word":"ἐκπέρσαι","gloss":"Sack, plunder, pillage, from ἐκ-πέρθω"},{"word":"πόλιν","gloss":"City, state, from π(τ)όλις"},{"word":"ἵκοντο","gloss":"Arrive, reach, from ἱκ-νέομαι"},{"word":"εὖ","gloss":"Well, safely"},{"word":"οἴκαδε","gloss":"Home, to home, home, from οἴκα-δε"},{"word":"παῖδα","gloss":"Child, son, daughter, from παῖς"},{"word":"ἐδέξαντο","gloss":"Accept, receive, from δέχ-ομαι"},{"word":"ἅζοντο","gloss":"Reverence, from ἅζομαι"},{"word":"ἐυκνήμιδες","gloss":"Well-greaved, from ἐυκνήμις"},{"word":"ὑμῖν","gloss":"You, from σύ"},{"word":"μὲν","gloss":"On the one hand, truly. μὲν . . . δέ on the one hand . . . on the other, partly . . . partly"},{"word":"δοῖεν","gloss":"Give, grant, from δίδωμι"},{"word":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"Home, from οἴκαδε"},{"word":"ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"Arrive, reach, from ἱκνέομαι"},{"word":"ἐμοὶ","gloss":"I, from ἐγώ"},{"word":"δέχεσθαι","gloss":"Accept, receive, from δέχομαι"}],"paradigms":[{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"imperfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλυόμην","meaning":"I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλύεο","meaning":"you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλύετο","meaning":"he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλύεσθον","meaning":"you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλυέσθην","meaning":"they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλυόμεθα","meaning":"we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύεσθε","meaning":"you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύοντο","meaning":"they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed","name":"imperfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,4]},{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλῡσάμην","meaning":"I loosed (for) myself, was loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλῡ́σαο","meaning":"you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλῡ́σατο","meaning":"he loosed (for) himself, was loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλῡ́σασθον","meaning":"you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλῡσάσθην","meaning":"they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλῡσάμεθα","meaning":"we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλῡ́σασθε","meaning":"you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλῡ́σαντο","meaning":"they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed","name":"aorist indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,4]}]},{"title":"Lesson XVIII: The Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"The perfect and the pluperfect","paragraphs":["The perfect states that an action is complete, or states the condition that results: I have loosed. The Achaeans have gone from the assembly. They went, and now they are gone.","The pluperfect is the same, one step further in the past: I had loosed.","Greek marks both tenses at the front of the verb, but not with the augment. It uses reduplication. Reduplication means doubling.","A verb that begins with one consonant repeats it and adds ε. λύω becomes λέλυκα. βαίνω becomes βέβηκα. Verbs that begin with a vowel or with two consonants work differently.","If the verb begins with θ, the copy is τ. θνήσκω, die, becomes τέθνηκα, I have died."]},{"title":"Perfect and pluperfect endings","paragraphs":["Perfect: λέλυκα, λέλυκας, λέλυκε, for I, you, he. Plural: λελύκαμεν, λελύκατε, λελύκᾱσι.","The pluperfect adds the augment ἐ before the reduplication: ἐλελύκη, ἐλελύκης, ἐλελύκει, for I, you, he.","βαίνω shows the Homeric form. Singular: βέβηκα, βέβηκας, βέβηκε. Plural: βέβαμεν, βέβατε, βεβάᾱσι. The vowel is shorter in the plural: βέβηκα, but βέβαμεν.","Both tenses are rare in Homer. The perfect of λύω does not occur in Homer. Pharr gives it as the model of the regular Attic pattern. Attic is the Greek of Athens.","The word list also gives three third-declension nouns: γέρων, old man, αἴξ, goat, and παῖς, child. Their genitives show the stem: γέροντος, αἰγός, παιδός."]},{"title":"Respect the priest","paragraphs":["This lesson's line of Homer has two halves. The first is αἰδεῖσθαί θʼ ἱερῆα, to respect the priest. The second is ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα, to accept the splendid ransom. καὶ, and, joins them.","Find ἱερῆα. The word list gives ἱερεύς, priest, with the genitive ἱερῆος. ἱερῆα is the accusative. It follows the pattern of the third-declension noun for king."]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.1","source":"Ἀτρείδης οὐκ ἀπολέλυκεν ἱερῆος παῖδα φίλην.","translation":"The son of Atreus has not freed the beloved daughter of the priest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀπολέλυκεν","gloss":"ἀπο-λύ-ω: loose, set free, release"},{"text":"ἱερῆος","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"},{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter"},{"text":"φίλην.","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.2","source":"βέβαμεν ἐξ ἀγορῆς.","translation":"We have come from the assembly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βέβαμεν","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go, walk"},{"text":"ἐξ","gloss":"ἐκ: from, out of"},{"text":"ἀγορῆς.","gloss":"ἀγορή: assembly, meeting place, gathering, harangue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.2.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.3","source":"κατέκηε γέρων Ἀπόλλωνι ἄνακτι πολλὰ μηρία ταύρων καὶ αἰγῶν.","translation":"The old man burned many thigh-pieces of bulls and of goats to the lord Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κατέκηε","gloss":"κατα-καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"ἄνακτι","gloss":"ἄναξ: king, lord, protector"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"μηρία","gloss":"μηρίον: thigh-piece, thigh-bone"},{"text":"ταύρων","gloss":"ταῦρος: bull"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"αἰγῶν.","gloss":"αἴξ: goat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.3.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.4","source":"γῆρας ἔσχεν ἱερῆα.","translation":"Old age held the priest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γῆρας","gloss":"old age, eld"},{"text":"ἔσχεν","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ἱερῆα.","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.4.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.5","source":"γῆρας οὐχ ἵκετο βασιλῆι Ἀτρείδῃ, ἔθανε δὲ κακῶς ἐνὶ οἴκῳ ἐν Ἄργεϊ, οὕνεκα τὸν ὤλεκε Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρῃ.","translation":"Old age did not come to the king, the son of Atreus, but he died evilly in his home in Argos, because Clytaemnestra killed him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γῆρας","gloss":"old age, eld"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἵκετο","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one’s destination)"},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ,","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus, usually refers to Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔθανε","gloss":"θνήσκω: die, perish"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"κακῶς","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in, among, on"},{"text":"οἴκῳ","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"Ἄργεϊ,","gloss":"Ἄργος: Argos, a country and city in Greece"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ὤλεκε","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρῃ.","gloss":"Clytaemnestra, wife of Agamemnon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.5.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.6","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς τέθνηκεν ἐν Ἰλίῳ.","translation":"Swift-footed Achilles has died in Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: foot"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"τέθνηκεν","gloss":"θνήσκω: die, perish"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"Ἰλίῳ.","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy, the Troad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.6.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L18.g102.7","source":"ὁ γέρων πέφευγεν εἰς τὴν ἀγορήν.","translation":"The old man has fled into the assembly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"πέφευγεν","gloss":"φεύγω: flee, take flight, escape"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"into, to, until, therein"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἀγορήν.","gloss":"ἀγορή: assembly, meeting place, gathering, harangue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.g102.7.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.1","source":"λελύκαμεν παῖδα φίλην ἱερῆος, οὕνεκα ἁζόμεθα ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα.","translation":"We have freed the beloved daughter of the priest, because we reverence the free-shooter Apollo.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.2","source":"πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ βεβάᾱσιν ἐξ ἀγορῆς ἐπὶ κοίλας νῆας.","translation":"All the Achaeans have gone from the assembly to the hollow ships.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.2.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.3","source":"κατέκηε ἱερεὺς πολλὰ μηρία ταύρων καὶ αἰγῶν θεοῖς οἳ εἶχον Ὀλύμπια δώματα.","translation":"The priest burned many thigh-pieces of bulls and of goats to the gods who had Olympian homes.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.3.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.4","source":"κεῖνος ὁ γέρων τέθνηκεν ἐν ἡμετέρῳ οἴκῳ.","translation":"That old man has died in our home.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.4.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.5","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς βέβηκεν.","translation":"The swift-footed Achilles has gone.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.5.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.6","source":"ὁ γέρων οὐκ ἔπεισε θυμὸν Ἀτρείδαο.","translation":"The old man has not persuaded the mind of the son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.6.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.7","source":"Ἀπόλλων πεφιλήκει καλὴν θεὰν θαλάσσης.","translation":"Apollo had loved the beautiful goddess of the sea.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.7.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L18.e103.8","source":"φευξόμεθα πόδεσσι θοοῖσι εἰς πόλιν Πριάμου;","translation":"Shall we flee with swift feet into the city of Priam?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L18.e103.8.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L18.h.23","source":"αἰδεῖσθαί θʼ ἱερῆα καὶ ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα·","translation":"to respect the priest and accept the splendid ransom;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἰδεῖσθαί","gloss":"αἰδέομαι: to respect"},{"text":"θʼ","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἱερῆα","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἀγλαὰ","gloss":"ἀγλαός: splendid"},{"text":"δέχθαι","gloss":"δέχομαι: to accept"},{"text":"ἄποινα·","gloss":"ransom"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":904,"text":"§904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose\nObserve that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short.\n\nActive\n\nIndicative\n\nPresent\n        Greek    English\nS. 1    λύω      I loose, am loosing, do loose\n2       λύεις    you loose, are loosing, do loose\n3       λύει     he looses, is loosing, does loose\nDu. 2   λύετον   you two loose, etc.\n3       λύετον   they two loose, etc.\nPl. 1   λύομεν   we loose, etc.\n2       λύετε    you loose, etc.\n3       λύουσι   they loose, etc.\n\nImperfect\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    ἔλυον     I was loosing; I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλυες     you were loosing, you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλυε      he was loosing, he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλύετον   you two were loosing, etc.\n3       ἐλυέτην   they two were loosing, etc.\nPl. 1   ἐλύομεν   we were loosing, etc.\n2       ἐλύετε    you were loosing, etc.\n3       ἔλυον     they were loosing, etc.\n\nFuture\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω      I shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σεις    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σει     he will (shall) loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σετον   you two will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σετον   they two will (shall) loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σομεν   we shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σετε    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σουσι   they will (shall) loose\n\nAorist\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    ἔλῡσα      I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλῡσας     you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσε      he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σατον   you two loosed, did loose\n3       ἐλῡσάτην   they two loosed, did loose\nPl. 1   ἐλῡ́σαμεν   we loosed, did loose\n2       ἐλῡ́σατε    you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσαν     they loosed, did loose\n\nPerfect\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λέλυκα      I have loosed\n2       λέλυκας     you have loosed\n3       λέλυκε      he has loosed\nDu. 2   λελύκατον   you two have loosed\n3       λελύκατον   they two have loosed\nPl. 1   λελύκαμεν   we have loosed\n2       λελύκατε    you have loosed\n3       λελύκᾱσι    they have loosed\nThe perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966.\n\nPluperfect\n        Greek             English\nS. 1    ἐλελύκη (-εα)     I had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκης (-εας)   you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκει (-εε)    he had loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλελύκετον        you two had loosed\n3       ἐλελυκέτην        they two had loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύκεμεν        we had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκετε         you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκεσαν        they had loosed"},{"section":922,"text":"§922. PERFECT SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), come, go, walk\n\n        INDICATIVE          SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE     IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE\nS. 1    βέβηκα              βεβήκω        βεβήκοιμι                 βεβάμεν(αι)\nS. 2    βέβηκας             βεβήκῃς(θα)   βεβήκοις     βέβαθι\nS. 3    βέβηκε              βεβήκῃ(σι)    βεβήκοι      βεβάτω       PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβήκοιτον   βέβατον      βεβαώς, υῖα,\nDu. 3   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβηκοίτην   βεβάτων      ός\nPl. 1   βέβαμεν             βεβήκομεν     βεβήκοιμεν\nPl. 2   βέβατε              βεβήκετε      βεβήκοιτε    βέβατε\nPl. 3   βεβάᾱσι, βεβήκᾱσι   βεβήκωσι      βεβήκοιεν    βεβάντων\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1   ἐβεβήκεα (-η 585)     Du.              Pl.   ἐβέβαμεν\nS. 2   ἐβεβήκεας (-ης 585)         ἐβέβατον         ἐβέβατε\nS. 3   ἐβεβήκεε (-ει 585)          ἐβεβάτην         ἐβέβασαν"},{"section":867,"text":"§867. Reduplication. The perfect and pluperfect (with a few presents, second aorists and futures) in all modes have reduplication (doubling), which regularly denotes completed (sometimes intensified) action, a state, or a condition."},{"section":868,"text":"§868. Verbs beginning with a single consonant, except ρ, prefix this consonant, followed by the letter ε, as δύω, δέδῡκα go in. Often the stem stands in ablaut (593-5) relation to the stem of the present, as βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), βέβηκα come, go."},{"section":869,"text":"§869. Verbs beginning with a double consonant (518), with two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or nasal (509, 516)), those beginning with ρ, and some beginning with μ, instead of being reduplicated, simply add ε, the reduplication in these cases having the same form as the syllabic augment (830-1)."},{"section":870,"text":"§870. A rough mute when reduplicated is changed to its cognate smooth (510-511), as φύω, πέφυκα; θνήσκω, τέθνηκα. This is de-aspiration (dissimilation) (619)."},{"section":871,"text":"§871. In verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong the reduplication has the form of the temporal (831) augment, as οἴχομαι, ᾤχωκα."},{"section":872,"text":"§872. Verbs beginning with a vowel which was formerly preceded by a lost consonant may take the reduplication in the form of the syllabic augment (830-1)."},{"section":873,"text":"§873. Some verbs beginning with α, ε, or ο, followed by a consonant, reduplicate by repeating this vowel and the consonant and by lengthening the vowel, α and ε becoming η, and ο becoming ω, as ἔδω, ἐδηδώς; ἀραρίσκω, ἄρηρα; ὄλλῡμι, ὄλωλα. This is sometimes called “Attic reduplication.”"},{"section":874,"text":"§874. A few verbs reduplicate the present by prefixing the first consonant of the stem followed by ι, as ἵστημι (σιστημι 603-4), τίθημι, δίδωμι, ἵημι (σισημι 603-4), πίμπλημι, γίγνομαι, γιγνώσκω, μιμνήσκω."},{"section":875,"text":"§875. When the reduplicated perfect begins with a consonant, the pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment (ἐ) to the reduplication, as βέβηκα (perfect), ἐβεβήκεα (pluperfect)."},{"section":876,"text":"§876. In other cases the pluperfect usually retains the temporal (831) augment of the perfect unchanged."},{"section":877,"text":"§877. Perfect. The first (regular) perfect adds -κα, the pluperfect -κε, to the reduplicated theme to form the singular. The dual and plural regularly have the endings of the second perfect, except at times in the third plural, which often has the endings of the first perfect."},{"section":878,"text":"§878. The stem is not affected by the addition of -κα, -κε, except that a final short vowel is usually lengthened (846)."},{"section":879,"text":"§879. This form of the perfect (first or regular perfect) is found only in verbs with vowel stems and in only about twenty verbs in the whole of the Homeric poems."},{"section":880,"text":"§880. Second Perfect. The stem of the second (irregular) perfect is formed by adding -α to the reduplicated theme, and the pluperfect by adding -ε."},{"section":881,"text":"§881. The second perfects are the earlier and are much more common in the Homeric poems than are the first or κ-perfects. They are found regularly in verbs with consonantal and sometimes in those with vowel stems."},{"section":882,"text":"§882. The singular of the first and second perfect and pluperfect active regularly stands in ablaut (593-5) relation to the dual and plural, the dual and plural having the weak (disappearing) grade (594-5), while the singular has the strong grade."},{"section":883,"text":"§883. Both perfect and pluperfect are rare in Homer, the latter occurring in only about twenty verbs."},{"section":884,"text":"§884. The reduplication is occasionally omitted."},{"section":885,"text":"§885. Verbs compounded with a preposition (838) regularly have the augment and the reduplication between the preposition and the verb, as ἀμφιβέβηκα, προβέβουλα (ἀμφιβαίνω, προβούλομαι)."},{"section":886,"text":"§886. When futures and second aorists are reduplicated it is usually after the manner of the reduplication of perfects; presents are reduplicated in various ways, but chiefly with ι (874)."},{"section":693,"text":"§693. DENTAL MUTE STEMS\n\n   ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ   νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ   παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ   γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ\n   (ϝανακτ-)          (νυκτ-)          (παϝιδ-)             (γεροντ-)\n   king, lord         night            child                old man\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἄναξ         νύξ      παῖς     γέρων\nG.   ἄνακτος      νυκτός   παιδός   γέροντος\nD.   ἄνακτι       νυκτί    παιδί    γέροντι\nA.   ἄνακτα       νύκτα    παῖδα    γέροντα\nV.   ἄναξ [ἄνα]   νύξ      παῖ      γέρον\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἄνακτε     νύκτε     παῖδε     γέροντε\nG. D.      ἀνάκτοιν   νύκτοιν   παίδοιν   γερόντοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἄνακτες                  νύκτες                 παῖδες                  γέροντες\nG.      ἀνάκτων                  νυκτῶν                 παίδων                  γερόντων\nD.      ἀνάκτεσσι [εσι], ἄναξι   νύκτεσσι [εσι], νυξί   παίδεσσι [εσι], παισί   γερόντεσσι [ἐσι], γέρουσι\nA.      ἄνακτας                  νύκτας                 παῖδας                  γέροντας"},{"section":694,"text":"§694. Observe the irregular accent of παίδων (642), genitive plural of παῖς. This word is somewhat irregular, owing to the fact that it was earlier dissyllabic (πάϝις). It has the following variants of accent: nom. sing. πάις, παῖς; voc. sing. πάι, παῖ."},{"section":695,"text":"§695. LABIAL AND PALATAL STEMS\n\n   αἴξ, αἰγός, ὁ, ἡ   κῆρυξ, ῡκος, ὁ   Αἰθίοψ, οπος, ὁ\n   (αἰγ-)             (κηρῡκ-)         (Αἰθιοπ-)\n   goat               herald           Ethiopian\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ\nG.   αἰγός   κήρῡκος   Αἰθίοπος\nD.   αἰγί    κήρῡκι    Αἰθίοπι\nA.   αἶγα    κήρῡκα    Αἰθίοπα\nV.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   αἶγε     κήρῡκε     Αἰθίοπε\nG. D.      αἰγοῖν   κηρῡ́κοιν   Αἰθιόποιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   αἶγες                 κήρῡκες                   Αἰθίοπες\nG.      αἰγῶν                 κηρῡ́κων                   Αἰθιόπων\nD.      αἴγεσσι [εσι], αἰξί   κηρῡ́κεσσι [εσι], κήρῡξι   Αἰθιόπεσσι [εσι], Αἰθίοψι\nA.      αἶγας                 κήρῡκας                   Αἰθίοπας"},{"section":597,"text":"§597. Sonant Consonants. In an earlier stage of the language, the liquids (λ, ρ) and μ, ν of the nasals were often vocalic (sonant); that is, they were used as vowels in certain combinations. In this case they are ordinarily written with a small circle underneath, to distinguish them from the consonantal λ, ρ, μ, ν."},{"section":598,"text":"§598. In Greek as we know the language:\n\nVocalic λ (λ̥), becomes consonantal (λ) and a strengthening vowel is developed either before or after, as ἔσταλμαι I am sent, for an earlier ἐστλ̥μαι; πίμπλαντο were filled, for an earlier πι(μ)-πλ̥ντο; πολύς much, for an earlier πλ̥υς.\nSimilarly vocalic ρ (ρ̥) becomes consonantal (ρ), and a strengthening vowel is developed either before or after it, as καρδίη, κραδίη (= καρδίᾱ, κραδίᾱ, 621) heart, for an earlier κρ̥διᾱ, καρτερός, κρατερός strong, harsh, for an earlier κρ̥τερος.\nVocalic μ (μ̥) becomes short α, as in δέκα ten, for an earlier δεκμ̥; ἔλῡσα I loosed, for an earlier ἐλῡσμ̥.\nVocalic ν (ν̥) also becomes short α, as in the ending -α of the accusative singular, and the ending -ας of the accusative plural, masculine and feminine, of the third declension, for an earlier -ν̥ and -ν̥ς. Compare πόδα (acc. sing.) foot with Lat. pedem, which is for an earlier ποδν̥ (pedm̥). It occurs commonly elsewhere, as εἰρύαται they protect, for εἰρύνται, βαθύς deep, ἔπαθον I suffered, for earlier βν̥θυς, ἐπν̥θον.\n\nNOTE. Occasionally the vocalic nasals μ, ν (μ̥, ν̥) became consonantal (μ, ν), with or without the development of a strengthening vowel, as βένθος depth, πένθος woe, for earlier βν̥θος, πν̥θος."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἱερῆος","gloss":"Priest, holy man, from ἱερεύς"},{"word":"ἀγορῆς","gloss":"Assembly, meeting place, gathering, from ἀγορή"},{"word":"γέρων","gloss":"Old man"},{"word":"μηρία","gloss":"Thigh-piece, thigh-bone, from μηρίον"},{"word":"ταύρων","gloss":"Bull, from ταῦρος"},{"word":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"Goat, from αἴξ"},{"word":"γῆρας","gloss":"Old age, eld"},{"word":"ἔθανε","gloss":"Die, perish, from θνήσκω"},{"word":"Ἄργεϊ","gloss":"Argos, a country and city in Greece, from Ἄργος"},{"word":"πόδας","gloss":"Foot, from πούς"},{"word":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"Swift"},{"word":"πέφευγεν","gloss":"Flee, take flight, escape, from φεύγω"},{"word":"αἰδεῖσθαί","gloss":"Reverence, from αἰδέομαι"}],"paradigms":[{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκα","meaning":"I have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκας","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκε","meaning":"he has loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"you two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"they two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύκαμεν","meaning":"we have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελύκατε","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύκᾱσι","meaning":"they have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"pluperfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκη","meaning":"I had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκης","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκει","meaning":"he had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελύκετον","meaning":"you two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελυκέτην","meaning":"they two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεμεν","meaning":"we had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκετε","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεσαν","meaning":"they had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,4,6]},{"section":922,"headword":"βαίνω","caption":"perfect indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκας","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"βέβατον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"βέβατον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"βέβαμεν","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"βέβατε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"βεβάᾱσι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,5,6]},{"section":693,"headword":"παῖς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"παῖς","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"παιδός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"παιδί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"παῖδα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"παῖ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"παῖδε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"παίδοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"παῖδες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"παίδων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"παίδεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"παῖδας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,3,9]},{"section":693,"headword":"γέρων","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"γέρων","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"γέροντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"γέροντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"γέροντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"γέρον","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"γέροντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"γερόντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"γέροντες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"γερόντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"γερόντεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"γέροντας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[4,5,10]},{"section":695,"headword":"αἴξ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αἴξ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αἰγός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αἰγί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αἶγα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"αἴξ","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"αἶγε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αἰγοῖν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"αἶγες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αἰγῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αἴγεσσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αἶγας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[8,9,10]}]},{"title":"Lesson XIX: The Infinitive · Iliad 22-27","teaching":[{"title":"The infinitive","paragraphs":["Every verb form so far shows who acts: I loose, you loose, they loosed. The infinitive does not. In English it is the form with to: to loose, to go, to fight.","Present λύειν, to loose. Future λῡ́σειν. Aorist λῦσαι. Present middle and passive λύεσθαι, to loose for oneself, or to be loosed. Aorist passive λυθῆναι, to be loosed.","You have seen several already. αἰδεῖσθαι, to respect, δέχθαι, to accept, and μάχεσθαι, to fight, are infinitives. The ending of λύεσθαι and μάχεσθαι marks the middle."]},{"title":"Uses of the infinitive","paragraphs":["An infinitive does not show time. Its tense shows the kind of action. The present names the action as continued. The aorist names it as brought about. The perfect names it as completed.","An infinitive often completes another verb, especially a verb of wishing, commanding, advising, agreeing or trying. They said to respect the priest and to accept the ransom.","In ἐπευφημήσαμεν θύγατρα φίλην ἱερῆος ἀπολῦσαι, the infinitive follows a verb of agreeing: we shouted assent, to free the priest's beloved daughter.","An infinitive can also express purpose. Its negative is μή.","If an infinitive has its own subject, the subject is usually accusative. It can be left out when it is already the subject or object of the main verb."]},{"title":"Agamemnon refuses","paragraphs":["In these lines the other Achaeans shout their assent: respect the priest and accept the splendid ransom.","But this did not please Agamemnon, son of Atreus. He sent the old man away harshly, with a stern command.","The command begins in the last lines: let me not find you, old man, beside the hollow ships.","Find αἰδεῖσθαί and δέχθαι, the two infinitives. They follow ἐπευφήμησαν, they shouted assent. They state what the Achaeans agreed to."]}],"lines":[{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L19.g107.1","source":"ὅτε γέρων ἑλίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Ἀτρείδᾱ μάλιστα, ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ εἶπον αἰδεῖσθαι τὸν ἱερῆα καὶ δέχθαι ἀγλά’ ἄποινα, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἥνδανεν Ἀτρείδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι θῡμῷ, ἀλλ’ ἀφίει γέροντα κακῶς, ἔτελλε δὲ κρατερὸν μῦθον.","translation":"When the old man kept entreating all the Achaeans, and especially the two sons of Atreus, all the other Achaeans said to reverence the priest and to accept the shining ransoms, but it was not pleasing to Atreus' son Agamemnon in his heart; instead he sent the old man away harshly, and gave a stern command.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅτε","gloss":"when(ever)"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"ἑλίσσετο","gloss":"λίσσομαι: beg, entreat"},{"text":"πάντας","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδᾱ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"μάλιστα,","gloss":"most, especially, by all means"},{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand, truly"},{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"εἶπον","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"αἰδεῖσθαι","gloss":"αἰδέομαι: reverence"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἱερῆα","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"δέχθαι","gloss":"δέχ-ομαι: accept, receive"},{"text":"ἀγλά’","gloss":"ἀγλαός: bright, shining, splendid, glorious"},{"text":"ἄποινα,","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"οὐχ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἥνδανεν","gloss":"ἀνδάνω: please"},{"text":"Ἀτρείδῃ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"θῡμῷ,","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit"},{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"ἀφίει","gloss":"ἀφ-ί-ημι: send away, dismiss, hurl"},{"text":"γέροντα","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"κακῶς,","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"text":"ἔτελλε","gloss":"τέλλω: command, enjoin (upon)"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"κρατερὸν","gloss":"κρατερός: strong, harsh, stern"},{"text":"μῦθον.","gloss":"μῦθος: word, command, story"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.g107.1.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L19.g107.2","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων οὐ κιχήσεται γέροντα παρὰ κοίλῃσι νηυσίν, οὐ γὰρ δηθύνει ἐν στρατῷ Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Agamemnon will not find the old man beside the hollow ships, for he does not loiter in the camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"κιχήσεται","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"γέροντα","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside, by the side of, near"},{"text":"κοίλῃσι","gloss":"κοῖλος: hollow"},{"text":"νηυσίν,","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"δηθύνει","gloss":"δηθύ-νω: loiter, tarry, delay"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among"},{"text":"στρατῷ","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.g107.2.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L19.g107.3","source":"δηθύνειν, αἰδεῖσθαι, ἰέναι, ἴεσθαι, ἐπευφημέειν, ἐπευφημῆσαι, ἐπευφημήσειν, τέλλειν, τέλλεσθαι, κιχᾱ́νειν, κιχᾱ́νεσθαι, κιχήσεσθαι, κιχήσασθαι, μάχεσθαι, ἐκπέρθειν, ἐκπέρσειν, ἐκπέρσαι, ἐκπέρσασθαι, ἱκέσθαι, δέχεσθαι, δέξασθαι, ἅζεσθαι.","translation":"To loiter, to reverence, to go, to hasten, to shout assent, to have shouted assent, to be about to shout assent, to command, to rise, to come upon, to be come upon, to be about to come upon, to have come upon, to fight, to sack utterly, to be about to sack utterly, to have sacked utterly, to have sacked utterly for oneself, to have arrived, to accept, to have accepted, to reverence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δηθύνειν,","gloss":"δηθύ-νω: loiter, tarry, delay"},{"text":"αἰδεῖσθαι,","gloss":"αἰδέομαι: reverence"},{"text":"ἰέναι,","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"ἴεσθαι,","gloss":"ἵημι (middle): hasten, be eager"},{"text":"ἐπευφημέειν,","gloss":"ἐπ-ευ-φημέ-ω: shout assent, approve"},{"text":"ἐπευφημῆσαι,","gloss":"ἐπ-ευ-φημέ-ω: shout assent, approve"},{"text":"ἐπευφημήσειν,","gloss":"ἐπ-ευ-φημέ-ω: shout assent, approve"},{"text":"τέλλειν,","gloss":"τέλλω: command, enjoin (upon)"},{"text":"τέλλεσθαι,","gloss":"τέλλω: command, enjoin (upon)"},{"text":"κιχᾱ́νειν,","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"κιχᾱ́νεσθαι,","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"κιχήσεσθαι,","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"κιχήσασθαι,","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι,","gloss":"μάχ-ομαι: fight, battle"},{"text":"ἐκπέρθειν,","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσειν,","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσαι,","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσασθαι,","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"ἱκέσθαι,","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)"},{"text":"δέχεσθαι,","gloss":"δέχ-ομαι: accept, receive"},{"text":"δέξασθαι,","gloss":"δέχ-ομαι: accept, receive"},{"text":"ἅζεσθαι.","gloss":"ἅζομαι: reverence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.g107.3.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.1","source":"ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ οὐκ ἐπευφημήσουσι αἰδεῖσθαι τὸν ἱερῆα καὶ δέχθαι ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα.","translation":"All the other Achaeans will not shout assent, to reverence the priest and to accept the shining ransoms.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.1.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.2","source":"ἐπευφημήσαμεν θύγατρα φίλην ἱερῆος ἀπολῦσαι.","translation":"We shouted assent, to free the beloved daughter of the priest.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.2.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.3","source":"ἀπολῦσαι θύγατρα κείνου γέροντος οὐχ ἥνδανεν Ἀτρείδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι θῡμῷ.","translation":"To free the daughter of that old man was not pleasing to Agamemnon in his soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.3.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.4","source":"ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀφίει κεῖνον γέροντα κακῶς, ἔτελλε δὲ κρατερὸν μῦθον.","translation":"The king sent away that old man harshly, and enjoined a stern command upon (him).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.4.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.5","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων οὐ κίχε γέροντα παρὰ κοίλῃσι νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν, οὐ γὰρ δήθυνε.","translation":"Agamemnon did not find the old man beside the hollow ships of the Achaeans, for he did not loiter.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.5.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L19.e110.6","source":"αἰδεῖσθαι, μάχεσθαι, δηθύνειν, πέμπειν, πέμψαι, ἐπευφημέειν, κιχᾱ́νειν, τέλλειν, ἐκπέρθειν, δέχεσθαι, δέχεσθαι, ἐκπέρθεσθαι.","translation":"To reverence, to fight, to loiter, to send, to have sent, to shout assent, to come upon, to command, to sack utterly, to accept, to be accepted, to be sacked utterly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L19.e110.6.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.22","source":"ἔνθ’ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἐπευφήμησαν Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"Then all the rest of the Achaeans cried out their assent,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔνθ’","gloss":"ἔνθα: then"},{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: the rest"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all"},{"text":"ἐπευφήμησαν","gloss":"ἐπευφημέω: cried out assent"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.23","source":"αἰδεῖσθαί θ’ ἱερῆα καὶ ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα·","translation":"to respect the priest and accept the splendid ransom;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἰδεῖσθαί","gloss":"αἰδέομαι: to respect"},{"text":"θ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἱερῆα","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἀγλαὰ","gloss":"ἀγλαός: splendid"},{"text":"δέχθαι","gloss":"δέχομαι: to accept"},{"text":"ἄποινα·","gloss":"ransom"}],"audio":null},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.24","source":"ἀλλ’ οὐκ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἥνδανε θυμῷ,","translation":"but this did not please the heart of Atreus' son Agamemnon,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδῃ","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἥνδανε","gloss":"ἁνδάνω: pleased"},{"text":"θυμῷ,","gloss":"θυμός: heart"}],"audio":null},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.25","source":"ἀλλὰ κακῶς ἀφίει, κρατερὸν δ’ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν·","translation":"and he sent him away harshly, laying on him a stern command:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"κακῶς","gloss":"κακός: harshly"},{"text":"ἀφίει,","gloss":"ἀφίημι: sent away"},{"text":"κρατερὸν","gloss":"κρατερός: stern"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"upon"},{"text":"μῦθον","gloss":"μῦθος: command"},{"text":"ἔτελλεν·","gloss":"τέλλω: laid on"}],"audio":null},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.26","source":"\"μή σε, γέρον, κοίλῃσιν ἐγὼ παρὰ νηυσὶ κιχήω","translation":"\"Let me not find you, old man, beside the hollow ships,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"\"μή","gloss":"not"},{"text":"σε,","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"γέρον,","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"κοίλῃσιν","gloss":"κοῖλος: hollow"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"νηυσὶ","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"κιχήω","gloss":"κιχάνω: find, come upon"}],"audio":null},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L19.r108.27","source":"ἢ νῦν δηθύνοντ’ ἢ ὕστερον αὖτις ἰόντα,","translation":"either lingering now or coming back hereafter,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"δηθύνοντ’","gloss":"δηθύνω: lingering"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ὕστερον","gloss":"ὕστερος: hereafter"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"αὖθις: again"},{"text":"ἰόντα,","gloss":"εἶμι: coming"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":908,"text":"§908. INFINITIVE\n\nINFINITIVE\nPRES.   λύειν (λύμεν, λύμεναι, λυέμεν, λυέμεναι)   to loose, to be loosing\nFUT.    λῡ́σειν (λῡσέμεν, λῡσέμεναι)                to loose, to be about to loose, to be loosing\nAOR.    λῦσαι (λῡσάμεν, λῡσάμεναι)                 to loose, to have loosed.\nPERF.   λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι                   to loose, to have loosed.\nRead the notes at the end of 905.\nPERF. λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι: Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905."},{"section":914,"text":"§914. INFINITIVE\n\nINFINITIVE\nPRES.      λύεσθαι      to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed\nFUT.       λῡ́σεσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to be about to be loosed\nAOR.       λῦσασθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed\nPERF.      λέλυσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed\nF. PERF.   λελῡ́σεσθαι   to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed\nRead the note on 905."},{"section":920,"text":"§920. INFINITIVE\n\nλυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed"},{"section":1107,"text":"§1107. The Infinitive\n\n1) The only tenses which occur in the infinitive are the present, future, aorist, perfect, and future perfect. The middle and passive differ in form in the aorist only.\n2) In the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, the tenses do not of themselves indicate time.\n3) The present in these moods denotes an action simply as continued.\n4) The aorist denotes an action simply as brought to pass.\n5) The perfect denotes an action simply as completed.\n6) The subject of an infinitive is usually in the accusative, but may be omitted when it is the subject of the leading verb, or its direct or indirect object.\n7) The infinitive may be the subject of a verb, especially an impersonal one, or ἐστί(ν).\n8) It may be the object of a verb, especially verbs indicating wish, command, advice, consent, attempt, and the like.\n9) The infinitive may depend upon adjectives or substantives, especially those denoting ability, fitness, willingness, or have a similar meaning to verbs which take the infinitive (1107, 7).\n10) The infinitive also may express purpose; the negative is μή.\n11) The infinitive is used also to express a command with the nominative of the second person, or with the accusative of the third person for the subject if expressed; the subject may be omitted. In this usage it is the equivalent of the imperative."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, brother of Helen's husband, from Ἀγαμέμνων"},{"word":"ἀφίει","gloss":"Send away, dismiss, hurl, from ἀφ-ί-ημι"},{"word":"ἔτελλε","gloss":"Command, enjoin, accomplish, from τέλλω"},{"word":"κρατερὸν","gloss":"Strong, harsh, powerful, from κρατερός"},{"word":"μῦθον","gloss":"Word, command, story, from μῦθος"},{"word":"κιχήσεται","gloss":"Come upon, overtake, arrive, from κιχάνω"},{"word":"παρὰ","gloss":"From the side of, by the side of, to the side of"},{"word":"κοίλῃσι","gloss":"Hollow, from κοῖλος"},{"word":"δηθύνει","gloss":"Loiter, tarry, delay, from δηθύ-νω"},{"word":"ἴεσθαι","gloss":"Hasten, be eager, from ἵημι (middle)"},{"word":"ἐπευφημέειν","gloss":"Shout assent, approve, from ἐπ-ευ-φημέ-ω"},{"word":"ἔνθ’","gloss":"Then, there, here, from ἔνθα"},{"word":"ἐπευφήμησαν","gloss":"Shout assent, approve, from ἐπευφημέω"},{"word":"μή","gloss":"Not, lest, that not"},{"word":"νηυσὶ","gloss":"Ships, from ναῦς"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XX: Participles, Active · Iliad 28-32","teaching":[{"title":"The participle","paragraphs":["A participle is a verb form that describes a noun, as an adjective does. English has them: loosing, having loosed. The old man, bearing ransom, came to the ships.","In that sentence, bearing is a verb because it takes an object, ransom. It is an adjective because it describes the man.","Greek uses participles often. Pharr's line has φέρων ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα, bearing boundless ransom. It describes the old man who came to the ships.","A participle agrees with its noun in gender, number and case. The old man is masculine singular, so φέρων is masculine singular."]},{"title":"Forms of the participle","paragraphs":["The present participle of λύω, loosing, has three genders: masculine λύων, feminine λύουσα, neuter λύον.","The masculine and neuter are third declension, with the stem λυοντ-. The genitive shows it: λύοντος. They follow γέρων, γέροντος. The feminine is first declension: λύουσα, λυούσης, λύουσαν.","The aorist participle means having loosed: λύσᾱς, λύσᾱσα, λῦσαν. The present participle shows an action in progress. The aorist shows an action already done: ἐρεθίσᾱς Ἀγαμέμνονα, having provoked Agamemnon.","Other participles follow this pattern. Future λῡ́σων, about to loose. Aorist passive λυθείς, having been loosed. Perfect λελυκώς, with its own stem. Pharr notes that λελυκώς does not occur in Homer."]},{"title":"Agamemnon's answer","paragraphs":["In these lines Agamemnon speaks to the old man about the priest's daughter. I will not free her, he says.","Old age will come to her first, in my house in Argos, far from her fatherland. She will work at the loom and share my bed.","He ends with a warning: go now, do not provoke me, so that you may go home more safely.","Find ἀντιόωσαν, sharing. It is a participle. Its ending -σαν matches λύουσαν in the table, though the vowels before it differ. It describes her, so it is feminine accusative singular."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.1","source":"σκῆπτρον καὶ στέμμα θεοῖο οὐ χραισμήσουσι τῷ γέροντι, θανέεται γὰρ παρὰ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν ἢ νῦν δηθύνων ἢ ὕστερον αὖτις ἰών.","translation":"The sceptre and the fillet of the god will not avail the old man, for he will die beside the ships of the Achaeans, either tarrying now or going back again later.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"σκῆπτρον","gloss":"sceptre, staff"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"στέμμα","gloss":"fillet, wreath"},{"text":"θεοῖο","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"χραισμήσουσι","gloss":"χραισμέω: help, assist, avail"},{"text":"τῷ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέροντι,","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"θανέεται","gloss":"θνήσκω: die, perish"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside, by, near"},{"text":"νηυσὶν","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now, at this time"},{"text":"δηθύνων","gloss":"δηθύ-νω: loiter, tarry, delay"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ὕστερον","gloss":"ὕστερος: behind, later, at another time"},{"text":"αὖτις","gloss":"(back) again, anew"},{"text":"ἰών.","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.1.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.2","source":"οὐ λύσει παῖδα φίλην, πρὶν δε γῆρας ἔπεισί μιν ἐν οἴκῳ Ἀγαμέμνονος ἐν Ἄργεϊ τηλόθι πάτρης γέροντος.","translation":"He will not free his dear daughter, but old age will come upon her first, in the house of Agamemnon, in Argos, far from the old man’s native land.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"λύσει","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, destroy"},{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter"},{"text":"φίλην,","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"πρὶν","gloss":"sooner, before, formerly"},{"text":"δε","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"γῆρας","gloss":"old age, eld"},{"text":"ἔπεισί","gloss":"ἔπ-ειμι: come upon, come on, approach"},{"text":"μιν","gloss":"him, her, it"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"οἴκῳ","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"Ἄργεϊ","gloss":"Ἄργος: Argos"},{"text":"τηλόθι","gloss":"far (from, away), at a distance"},{"text":"πάτρης","gloss":"πάτρη: fatherland, native land"},{"text":"γέροντος.","gloss":"γέρων: old man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.2.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.3","source":"ἔνθα δ’ ἀντιάει λέχος Ἀγαμέμνονος καὶ ἐποίχεται ἱστόν.","translation":"There she shares the bed of Agamemnon and plies the loom.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔνθα","gloss":"then, there(upon), here"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ἀντιάει","gloss":"ἀντιά-ω: approach, partake, share"},{"text":"λέχος","gloss":"bed, couch"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἐποίχεται","gloss":"ἐπ-οίχομαι: go to, ply"},{"text":"ἱστόν.","gloss":"ἱστός: loom, mast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.3.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.4","source":"ἐρεθίσᾱς Ἀγαμέμνονα γέρων οὐ νέεται σαώτερος.","translation":"Having vexed Agamemnon, the old man will not return the safer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐρεθίσᾱς","gloss":"ἐρεθίζω: vex, anger"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"νέεται","gloss":"νέομαι: come, go, return"},{"text":"σαώτερος.","gloss":"safer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.4.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.5","source":"Ἀτρείδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐρίσαντε διεστήτην.","translation":"The son of Atreus, lord of men, and godlike Achilles stood apart in strife.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀτρείδης","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: (real) man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"divine, heavenly, glorious"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐρίσαντε","gloss":"ἐρίζω: quarrel, strive"},{"text":"διεστήτην.","gloss":"δι-ΐστημι: stand apart, separate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.5.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.6","source":"γέρων ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν φέρων ἀπερείσι’ ἄποινα, ἔχων δὲ στέμματα ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν χερσίν.","translation":"The old man came to the swift ships of the Achaeans, bearing boundless ransom, and holding in his hands the fillets of the free-shooting Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"ἦλθε","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"θοὰς","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to, at, (up)on"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"φέρων","gloss":"φέρω: bear, carry, bring"},{"text":"ἀπερείσι’","gloss":"ἀ-περείσιος: boundless, countless, immeasurable"},{"text":"ἄποινα,","gloss":"ransom(s)"},{"text":"ἔχων","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"στέμματα","gloss":"στέμμα: fillet, wreath"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλου","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, on"},{"text":"χερσίν.","gloss":"χείρ: hand, arm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.6.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L20.g114.7","source":"θεοὶ ἔχοντες Ὀλύμπια δώματα δώσουσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, ἐὺ δ’ οἴκαδ’ ἱκέσθαι.","translation":"The gods who hold the Olympian halls will grant the Achaeans to sack the city of Priam, and to come home safely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἔχοντες","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπια","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian"},{"text":"δώματα","gloss":"δῶμα: house, home"},{"text":"δώσουσιν","gloss":"δίδωμι: give, grant"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσαι","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"Πριάμοιο","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam, king of Troy"},{"text":"πόλιν,","gloss":"π(τ)όλις: city, state"},{"text":"ἐὺ","gloss":"ἐΰ (εὖ): well, safely"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home"},{"text":"ἱκέσθαι.","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.g114.7.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L20.e117.1","source":"τῷ γέροντι οὐ χραισμήσουσι σκῆπτρον καὶ στέμματα θεοῖο, ἢ νῦν δηθύνοντι ἢ ὕστερον αὖτις ἰόντι παρὰ κοίλῃσι νηυσὶ μεγαθύμων Ἀχαιῶν, Ἀγαμέμνων γάρ μιν ὀλέσσει, ψυχὴν δ’ Ἄϊδι προϊάψει.","translation":"The sceptre and the fillets of the god will not avail the old man (dat.) if he tarries (particip.) beside the hollow ships of the great-souled Achaeans, or if he returns later, for Agamemnon will kill him, and send (his) soul to Hades.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.e117.1.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L20.e117.2","source":"οὐ λύσει παῖδα φίλην, γῆρας δὲ ἔπεισί μιν ἐν οἴκῳ Ἀγαμέμνονος καὶ Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρης, τηλόθι πάτρης.","translation":"He will not free his darling daughter, but old age will come upon her in the home of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, far from (her) native land.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.e117.2.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L20.e117.3","source":"ἐρεθίζων, ἐρεθίσᾱς, ἐρίζων, ἐρίσας, φέρων, ἐνείκας, ἔχων, ἐκπέρθων, ἐκπέρσας, χραισμέων, χραισμήσας, ἀντιόων, ἀντιάσας, ἰών, δηθύνων.","translation":"Vexing, having vexed, quarreling, having quarreled, bearing, having borne, having, sacking, having sacked, helping, having helped, sharing, having shared, going, tarrying.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L20.e117.3.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L20.r115.28","source":"μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμῃ σκῆπτρον καὶ στέμμα θεοῖο.","translation":"lest your staff and the wreath of the god not protect you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μή","gloss":"lest"},{"text":"νύ","gloss":"νῦν: now"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"χραίσμῃ","gloss":"χραισμέω: protect"},{"text":"σκῆπτρον","gloss":"staff"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"στέμμα","gloss":"wreath"},{"text":"θεοῖο.","gloss":"θεός: of the god"}],"audio":null},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L20.r115.29","source":"τὴν δ’ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω· πρίν μιν καὶ γῆρας ἔπεισιν","translation":"Her I will not free. Old age will come upon her first,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: her"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"λύσω·","gloss":"λύω: will free"},{"text":"πρίν","gloss":"first"},{"text":"μιν","gloss":"her"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"γῆρας","gloss":"old age"},{"text":"ἔπεισιν","gloss":"ἔπειμι: will come upon"}],"audio":null},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L20.r115.30","source":"ἡμετέρῳ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ ἐν Ἄργεϊ, τηλόθι πάτρης,","translation":"in our house, in Argos, far from her fatherland,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἡμετέρῳ","gloss":"ἡμέτερος: our"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in"},{"text":"οἴκῳ","gloss":"οἶκος: house"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Ἄργεϊ,","gloss":"Ἄργος: Argos"},{"text":"τηλόθι","gloss":"far from"},{"text":"πάτρης,","gloss":"πάτρη: her fatherland"}],"audio":null},{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L20.r115.31","source":"ἱστὸν ἐποιχομένην καὶ ἐμὸν λέχος ἀντιόωσαν.","translation":"working the loom and sharing my bed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἱστὸν","gloss":"ἱστός: the loom"},{"text":"ἐποιχομένην","gloss":"ἐποίχομαι: working"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἐμὸν","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"λέχος","gloss":"bed"},{"text":"ἀντιόωσαν.","gloss":"ἀντιάω: sharing"}],"audio":null},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L20.r115.32","source":"ἀλλ’ ἴθι, μή μ’ ἐρέθιζε, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι.","translation":"Go now, do not provoke me, if you would go home the safer.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἴθι,","gloss":"εἶμι: go"},{"text":"μή","gloss":"not"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἐρέθιζε,","gloss":"ἐρεθίζω: provoke"},{"text":"σαώτερος","gloss":"σῶς: safer"},{"text":"ὥς","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"νέηαι.","gloss":"νέομαι: go home"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":736,"text":"§736. All active participles (except the perfect, 744) and both first and second aorist passive participles have stems in -ντ. The masculine and neuter are of the third declension, the feminine of the first."},{"section":737,"text":"§737. The vocative of participles has the same form as the nominative."},{"section":738,"text":"§738. Participles with stems in οντ usually have the nominative singular masculine in -ων, as γέρων 693."},{"section":739,"text":"§739. But the present and second aorist of -μι verbs (διδούς, δούς), and all stems ending in αντ, εντ, υντ, add ς, lose ντ (613), and lengthen the preceding vowel (giving ους, ᾱς, εις, ῡς 601). The dative plural of these stems is similarly formed."},{"section":740,"text":"§740. Participles with stems in οντ, ending in -ων, ουσα, ον in the nominative singular:\n\nλύων, ουσα, ον loosing, freeing (λυοντ-, λυοντι̯α-, λυοντ-), Singular\nN. V.   λύων      λύουσα    λύον\nG.      λύοντος   λυούσης   λύοντος\nD.      λύοντι    λυούσῃ    λύοντι\nA.      λύοντα    λύουσαν   λύον\n\nλύων, ουσα, ον, Dual\nN. A. V.   λύοντε     λυούσᾱ    λύοντε\nG. D.      λυόντοιν   λυούσῃν   λυόντοιν"},{"section":741,"text":"§741. Participles with stems in οντ, αντ, εντ, υντ, ending in s in the nominative singular masculine:\n\nPresent Participle: διδούς, οὖσα, όν giving (διδοντ-, διδοντι̯α-, διδοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   διδούς     διδοῦσα    διδόν\nG.      διδόντος   διδούσης   διδόντος\nD.      διδόντι    διδούσῃ    διδόντι\nA.      διδόντα    διδοῦσαν   διδόν\n\nδιδούς, οὖσα, όν, Dual\nN. A. V.   διδόντε     διδοῦσᾱ    διδόντε\nG. D.      διδόντοιν   διδούσῃν   διδόντοιν\n\nδιδούς, οὖσα, όν, Plural\nN. V.   διδόντες                διδοῦσαι              διδόντα\nG.      διδόντων                διδουσάων [έων, ὢν]   διδόντων\nD.      διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι   διδούσῃσι, διδούσῃς   διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι\nA.      διδόντας                διδούσᾱς              διδόντα\n\nAorist Participle: λύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν having loosed (λῡσαντ-, λῡσαντι̯α-, λῡσαντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.      Neut.\nN. V.   λύσᾱς      λύσᾱσα    λῦσαν\nG.      λύσαντος   λῡσάσης   λύσαντος\nD.      λύσαντι    λῡσάσῃ    λύσαντι\nA.      λύσαντα    λύσᾱσαν   λῦσαν\n\nλύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Dual\nN. A. V.   λύσαντε     λῡσᾱ́σᾱ    λύσαντε\nG. D.      λῡσάντοιν   λῡσάσῃν   λῡσάντοιν\n\nλύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Plural\nN. V.   λύσαντες               λύσᾱσαι              λύσαντα\nG.      λῡσάντων               λῡσᾱσάων [έων, ὢν]   λῡσάντων\nD.      λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι   λῡσάσῃσι, λῡσάσῃς    λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι\nA.      λύσαντας               λῡσάσᾱς              λύσαντα"},{"section":742,"text":"§742. Aorist Passive Participle: λυθείς, εἶσα, έν (having been) loosed (λυθεντ-, λυθεντι̯α-, λυθεντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   λυθείς     λυθεῖσα    λυθέν\nG.      λυθέντος   λυθείσης   λυθέντος\nD.      λυθέντι    λυθείσῃ    λυθέντι\nA.      λυθέντα    λυθεῖσαν   λυθέν\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Dual\nN. A. V.   λυθέντε     λυθείσᾱ    λυθέντε\nG. D.      λυθέντοιν   λυθείσῃν   λυθέντοιν\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Plural\nN. V.   λυθέντες                λυθεῖσαι              λυθέντα\nG.      λυθέντων                λυθεισάων [έων, ὢν]   λυθέντων\nD.      λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι   λυθείσῃσι, λυθείσῃς   λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι\nA.      λυθέντας                λυθείσᾱς              λυθέντα"},{"section":743,"text":"§743. Second Aorist Active Participle: δύς, δῦσα, δύν having entered (δυντ-, δυντι̯α-, δυντ-), Singular\n        Masc.    Fem.    Neut.\nN. V.   δύς      δῦσα    δύν\nG.      δύντος   δύσης   δύντος\nD.      δύντι    δύσῃ    δύντι\nA.      δύντα    δῦσαν   δύν\n\nδύς, δῦσα, δύν, Dual\nN. A. V.   δύντε     δῦσᾱ    δύντε\nG. D.      δύντοιν   δύσῃν   δύντοιν\n\nδύς, δῦσα, δύν, Plural\nN. V.   δύντες             δῦσαι              δύντα\nG.      δύντων             δῡσάων [έων, ὢν]   δύντων\nD.      δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι   δύσῃσι, δύσῃς      δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι\nA.      δύντας             δύσᾱς              δύντα"},{"section":744,"text":"§744. Perfect Active Participles\n\nPerfect active participles have stems in (κ)οτ. Those which have κ are called first perfects, those without κ second perfects.\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός having loosed (λελυκοτ-, λελυκυσι̯α-, λελυκοτ-), Singular\n        Masc.       Fem.        Neut.\nN. V.   λελυκώς     λελυκυῖα    λελυκός\nG.      λελυκότος   λελυκυίης   λελυκότος\nD.      λελυκότι    λελυκυίῃ    λελυκότι\nA.      λελυκότα    λελυκυῖαν   λελυκός\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Dual\nN. A. V.   λελυκότε     λελυκυίᾱ     λελυκότε\nG. D.      λελυκότοιν   λελυκυίηιν   λελυκότοιν\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Plural\nN. V.   λελυκότες                 λελυκυῖαι               λελυκόται\nG.      λελυκότων                 λελυκυιάων [έων, ὢν]    λελυκότων\nD.      λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι   λελυκυίῃσι, λελυκυίης   λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι\nA.      λελυκότας                 λελυκυίᾱς               λελυκότα\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός knowing (Ϝειδϝοτ-, Ϝ(ε)ιδϝυσι̯α-, Ϝειδϝοτ-), Singular\n        Masc.     Fem.        Neut.\nN. V.   εἰδώς     (ε)ἰδυῖα    εἰδός\nG.      εἰδότος   (ε)ἰδυίης   εἰδότος\nD.      εἰδότι    (ε)ἰδυίῃ    εἰδότι\nA.      εἰδότα    (ε)ἰδυῖαν   εἰδός\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Dual\nN. A. V.   εἰδότε     (ε)ἰδυίᾱ     εἰδότε\nG.         εἰδότοιν   (ε)ἰδυίηιν   εἰδότοιν\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Plural\nN. V.   εἰδότες               (ε)ἰδυῖαι               εἰδότα\nG.      εἰδότων               (ε)ἰδυιάων [έων, ὢν]    εἰδότων\nD.      εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι   (ε)ἰδυίῃσι, (ε)ἰδυίης   εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι\nA.      εἰδότας               (ε)ἰδυίᾱς               εἰδότα\n\nNOTE 1. λελυκώς, υἷα, ός does not occur in Homer, and there are very few first perfects in Homeric Greek. The forms of the first perfect participle, as given above are common in later Greek.\n\nNOTE 2. Perfect participles are often declined with ω instead of ο throughout; and at times end in -ων, -ουσα, -ον and are inflected with the same endings as the present participle."},{"section":745,"text":"§745. Participles of contract verbs, 936–944 (usually left uncontracted) are declined in their contracted forms as follows:\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν (τῑμάων, άουσα, άον) honoring (τῑμαοντ-, τῑμαοντι̯α-, τῑμαοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.      Neut.\nN. V.   τῑμῶν      τῑμῶσα    τῑμῶν\nG.      τῑμῶντος   τῑμώσης   τῑμῶντος\nD.      τῑμῶντι    τῑμώσῃ    τῑμῶντι\nA.      τῑμῶντα    τῑμῶσαν   τῑμῶν\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Dual\nN. A. V.   τῑμῶντε     τῑμώσᾱ    τῑμῶντε\nG. D.      τῑμώντοιν   τῑμώσῃν   τῑμώντοιν\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Plural\nN. V.   τῑμῶντες               τῑμῶσαι              τῑμῶντα\nG.      τῑμώντων               τῑμωσάων [έων, ὢν]   τῑμώντων\nD.      τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι   τῑμώσῃσι, τῑμώσῃς    τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι\nA.      τῑμώντας               τῑμώσᾱς              τῑμώντα\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν (έων, έουσα, έον) (ποιεοντ-, ποιεοντι̯α-, ποιεοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.       Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   ποιῶν       ποιεῦσα    ποιεῦν\nG.      ποιεῦντος   ποιεύσης   ποιεῦντος\nD.      ποιεῦντι    ποιεύσῃ    ποιεῦντι\nA.      ποιεῦντα    ποιεῦσαν   ποιεῦν\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Dual\nN. A. V.   ποιεῦντε     ποιεύσᾱ    ποιεῦντε\nG. D.      ποιεύντοιν   ποιεύσῃν   ποιεύντοιν\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Plural (concludes on ia/314, the page on which 746 begins)\nN. V.   ποιεῦντες                ποιεῦσαι              ποιεῦντα\nG.      ποιεύντων                ποιευσάων [έων, ὢν]   ποιεύντων\nD.      ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι   ποιεύσῃσι, ποιεύσῃς   ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι\nA.      ποιεῦντας                ποιεύσᾱς              ποιεῦντα"},{"section":746,"text":"§746. The participles of -ω contract verbs (as χολόω anger) end in -ῶν, οὖσα, οὖν (as χολῶν, χολοῦσα, χολοῦν) in the nominative singular, and are quite regular in their declension, the genitive being χολοῦντος, χολούσης, χολοῦντος; the dative being χολοῦντι, χολούσῃ, χολοῦντι, etc."},{"section":909,"text":"§909. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.   λύων, ουσα, ον (740)       loosing\nFUT.    λῡ́σων, σουσα, σον          (being) about to loose, desiring to loose\nAOR.    λῡ́σᾱς, σᾱσα, σαν (741)     having loosed\nPERF.   λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744)   having loosed\nPERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744): Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905."},{"section":584,"text":"§584. Contraction. When one vowel follows another vowel in the same word, contraction sometimes (but not usually) takes place. When vowels are thus contracted, the following are the rules:\n\nVowels which regularly form diphthongs do so, as α + ι = αι, ο + ι = οι, etc.\n\nNOTE. Observe that the long vowels ᾱ, η, ω, when followed by ι regularly form the improper diphthongs ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ (505).\n\nTwo like sounds unite in the common long sound, that is, two a-sounds (α), two e-sounds (ε, η), two i-sounds (ι), two o-sounds (ο, ω), or two u-sounds (υ), unite to form the common long (ᾱ, η, ῑ, ω, ῡ) sounds, except εε becomes ει, and οο becomes ου.\nAn o-sound absorbs an a-sound or an e-sound and becomes long ο (ω), except εο gives ευ, while οε becomes ου.\nIf an a-sound comes together with an e-sound, the one which comes first absorbs the other and becomes long (ᾱ, η).\nA vowel coming before a diphthong beginning with the same vowel may be absorbed, and ε may be absorbed before οι. In other cases a vowel before a diphthong may be contracted with the first vowel of the diphthong, a following iota becoming iota subscript, and a following υ disappearing."},{"section":585,"text":"§585. TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS\nα + α = ᾱ      ε + ᾱ = η     η + ε = η     ο + ῃ = οι\nᾱ + α = ᾱ      ε + αι = ῃ    η + ει = ῃ    (rarely ῳ)\nα + ᾱ = ᾱ      (rarely αι)   (rarely η)    ο + ι = οι\nα + αι = αι    ε + ε = ει    η + η = η     ο + ο = ου\nα + ᾳ = ᾳ      ε + ει = ει   η + ῃ = ῃ     ο + οι = οι\nα + ε = ᾱ      ε + η = η     η + ι = ῃ     ο + ου = ου\nα + ει = ᾳ     ε + ῃ = ῃ     η + οι = ῳ    ο + υ = ου\n(rarely = ᾱ)   ε + ι = ει    ι + ε = ῑ     ο + ω = ω\nα + η = ᾱ      ε + ο = ευ    ι + ι = ῑ     ο + ῳ = ῳ\nα + ῃ = ᾳ      ε + οι = οι   ο + α = ω     υ + ι = ῡ\nᾰ + ι = αι     ε + ου = ευ   (rarely ᾱ)    υ + υ = ῡ\nᾱ + ι = ᾳ      ε + υ = ευ    ο + αι = αι   ω + α = ω\nα + ο = ω      ε + ω = ω     ο + ε = ου    ω + ε = ω\nα + οι = ῳ     ε + ῳ = ῳ     ο + ει = οι   ω + ι = ῳ\nα + ου = ω     η + α = η     (rarely ου)   ω + ο = ω\nα + ω = ω      η + αι = ῃ    ο + η = ω     ω + ω = ω\nε + α = η"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"χραισμήσουσι","gloss":"996, help, assist, from χραισμέω"},{"word":"πρὶν","gloss":"Sooner, until, before"},{"word":"ἔπεισί","gloss":"Come upon, come on, approach, from ἔπ-ειμι"},{"word":"μιν","gloss":"Him, her, it"},{"word":"τηλόθι","gloss":"Far, at a distance"},{"word":"ἀντιάει","gloss":"Approach, partake, share, from ἀντιά-ω"},{"word":"λέχος","gloss":"Bed, couch"},{"word":"ἐποίχεται","gloss":"Go to, ply, from ἐπ-οίχομαι"},{"word":"ἱστόν","gloss":"Loom, mast, from ἱστός"},{"word":"ἐρεθίσᾱς","gloss":"Vex, anger, from ἐρεθίζω"},{"word":"νέεται","gloss":"Come, go, return, from νέομαι"},{"word":"σαώτερος","gloss":"Σαός, ή, όν 747-748"},{"word":"ἐὺ","gloss":"Well, safely, from ἐΰ (εὖ)"},{"word":"ἔπεισιν","gloss":"Come upon, come on, approach, from ἔπειμι"},{"word":"ἐποιχομένην","gloss":"Go to, go against, attack, from ἐποίχομαι"},{"word":"ἀντιόωσαν","gloss":"Approach, prepare, partake, from ἀντιάω"},{"word":"ὥς","gloss":"So, how, so that"},{"word":"κε","gloss":"An inseparable prefix, not, un-, from ἄν"}],"paradigms":[{"section":740,"headword":"λύων","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λύων","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λύοντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λύοντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λύοντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λύοντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυόντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"}],"recall":[1,2,5]},{"section":740,"headword":"λύουσα","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λύουσα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λυούσης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λυούσῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λύουσαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λυούσᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυούσῃν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"}],"recall":[1,4,5]},{"section":740,"headword":"λύον","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λύον","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λύοντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λύοντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λύον","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λύοντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυόντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"}],"recall":[1,4,5]},{"section":741,"headword":"διδούς, masculine","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"διδούς","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"διδόντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"διδόντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"διδόντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"διδόντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"διδόντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,8,9]},{"section":741,"headword":"διδοῦσα, feminine","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"διδοῦσα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"διδούσης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"διδούσῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"διδοῦσαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"διδοῦσᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"διδούσῃν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"διδοῦσαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"διδουσάων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"διδούσῃσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"διδούσᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,4,8]},{"section":741,"headword":"διδόν, neuter","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"διδόν","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"διδόντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"διδόντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"διδόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"διδόντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"διδόντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"διδόντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,4,8]}]}]}