{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":5,"id":"grc.module.ph.21-25","title":"Lessons XXI to XXV","stage":"Pharr I: Letters, Nouns, Verbs","situation":null,"outcome":"Middle and Passive Participles · The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Verbs · The Subjunctive Mode of Verbs · Imperative Verbs, Active · Middle and Passive Imperative of Verbs","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/5","lines":98},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/4","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/6","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XXI: Middle and Passive Participles","teaching":[{"title":"Middle and passive participles","paragraphs":["This lesson adds the participles of the middle and passive.","Present: λυόμενος, η, ον, loosing for oneself, or being loosed. Aorist middle: λῡσάμενος, η, ον, having loosed for oneself, or having been loosed.","Future: λῡσόμενος, η, ον, about to loose. Perfect: λελυμένος, η, ον, having loosed for oneself. The sentence decides between middle and passive.","The aorist passive has its own participle: λυθείς, λυθεῖσα, λυθέν, having been loosed. Its stem is λυθεντ-, like the stems of the active participles.","Deponent verbs use these participles with active meaning. ᾱ̓ραομένου, praying, is from ᾱ̓ρά-ομαι, pray. ἐποιχομένην, working at the loom, is another."]},{"title":"Endings and use","paragraphs":["Except for the aorist passive, these participles have the endings of κᾱλός, ή, όν. The masculine and neuter are second declension. The feminine is first declension. The endings are not new.","A participle agrees with its noun in gender, number and case. In γέρων ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λῡσόμενος θύγατρα, λῡσόμενος is masculine singular because it describes the old man.","It states why he came: to ransom his daughter.","Learn the participles of λύω. For each one, give the masculine, feminine and neuter nominative, and the meaning."]},{"title":"The old man prays","paragraphs":["In these lines the old man is afraid. He obeys the command and walks in silence along the shore of the loud-roaring sea.","Then he goes apart and prays to lord Apollo, whom lovely-haired Leto bore.","The prayer begins in the last line: hear me, god of the silver bow, who stand guard over Chryse.","Find κιὼν, going, in the third line. It is an active participle, masculine nominative singular, with the ending of λύων. It describes the old man, who prays as he goes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.1","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων ὡς ἔφατο, ὁ δὲ γέρων δείσᾱς ἐπείθετο μύθῳ κρατερῷ, ἀκέων δ’ ἔβη παρὰ θῖνα πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης, ἔπειτα δὲ κιὼν ἀπάνευθεν ὁ γεραιὸς ἠράετο πολλὰ ἄνακτι Ἀπόλλωνι, τὸν ἡύκομος Λητὼ ἔτεκεν.","translation":"Thus spoke Agamemnon, and the old man, having feared, obeyed the stern word; and he went in silence along the shore of the loud-roaring sea. Then, going apart, the old man prayed fervently to lord Apollo, whom fair-haired Leto bore.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"thus, so, in this way"},{"text":"ἔφατο,","gloss":"φημί: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"δείσᾱς","gloss":"δείδω: fear, be afraid"},{"text":"ἐπείθετο","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"μύθῳ","gloss":"μῦθος: word, command, story"},{"text":"κρατερῷ,","gloss":"κρατερός: strong, harsh, stern, mighty"},{"text":"ἀκέων","gloss":"silent, quiet, being silent"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ἔβη","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go, walk"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside, by, near"},{"text":"θῖνα","gloss":"θίς: beach, shore, strand"},{"text":"πολυφλοίσβοιο","gloss":"loud-roaring"},{"text":"θαλάσσης,","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"},{"text":"ἔπειτα","gloss":"then, thereupon"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"κιὼν","gloss":"κίω: come, go, depart"},{"text":"ἀπάνευθεν","gloss":"ἀπ-άνευθε(ν): apart, away"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γεραιὸς","gloss":"old; old man"},{"text":"ἠράετο","gloss":"ἀρά-ομαι: pray, curse, invoke"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ἄνακτι","gloss":"ἄναξ: king, lord, protector"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνι,","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἡύκομος","gloss":"ἡύ-κομος: fair-haired, well-tressed"},{"text":"Λητὼ","gloss":"Leto, mother of Apollo"},{"text":"ἔτεκεν.","gloss":"τίκτω: bear, produce, give birth to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.2","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἄναξ ἔκλυε ἱερῆος ᾱ̓ραομένου, τὸν γὰρ ἐφίλησε.","translation":"Lord Apollo heard the priest praying, for he loved him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἔκλυε","gloss":"κλύω: hear, hearken to"},{"text":"ἱερῆος","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"},{"text":"ᾱ̓ραομένου,","gloss":"ἀρά-ομαι: pray, curse, invoke"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"ἐφίλησε.","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.3","source":"ἑκηβόλος θεὸς ἀμφιβαίνει Χρύσην φίλην.","translation":"The free-shooting god guards dear Chrysa.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"ἀμφιβαίνει","gloss":"ἀμφι-βαίνω: surround, go round, protect"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύση: Chrysa, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"φίλην.","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.4","source":"μήνιος Ἀχιλῆος προϊαψάσης πολλὰς ψῡχὰς ἡρώων Ἅιδι τευξάσης δ’ αὐτοὺς ἑλώρια κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα βουλὴ Διὸς ἐτελείετο.","translation":"The wrath of Achilles having hurled down many souls of heroes to Hades, and having made their bodies a prey to dogs and a feast for birds, the will of Zeus was being fulfilled.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μήνιος","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"προϊαψάσης","gloss":"προ-ϊάπ-τω: hurl forward, send forth"},{"text":"πολλὰς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ψῡχὰς","gloss":"ψυχή: soul, spirit, breath, life"},{"text":"ἡρώων","gloss":"ἥρως: hero, mighty warrior, protector, savior"},{"text":"Ἅιδι","gloss":"Ἄϊς: Hades, god of the lower world"},{"text":"τευξάσης","gloss":"τεύχω: make, do, fashion, cause"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: self, him(self), same"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: booty, spoils, prey"},{"text":"κύνεσσιν","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"οἰωνοῖσί","gloss":"οἰωνός: bird (of prey), vulture, omen"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"δαῖτα","gloss":"δαίς: feast, banquet, portion"},{"text":"βουλὴ","gloss":"plan, will, wish, purpose, counsel, council"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"},{"text":"ἐτελείετο.","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill, complete"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.5","source":"τευχόμενος, τευξόμενος, τευξάμενοι, μαχομένης.","translation":"making for oneself, being made; about to make for oneself, about to be made; having made for themselves; fighting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τευχόμενος,","gloss":"τεύχω: make, do, fashion, cause"},{"text":"τευξόμενος,","gloss":"τεύχω: make, do, fashion, cause"},{"text":"τευξάμενοι,","gloss":"τεύχω: make, do, fashion, cause"},{"text":"μαχομένης.","gloss":"μάχ-ομαι: fight, battle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.6","source":"γέρων ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λῡσόμενος θύγατρα.","translation":"The old man came to the swift ships of the Achaeans to ransom his daughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"ἦλθε","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"θοὰς","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to, at, (up)on"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"λῡσόμενος","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, break up, destroy"},{"text":"θύγατρα.","gloss":"θυγάτηρ: daughter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.7","source":"πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ λῡσουσι παῖδα φίλην γέροντος, ἁζόμενοι υἱὸν Διὸς ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα.","translation":"All the Achaeans will free the dear daughter of the old man, revering the son of Zeus, the free-shooting Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"λῡσουσι","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, break up, destroy"},{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter"},{"text":"φίλην","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"γέροντος,","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"ἁζόμενοι","gloss":"ἅζομαι: reverence"},{"text":"υἱὸν","gloss":"υἱός: son"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλον","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, sharpshooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνα.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L21.g121.8","source":"γῆρας ἔπεισι τὴν ἐνὶ οἴκῳ Ἀγαμέμνονος Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρης τε ἐποιχομένην ἱστόν.","translation":"Old age will come upon her, plying the loom in the house of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γῆρας","gloss":"old age, eld"},{"text":"ἔπεισι","gloss":"ἔπ-ειμι: come upon, come on, approach"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἐνὶ","gloss":"ἐν: in, among, on"},{"text":"οἴκῳ","gloss":"οἶκος: house, home"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρης","gloss":"Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρη: Clytaemnestra"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ἐποιχομένην","gloss":"ἐπ-οίχομαι: go to, ply"},{"text":"ἱστόν.","gloss":"ἱστός: loom, mast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.g121.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.1","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων ὡς ἔφατο, ὁ δὲ γέρων δείσᾱς ἐπείθετο μύθῳ κρατερῷ.","translation":"Thus spoke Agamemnon, and the old man obeyed the stern command, because he feared (use the aor. particip.).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.1.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.2","source":"ἀκέοντες δ’ ἔβησαν παρὰ θῖνα πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης, ἔπειτα δὲ κίοντες ἀπάνευθεν ἠράοντο πολλὰ ἄνακτι Ἀπόλλωνι, τὸν ἡύκομος Λητὼ ἔτεκε Διί.","translation":"They went in silence along the strand of the loud-roaring sea, and going apart they prayed much to (their) lord Apollo, whom fair-haired Leto bore to Zeus.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.2.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.3","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἀργυρότοξος ἔκλυε Ἀχαιῶν ἀραομένων, οἱ γὰρ φίλοι ἦσαν θῡμῷ.","translation":"Apollo of the silver bow heard the Greeks praying, for they were dear to (his) soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.3.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.4","source":"πολλοὶ γεραιοὶ ἦλθον ἐξ Ἰλίου ἐπὶ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν λῡσόμενοι υἱοὺς φίλους.","translation":"Many aged men came from Troy to the camp of the Achaeans to ransom (their) beloved sons.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.4.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.5","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ λύσουσι δύο υἱοὺς ἱερῆος καὶ δέξονται ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα, ἁζόμενοι θεοὺς οἳ ἔχουσιν Ὀλύμπια δώματα.","translation":"The Achaeans will free the two sons of the priest and accept the shining ransoms, because they reverence the gods who have Olympian homes.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.5.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L21.e124.6","source":"γῆρας ἔπεισι τὰς Πριάμοιο θυγατέρας ἐν οἴκοισι υἱῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἐποιχομένᾱς ἱστόν.","translation":"Old age will come upon the daughters of Priam while they are plying the loom in the homes of the sons of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L21.e124.6.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L21.r122.33","source":"ὣς ἔφατ’, ἔδεισεν δ’ ὁ γέρων καὶ ἐπείθετο μύθῳ.","translation":"So he spoke, and the old man was afraid and obeyed his word;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"ἔφατ’,","gloss":"φημί: he spoke"},{"text":"ἔδεισεν","gloss":"δείδω: was afraid"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the"},{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἐπείθετο","gloss":"πείθω: obeyed"},{"text":"μύθῳ.","gloss":"μῦθος: his word"}],"audio":null},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L21.r122.34","source":"βῆ δ’ ἀκέων παρὰ θῖνα πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης.","translation":"he went in silence along the shore of the loud-roaring sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βῆ","gloss":"βαίνω: he went"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἀκέων","gloss":"in silence"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"along"},{"text":"θῖνα","gloss":"θίς: the shore"},{"text":"πολυφλοίσβοιο","gloss":"πολύφλοισβος: loud-roaring"},{"text":"θαλάσσης.","gloss":"θάλασσα: sea"}],"audio":null},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L21.r122.35","source":"πολλὰ δ’ ἔπειτ’ ἀπάνευθε κιὼν ἠρᾶθ’ ὁ γεραιὸς","translation":"And going apart, the old man prayed fervently","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολύς: fervently"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἔπειτ’","gloss":"ἔπειτα: then"},{"text":"ἀπάνευθε","gloss":"apart"},{"text":"κιὼν","gloss":"κίω: going"},{"text":"ἠρᾶθ’","gloss":"ἀράομαι: prayed"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the"},{"text":"γεραιὸς","gloss":"old man"}],"audio":null},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L21.r122.36","source":"Ἀπόλλωνι ἄνακτι, τὸν ἡύκομος τέκε Λητώ·","translation":"to lord Apollo, whom lovely-haired Leto bore:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"ἄνακτι,","gloss":"ἄναξ: lord"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: whom"},{"text":"ἡύκομος","gloss":"εὔκομος: lovely-haired"},{"text":"τέκε","gloss":"τίκτω: bore"},{"text":"Λητώ·","gloss":"Leto"}],"audio":null},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L21.r122.37","source":"“ κλῦθί μευ, ἀργυρότοξ’, ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκας","translation":"\"Hear me, god of the silver bow, who stand guard over Chryse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“","gloss":""},{"text":"κλῦθί","gloss":"κλύω: hear"},{"text":"μευ,","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἀργυρότοξ’,","gloss":"ἀργυρότοξος: god of the silver bow"},{"text":"ὃς","gloss":"who"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύση: Chryse"},{"text":"ἀμφιβέβηκας","gloss":"ἀμφιβαίνω: stand guard over"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":735,"text":"§735. Declension of Participles\n\nAll middle and passive participles, except those of the first and second aorist passive, are declined like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721)."},{"section":736,"text":"§736. All active participles (except the perfect, 744) and both first and second aorist passive participles have stems in -ντ. The masculine and neuter are of the third declension, the feminine of the first."},{"section":737,"text":"§737. The vocative of participles has the same form as the nominative."},{"section":738,"text":"§738. Participles with stems in οντ usually have the nominative singular masculine in -ων, as γέρων 693."},{"section":739,"text":"§739. But the present and second aorist of -μι verbs (διδούς, δούς), and all stems ending in αντ, εντ, υντ, add ς, lose ντ (613), and lengthen the preceding vowel (giving ους, ᾱς, εις, ῡς 601). The dative plural of these stems is similarly formed."},{"section":740,"text":"§740. Participles with stems in οντ, ending in -ων, ουσα, ον in the nominative singular:\n\nλύων, ουσα, ον loosing, freeing (λυοντ-, λυοντι̯α-, λυοντ-), Singular\nN. V.   λύων      λύουσα    λύον\nG.      λύοντος   λυούσης   λύοντος\nD.      λύοντι    λυούσῃ    λύοντι\nA.      λύοντα    λύουσαν   λύον\n\nλύων, ουσα, ον, Dual\nN. A. V.   λύοντε     λυούσᾱ    λύοντε\nG. D.      λυόντοιν   λυούσῃν   λυόντοιν"},{"section":741,"text":"§741. Participles with stems in οντ, αντ, εντ, υντ, ending in s in the nominative singular masculine:\n\nPresent Participle: διδούς, οὖσα, όν giving (διδοντ-, διδοντι̯α-, διδοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   διδούς     διδοῦσα    διδόν\nG.      διδόντος   διδούσης   διδόντος\nD.      διδόντι    διδούσῃ    διδόντι\nA.      διδόντα    διδοῦσαν   διδόν\n\nδιδούς, οὖσα, όν, Dual\nN. A. V.   διδόντε     διδοῦσᾱ    διδόντε\nG. D.      διδόντοιν   διδούσῃν   διδόντοιν\n\nδιδούς, οὖσα, όν, Plural\nN. V.   διδόντες                διδοῦσαι              διδόντα\nG.      διδόντων                διδουσάων [έων, ὢν]   διδόντων\nD.      διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι   διδούσῃσι, διδούσῃς   διδόντεσ(σ)ι, διδοῦσι\nA.      διδόντας                διδούσᾱς              διδόντα\n\nAorist Participle: λύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν having loosed (λῡσαντ-, λῡσαντι̯α-, λῡσαντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.      Neut.\nN. V.   λύσᾱς      λύσᾱσα    λῦσαν\nG.      λύσαντος   λῡσάσης   λύσαντος\nD.      λύσαντι    λῡσάσῃ    λύσαντι\nA.      λύσαντα    λύσᾱσαν   λῦσαν\n\nλύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Dual\nN. A. V.   λύσαντε     λῡσᾱ́σᾱ    λύσαντε\nG. D.      λῡσάντοιν   λῡσάσῃν   λῡσάντοιν\n\nλύσᾱς, ᾱσα, αν, Plural\nN. V.   λύσαντες               λύσᾱσαι              λύσαντα\nG.      λῡσάντων               λῡσᾱσάων [έων, ὢν]   λῡσάντων\nD.      λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι   λῡσάσῃσι, λῡσάσῃς    λῡσάντεσ(σ)ι, λύσᾱσι\nA.      λύσαντας               λῡσάσᾱς              λύσαντα"},{"section":742,"text":"§742. Aorist Passive Participle: λυθείς, εἶσα, έν (having been) loosed (λυθεντ-, λυθεντι̯α-, λυθεντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   λυθείς     λυθεῖσα    λυθέν\nG.      λυθέντος   λυθείσης   λυθέντος\nD.      λυθέντι    λυθείσῃ    λυθέντι\nA.      λυθέντα    λυθεῖσαν   λυθέν\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Dual\nN. A. V.   λυθέντε     λυθείσᾱ    λυθέντε\nG. D.      λυθέντοιν   λυθείσῃν   λυθέντοιν\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, έν, Plural\nN. V.   λυθέντες                λυθεῖσαι              λυθέντα\nG.      λυθέντων                λυθεισάων [έων, ὢν]   λυθέντων\nD.      λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι   λυθείσῃσι, λυθείσῃς   λυθέντεσ(σ)ι, λυθεῖσι\nA.      λυθέντας                λυθείσᾱς              λυθέντα"},{"section":743,"text":"§743. Second Aorist Active Participle: δύς, δῦσα, δύν having entered (δυντ-, δυντι̯α-, δυντ-), Singular\n        Masc.    Fem.    Neut.\nN. V.   δύς      δῦσα    δύν\nG.      δύντος   δύσης   δύντος\nD.      δύντι    δύσῃ    δύντι\nA.      δύντα    δῦσαν   δύν\n\nδύς, δῦσα, δύν, Dual\nN. A. V.   δύντε     δῦσᾱ    δύντε\nG. D.      δύντοιν   δύσῃν   δύντοιν\n\nδύς, δῦσα, δύν, Plural\nN. V.   δύντες             δῦσαι              δύντα\nG.      δύντων             δῡσάων [έων, ὢν]   δύντων\nD.      δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι   δύσῃσι, δύσῃς      δύντεσ(σ)ι, δῦσι\nA.      δύντας             δύσᾱς              δύντα"},{"section":744,"text":"§744. Perfect Active Participles\n\nPerfect active participles have stems in (κ)οτ. Those which have κ are called first perfects, those without κ second perfects.\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός having loosed (λελυκοτ-, λελυκυσι̯α-, λελυκοτ-), Singular\n        Masc.       Fem.        Neut.\nN. V.   λελυκώς     λελυκυῖα    λελυκός\nG.      λελυκότος   λελυκυίης   λελυκότος\nD.      λελυκότι    λελυκυίῃ    λελυκότι\nA.      λελυκότα    λελυκυῖαν   λελυκός\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Dual\nN. A. V.   λελυκότε     λελυκυίᾱ     λελυκότε\nG. D.      λελυκότοιν   λελυκυίηιν   λελυκότοιν\n\nλελυκώς, υἷα, ός, Plural\nN. V.   λελυκότες                 λελυκυῖαι               λελυκόται\nG.      λελυκότων                 λελυκυιάων [έων, ὢν]    λελυκότων\nD.      λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι   λελυκυίῃσι, λελυκυίης   λελυκότεσ(σ)ι, λελυκόσι\nA.      λελυκότας                 λελυκυίᾱς               λελυκότα\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός knowing (Ϝειδϝοτ-, Ϝ(ε)ιδϝυσι̯α-, Ϝειδϝοτ-), Singular\n        Masc.     Fem.        Neut.\nN. V.   εἰδώς     (ε)ἰδυῖα    εἰδός\nG.      εἰδότος   (ε)ἰδυίης   εἰδότος\nD.      εἰδότι    (ε)ἰδυίῃ    εἰδότι\nA.      εἰδότα    (ε)ἰδυῖαν   εἰδός\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Dual\nN. A. V.   εἰδότε     (ε)ἰδυίᾱ     εἰδότε\nG.         εἰδότοιν   (ε)ἰδυίηιν   εἰδότοιν\n\nεἰδώς, (ε)ἰδυῖα, εἰδός, Plural\nN. V.   εἰδότες               (ε)ἰδυῖαι               εἰδότα\nG.      εἰδότων               (ε)ἰδυιάων [έων, ὢν]    εἰδότων\nD.      εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι   (ε)ἰδυίῃσι, (ε)ἰδυίης   εἰδότεσ(σ)ι, εἰδόσι\nA.      εἰδότας               (ε)ἰδυίᾱς               εἰδότα\n\nNOTE 1. λελυκώς, υἷα, ός does not occur in Homer, and there are very few first perfects in Homeric Greek. The forms of the first perfect participle, as given above are common in later Greek.\n\nNOTE 2. Perfect participles are often declined with ω instead of ο throughout; and at times end in -ων, -ουσα, -ον and are inflected with the same endings as the present participle."},{"section":745,"text":"§745. Participles of contract verbs, 936–944 (usually left uncontracted) are declined in their contracted forms as follows:\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν (τῑμάων, άουσα, άον) honoring (τῑμαοντ-, τῑμαοντι̯α-, τῑμαοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.      Fem.      Neut.\nN. V.   τῑμῶν      τῑμῶσα    τῑμῶν\nG.      τῑμῶντος   τῑμώσης   τῑμῶντος\nD.      τῑμῶντι    τῑμώσῃ    τῑμῶντι\nA.      τῑμῶντα    τῑμῶσαν   τῑμῶν\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Dual\nN. A. V.   τῑμῶντε     τῑμώσᾱ    τῑμῶντε\nG. D.      τῑμώντοιν   τῑμώσῃν   τῑμώντοιν\n\nτῑμῶν, οὖσα, ὦν, Plural\nN. V.   τῑμῶντες               τῑμῶσαι              τῑμῶντα\nG.      τῑμώντων               τῑμωσάων [έων, ὢν]   τῑμώντων\nD.      τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι   τῑμώσῃσι, τῑμώσῃς    τῑμώντεσ(σ)ι, τῑμῶσι\nA.      τῑμώντας               τῑμώσᾱς              τῑμώντα\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν (έων, έουσα, έον) (ποιεοντ-, ποιεοντι̯α-, ποιεοντ-), Singular\n        Masc.       Fem.       Neut.\nN. V.   ποιῶν       ποιεῦσα    ποιεῦν\nG.      ποιεῦντος   ποιεύσης   ποιεῦντος\nD.      ποιεῦντι    ποιεύσῃ    ποιεῦντι\nA.      ποιεῦντα    ποιεῦσαν   ποιεῦν\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Dual\nN. A. V.   ποιεῦντε     ποιεύσᾱ    ποιεῦντε\nG. D.      ποιεύντοιν   ποιεύσῃν   ποιεύντοιν\n\nποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, Plural (concludes on ia/314, the page on which 746 begins)\nN. V.   ποιεῦντες                ποιεῦσαι              ποιεῦντα\nG.      ποιεύντων                ποιευσάων [έων, ὢν]   ποιεύντων\nD.      ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι   ποιεύσῃσι, ποιεύσῃς   ποιεύντεσ(σ)ι, ποιεῦσι\nA.      ποιεῦντας                ποιεύσᾱς              ποιεῦντα"},{"section":746,"text":"§746. The participles of -ω contract verbs (as χολόω anger) end in -ῶν, οὖσα, οὖν (as χολῶν, χολοῦσα, χολοῦν) in the nominative singular, and are quite regular in their declension, the genitive being χολοῦντος, χολούσης, χολοῦντος; the dative being χολοῦντι, χολούσῃ, χολοῦντι, etc."},{"section":915,"text":"§915. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.        λυόμενος, η, ον      loosing (for) one’s self, being loosed.\nFUT.         λῡσόμενος, η, ον     being about to loose (for) one’s self, being about to be loosed, desiring to loose, . . . etc.\nAOR.         λῡσάμενος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed\nPERF.        λελυμένος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed.\nFUT. PERF.   λελῡσόμενος, η, ον   being about to have loosed (for) one’s self, being about to have been loosed"},{"section":921,"text":"§921. PARTICIPLE\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed"},{"section":909,"text":"§909. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.   λύων, ουσα, ον (740)       loosing\nFUT.    λῡ́σων, σουσα, σον          (being) about to loose, desiring to loose\nAOR.    λῡ́σᾱς, σᾱσα, σαν (741)     having loosed\nPERF.   λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744)   having loosed\nPERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744): Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἔφατο","gloss":"Speak, say, tell, from φημί"},{"word":"δείσᾱς","gloss":"Fear, be afraid, from δείδω"},{"word":"ἀκέων","gloss":"Silent, quiet, being silent"},{"word":"θῖνα","gloss":"Beach, shore, strand, from θίς"},{"word":"πολυφλοίσβοιο","gloss":"Loud-roaring"},{"word":"ἔπειτα","gloss":"Then, thereupon"},{"word":"κιὼν","gloss":"Come, go, depart, from κίω"},{"word":"ἀπάνευθεν","gloss":"Apart, away, from ἀπ-άνευθε(ν)"},{"word":"γεραιὸς","gloss":"Old"},{"word":"ἠράετο","gloss":"Pray, curse, invoke, from ἀρά-ομαι"},{"word":"ἡύκομος","gloss":"Fair-haired, well-tressed, from ἡύ-κομος"},{"word":"ἔτεκεν","gloss":"Bear, produce, give birth to, from τίκτω"},{"word":"ἔκλυε","gloss":"Hear, hearken to, from κλύω"},{"word":"ἀμφιβαίνει","gloss":"Surround, go round, protect, from ἀμφι-βαίνω"},{"word":"ἀπάνευθε","gloss":"Apart, away"},{"word":"ἠρᾶθ’","gloss":"Pray, curse, invoke, from ἀράομαι"},{"word":"ἀργυρότοξ’","gloss":"Of a silver bow, equipped with a silver bow, silver-bowed one. Apollo, from ἀργυρότοξος"},{"word":"ἀμφιβέβηκας","gloss":"Surround, go round, protect, from ἀμφιβαίνω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":742,"headword":"λυθείς, masculine","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λυθείς","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λυθέντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυθέντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,6,8]},{"section":742,"headword":"λυθεῖσα, feminine","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λυθεῖσα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λυθείσης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λυθείσῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λυθεῖσαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λυθείσᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυθείσῃν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"λυθεῖσαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"λυθεισάων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"λυθείσῃσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"λυθείσᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,4]},{"section":742,"headword":"λυθέν, neuter","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέν","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"λυθέν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"λυθέντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"λυθέντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"λυθέντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,4,5]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXII: The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"The perfect middle and passive","paragraphs":["This lesson gives the perfect and pluperfect in the middle and passive. It also adds the future perfect.","Perfect: λέλυμαι, λέλυσαι, λέλυται. I have loosed for myself, or I have been loosed. Plural: λελύμεθα, λέλυσθε, λέλυνται.","Compare the present middle: λύομαι, λύεται, λύονται. There, ο or ε stands between the stem and the ending. In the perfect the ending is added directly to the reduplicated stem: λέλυται.","The pluperfect, had loosed, adds ἐ in front, as in the active: ἐλελύμην, ἐλέλυτο, ἐλέλυντο."]},{"title":"The future perfect, and the rules of reduplication","paragraphs":["The future perfect means I shall have loosed for myself, or I shall have been loosed. It has reduplication, the σ of the future, and middle endings: λελῡ́σομαι, λελῡ́σεται, λελῡ́σονται.","A verb that begins with one consonant repeats it with ε: δύω, δέδῡκα.","If the verb begins with φ, the copy is π: φύω, πέφυκα. If it begins with θ, the copy is τ: θνήσκω, τέθνηκα.","A verb that begins with a vowel makes it long, as the augment does: οἴχομαι, ᾤχωκα. A verb that begins with two consonants or with ρ usually adds only ε.","If the perfect begins with a consonant, the pluperfect puts ἐ before the reduplication: βέβηκα, I have gone, ἐβεβήκεα, I had gone. These tenses are rare in Homer."]},{"title":"The prayer continues","paragraphs":["In these lines the old man's prayer continues. He calls Apollo Smintheus. He reminds the god of what he has done for him.","He says: if ever I roofed a pleasing temple for you, or burned the fat thighs of bulls and goats for you.","Then grant me this wish. Let the Danaans pay for my tears with your arrows.","Find σοῖσι βέλεσσιν, with your arrows. βέλος, a dart, is a third-declension neuter noun. Its dative plural has the double σ that other third-declension nouns have."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L22.g128.1","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἄναξ ἀμφιβέβηκε Χρύσην Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην.","translation":"Lord Apollo protects Chrysa and holy Cilla.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀμφιβέβηκε","gloss":"ἀμφι-βαίνω: surround, go round, protect"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύση: Chrysa, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"Κίλλαν","gloss":"Κίλλα: Cilla, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ζαθέην.","gloss":"ζά-θεος: very sacred, holy, sacrosanct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.g128.1.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L22.g128.2","source":"Σμινθεὺς ἀνάσσει ἶφι Τενέδου φίλης.","translation":"Smintheus rules over dear Tenedos with might.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Σμινθεὺς","gloss":"Smintheus, mouse god, an epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ἀνάσσει","gloss":"ἀνάσσω: rule (over), guard, protect"},{"text":"ἶφι","gloss":"mightily, with might"},{"text":"Τενέδου","gloss":"Τένεδος: Tenedos, an island near Troy"},{"text":"φίλης.","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, beloved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.g128.2.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L22.g128.3","source":"ἔρεψαν Σμινθῆι νηὸν χαρίεντα κατέκηαν δὲ πίονα μηρία ταύρων αἰγῶν τε.","translation":"They roofed a pleasing temple for Smintheus and burned the fat thigh-pieces of bulls and goats.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔρεψαν","gloss":"ἐρέφ-ω*: roof (over), cover, build"},{"text":"Σμινθῆι","gloss":"Σμινθεύς: Smintheus, mouse god, an epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"νηὸν","gloss":"νηός: temple, shrine"},{"text":"χαρίεντα","gloss":"χαρίεις: pleasing, grateful, agreeable"},{"text":"κατέκηαν","gloss":"κατα-καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"πίονα","gloss":"πίων: fat, rich"},{"text":"μηρία","gloss":"μηρίον: thigh-piece, thigh-bone"},{"text":"ταύρων","gloss":"ταῦρος: bull"},{"text":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"αἴξ: goat"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and, also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.g128.3.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L22.g128.4","source":"εἴ ποτε κραιαίνει ἄναξ ἐέλδωρ ἱερῆι, Δαναοὶ τίσουσι δάκρυα γέροντος βέλεσσιν θεοῦ.","translation":"If ever the lord fulfills the priest's desire, the Danaans will pay for the old man's tears with the god's darts.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if, whether"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"ever, at any time"},{"text":"κραιαίνει","gloss":"κραιαίνω: accomplish, perform, fulfill"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἐέλδωρ","gloss":"desire, wish"},{"text":"ἱερῆι,","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"},{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"τίσουσι","gloss":"τίνω: requite, atone for, pay the penalty"},{"text":"δάκρυα","gloss":"δάκρυ: tear"},{"text":"γέροντος","gloss":"γέρων: old man"},{"text":"βέλεσσιν","gloss":"βέλος: dart, arrow, missile"},{"text":"θεοῦ.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.g128.4.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L22.e131.1","source":"θεοὶ πάντες, οἳ Ὀλύμπια δώματα ἔχουσιν, ἀμφιβεβήκᾱσι Χρύσην Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην.","translation":"All the gods who have Olympian homes protect very sacred Chrysa and Cilla.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.e131.1.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L22.e131.2","source":"Ἀπόλλων Σμινθεὺς ἀνάξει ἶφι Τενέδου.","translation":"Apollo Smintheus will rule Tenedos by his might.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.e131.2.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L22.e131.3","source":"ἐρέψαμεν πολλοὺς νηοὺς χαρίεντας θεοῖσιν Ὀλυμπίοισι, κατεκήαμεν δὲ αὐτοῖσι πίονα μηρία ταύρων αἰγῶν τε.","translation":"We roofed many pleasing temples to the Olympian gods and burned for them the fat thigh-pieces of bulls and goats.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.e131.3.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L22.e131.4","source":"εἰ κραιαίνομεν βουλὴν θεοῦ, λύσει κακοὺς Δαναοὺς βέλεσσιν αὐτοῦ.","translation":"If we accomplish the will of the god, he will destroy the wicked Danaans with his darts.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.e131.4.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L22.e131.5","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων τίσει δάκρυα γέροντος.","translation":"Agamemnon will atone for the tears of the old man.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L22.e131.5.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L22.r129.38","source":"Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην, Τενέδοιό τε ἶφι ἀνάσσεις,","translation":"and holy Cilla, and rule Tenedos with your might,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κίλλαν","gloss":"Κίλλα: Cilla"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ζαθέην,","gloss":"ζάθεος: holy"},{"text":"Τενέδοιό","gloss":"Τένεδος: Tenedos"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἶφι","gloss":"with might"},{"text":"ἀνάσσεις,","gloss":"ἀνάσσω: rule"}],"audio":null},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L22.r129.39","source":"Σμινθεῦ, εἴ ποτέ τοι χαρίεντ’ ἐπὶ νηὸν ἔρεψα,","translation":"Smintheus, if ever I roofed a temple pleasing to you,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Σμινθεῦ,","gloss":"Σμινθεύς: Smintheus"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ποτέ","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: to you"},{"text":"χαρίεντ’","gloss":"χαρίεις: pleasing"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"νηὸν","gloss":"ναός: temple"},{"text":"ἔρεψα,","gloss":"ἐρέφω: roofed"}],"audio":null},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L22.r129.40","source":"ἢ εἰ δή ποτέ τοι κατὰ πίονα μηρί’ ἔκηα","translation":"or if ever I burned for you the fat thighs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"δή","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ποτέ","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: for you"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"πίονα","gloss":"πίων: fat"},{"text":"μηρί’","gloss":"μηρία: thighs"},{"text":"ἔκηα","gloss":"καίω: burned"}],"audio":null},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L22.r129.41","source":"ταύρων ἠδ’ αἰγῶν, τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ·","translation":"of bulls and goats, grant me this desire:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ταύρων","gloss":"ταῦρος: of bulls"},{"text":"ἠδ’","gloss":"ἠδέ: and"},{"text":"αἰγῶν,","gloss":"αἴξ: of goats"},{"text":"τόδε","gloss":"ὅδε: this"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"κρήηνον","gloss":"κραίνω: grant"},{"text":"ἐέλδωρ·","gloss":"ἔλδωρ: desire"}],"audio":null},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L22.r129.42","source":"τίσειαν Δαναοὶ ἐμὰ δάκρυα σοῖσι βέλεσσιν.”","translation":"let the Danaans pay for my tears with your arrows.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίσειαν","gloss":"τίνω: let...pay"},{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"the Danaans"},{"text":"ἐμὰ","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"δάκρυα","gloss":"δάκρυον: tears"},{"text":"σοῖσι","gloss":"σός: your"},{"text":"βέλεσσιν.”","gloss":"βέλος: arrows"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":867,"text":"§867. Reduplication. The perfect and pluperfect (with a few presents, second aorists and futures) in all modes have reduplication (doubling), which regularly denotes completed (sometimes intensified) action, a state, or a condition."},{"section":868,"text":"§868. Verbs beginning with a single consonant, except ρ, prefix this consonant, followed by the letter ε, as δύω, δέδῡκα go in. Often the stem stands in ablaut (593-5) relation to the stem of the present, as βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), βέβηκα come, go."},{"section":869,"text":"§869. Verbs beginning with a double consonant (518), with two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or nasal (509, 516)), those beginning with ρ, and some beginning with μ, instead of being reduplicated, simply add ε, the reduplication in these cases having the same form as the syllabic augment (830-1)."},{"section":870,"text":"§870. A rough mute when reduplicated is changed to its cognate smooth (510-511), as φύω, πέφυκα; θνήσκω, τέθνηκα. This is de-aspiration (dissimilation) (619)."},{"section":871,"text":"§871. In verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong the reduplication has the form of the temporal (831) augment, as οἴχομαι, ᾤχωκα."},{"section":872,"text":"§872. Verbs beginning with a vowel which was formerly preceded by a lost consonant may take the reduplication in the form of the syllabic augment (830-1)."},{"section":873,"text":"§873. Some verbs beginning with α, ε, or ο, followed by a consonant, reduplicate by repeating this vowel and the consonant and by lengthening the vowel, α and ε becoming η, and ο becoming ω, as ἔδω, ἐδηδώς; ἀραρίσκω, ἄρηρα; ὄλλῡμι, ὄλωλα. This is sometimes called “Attic reduplication.”"},{"section":874,"text":"§874. A few verbs reduplicate the present by prefixing the first consonant of the stem followed by ι, as ἵστημι (σιστημι 603-4), τίθημι, δίδωμι, ἵημι (σισημι 603-4), πίμπλημι, γίγνομαι, γιγνώσκω, μιμνήσκω."},{"section":875,"text":"§875. When the reduplicated perfect begins with a consonant, the pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment (ἐ) to the reduplication, as βέβηκα (perfect), ἐβεβήκεα (pluperfect)."},{"section":876,"text":"§876. In other cases the pluperfect usually retains the temporal (831) augment of the perfect unchanged."},{"section":877,"text":"§877. Perfect. The first (regular) perfect adds -κα, the pluperfect -κε, to the reduplicated theme to form the singular. The dual and plural regularly have the endings of the second perfect, except at times in the third plural, which often has the endings of the first perfect."},{"section":878,"text":"§878. The stem is not affected by the addition of -κα, -κε, except that a final short vowel is usually lengthened (846)."},{"section":879,"text":"§879. This form of the perfect (first or regular perfect) is found only in verbs with vowel stems and in only about twenty verbs in the whole of the Homeric poems."},{"section":880,"text":"§880. Second Perfect. The stem of the second (irregular) perfect is formed by adding -α to the reduplicated theme, and the pluperfect by adding -ε."},{"section":881,"text":"§881. The second perfects are the earlier and are much more common in the Homeric poems than are the first or κ-perfects. They are found regularly in verbs with consonantal and sometimes in those with vowel stems."},{"section":882,"text":"§882. The singular of the first and second perfect and pluperfect active regularly stands in ablaut (593-5) relation to the dual and plural, the dual and plural having the weak (disappearing) grade (594-5), while the singular has the strong grade."},{"section":883,"text":"§883. Both perfect and pluperfect are rare in Homer, the latter occurring in only about twenty verbs."},{"section":884,"text":"§884. The reduplication is occasionally omitted."},{"section":885,"text":"§885. Verbs compounded with a preposition (838) regularly have the augment and the reduplication between the preposition and the verb, as ἀμφιβέβηκα, προβέβουλα (ἀμφιβαίνω, προβούλομαι)."},{"section":886,"text":"§886. When futures and second aorists are reduplicated it is usually after the manner of the reduplication of perfects; presents are reduplicated in various ways, but chiefly with ι (874)."},{"section":887,"text":"§887. Middle Voice. The endings of the middle are different from those of the active. See the table, 821."},{"section":888,"text":"§888. Passive. The aorist passive has active endings; the other forms of the passive have middle endings."},{"section":889,"text":"§889. Since only the aorist of the passive differs in form from the middle, all the other tenses having the same forms in both voices, the context must determine in these other tenses which voice is intended.\nBut see 817, note, for two exceptions."},{"section":890,"text":"§890. The aorist middle, especially the athematic (797) aorist, is often used instead of the aorist passive. On the other hand the aorist passive is often used with a middle meaning."},{"section":891,"text":"§891. The perfect and pluperfect, middle and passive are athematic (797), i.e. the personal endings are attached directly to the reduplicated verb stem."},{"section":892,"text":"§892. The future perfect passive stem is formed by adding -σε/ο to the perfect middle (passive) stem. A vowel which precedes this -σε/ο is lengthened, even though it be short in the perfect middle."},{"section":904,"text":"§904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose\nObserve that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short.\n\nActive\n\nIndicative\n\nPresent\n        Greek    English\nS. 1    λύω      I loose, am loosing, do loose\n2       λύεις    you loose, are loosing, do loose\n3       λύει     he looses, is loosing, does loose\nDu. 2   λύετον   you two loose, etc.\n3       λύετον   they two loose, etc.\nPl. 1   λύομεν   we loose, etc.\n2       λύετε    you loose, etc.\n3       λύουσι   they loose, etc.\n\nImperfect\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    ἔλυον     I was loosing; I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλυες     you were loosing, you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλυε      he was loosing, he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλύετον   you two were loosing, etc.\n3       ἐλυέτην   they two were loosing, etc.\nPl. 1   ἐλύομεν   we were loosing, etc.\n2       ἐλύετε    you were loosing, etc.\n3       ἔλυον     they were loosing, etc.\n\nFuture\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω      I shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σεις    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σει     he will (shall) loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σετον   you two will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σετον   they two will (shall) loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σομεν   we shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σετε    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σουσι   they will (shall) loose\n\nAorist\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    ἔλῡσα      I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλῡσας     you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσε      he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σατον   you two loosed, did loose\n3       ἐλῡσάτην   they two loosed, did loose\nPl. 1   ἐλῡ́σαμεν   we loosed, did loose\n2       ἐλῡ́σατε    you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσαν     they loosed, did loose\n\nPerfect\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λέλυκα      I have loosed\n2       λέλυκας     you have loosed\n3       λέλυκε      he has loosed\nDu. 2   λελύκατον   you two have loosed\n3       λελύκατον   they two have loosed\nPl. 1   λελύκαμεν   we have loosed\n2       λελύκατε    you have loosed\n3       λελύκᾱσι    they have loosed\nThe perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966.\n\nPluperfect\n        Greek             English\nS. 1    ἐλελύκη (-εα)     I had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκης (-εας)   you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκει (-εε)    he had loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλελύκετον        you two had loosed\n3       ἐλελυκέτην        they two had loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύκεμεν        we had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκετε         you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκεσαν        they had loosed"},{"section":910,"text":"§910. INDICATIVE\n\nMiddle Voice of λύω loose.\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λύομαι          I loose (for) myself, I am loosed\n2       λύεαι [(λύῃ)]   you loose (for) yourself, are loosed\n3       λύεται          he looses (for) himself, is loosed\nDu. 2   λύεσθον         you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύεσθον         they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nPl. 1   λυόμε(σ)θα      we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed\n2       λύεσθε          you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύονται         they loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nI loose (for) myself, I am loosed: The most common meanings are I loose for myself, I am loosed; I was loosing for myself, I was being loosed, etc. The context must determine which of these is most suitable. When it has an active meaning, I loose, it is with the strict implication of loosing one's own, or something in which the subject has an active personal interest, hence: to ransom, redeem, deliver, etc.\n\nIMPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλυόμην           I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed\n2       ἐλύεο [(ἐλύεν)]   you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύετο            he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλύεσθον          you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλυέσθην          they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλυόμε(σ)θα       we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed\n2       ἐλύεσθε           you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύοντο           they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nI was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed: Less common, athematic (797-798) 2d aorist forms, 863; 865, 2.\n\nFUTURE\nS. 1    λῡ́σομαι           I shall loose (for) myself, shall be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you will loose (for) yourself, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεται           he will loose (for) himself, will be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σεσθον          you two will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεσθον          they two will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσόμε(σ)θα       we will loose (for) ourselves, will be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεσθε           you will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σονται          they will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    ἐλῡσάμην           I loosed (for) myself, was loosed               ἐλύμην\n2       ἐλῡ́σαο [(ἐλῡ́σω)]   you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed          ἔλυ(σ)ο\n3       ἐλῡ́σατο            he loosed (for) himself, was loosed             ἔλυτο\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σασθον          you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed    ἔλυσθον\n3       ἐλῡσάσθην          they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed   ἐλύσθην\nPl. 1   ἐλῡσάμε(σ)θα       we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed          ἐλύμε(σ)θα\n2       ἐλῡ́σασθε           you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed        ἔλυσθε\n3       ἐλῡ́σαντο           they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed       ἔλυντο\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λέλυμαι               I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσαι               you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed\n3       λέλυται               he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed\nDu. 2   λέλυσθον              you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυσθον              they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελύμε(σ)θα           we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσθε               you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυνται (λελύαται)   they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nλέλυνται (λελύαται): -αται, -ατο (= -νται, -ντο, 597-598) regularly in verbs with consonantal stems, and stems ending in ι; sometimes in stems ending in other vowels.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλελύμην              I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσο               you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυτο               he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλέλυσθον             you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλελύσθην             they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύμε(σ)θα          we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσθε              you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυντο (ἐλελύατο)   they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\n\nFUTURE PERFECT\nS. 1    λελῡ́σομαι         I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεαι [(-ῃ)]   you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεται         he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed\nDu. 2   λελῡ́σεσθον        you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεσθον        they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελῡσόμε(σ)θα     we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεσθε         you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σονται        they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ζαθέην","gloss":"Very sacred, holy, sacrosanct, from ζά-θεος"},{"word":"Σμινθεὺς","gloss":"Smintheus, mouse god, an epithet of Apollo"},{"word":"ἶφι","gloss":"Mightily, with might: an old instrumental of ϝίς, might"},{"word":"Τενέδου","gloss":"Tenedos, an island near Troy, from Τένεδος"},{"word":"ἔρεψαν","gloss":"Roof, cover, build, from ἐρέφ-ω*"},{"word":"νηὸν","gloss":"Temple, shrine, from νηός"},{"word":"χαρίεντα","gloss":"Pleasing, grateful, graceful, from χαρίεις"},{"word":"πίονα","gloss":"Fat, rich, from πίων"},{"word":"εἴ","gloss":"If, whether"},{"word":"ποτε","gloss":"Ever, at any time, once"},{"word":"κραιαίνει","gloss":"Accomplish, perform, fulfill, from κραιαίνω"},{"word":"ἐέλδωρ","gloss":"Desire, wish"},{"word":"τίσουσι","gloss":"Requite, atone for, pay the penalty, from τίνω"},{"word":"δάκρυα","gloss":"Tear, from δάκρυ"},{"word":"βέλεσσιν","gloss":"Dart, arrow, shaft, from βέλος"},{"word":"ἔρεψα","gloss":"Roofed, from ἐρέφω"},{"word":"κατὰ","gloss":"Down, down over, down through"},{"word":"μηρί’","gloss":"Thighs, from μηρία"},{"word":"ἠδ’","gloss":"And, also, from ἠδέ"},{"word":"τόδε","gloss":"This, that, from ὅδε"},{"word":"κρήηνον","gloss":"Grant, from κραίνω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκα","meaning":"I have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκας","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκε","meaning":"he has loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"you two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"they two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύκαμεν","meaning":"we have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελύκατε","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύκᾱσι","meaning":"they have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"pluperfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκη","meaning":"I had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκης","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκει","meaning":"he had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελύκετον","meaning":"you two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελυκέτην","meaning":"they two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεμεν","meaning":"we had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκετε","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεσαν","meaning":"they had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,4,6]},{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λέλυμαι","meaning":"I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυσαι","meaning":"you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λέλυται","meaning":"he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λέλυσθον","meaning":"you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λέλυσθον","meaning":"they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύμεθα","meaning":"we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λέλυσθε","meaning":"you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λέλυνται","meaning":"they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,6]},{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"pluperfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύμην","meaning":"I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλέλυσο","meaning":"you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλέλυτο","meaning":"he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλέλυσθον","meaning":"you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελύσθην","meaning":"they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύμεθα","meaning":"we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλέλυσθε","meaning":"you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλέλυντο","meaning":"they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[4,5,7]},{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"future perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λελῡ́σομαι","meaning":"I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λελῡ́σεαι","meaning":"you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λελῡ́σεται","meaning":"he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελῡ́σεσθον","meaning":"you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελῡ́σεσθον","meaning":"they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελῡσόμεθα","meaning":"we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελῡ́σεσθε","meaning":"you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελῡ́σονται","meaning":"they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed","name":"future perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,5,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXIII: The Subjunctive Mode of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Mood and the subjunctive","paragraphs":["The verb forms so far state a fact or ask about one: he looses, he loosed. This form is the indicative.","The form that shows how a verb is meant is its mood. Pharr calls it a mode. This lesson adds a second mood, the subjunctive.","Pharr translates it I may loose, you may loose, he may loose. He adds: also let me loose, and other meanings that are learned from use.","This lesson's sentences show the range: Let me not find you. Let us carry bows. The arrows may clang. So that you may return. Translate with whatever English fits.","The subjunctive has only the present, aorist and perfect. The perfect is rare. The tenses do not show time. The present shows continuing action. The aorist shows only that the action occurs."]},{"title":"The long vowel of the subjunctive","paragraphs":["Between the stem and the ending there is usually a short vowel, ο or ε. This is the thematic vowel. In λύομεν it is ο. In λύετε it is ε.","In the subjunctive this vowel is long: ο becomes ω, and ε becomes η. λύομεν becomes λύωμεν. λύετε becomes λύητε. λύομαι becomes λύωμαι. λύεται becomes λύηται.","In a few forms the vowel stays short. Pharr lists them.","Present active: λύω, λύῃς, λύῃ. Plural: λύωμεν, λύητε, λύωσι. The aorist has the same endings after σ: λῡ́σω, λῡ́σῃς, λῡ́σῃ, λῡ́σωμεν, λῡ́σητε, λῡ́σωσι.","Some of these look like forms you know. λύω can mean I loose or I may loose. λῡ́σω can mean I shall loose or I may loose. The sentence shows which."]},{"title":"Apollo comes down","paragraphs":["In these lines the prayer is answered. Phoebus Apollo hears the old man. He comes down from the peaks of Olympus, enraged at heart.","His bow and his covered quiver are on his shoulders. The arrows clash on the shoulders of the raging god as he moves. He comes like night.","Find χωομένοιο, of the raging god. It is a middle participle of χώ-ομαι, be angry. It is genitive. Its ending is the longer second-declension ending that Pharr lists beside the usual one."]}],"lines":[{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.1","source":"εὔχεται πολλὰ γέρων, τοῦ δὲ κλύει Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"The old man prays fervently, and Phoebus Apollo hears him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εὔχεται","gloss":"εὔχ-ομαι: pray, boast, exult"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"γέρων,","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"τοῦ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"κλύει","gloss":"κλύω: hear, hearken to"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus, bright, shining, a surname of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων.","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.1.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.2","source":"θεοὶ κλύονται Ἀχαιῶν εὐχομένων.","translation":"The gods hear the Achaeans as they pray.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"κλύονται","gloss":"κλύω: hear, hearken to"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"εὐχομένων.","gloss":"εὔχ-ομαι: pray, boast, exult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.2.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.3","source":"βαίνουσι θεοὶ πάντες κατὰ καρήνων Ὀλύμπου χωόμενοι κῆρ.","translation":"All the gods go down from the peaks of Olympus, angry at heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βαίνουσι","gloss":"βαίνω: come, go, walk"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"down (from), down over, down through"},{"text":"καρήνων","gloss":"κάρηνον: peak, summit"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπου","gloss":"Ὄλυμπος: Olympus"},{"text":"χωόμενοι","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"},{"text":"κῆρ.","gloss":"heart, soul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.3.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.4","source":"ἔχουσι τόξα καὶ φαρέτρᾱς ἀμφηρεφέας ὤμοισιν.","translation":"They have bows on their shoulders, and quivers covered at both ends.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔχουσι","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"τόξα","gloss":"τόξον: bow"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"φαρέτρᾱς","gloss":"φαρέτρη: quiver"},{"text":"ἀμφηρεφέας","gloss":"ἀμφ-ηρεφής: covered at both ends"},{"text":"ὤμοισιν.","gloss":"ὦμος: shoulder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.4.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.5","source":"κλάζουσιν οἰστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων Ἀπόλλωνος χωομένου.","translation":"The arrows clang upon the shoulders of Apollo as he rages.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κλάζουσιν","gloss":"κλάζω: clang, roar, resound"},{"text":"οἰστοὶ","gloss":"οἰστός: arrow, shaft"},{"text":"ἐπ’","gloss":"ἐπί: (up)on, over"},{"text":"ὤμων","gloss":"ὦμος: shoulder"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"χωομένου.","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.5.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.6","source":"χωόμενος θεὸς ἤιε ἐοικὼς νυκτὶ κατὰ καρήνων Οὐλύμπου.","translation":"The angry god went down from the peaks of Olympus, like night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χωόμενος","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"},{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"ἤιε","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"ἐοικὼς","gloss":"εἴκω: be like, resemble, be fitting"},{"text":"νυκτὶ","gloss":"νύξ: night, darkness"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"down (from), down over, down through"},{"text":"καρήνων","gloss":"κάρηνον: peak, summit"},{"text":"Οὐλύμπου.","gloss":"Ὄλυμπος: Olympus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.6.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.7","source":"μή σε κοίλῃσιν ἐγὼ παρὰ νηυσὶν κιχήω, μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμῃ σκῆπτρον.","translation":"Let me not find you beside the hollow ships, lest the sceptre not avail you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μή","gloss":"not, lest, that not"},{"text":"σε","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"κοίλῃσιν","gloss":"κοῖλος: hollow"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"beside, by the side of"},{"text":"νηυσὶν","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"κιχήω,","gloss":"κιχάνω: come upon, overtake, arrive (at)"},{"text":"μή","gloss":"not, lest, that not"},{"text":"νύ","gloss":"now, indeed, surely"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"χραίσμῃ","gloss":"χραισμέω: help, assist, avail"},{"text":"σκῆπτρον.","gloss":"sceptre, staff"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.7.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.8","source":"γέρων ἐρεθίσᾱς Ἀγαμέμνονα μὴ σαώτερος νέηται.","translation":"Let not the old man, having angered Agamemnon, return more safely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γέρων","gloss":"old man"},{"text":"ἐρεθίσᾱς","gloss":"ἐρεθίζω: vex, anger"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"μὴ","gloss":"not, lest, that not"},{"text":"σαώτερος","gloss":"safer, more safely"},{"text":"νέηται.","gloss":"νέομαι: come, go, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.8.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L23.g136.9","source":"σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι.","translation":"So that you may return more safely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"σαώτερος","gloss":"safer, more safely"},{"text":"ὥς","gloss":"that, in order that"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"νέηαι.","gloss":"νέομαι: come, go, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.g136.9.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.1","source":"Ἀχαιῶν εὐχομένων ἔκλυε Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"Apollo heard the Achaeans as they prayed.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.2","source":"θεοὶ ἔβαν κατὰ καρήνων Ὀλύμπου.","translation":"The gods went down from the summits of Olympus.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.3","source":"φέρωμεν τόξα καὶ φαρέτρᾱς ὤμοισιν.","translation":"Let us carry bows and quivers on (our) shoulders.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.4","source":"κλάζωσιν οἰστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων θεῶν χωομένων.","translation":"The arrows may clang upon the shoulders of the angry gods.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.5","source":"μὴ παῖδας κοίλῃσιν παρὰ νηυσὶν κιχήομεν.","translation":"May we not come upon the children, beside the hollow ships.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.5.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L23.e139.6","source":"ὅτε κε πόλιν Πριάμοιο ἐκπέρσωσι, νέωνται σαώτεροι οἴκαδε.","translation":"They may return more safely home when they have sacked utterly the city of Priam.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L23.e139.6.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L23.r137.43","source":"ὣς ἔφατ’ εὐχόμενος, τοῦ δ’ ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"So he spoke in prayer, and Phoebus Apollo heard him,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"ἔφατ’","gloss":"φημί: he spoke"},{"text":"εὐχόμενος,","gloss":"εὔχομαι: praying"},{"text":"τοῦ","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἔκλυε","gloss":"κλύω: heard"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων,","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":null},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L23.r137.44","source":"βῆ δὲ κατ’ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων χωόμενος κῆρ,","translation":"and came down from the peaks of Olympus, enraged at heart,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βῆ","gloss":"βαίνω: came down"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κατ’","gloss":"κατά: from"},{"text":"Οὐλύμποιο","gloss":"Ὄλυμπος: Olympus"},{"text":"καρήνων","gloss":"κάρηνον: peaks"},{"text":"χωόμενος","gloss":"χώομαι: enraged"},{"text":"κῆρ,","gloss":"at heart"}],"audio":null},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L23.r137.45","source":"τόξ’ ὤμοισιν ἔχων ἀμφηρεφέα τε φαρέτρην.","translation":"with his bow upon his shoulders, and his covered quiver;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τόξ’","gloss":"τόξον: bow"},{"text":"ὤμοισιν","gloss":"ὦμος: shoulders"},{"text":"ἔχων","gloss":"ἔχω: carrying"},{"text":"ἀμφηρεφέα","gloss":"ἀμφηρεφής: covered"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"φαρέτρην.","gloss":"φαρέτρα: quiver"}],"audio":null},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L23.r137.46","source":"ἔκλαγξαν δ’ ἄρ’ ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων χωομένοιο,","translation":"the arrows clashed upon the shoulders of the raging god","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔκλαγξαν","gloss":"κλάζω: clashed"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄρ’","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"ὀϊστοὶ","gloss":"ὀιστός: the arrows"},{"text":"ἐπ’","gloss":"ἐπί: upon"},{"text":"ὤμων","gloss":"ὦμος: shoulders"},{"text":"χωομένοιο,","gloss":"χώομαι: of the raging god"}],"audio":null},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L23.r137.47","source":"αὐτοῦ κινηθέντος· ὁ δ’ ἤιε νυκτὶ ἐοικώς.","translation":"as he moved; and on he came, like night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αὐτοῦ","gloss":"αὐτός: as he"},{"text":"κινηθέντος·","gloss":"κινέω: moved"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἤιε","gloss":"εἶμι: came"},{"text":"νυκτὶ","gloss":"νύξ: night"},{"text":"ἐοικώς.","gloss":"ἔοικα: like"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":816,"text":"§816. The tenses of the indicative are distinguished as:\n\n1) principal (primary) tenses: the present, future, perfect, and future perfect.\n2) past (secondary) tenses: imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect (historical tenses)."},{"section":905,"text":"§905. The Subjunctive\n\nPresent\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    λύω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λύῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λύῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λύητον     you two may loose\n3       λύητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λύωμεν     we may loose\n2       λύητε      you may loose\n3       λύωσι      they may loose\nSee footnote 1 on next page.\nI may loose: See footnote 2 on next page.\n\nAorist\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λῡ́σῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λῡ́σῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σητον     you two may loose\n3       λῡ́σητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σωμεν     we may loose\n2       λῡ́σητε      you may loose\n3       λῡ́σωσι      they may loose\nAlso let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax.\nI may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.\n\nPerfect\n        Greek         English\nS. 1    λελύκω        I may loose\n2       λελύκης(θα)   you may loose\n3       λελύκη(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λελύκητον     you two may loose\n3       λελύκητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λελύκωμεν     we may loose\n2       λελύκητε      you may loose\n3       λελύκωσι      they may loose\nThe different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).\n\nThe aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).\n\nThe perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time)."},{"section":911,"text":"§911. SUBJUNCTIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λύωμαι          I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed\n2       λύηαι [(λύῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed\n3       λύηται          he may loose (for) himself, may be loosed\nDu. 2   λύησθον         you two may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λύησθον         they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nPl. 1   λυώμε(σ)θα      we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed\n2       λύησθε          you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λύωνται         they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nI may loose (for) myself, may be loosed: Read the note at the end of 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    λῡ́σωμαι           I may loose (for) myself, be loosed\n2       λῡ́σηαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σηται           he may loose (for) himself, be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σησθον          you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σησθον          they two may loose (for) themselves, be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσώμε(σ)θα       we may loose (for) ourselves, be loosed\n2       λῡ́σησθε           you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σωνται          they may loose (for) themselves, be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λελυμένος ἔω      I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed\n2       λελυμένος ἔῃς     you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed\n3       λελυμένος ἔῃ      he may loose (for) himself, be loosed\nDu. 2   λελυμένω ἔητον    you two may loose (for) yourselves), may be loosed\n3       λελυμένω ἔητον    they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nPl. 1   λελυμένοι ἔωμεν   we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed\n2       λελυμένοι ἔητε    you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λελυμένοι ἔωσι    they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed"},{"section":796,"text":"§796. The thematic verbs are so named because in a majority of their forms the personal ending (819-821) is preceded by ο/ε (ο before μ or ν, or in the optative mode, otherwise ε), which is called the thematic vowel. Thus, λυο/ε (λύω) is called the theme, to which the personal endings (819-821) are attached."},{"section":799,"text":"§799. In the subjunctive these thematic vowels, ο/ε, are regularly long, being ω/η respectively."},{"section":800,"text":"§800. In some cases the thematic vowel is short in the subjunctive, particularly in the dual and plural of the present and second aorist of -μι verbs, the first aorist and second perfect of all verbs, and the second aorist of all verbs having athematic second aorists in the indicative."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"εὔχεται","gloss":"Pray, boast, exult, from εὔχ-ομαι"},{"word":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus, = clear, bright"},{"word":"καρήνων","gloss":"Peak, summit, headland, from κάρηνον"},{"word":"χωόμενοι","gloss":"Be angry, be enraged, from χώ-ομαι"},{"word":"κῆρ","gloss":"Heart, soul"},{"word":"τόξα","gloss":"Bow, from τόξον"},{"word":"φαρέτρᾱς","gloss":"Quiver, from φαρέτρη"},{"word":"ἀμφηρεφέας","gloss":"Covered at both ends, from ἀμφ-ηρεφής"},{"word":"ὤμοισιν","gloss":"Shoulder, from ὦμος"},{"word":"κλάζουσιν","gloss":"CLANG, roar, shriek, from κλάζω"},{"word":"οἰστοὶ","gloss":"Arrow, shaft, from οἰστός"},{"word":"ἐοικὼς","gloss":"Be like, resemble, be fitting, from εἴκω"},{"word":"νυκτὶ","gloss":"Night, darkness, from νύξ"},{"word":"εὐχόμενος","gloss":"Pray, talk loud, boast, from εὔχομαι"},{"word":"χωόμενος","gloss":"Be angry, be enraged, be irritated, from χώομαι"},{"word":"ἀμφηρεφέα","gloss":"Covered at both ends, from ἀμφηρεφής"},{"word":"φαρέτρην","gloss":"Quiver, from φαρέτρα"},{"word":"κινηθέντος","gloss":"Moved, from κινέω"},{"word":"ἐοικώς","gloss":"Like, from ἔοικα"}],"paradigms":[{"section":905,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present subjunctive active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λύω","meaning":"I may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λύῃς","meaning":"you may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λύῃ","meaning":"he may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύητον","meaning":"you two may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λύητον","meaning":"they two may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λύωμεν","meaning":"we may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λύητε","meaning":"you may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λύωσι","meaning":"they may loose","name":"present subjunctive active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,5,6]},{"section":905,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist subjunctive active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σω","meaning":"I may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σῃς","meaning":"you may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σῃ","meaning":"he may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σητον","meaning":"you two may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σητον","meaning":"they two may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σωμεν","meaning":"we may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σητε","meaning":"you may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σωσι","meaning":"they may loose","name":"aorist subjunctive active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":905,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect subjunctive active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λελύκω","meaning":"I may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λελύκης","meaning":"you may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λελύκη","meaning":"he may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελύκητον","meaning":"you two may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελύκητον","meaning":"they two may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύκωμεν","meaning":"we may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελύκητε","meaning":"you may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύκωσι","meaning":"they may loose","name":"perfect subjunctive active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,6,7]},{"section":911,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present subjunctive middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λύωμαι","meaning":"I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λύηαι","meaning":"you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λύηται","meaning":"he may loose (for) himself, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύησθον","meaning":"you two may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λύησθον","meaning":"they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λυώμεθα","meaning":"we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λύησθε","meaning":"you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λύωνται","meaning":"they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed","name":"present subjunctive middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[5,6,7]},{"section":911,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist subjunctive middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σωμαι","meaning":"I may loose (for) myself, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σηαι","meaning":"you may loose (for) yourself, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σηται","meaning":"he may loose (for) himself, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σησθον","meaning":"you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σησθον","meaning":"they two may loose (for) themselves, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λῡσώμεθα","meaning":"we may loose (for) ourselves, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σησθε","meaning":"you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σωνται","meaning":"they may loose (for) themselves, be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXIV: Imperative Verbs, Active","teaching":[{"title":"The imperative","paragraphs":["The imperative is the mood for commands: loose, go, hear me.","The first line of the Iliad has one: μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, sing the wrath, goddess. ἄειδε is an imperative.","A command to one person: λύε, loose. To more than one: λύετε, as in κατακαίετε πυρὰς νεκύων, burn the pyres of dead bodies. λύετε is also the indicative, you loose. The sentence shows which.","Greek also has commands about someone else, like English let him and let them: λυέτω, let him loose. λυόντων, let them loose.","μή in front makes a command negative: μή μ’ ἐρέθιζε, do not provoke me."]},{"title":"Present and aorist imperatives","paragraphs":["As with the infinitive, the tense of an imperative shows the kind of action, not time.","The present imperative means keep doing it: λύε, keep loosing. The aorist imperative means do it, with no sense of continuing: λῦσον, loose.","Present: λύε, λυέτω, λύετε, λυόντων. Aorist: λῦσον, λῡσάτω, λῡ́σατε, λῡσάντων. The aorist forms have σ.","In σοὺς ἐχεπευκέας ἰοὺς βάλλε, shoot your sharp arrows, the present βάλλε is for a continuing action."]},{"title":"Apollo shoots","paragraphs":["In these lines Apollo sits apart from the ships and shoots an arrow. A terrible twang comes from his silver bow.","First he shoots the mules and the swift dogs. Then he aims his sharp arrow at the men and strikes them. The pyres of the dead burn thick and without end.","These lines have no commands. Read the first fifty-two lines again and find the commands. Two are ἄειδε, sing, in the first line, and μή μ’ ἐρέθιζε, do not provoke me."]}],"lines":[{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.1","source":"κιὼν κατ’ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων Ἀπόλλων ἕζετ’ ἀπάνευθε νηῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἧκεν ἰὸν μετὰ στρατόν.","translation":"Having gone down from the peaks of Olympus, Apollo sat apart from the ships of the Achaeans and shot an arrow into the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κιὼν","gloss":"κίω: come, go, depart"},{"text":"κατ’","gloss":"κατά: down (from), down through"},{"text":"Οὐλύμποιο","gloss":"Ὄλυμπος: Olympus"},{"text":"καρήνων","gloss":"κάρηνον: peak, summit"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"ἕζετ’","gloss":"ἕζομαι: sit down, seat"},{"text":"ἀπάνευθε","gloss":"ἀπ-άνευθε(ν): apart, away"},{"text":"νηῶν","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"ἧκεν","gloss":"ἵ-ημι: throw, hurl, shoot, send"},{"text":"ἰὸν","gloss":"ἰός: arrow"},{"text":"μετὰ","gloss":"into the midst of, among"},{"text":"στρατόν.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.1.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.2","source":"κλαγγὴ δ’ ἀργυρέου βιοῦ ἦν δεινή.","translation":"The clang of the silver bow was terrible.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κλαγγὴ","gloss":"clang, (up)roar, noise"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"ἀργυρέου","gloss":"ἀργύρεος: silver(y), of silver"},{"text":"βιοῦ","gloss":"βιός: bow"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"was, there was"},{"text":"δεινή.","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dread(ful)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.2.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.3","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἔχει βιὸν ἀργύρεον.","translation":"Apollo has a silver bow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"βιὸν","gloss":"βιός: bow"},{"text":"ἀργύρεον.","gloss":"ἀργύρεος: silver(y), of silver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.3.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.4","source":"ἑκηβόλος ἐποίχεται πρῶτον οὐρῆας καὶ κύνας ἀργούς.","translation":"The free-shooter attacks first the mules and the swift dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ἐποίχεται","gloss":"ἐπ-οίχομαι: go to, go against, attack"},{"text":"πρῶτον","gloss":"πρῶτος: first, foremost, chief"},{"text":"οὐρῆας","gloss":"οὐρεύς: mule"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"κύνας","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"ἀργούς.","gloss":"ἀργός: bright, swift, flashing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.4.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.5","source":"ὀλέκονται οὐρῆες καὶ κύνες ἀργοί.","translation":"The mules and the swift dogs are destroyed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὀλέκονται","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"οὐρῆες","gloss":"οὐρεύς: mule"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"κύνες","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"ἀργοί.","gloss":"ἀργός: bright, swift, flashing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.5.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.6","source":"ὁ θεὸς ἐφῑεὶς ἐχεπευκέα βέλεα αὐτοῖσιν ἔβαλλεν.","translation":"The god, aiming sharp darts at them, the Achaeans, kept shooting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεὸς","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"ἐφῑεὶς","gloss":"ἐφ-ί-ημι: shoot against, hurl upon, send upon"},{"text":"ἐχεπευκέα","gloss":"ἐχε-πευκής: sharp, biting"},{"text":"βέλεα","gloss":"βέλος: dart, arrow, missile"},{"text":"αὐτοῖσιν","gloss":"αὐτός: self, him(self), same"},{"text":"ἔβαλλεν.","gloss":"βάλλω: throw, hurl, shoot, dash"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.6.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.7","source":"πολλαὶ δὲ πυραὶ νεκύων ἐκαίοντο θαμειαί.","translation":"Many pyres of the dead were burning, thick and crowded.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πολλαὶ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"πυραὶ","gloss":"πυρή: (funeral) pyre"},{"text":"νεκύων","gloss":"νέκυς: dead body, corpse"},{"text":"ἐκαίοντο","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"θαμειαί.","gloss":"θαμέες: thick, crowded"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.7.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.8","source":"μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος.","translation":"The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing, goddess.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, rage"},{"text":"ἄειδε,","gloss":"ἀείδω: sing (of), hymn"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"Πηληιάδεω","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος.","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.8.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.9","source":"ἀλλ’ ἴθι, μή μ’ ἐρέθιζε, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι.","translation":"Go now, do not provoke me, if you would go home the safer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but, moreover"},{"text":"ἴθι,","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"μή","gloss":"not, lest, that not"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; me"},{"text":"ἐρέθιζε,","gloss":"ἐρεθίζω: vex, anger"},{"text":"σαώτερος","gloss":"safer, more safely"},{"text":"ὥς","gloss":"that, in order that"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"νέηαι.","gloss":"νέομαι: come, go, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.9.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.10","source":"κλῦθί μευ, ἀργυρότοξε.","translation":"Hear me, god of the silver bow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κλῦθί","gloss":"κλύω: hear, hearken to"},{"text":"μευ,","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; me, of me"},{"text":"ἀργυρότοξε.","gloss":"ἀργυρό-τοξος: of a silver bow, silver-bowed one, epithet of Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.10.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L24.g143.11","source":"τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ.","translation":"Grant me this desire.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τόδε","gloss":"ὅ-δε: this, that"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; me, to me"},{"text":"κρήηνον","gloss":"κραιαίνω: accomplish, perform, fulfill"},{"text":"ἐέλδωρ.","gloss":"desire, wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.g143.11.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.1","source":"θεοὶ ὅτε κατὰ καρήνων Ὀλύμπου ἔβαν, ἕζοντο ἀπάνευθε νηῶν καὶ ἧκαν ἰοὺς μετ’ αὐτούς, κλαγγὴ δὲ δεινὴ ἀργυρέων βιῶν ἐγένετο.","translation":"When the gods had come down from the summits of Olympus, they seated themselves apart from the ships and shot arrows among them, and a terrible clang arose from their silver bows.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.1.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.2","source":"θεοὶ πάντες ἔχουσι τόξα καὶ φαρέτρᾱς ἀμφηρεφέας.","translation":"All the gods have bows and quivers covered at both ends.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.2.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.3","source":"βιὸς Ἀπόλλωνος ἀργύρεός ἐστιν.","translation":"The bow of Apollo is of silver.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.3.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.4","source":"πρῶτον ἐποιχώμεθα οὐρῆας καὶ κύνας ἀργούς, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα ἐχεπευκέα βέλεα αὐτοῖσιν ἐφιέντες βάλλωμεν.","translation":"First let us attack the mules and swift dogs, and then hurling biting darts upon themselves, let us shoot (them).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.4.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.5","source":"πολλαὶ πυραὶ καιέσθων.","translation":"Let many funeral pyres be burned.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.5.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.6","source":"κατακαίετε πυρὰς νεκύων.","translation":"Burn the pyres of dead bodies.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.6.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.7","source":"σοὺς ἐχεπευκέας ἰοὺς βάλλε, καὶ ἕζεο.","translation":"Shoot your sharp arrows, and sit down.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.7.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L24.e146.8","source":"ἐποίχεσθε στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν· ἠτίμασαν γὰρ Χρύσην, φίλον ἱερῆα κρατεροῦ θεοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος.","translation":"Attack the army of the Achaeans, for they insulted Chryses, the beloved priest of the great god, Apollo.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L24.e146.8.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L24.r144.48","source":"ἕζετ’ ἔπειτ’ ἀπάνευθε νεῶν, μετὰ δ’ ἰὸν ἕηκεν·","translation":"Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly an arrow;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἕζετ’","gloss":"ἕζομαι: sat down"},{"text":"ἔπειτ’","gloss":"ἔπειτα: then"},{"text":"ἀπάνευθε","gloss":"apart from"},{"text":"νεῶν,","gloss":"ναῦς: the ships"},{"text":"μετὰ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἰὸν","gloss":"ἰός: an arrow"},{"text":"ἕηκεν·","gloss":"ἵημι: let fly"}],"audio":null},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L24.r144.49","source":"δεινὴ δὲ κλαγγὴ γένετ’ ἀργυρέοιο βιοῖο.","translation":"terrible was the twang that rose from his silver bow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δεινὴ","gloss":"δεινός: terrible"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"κλαγγὴ","gloss":"twang"},{"text":"γένετ’","gloss":"γίγνομαι: rose"},{"text":"ἀργυρέοιο","gloss":"ἀργύρεος: silver"},{"text":"βιοῖο.","gloss":"βιός: bow"}],"audio":null},{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L24.r144.50","source":"οὐρῆας μὲν πρῶτον ἐπῴχετο καὶ κύνας ἀργούς,","translation":"First he went after the mules and the swift dogs,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐρῆας","gloss":"ὀρεύς: mules"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"πρῶτον","gloss":"πρῶτος: first"},{"text":"ἐπῴχετο","gloss":"ἐποίχομαι: went after"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κύνας","gloss":"κύων: dogs"},{"text":"ἀργούς,","gloss":"ἀργός: swift"}],"audio":null},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L24.r144.51","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτ’ αὐτοῖσι βέλος ἐχεπευκὲς ἐφιεὶς","translation":"but then, aiming his sharp arrow at the men themselves,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"ἀτάρ: but"},{"text":"ἔπειτ’","gloss":"ἔπειτα: then"},{"text":"αὐτοῖσι","gloss":"αὐτός: at the men themselves"},{"text":"βέλος","gloss":"arrow"},{"text":"ἐχεπευκὲς","gloss":"ἐχεπευκής: sharp"},{"text":"ἐφιεὶς","gloss":"ἐφίημι: aiming"}],"audio":null},{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L24.r144.52","source":"βάλλ’· αἰεὶ δὲ πυραὶ νεκύων καίοντο θαμειαί.","translation":"he struck; and the pyres of the dead burned thick without ceasing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βάλλ’·","gloss":"βάλλω: he struck"},{"text":"αἰεὶ","gloss":"ἀεί: without ceasing"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πυραὶ","gloss":"πυρή: pyres"},{"text":"νεκύων","gloss":"νέκυς: of the dead"},{"text":"καίοντο","gloss":"καίω: burned"},{"text":"θαμειαί.","gloss":"θαμέες: thick"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":907,"text":"§907. IMPERATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 2    λύε       loose (continue to loose)\n3       λυέτω     let him loose (continue to loose)\nDu. 2   λύετον    loose (you two), continue to loose\n3       λυέτων    let those (two) loose (continue to loose)\nPl. 2   λύετε     loose (continue to loose)\n3       λυόντων   let them loose (continue to loose)\nRead the notes at the end of 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 2    λῦσον      loose\n3       λῡσάτω     let him loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σατον    loose (you two)\n3       λῡσάτων    let those (two) loose.\nPl. 2   λῡ́σατε     loose\n3       λῡσάντων   let them loose"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἕζετ’","gloss":"SIT down, seat, from ἕζομαι"},{"word":"ἧκεν","gloss":"Throw, hurl, shoot, from ἵ-ημι"},{"word":"ἰὸν","gloss":"Arrow, from ἰός"},{"word":"μετὰ","gloss":"Adv., and prep. with gen., dat"},{"word":"ἀργυρέου","gloss":"Silver, of silver, from ἀργύρεος"},{"word":"βιοῦ","gloss":"Bow, from βιός"},{"word":"οὐρῆας","gloss":"Mule, from οὐρεύς"},{"word":"ἐφῑεὶς","gloss":"Shoot against, hurl upon, send upon, from ἐφ-ί-ημι"},{"word":"ἐχεπευκέα","gloss":"Sharp, biting, from ἐχε-πευκής"},{"word":"ἔβαλλεν","gloss":"Throw, hurl, shoot, from βάλλω"},{"word":"νεκύων","gloss":"Dead body, corpse, from νέκυς"},{"word":"θαμειαί","gloss":"Thick, crowded, from θαμέες"},{"word":"ἀργυρότοξε","gloss":"Of a silver bow, silver-bowed one, epithet of Apollo, from ἀργυρό-τοξος"},{"word":"ἕηκεν","gloss":"Throw, hurl, shoot, from ἵημι"},{"word":"γένετ’","gloss":"Become, be, arise, from γίγνομαι"},{"word":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"But, moreover, from ἀτάρ"},{"word":"ἐχεπευκὲς","gloss":"Sharp, biting, from ἐχεπευκής"},{"word":"ἐφιεὶς","gloss":"Shoot against, hurl upon, send upon, from ἐφίημι"},{"word":"αἰεὶ","gloss":"Without ceasing, from ἀεί"}],"paradigms":[{"section":907,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present imperative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λύε","meaning":"loose (continue to loose)","name":"present imperative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λυέτω","meaning":"let him loose (continue to loose)","name":"present imperative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύετον","meaning":"loose (you two), continue to loose","name":"present imperative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λυέτων","meaning":"let those (two) loose (continue to loose)","name":"present imperative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λύετε","meaning":"loose (continue to loose)","name":"present imperative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λυόντων","meaning":"let them loose (continue to loose)","name":"present imperative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,5]},{"section":907,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist imperative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λῦσον","meaning":"loose","name":"aorist imperative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡσάτω","meaning":"let him loose","name":"aorist imperative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σατον","meaning":"loose (you two)","name":"aorist imperative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡσάτων","meaning":"let those (two) loose.","name":"aorist imperative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σατε","meaning":"loose","name":"aorist imperative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡσάντων","meaning":"let them loose","name":"aorist imperative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,4,5]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXV: Middle and Passive Imperative of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Middle and passive imperatives","paragraphs":["This lesson gives the imperative in the middle and passive.","Present: λύεο, loose for yourself, or be loosed. λυέσθω, let him loose for himself, or let him be loosed. λύεσθε, to more than one.","Aorist: λῦσαι, λῡσάσθω, λῡ́σασθε. Perfect: λέλυσο, λελύσθω, λέλυσθε. λύεσθε is also the present indicative middle and passive. The sentence shows which.","Deponent verbs use these forms with active meaning. οἴχομαι, go, gives οἴχεο ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν, go up through the camp of the Achaeans, and οἰχέσθω, let him go.","The aorist middle imperative λῦσαι has the same spelling as the aorist active infinitive. The sentence shows which: a command, or the verb with to."]},{"title":"The assembly","paragraphs":["In these lines the arrows of the god go among the army for nine days. On the tenth day Achilles calls the people to an assembly.","The goddess Hera put this in his heart. She cared for the Danaans, because she saw them dying.","When they are all assembled, swift-footed Achilles stands up among them and speaks.","Find καλέσσατο, called. It is not a command. It is the aorist middle of καλέω, a plain statement of the past. The middle fits: Achilles called the people for himself."]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.1","source":"οἴχεο ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Go up through the camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴχεο","gloss":"οἴχομαι: come, go, depart"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along, up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.2","source":"οἰχέσθω ἀνὰ στρατόν.","translation":"Let him go up through the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἰχέσθω","gloss":"οἴχομαι: come, go, depart"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along, up through"},{"text":"στρατόν.","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.2.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.3","source":"κῆλα θεοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος οἴχονται ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"The shafts of the god Apollo go up through the army of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κῆλα","gloss":"κῆλον: arrow, shaft, dart"},{"text":"θεοῦ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"οἴχονται","gloss":"οἴχομαι: come, go, depart"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along, up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.3.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.4","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐκαλέσατο λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν ἀγορήνδε.","translation":"Swift-footed Achilles called the people of the Achaeans to the assembly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: foot"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift, quick"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐκαλέσατο","gloss":"καλέω: call, summon, convoke"},{"text":"λᾱὸν","gloss":"λαός: people, host, soldiery"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἀγορήνδε.","gloss":"ἀγορή: assembly, meeting place, gathering"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.4.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.5","source":"θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη ἐπὶ φρεσὶν ἔθηκε τὴν βουλὴν Ἀχιλῆι.","translation":"The white-armed goddess Hera put the plan in Achilles' heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"λευκ-ώλενος: white-armed"},{"text":"Ἥρη","gloss":"Hera, consort of Zeus, queen of the gods"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"(up)on, in, for"},{"text":"φρεσὶν","gloss":"φρήν: mind, heart, wits"},{"text":"ἔθηκε","gloss":"τίθημι: put, place, cause"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆι.","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.5.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.6","source":"Ἥρη ἐκήδετο Δαναῶν ὅτι τοὺς θνήσκοντας ὡράετο.","translation":"Hera cared for the Danaans, because she watched them dying.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἥρη","gloss":"Hera, consort of Zeus, queen of the gods"},{"text":"ἐκήδετο","gloss":"κήδω: (middle, with gen.) be troubled for, care for"},{"text":"Δαναῶν","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"ὅτι","gloss":"ὅτ(τ)ι: that, because"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θνήσκοντας","gloss":"θνήσκω: die, perish"},{"text":"ὡράετο.","gloss":"ὁράω: see, behold, look, observe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.6.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.7","source":"ἠγέροντο οἱ Ἀχαιοί, ἐγένοντο δ’ ὁμηγερέες.","translation":"The Achaeans were gathered, and became assembled together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἠγέροντο","gloss":"ἀγείρω: collect, assemble, gather"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐγένοντο","gloss":"γί-γνομαι: become, be, arise"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"ὁμηγερέες.","gloss":"ὁμη-γερής: collected, assembled, gathered together"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.7.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"grc.ph.L25.g150.8","source":"ἀνέστη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν, μετέφη τε.","translation":"Swift-footed Achilles rose up among the Achaeans, and spoke.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀνέστη","gloss":"ἀν-ί-στημι: stand up, arise"},{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: foot"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift, quick"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"μετέφη","gloss":"μετά-φημι: speak among, address, converse with"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and, also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.g150.8.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.1","source":"ἐννῆμαρ κῆλα πολλὰ βάλλομεν ἀνὰ στρατὸν ἐϋκνημίδων Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Nine days we shoot many arrows up through the camp of the well-greaved Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.1.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.2","source":"τίς ἐκαλέσατο τὸν λαὸν κεῖνον ἀγορήνδε;","translation":"Who summoned those people to the assembly?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.2.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.3","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς πάντας τούσδε τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐκαλέσατο ἀγορήνδε, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐπὶ φρεσὶν ἐκήδετο.","translation":"The swift-footed Achilles called all these Achaeans to the assembly, because he was grieved for them in (his) heart.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.3.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.4","source":"ὁρόωμεν πολλοὺς Ἀχαιῶν θνήσκοντας, καὶ κηδόμεθα αὐτῶν.","translation":"We see many of the Achaeans dying, and we are grieved for them.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.4.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.5","source":"τίθημι κᾱλὴν βουλὴν Πηληιάδῃ ἐπὶ φρεσίν.","translation":"I suggest a noble plan to the son of Peleus in (his) heart.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.5.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.6","source":"ἠγερόμεθα καὶ ἐγενόμεθα ὁμηγερέες παρὰ νηυσὶ θοῇσιν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"We were assembled and became gathered together beside the swift ships of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.6.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"grc.ph.L25.e153.7","source":"ἀνίσταμαι καὶ μετάφημι τοῖσδε Δαναοῖσιν, οἳ ὁμηγερέες εἰσίν.","translation":"I arise and address these Danaans, who are gathered together.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L25.e153.7.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.53","source":"ἐννῆμαρ μὲν ἀνὰ στρατὸν ᾤχετο κῆλα θεοῖο,","translation":"For nine days the shafts of the god went among the army,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐννῆμαρ","gloss":"for nine days"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"among"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: the army"},{"text":"ᾤχετο","gloss":"οἴχομαι: went"},{"text":"κῆλα","gloss":"κῆλον: shafts"},{"text":"θεοῖο,","gloss":"θεός: of the god"}],"audio":null},{"number":94,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.54","source":"τῇ δεκάτῃ δ’ ἀγορήνδε καλέσσατο λαὸν Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"but on the tenth Achilles called the people to assembly;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τῇ","gloss":"ὁ: the"},{"text":"δεκάτῃ","gloss":"δέκατος: tenth"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but"},{"text":"ἀγορήνδε","gloss":"ἀγορά: to assembly"},{"text":"καλέσσατο","gloss":"καλέω: called"},{"text":"λαὸν","gloss":"λαός: the people"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς·","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":95,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.55","source":"τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεά, λευκώλενος Ἥρη·","translation":"for the white-armed goddess Hera set it in his heart;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τῷ","gloss":"ὁ: his"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"in"},{"text":"φρεσὶ","gloss":"φρήν: heart"},{"text":"θῆκε","gloss":"τίθημι: set"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"white-armed"},{"text":"Ἥρη·","gloss":"Ἥρα: Hera"}],"audio":null},{"number":96,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.56","source":"κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν ὅτι ῥα θνήσκοντας ὁρᾶτο.","translation":"for she cared for the Danaans, seeing them die.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κήδετο","gloss":"κήδω: cared"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Δαναῶν","gloss":"Δαναοί: the Danaans"},{"text":"ὅτι","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ῥα","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"θνήσκοντας","gloss":"θνήσκω: dying"},{"text":"ὁρᾶτο.","gloss":"ὁράω: seeing"}],"audio":null},{"number":97,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.57","source":"οἳ δ’ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἤγερθεν ὁμηγερέες τε γένοντο,","translation":"Now when they had gathered and were all assembled,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἳ","gloss":"ὁ: they"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: now"},{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"οὖν","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἤγερθεν","gloss":"ἀγείρω: had gathered"},{"text":"ὁμηγερέες","gloss":"ὁμηγερής: assembled"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"γένοντο,","gloss":"γίγνομαι: were"}],"audio":null},{"number":98,"id":"grc.ph.L25.r151.58","source":"τοῖσι δ’ ἀνιστάμενος μετέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"swift-footed Achilles rose among them and spoke:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τοῖσι","gloss":"ὁ: among them"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀνιστάμενος","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: rising"},{"text":"μετέφη","gloss":"μετάφημι: spoke"},{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: footed"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς·","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":913,"text":"§913. IMPERATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 2    λύεο [(λύεν)]   loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λυέσθω          let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λύεσθον         loose (for) your two selves, be loosed\n3       λυέσθων         let those two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λύεσθε          loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λυέσθων         let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nRead the note on 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 2    λῦσαι      loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σασθον   loose (for) your two selves, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθων   let these two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λῡ́σασθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 2    λέλυσο     loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λελύσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λέλυσθον   loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λέλυσθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"οἴχεο","gloss":"Come, go, depart, from οἴχομαι"},{"word":"κῆλα","gloss":"Arrow, shaft, dart, from κῆλον"},{"word":"ἐκαλέσατο","gloss":"Call, summon, convoke, from καλέω"},{"word":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"White-armed, from λευκ-ώλενος"},{"word":"Ἥρη","gloss":"Hera, consort of Zeus and queen of the gods"},{"word":"φρεσὶν","gloss":"Mind, heart, wits, from φρήν"},{"word":"ἐκήδετο","gloss":"Grieve, distress, hurt, from κήδω"},{"word":"ὅτι","gloss":"That, because, from ὅτ(τ)ι"},{"word":"ὡράετο","gloss":"See, behold, look, from ὁράω"},{"word":"ἠγέροντο","gloss":"Collect, assemble, gather, from ἀγείρω"},{"word":"ἐγένοντο","gloss":"Become, be, arise, from γί-γνομαι"},{"word":"ὁμηγερέες","gloss":"Collected, assembled, gathered together, from ὁμη-γερής"},{"word":"ἀνέστη","gloss":"Stand up, arise, from ἀν-ί-στημι"},{"word":"μετέφη","gloss":"Speak among, address, converse with, from μετά-φημι"},{"word":"ἐννῆμαρ","gloss":"Nine days"},{"word":"δεκάτῃ","gloss":"Tenth, from δέκατος"},{"word":"ἀγορήνδε","gloss":"To assembly, from ἀγορά"},{"word":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"When, since, for"},{"word":"οὖν","gloss":"Therefore, hence, now"},{"word":"ἀνιστάμενος","gloss":"Stand up, set up, raise, from ἀνίστημι"}],"paradigms":[{"section":913,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present imperative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λύεο","meaning":"loose (for) yourself, be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λυέσθω","meaning":"let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύεσθον","meaning":"loose (for) your two selves, be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λυέσθων","meaning":"let those two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λύεσθε","meaning":"loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λυέσθων","meaning":"let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"present imperative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,3]},{"section":913,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist imperative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λῦσαι","meaning":"loose (for) yourself, be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡσάσθω","meaning":"let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σασθον","meaning":"loose (for) your two selves, be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡσάσθων","meaning":"let these two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σασθε","meaning":"loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡσάσθων","meaning":"let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"aorist imperative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,3]},{"section":913,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect imperative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυσο","meaning":"loose (for) yourself, be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λελύσθω","meaning":"let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λέλυσθον","meaning":"loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελύσθων","meaning":"let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λέλυσθε","meaning":"loose (for) yourselves, be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύσθων","meaning":"let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed","name":"perfect imperative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,3]}]}]}