{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":6,"id":"grc.module.ph.26-30","title":"Lessons XXVI to XXX","stage":"Pharr II: The Whole Verb","situation":null,"outcome":"The Optative Mode · The Passive Voice · Adjectives of the Third Declension · Demonstrative Pronouns · Personal and Possessive Pronouns · Iliad 81-85","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/6","lines":89},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/5","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/7","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XXVI: The Optative Mode","teaching":[{"title":"The optative","paragraphs":["English uses may for wishes: may the fire burn, may he escape. Greek changes the verb itself. These forms are the optative.","The optative is a mood. The indicative states what is so. The optative states a wish, or what might be.","Compare λύω, I loose, with λύοιμι, may I loose. The ending changes and the stem stays the same.","The same forms can also mean I might, could, would or should loose. The sentence shows which."]},{"title":"Tenses of the optative","paragraphs":["The optative tables have three tenses: present, aorist and perfect. In the optative the tense shows the kind of action, not time.","The present shows continuing action. The aorist shows the action as occurring, without regard to how long it lasts. The perfect shows the action as completed.","Present: λύοιμι. Aorist: λῡ́σαιμι. Perfect: λελύκοιμι. Each means may I loose. The aorist has σ after the stem. The perfect has reduplication and κ.","The perfect optative is very rare in Homer.","Pharr also prints the middle optative: λυοίμην, may I loose for myself, or may I be loosed."]},{"title":"The adjective μέγας, and the next lines","paragraphs":["μέγας means great, mighty or large. It has a form for each gender: masculine μέγας, feminine μεγάλη, neuter μέγα.","Most forms are longer, like μεγάλου and μεγάλων. Only μέγας, μέγαν and the neuter μέγα are short. You will see πῦρ μέγα, a great fire, and θεοὶ μεγάλοι, great gods.","In these lines a speaker addresses the son of Atreus. He thinks they will be driven back and return home, if they escape death at all. War and plague together are wasting the Achaeans.","Then he proposes: come, let us ask some seer or priest, or even a reader of dreams.","Find φύγοιμεν, we escape, after if. It ends like λύοιμεν, may we loose, in the table."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.1","source":"οἴει Ἀχιλλεὺς τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἀπονοστήσειν οἴκαδε.","translation":"Achilles thinks that the Achaeans will return home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴει","gloss":"οἴω: think, suppose, imagine, expect"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἀπονοστήσειν","gloss":"ἀπο-νοστέ-ω*: return (home), go home"},{"text":"οἴκαδε.","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.2","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ οὐκ ἔφυγον θάνατον, τοὺς γὰρ πόλεμος ἐδάμασε καὶ λοιμὸς ὁμοῦ.","translation":"The Achaeans did not escape death, for war and pestilence overcame them together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἔφυγον","gloss":"φεύγω: flee, escape"},{"text":"θάνατον,","gloss":"θάνατος: death"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"πόλεμος","gloss":"π(τ)όλεμος: war, battle, fray"},{"text":"ἐδάμασε","gloss":"δαμάζω: subdue, overcome, crush"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"λοιμὸς","gloss":"plague, pestilence"},{"text":"ὁμοῦ.","gloss":"together, at the same time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.3","source":"ἐρείωμεν τοῦτον μάντιν, ὁ γὰρ φίλος ἐστὶν Ἀπόλλωνι.","translation":"Let us ask this seer, for he is dear to Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐρείωμεν","gloss":"ἐρέω: ask, inquire, seek"},{"text":"τοῦτον","gloss":"οὗτος: this"},{"text":"μάντιν,","gloss":"μάντις: seer, prophet, soothsayer"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"φίλος","gloss":"dear, darling, beloved"},{"text":"ἐστὶν","gloss":"ἐστί: is, there is"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνι.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.4","source":"ἑκηβόλος βάλλοι οἰστοὺς πολλοὺς ἀνὰ στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"May the free-shooter shoot many arrows up through the army of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"βάλλοι","gloss":"βάλλω: throw, hurl, shoot"},{"text":"οἰστοὺς","gloss":"οἰστός: arrow, shaft"},{"text":"πολλοὺς","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along, up through"},{"text":"στρατὸν","gloss":"στρατός: army, encampment, host"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.5","source":"βουλὴν Διὸς τελείωμεν.","translation":"Let us fulfill the will of Zeus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, purpose"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus"},{"text":"τελείωμεν.","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.6","source":"πόλεμος κακὸς ὀλέκοι κακῶς Δαναούς, οὕνεκ’ ἠτίμασαν Ἀπόλλωνα.","translation":"May evil war destroy the Danaans harshly, because they dishonored Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πόλεμος","gloss":"π(τ)όλεμος: war, battle, fray"},{"text":"κακὸς","gloss":"bad, evil, wicked"},{"text":"ὀλέκοι","gloss":"ὀλέκω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"κακῶς","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly"},{"text":"Δαναούς,","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"οὕνεκ’","gloss":"οὕνεκα: because"},{"text":"ἠτίμασαν","gloss":"ἀ-τιμάζω: dishonor, slight, insult"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνα.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.7","source":"πῦρ μέγα καίοι ἑκατόμβᾱς ταύρων ἠδ’ αἰγῶν.","translation":"May the great fire burn the hecatombs of bulls and goats.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πῦρ","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"μέγα","gloss":"μέγας: great, mighty, large"},{"text":"καίοι","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"ταύρων","gloss":"ταῦρος: bull"},{"text":"ἠδ’","gloss":"ἠδέ: and, also"},{"text":"αἰγῶν.","gloss":"αἴξ: goat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.8","source":"τελέσειε βουλὴν ἑκηβόλος ἄναξ.","translation":"May the free-shooting lord fulfill his plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τελέσειε","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill"},{"text":"βουλὴν","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, purpose"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλος","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ἄναξ.","gloss":"king, lord, protector"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.9","source":"ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχοντες ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ’ οἴκαδ’ ἱκέσθαι, παῖδα δ’ ἐμοὶ λῡ́σαιτε φίλην.","translation":"May the gods who have Olympian homes grant you to sack the city of Priam, and to return safely home; and may you free for me my dear daughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὑμῖν","gloss":"ὑμεῖς: you (plural)"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand, truly"},{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"δοῖεν","gloss":"δίδωμι: give, grant"},{"text":"Ὀλύμπια","gloss":"Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian"},{"text":"δώματ’","gloss":"δῶμα: house, home"},{"text":"ἔχοντες","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσαι","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"Πριάμοιο","gloss":"Πρίαμος: Priam"},{"text":"πόλιν,","gloss":"π(τ)όλις: city, state"},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home, home"},{"text":"ἱκέσθαι,","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)"},{"text":"παῖδα","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"ἐμοὶ","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; me, to me"},{"text":"λῡ́σαιτε","gloss":"λύω: loose, free, release"},{"text":"φίλην.","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, beloved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L26.g158.10","source":"τίσειαν Δαναοὶ ἐμὰ δάκρυα σοῖσι βέλεσσιν.","translation":"Let the Danaans pay for my tears with your arrows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίσειαν","gloss":"τίνω: requite, atone for, pay the penalty"},{"text":"Δαναοὶ","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"ἐμὰ","gloss":"ἐμός: my, mine"},{"text":"δάκρυα","gloss":"δάκρυ: tear"},{"text":"σοῖσι","gloss":"σός: your, yours"},{"text":"βέλεσσιν.","gloss":"βέλος: dart, arrow, missile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.g158.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.1","source":"πάντες οἵδε οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ πλαγχθέντες πάλιν ἀπονοστήσουσιν οἴκαδε, εἴ κε θάνατον κακὸν φύγοιεν.","translation":"All these Achaeans are driven back, and they will return homeward, if haply they may escape evil death.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.1.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.2","source":"οὐ φεύξονται θάνατον, τοὺς γὰρ πόλεμός τε καὶ λοιμὸς δαμάσουσιν ὁμοῦ.","translation":"They will not escape death, for war and pestilence will crush them at the same time.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.2.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.3","source":"πῦρ καίοι ἑκατόμβᾱς ταύρων ἠδ’ αἰγῶν παρὰ νηυσὶ θοῇσιν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"May the fire burn the hecatombs of bulls and of goats beside the swift ships of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.3.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.4","source":"θεοὶ μεγάλοι βάλλοιεν οἰστοὺς πολλοὺς ἀνὰ στρατὸν Δαναῶν.","translation":"May the great gods shoot many arrows up through the camp of the Danaans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.4.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.5","source":"Δαναοὶ πάντες τελέσειαν βουλὰς Διὸς καὶ θάνατον κακὸν φύγοιεν.","translation":"May all the Danaans fulfill the plans of Zeus and escape evil death.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.5.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L26.e161.6","source":"πόλεμός τε καὶ λοιμὸς ὁμοῦ δαμάσειαν τούσδε τοὺς κακούς, οὕνεκ’ ἠτίμασαν Χρύσην, ἱερῆα Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκηβόλου.","translation":"May the war and pestilence at the same time crush these wicked people, because they dishonored Chryses, priest of Apollo the free-shooter.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L26.e161.6.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L26.r159.59","source":"“Ἀτρεΐδη, νῦν ἄμμε πάλιν πλαγχθέντας ὀίω","translation":"Son of Atreus, now I think that we, driven back again,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ἀτρεΐδη,","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"ἄμμε","gloss":"ἐγώ: we"},{"text":"πάλιν","gloss":"παλιμπλάζομαι: driven back again"},{"text":"πλαγχθέντας","gloss":"πλάζω: driven from our course"},{"text":"ὀίω","gloss":"οἴομαι: I think"}],"audio":null},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L26.r159.60","source":"ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν, εἴ κεν θάνατόν γε φύγοιμεν,","translation":"shall return home, if indeed we escape death at all,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἂψ","gloss":"back"},{"text":"ἀπονοστήσειν,","gloss":"ἀπονοστέω: shall return home"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"θάνατόν","gloss":"θάνατος: death"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"φύγοιμεν,","gloss":"φεύγω: we escape"}],"audio":null},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L26.r159.61","source":"εἰ δὴ ὁμοῦ πόλεμός τε δαμᾷ καὶ λοιμὸς Ἀχαιούς.","translation":"since war and plague together are wasting the Achaeans;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"since"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ὁμοῦ","gloss":"together"},{"text":"πόλεμός","gloss":"war"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δαμᾷ","gloss":"δαμάζω: are wasting"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"λοιμὸς","gloss":"plague"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L26.r159.62","source":"ἀλλ’ ἄγε δή τινα μάντιν ἐρείομεν ἢ ἱερῆα","translation":"but come, let us ask some seer or priest,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἄγε","gloss":"come"},{"text":"δή","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"τινα","gloss":"τις: some"},{"text":"μάντιν","gloss":"μάντις: seer"},{"text":"ἐρείομεν","gloss":"ἐρέω: let us ask"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ἱερῆα","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest"}],"audio":null},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L26.r159.63","source":"ἢ καὶ ὀνειροπόλον, καὶ γάρ τ’ ὄναρ ἐκ Διός ἐστιν,","translation":"or even a reader of dreams, for a dream too comes from Zeus,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"too"},{"text":"ὀνειροπόλον,","gloss":"ὀνειροπόλος: a reader of dreams"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"too"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ὄναρ","gloss":"a dream"},{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"from"},{"text":"Διός","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus"},{"text":"ἐστιν,","gloss":"εἰμί: comes"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":905,"text":"§905. The Subjunctive\n\nPresent\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    λύω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λύῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λύῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λύητον     you two may loose\n3       λύητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λύωμεν     we may loose\n2       λύητε      you may loose\n3       λύωσι      they may loose\nSee footnote 1 on next page.\nI may loose: See footnote 2 on next page.\n\nAorist\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λῡ́σῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λῡ́σῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σητον     you two may loose\n3       λῡ́σητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σωμεν     we may loose\n2       λῡ́σητε      you may loose\n3       λῡ́σωσι      they may loose\nAlso let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax.\nI may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.\n\nPerfect\n        Greek         English\nS. 1    λελύκω        I may loose\n2       λελύκης(θα)   you may loose\n3       λελύκη(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λελύκητον     you two may loose\n3       λελύκητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λελύκωμεν     we may loose\n2       λελύκητε      you may loose\n3       λελύκωσι      they may loose\nThe different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).\n\nThe aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).\n\nThe perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time)."},{"section":906,"text":"§906. Optative\n\nPresent\n         Greek       English\nS. 1     λύοιμι      may I loose\nDu. 1\nS. 2     λύοις(θα)   may you loose\nDu. 2    λύοιτον     may you two loose\nS. 3     λύοι        may he loose\nDu. 3    λυοίτην     may they two loose\nPLURAL\n         λύοιμεν     may we loose\n         λύοιτε      may you loose\n         λύοιεν      may they loose\nThe different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).\n\nThe aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).\n\nThe perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).\nmay I loose: Also, I may, might, could, would, should loose, with various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. Read the notes to 905.\n\nAorist\n        Greek                  English\nS. 1    λῡ́σαιμι                may I loose\n2       λῡ́σαις(θα) (λῡ́σειας)   may you loose\n3       λῡ͂σαι (λῡ́σειε)         may he loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σαιτον               may you two loose\n3       λῡσαίτην               may they two loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σαιμεν               may we loose\n2       λῡ́σαιτε                may you loose.\n3       λῡ́σαιεν (λῡ́σειαν)      may they loose\nmay I loose: Read the notes at the end of 905.\n\nPerfect\n        Greek          English\nS. 1    λελύκοιμι      may I loose\n2       λελύκοις(θα)   may you loose\n3       λελύκοι        may he loose\nDu. 2   λελύκοιτον     may you two loose\n3       λελυκοίτην     may they two loose\nPl. 1   λελύκοιμεν     may we loose\n2       λελύκοιτε      may you loose\n3       λελύκοιεν      may they loose\nNot found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer."},{"section":912,"text":"§912. OPTATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λυοίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λύοιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λύοιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λύοισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λυοίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λυοίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λύοισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λυοίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\nRead the note at the end of 905.\nmay I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    λῡσαίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λῡ́σαιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λῡ́σαιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σαισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λῡσαίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσαίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λῡ́σαισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λῡσαίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λελυμένος εἴην    may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λελυμένος εἴης    may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λελυμένος εἴη     may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λελυμένω εἶτον    may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λελυμένω εἴτην    may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λελυμένοι εἶμεν   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λελυμένοι εἶτε    may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λελυμένοι εἶεν    may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\nλελυμένος εἴη: Also λελῦτο (= λελυ-ῑ-το)."},{"section":733,"text":"§733. Irregular Adjectives\n\nμέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα great, large (μεγα-, μεγαλο-, μεγαλᾱ-, μεγαλο-), Singular\nN.   μέγας          μεγάλη    μέγα\nG.   μεγάλου, οιο   μεγάλης   μεγάλου, οιο\nD.   μεγάλῳ         μεγάλῃ    μεγάλῳ\nA.   μέγαν          μεγάλην   μέγα\nV.   μέγα(ς)        μεγάλη    μέγα\n\nμέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Dual\nN. A. V.   μεγάλω     μεγάλᾱ     μεγάλω\nG. D.      μεγάλοιν   μεγάλῃιν   μεγάλοιν\n\nμέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Plural\nN. V.   μεγάλοι          μεγάλαι              μεγάλα\nG.      μεγάλων          μεγαλάων [έων, ὢν]   μεγάλων\nD.      μεγάλοισι, οις   μεγάλῃσι, ῃς         μεγάλοισι, οις\nA.      μεγάλους         μεγάλᾱς              μεγάλα\n\nπολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many (πολυ-, πολεϝ-; πολϝᾱ-; πολυ-, πολεϝ-), Singular\nN.   πολύς [πουλύς]   πολλή    πολύ [πουλύ]\nG.   πολέος           πολλῆς   πολέος\nD.   πολέι            πολλῇ    πολέι\nA.   πολύν [πουλύν]   πολλήν   πολύ [πουλύ]\nV.   πολύ(ς)          πολλή    πολύ\n\nDUAL (none).\n\nπολύς, πολλή, πολύ, Plural\nN. V.   πολέες           πολλαί              πολέα\nG.      πολέων           πολλάων [έων, ὢν]   πολέων\nD.      πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι     πολλῇσι, ῇς         πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι\nA.      πολέας [πολῦς]   πολλάς              πολέα"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"οἴει","gloss":"Think, suppose, imagine, from οἴω"},{"word":"ἀπονοστήσειν","gloss":"Return, go home, from ἀπο-νοστέ-ω*"},{"word":"πόλεμος","gloss":"War, battle, fray, from π(τ)όλεμος"},{"word":"ἐδάμασε","gloss":"Subdue, overcome, crush, from δαμάζω"},{"word":"λοιμὸς","gloss":"Plague, pest"},{"word":"ὁμοῦ","gloss":"Together, at the same time"},{"word":"ἐρείωμεν","gloss":"Ask, inquire, seek, from ἐρέω"},{"word":"τοῦτον","gloss":"That, from οὗτος"},{"word":"μάντιν","gloss":"Seer, prophet, soothsayer, from μάντις"},{"word":"πῦρ","gloss":"Fire, flame"},{"word":"μέγα","gloss":"Great, large, tall, from μέγας"},{"word":"πάλιν","gloss":"Driven back again, from παλιμπλάζομαι"},{"word":"πλαγχθέντας","gloss":"Beat, baffle, wander, from πλάζω"},{"word":"ὀίω","gloss":"I think, from οἴομαι"},{"word":"ἂψ","gloss":"Back, backward"},{"word":"γε","gloss":"Indeed"},{"word":"πόλεμός","gloss":"War"},{"word":"ἄγε","gloss":"Up, come, go"},{"word":"ὀνειροπόλον","gloss":"Dream interpreter, dreamer of dreams, from ὀνειροπόλος"},{"word":"ὄναρ","gloss":"Dream"}],"paradigms":[{"section":906,"headword":"λύω","caption":"present optative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λύοιμι","meaning":"may I loose","name":"present optative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λύοις","meaning":"may you loose","name":"present optative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λύοιτον","meaning":"may you two loose","name":"present optative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"λύοι","meaning":"may he loose","name":"present optative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"λυοίτην","meaning":"may they two loose","name":"present optative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"P. 1","number":"plural","form":"λύοιμεν","meaning":"may we loose","name":"present optative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"P. 2","number":"plural","form":"λύοιτε","meaning":"may you loose","name":"present optative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"P. 3","number":"plural","form":"λύοιεν","meaning":"may they loose","name":"present optative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":906,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist optative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σαιμι","meaning":"may I loose","name":"aorist optative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λῡ́σαις","meaning":"may you loose","name":"aorist optative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λῡ͂σαι","meaning":"may he loose","name":"aorist optative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λῡ́σαιτον","meaning":"may you two loose","name":"aorist optative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λῡσαίτην","meaning":"may they two loose","name":"aorist optative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σαιμεν","meaning":"may we loose","name":"aorist optative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σαιτε","meaning":"may you loose.","name":"aorist optative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λῡ́σαιεν","meaning":"may they loose","name":"aorist optative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,5,6]},{"section":906,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect optative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λελύκοιμι","meaning":"may I loose","name":"perfect optative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λελύκοις","meaning":"may you loose","name":"perfect optative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λελύκοι","meaning":"may he loose","name":"perfect optative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελύκοιτον","meaning":"may you two loose","name":"perfect optative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελυκοίτην","meaning":"may they two loose","name":"perfect optative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύκοιμεν","meaning":"may we loose","name":"perfect optative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελύκοιτε","meaning":"may you loose","name":"perfect optative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύκοιεν","meaning":"may they loose","name":"perfect optative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,4]},{"section":733,"headword":"μέγας","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"μέγας","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλου","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλῳ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"μέγαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"μέγα","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλω","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλοι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλοισι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλους","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,4,8]},{"section":733,"headword":"μεγάλη","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλη","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλην","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλη","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλῃιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"μεγαλάων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλῃσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,5,9]},{"section":733,"headword":"μέγα","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"μέγα","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλου","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"μεγάλῳ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"μέγα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"μέγα","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλω","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"μεγάλοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλοισι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"μεγάλα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[5,7,9]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXVII: The Passive Voice","teaching":[{"title":"The aorist passive","paragraphs":["In the active voice the subject does the action: the priest looses the girl. In the passive voice the subject receives it: the girl is loosed.","The aorist passive of λύω is ἐλύθην, I was loosed. Then ἐλύθης, you were loosed, and ἐλύθη, he was loosed.","A θ stands between the stem and the ending. The aorist passive takes active endings.","Plural: ἐλύθημεν, we were loosed, ἐλύθητε, you were loosed, ἐλύθησαν, they were loosed. In a sentence: οὐκ ἐλύθη θυγάτηρ ἱερῆος, the priest’s daughter was not released."]},{"title":"Other moods of the aorist passive","paragraphs":["The aorist passive also has a subjunctive and an optative. Subjunctive: λυθῶ, I may be loosed. Optative: λυθείην, may I be loosed.","The θ stays in both. The ἐ at the front of ἐλύθην is gone.","Some verbs have a second aorist passive without θ. Pharr's model is τρέφω, nourish: ἐτράφην, τραφῶ, τραφείην. The endings are the same as for λύω.","The last sound of the stem can change before θ. γ becomes χ, as in ἐπλάγχθησαν, they were driven back.","Only the aorist has its own passive forms. In the other tenses the passive uses the middle forms, with two exceptions. Even in the aorist, the middle often has a passive meaning, and the passive often has a middle meaning."]},{"title":"Principal parts, and Calchas rises","paragraphs":["A tense system is a tense with all its forms. The principal parts of a verb are the I form of each of its tense systems.","The word list gives them for βούλομαι, wish: βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι, βέβουλα, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην.","In these lines a speaker asks for someone to tell why Phoebus Apollo is so angry. Does he blame them for a vow, or for a hecatomb? He may be willing to keep destruction away from them.","Then the speaker sits down. Calchas, son of Thestor, far the best of augurs, stands up among them.","Find ὅς κ’ εἴποι, who might tell. εἴποι is optative, here meaning might. Find also βούλεται, he is willing, from βούλομαι."]}],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.1","source":"ὀνειροπόλος εἴποι ὅτι τόσσον ἐχώσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"May the dream interpreter tell why Phoebus Apollo is so enraged.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὀνειροπόλος","gloss":"ὀνειρο-πόλος: dream interpreter, dreamer of dreams"},{"text":"εἴποι","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"ὅτι","gloss":"ὅτ(τ)ι: why"},{"text":"τόσσον","gloss":"τόσ(σ)ος: so much, so greatly"},{"text":"ἐχώσατο","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus, bright, a surname of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων.","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.1.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.2","source":"οὐκ ἐλύθη θυγάτηρ ἱερῆος.","translation":"The priest's daughter was not released.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἐλύθη","gloss":"λύω: loose, free"},{"text":"θυγάτηρ","gloss":"daughter"},{"text":"ἱερῆος.","gloss":"ἱερεύς: priest, holy man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.2.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.3","source":"παῖδες Ἀχαιῶν ἐλύθησαν Ἀγαμέμνονι.","translation":"The children of the Achaeans were released by Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"παῖδες","gloss":"παῖς: child, son, daughter"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐλύθησαν","gloss":"λύω: loose, free"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι.","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.3.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.4","source":"ἐλύθητε, Δαναοί, γέροντι.","translation":"You were released, Danaans, by the old man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐλύθητε,","gloss":"λύω: loose, free"},{"text":"Δαναοί,","gloss":"Δαναός: Danaan, Greek"},{"text":"γέροντι.","gloss":"γέρων: old man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.4.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.5","source":"ἠγέρθεν Ἀχαιοί. ἠγέρθησαν Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"The Achaeans were assembled. The Achaeans were assembled.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἠγέρθεν","gloss":"ἀγείρω: collect, assemble, gather"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἠγέρθησαν","gloss":"ἀγείρω: collect, assemble, gather"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.5.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.6","source":"ἐδάμησαν Ἀχαιοὶ πολέμῳ τε καὶ λοιμῷ ὁμοῦ.","translation":"The Achaeans were overcome by war and pestilence together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐδάμησαν","gloss":"δαμάζω: subdue, overcome, crush"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"πολέμῳ","gloss":"π(τ)όλεμος: war, battle, fray"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"λοιμῷ","gloss":"λοιμός: plague, pestilence"},{"text":"ὁμοῦ.","gloss":"together, at the same time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.6.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.7","source":"πάντες ἥρωες ἐπλάγχθησαν πάλιν.","translation":"All the heroes were driven back again.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every"},{"text":"ἥρωες","gloss":"ἥρως: hero, mighty warrior"},{"text":"ἐπλάγχθησαν","gloss":"πλάζω: beat (back), baffle, cause to wander"},{"text":"πάλιν.","gloss":"back, backward(s), again"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.7.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.8","source":"θεοὶ ἐπιμέμψονται Ἀχαιούς, οὕνεκα τὰς εὐχωλὰς οὐκ ἐτέλεσαν καὶ τὰς ἑκατόμβᾱς ἀρνῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων οὐκ ἔκηαν.","translation":"The gods will blame the Achaeans, because they did not fulfill their vows and did not burn the hecatombs of unblemished lambs and goats.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἐπιμέμψονται","gloss":"ἐπι-μέμφ-ομαι: blame, find fault (with), reproach"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"τὰς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"εὐχωλὰς","gloss":"εὐχωλή: vow, boast, prayer"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἐτέλεσαν","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"τὰς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβᾱς","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"ἀρνῶν","gloss":"ἀρήν: lamb"},{"text":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"αἴξ: goat"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"τελείων","gloss":"τέλειος: complete, unblemished, perfect"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἔκηαν.","gloss":"καίω: burn, consume"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.8.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.9","source":"Ἀπόλλων βούλεται ἀντιάειν κνίσης ἀρνῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων καὶ λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι ἡμῖν.","translation":"Apollo wishes to partake of the fat of unblemished lambs and goats and to ward off destruction for us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Apollo"},{"text":"βούλεται","gloss":"βούλομαι: wish, desire, be willing"},{"text":"ἀντιάειν","gloss":"ἀντιά-ω: partake, share, go to meet"},{"text":"κνίσης","gloss":"κνίση: fat, savor, odor of roast meat"},{"text":"ἀρνῶν","gloss":"ἀρήν: lamb"},{"text":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"αἴξ: goat"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"τελείων","gloss":"τέλειος: complete, unblemished, perfect"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"λοιγὸν","gloss":"λοιγός: destruction, ruin, death"},{"text":"ἀμῦναι","gloss":"ἀμύνω: ward off, defend, avert"},{"text":"ἡμῖν.","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; us, for us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.9.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L27.g165.10","source":"Κάλχᾱς Θεστορίδης οἰωνοπόλων ὄχ’ ἄριστος εἴποι μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος.","translation":"May Calchas, son of Thestor, far the best of augurs, tell the wrath of Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κάλχᾱς","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"Θεστορίδης","gloss":"son of Thestor, Calchas"},{"text":"οἰωνοπόλων","gloss":"οἰωνο-πόλος: bird-interpreter, augur, seer"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much"},{"text":"ἄριστος","gloss":"best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"εἴποι","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, rage"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.g165.10.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L27.e168.1","source":"Κάλχᾱς Θεστορίδης ἐστὶ μάντις ὃς εἴποι Δαναοῖσιν ὅτι τόσσον ἐχώσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"Calchas, son of Thestor, is the seer who may tell the Danaans why Phoebus Apollo is so greatly enraged.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.e168.1.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L27.e168.2","source":"ἦ Ἀπόλλων ἐπεμέμψατο Ἀχαιοὺς εὐχωλῆς, ἢ ἑκατόμβης κᾱλῆς ἀρνῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων;","translation":"Did Apollo blame the Achaeans on account of a vow, or on account of a goodly hecatomb of unblemished lambs and goats?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.e168.2.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L27.e168.3","source":"Ἀπόλλων ἑκηβόλος οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἀντιάειν κνίσης ἀρνῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων, ἀλλὰ λοιγὸν κακὸν Δαναοῖσιν ἤμῡνεν.","translation":"Apollo the free-shooter did not wish to partake of the fat of unblemished lambs and goats, but he warded off evil destruction for the Danaans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.e168.3.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L27.e168.4","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς ὣς εἰπὼν κατ’ ἄρ’ ἕζετο, ἀνέστη δὲ κᾱλὸς μάντις Κάλχᾱς Θεστορίδης καὶ μετέφη Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἀγορῇ.","translation":"When the swift-footed Achilles had spoken thus he sat down, and the good(ly) seer, Calchas, son of Thestor, arose and spoke among the Achaeans in the assembly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.e168.4.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L27.e168.5","source":"Κάλχᾱς Θεστορίδης οἰωνοπόλων ὄχ’ ἄριστος εἴποι βουλὴν Διός.","translation":"May Calchas, son of Thestor, far the best of seers, speak the will of Zeus.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L27.e168.5.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.64","source":"ὅς κ’ εἴποι, ὅτι τόσσον ἐχώσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"who might tell why Phoebus Apollo is so enraged,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅς","gloss":"who"},{"text":"κ’","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"εἴποι,","gloss":"εἶπον: might tell"},{"text":"ὅτι","gloss":"ὅ τι: why (in an indirect question)"},{"text":"τόσσον","gloss":"τόσος: so"},{"text":"ἐχώσατο","gloss":"χώομαι: is enraged"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων,","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":null},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.65","source":"εἴ τ’ ἄρ’ ὅ γ’ εὐχωλῆς ἐπιμέμφεται εἴ θ’ ἑκατόμβης,","translation":"whether he finds fault with a vow or a hecatomb,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"εἰ: whether (εἴ τε ... εἴ τε, whether ... or)"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: (with εἰ) εἴ τε ... εἴ τε, whether ... or"},{"text":"ἄρ’","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"εὐχωλῆς","gloss":"εὐχωλή: a vow"},{"text":"ἐπιμέμφεται","gloss":"ἐπιμέμφομαι: finds fault with"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"εἰ: whether (εἴ τε ... εἴ τε, whether ... or)"},{"text":"θ’","gloss":"τε: (with εἰ) εἴ τε ... εἴ τε, whether ... or"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβης,","gloss":"ἑκατόμβη: a hecatomb"}],"audio":null},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.66","source":"αἴ κέν πως ἀρνῶν κνίσης αἰγῶν τε τελείων","translation":"if perhaps, accepting the fat-smoke of lambs and unblemished goats,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἴ","gloss":"εἰ: if"},{"text":"κέν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"πως","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"ἀρνῶν","gloss":"ἀρνός: of lambs"},{"text":"κνίσης","gloss":"κνῖσα: fat-smoke"},{"text":"αἰγῶν","gloss":"αἴξ: goats"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"τελείων","gloss":"τέλειος: unblemished"}],"audio":null},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.67","source":"βούλεται ἀντιάσας ἡμῖν ἀπὸ λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι.”","translation":"he might be willing to ward the destruction from us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βούλεται","gloss":"βούλομαι: he might be willing"},{"text":"ἀντιάσας","gloss":"ἀντιάω: accepting"},{"text":"ἡμῖν","gloss":"ἐγώ: from us"},{"text":"ἀπὸ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"λοιγὸν","gloss":"λοιγός: the destruction"},{"text":"ἀμῦναι.”","gloss":"ἀμύνω: to ward"}],"audio":null},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.68","source":"ἦ τοι ὅ γ’ ὣς εἰπὼν κατ’ ἄρ’ ἕζετο, τοῖσι δ’ ἀνέστη","translation":"So he spoke, and sat down; and among them rose up","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"ἦ: truly, surely (ἦ τοι, verily)"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"τοι: surely, mark you (particle)"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ὣς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"εἰπὼν","gloss":"εἶπον: spoke"},{"text":"κατ’","gloss":"κατά: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄρ’","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"ἕζετο,","gloss":"ἕζομαι: sat down"},{"text":"τοῖσι","gloss":"ὁ: among them"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀνέστη","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: rose up"}],"audio":null},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L27.r166.69","source":"Κάλχας Θεστορίδης, οἰωνοπόλων ὄχ’ ἄριστος,","translation":"Calchas, son of Thestor, far the best of augurs,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κάλχας","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"Θεστορίδης,","gloss":"son of Thestor"},{"text":"οἰωνοπόλων","gloss":"οἰωνοπόλος: of augurs"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: far"},{"text":"ἄριστος,","gloss":"the best"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":888,"text":"§888. Passive. The aorist passive has active endings; the other forms of the passive have middle endings."},{"section":889,"text":"§889. Since only the aorist of the passive differs in form from the middle, all the other tenses having the same forms in both voices, the context must determine in these other tenses which voice is intended.\nBut see 817, note, for two exceptions."},{"section":890,"text":"§890. The aorist middle, especially the athematic (797) aorist, is often used instead of the aorist passive. On the other hand the aorist passive is often used with a middle meaning."},{"section":891,"text":"§891. The perfect and pluperfect, middle and passive are athematic (797), i.e. the personal endings are attached directly to the reduplicated verb stem."},{"section":892,"text":"§892. The future perfect passive stem is formed by adding -σε/ο to the perfect middle (passive) stem. A vowel which precedes this -σε/ο is lengthened, even though it be short in the perfect middle."},{"section":893,"text":"§893. The first aorist passive stem is formed by adding θε/η to the verb stem."},{"section":894,"text":"§894. Sometimes a sigma also is added to the verb stem before the θε/η."},{"section":895,"text":"§895. Before the theta of the passive stem, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ; τ, δ, and θ regularly become σ (610, 1, 2)."},{"section":896,"text":"§896. Many verbs have a second aorist passive, which does not have the θ, but otherwise has the same endings as the first aorist passive."},{"section":916,"text":"§916. INDICATIVE\n\nPASSIVE VOICE\n\nAorist only\nOccasionally with a middle meaning.\n\nS. 1    ἐλύθην              I was loosed\nS. 2    ἐλύθης              you were loosed\nS. 3    ἐλύθη               he was loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλύθητον            you two were loosed\nDu. 3   ἐλυθήτην            they two were loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλύθημεν            we were loosed\nPl. 2   ἐλύθητε             you were loosed\nPl. 3   ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν)   they were loosed"},{"section":917,"text":"§917. SUBJUNCTIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1    λυθῶ (λυθέω)         I may be loosed\nS. 2    λυθῇς (λυθέῃς)       you may be loosed\nS. 3    λυθῇ (λυθέῃ)         he may be loosed\nDu. 2   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   you two may be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   they two may be loosed\nPl. 1   λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν)   we may be loosed\nPl. 2   λυθῆτε (λυθέητε)     you may be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι)     they may be loosed\nλυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.\nI may be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":918,"text":"§918. OPTATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1    λυθείην                may I be loosed\nS. 2    λυθείης                may you be loosed\nS. 3    λυθείη                 may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον)   may you two be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθείτην (λυθειήτην)   may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν)   may we be loosed\nPl. 2   λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε)     may you be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν)    may they be loosed\nmay I be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":919,"text":"§919. IMPERATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 2    λύθητι     be loosed\nS. 3    λυθήτω     let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λύθητον    be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθήτων    let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λύθητε     be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθέντων   let them be loosed"},{"section":920,"text":"§920. INFINITIVE\n\nλυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed"},{"section":921,"text":"§921. PARTICIPLE\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed"},{"section":935,"text":"§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish\n        Indicative            Subjunctive   Optative                 Imperative\nS. 1    ἐτράφην               τραφῶ         τραφείην\n2       ἐτράφης               τραφῇς        τραφείης                 τράφητι\n3       ἐτράφη                τραφῇ         τραφείη                  τραφήτω\nDu. 2   ἐτράφητον             τραφῆτον      τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον)   τράφητον\n3       ἐτραφήτην             τραφῆτον      τραφείτην (τραφειήτην)   τραφήτων\nPl. 1   ἐτράφημεν             τραφῶμεν      τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)\n2       ἐτράφητε              τραφῆτε       τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε)     τράφητε\n3       ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν)   τραφῶσι       τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν)    τραφέντων\n\nSecond Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle\nInfinitive   τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)\nParticiple   τραφείς, εἶσα, έν"},{"section":810,"text":"§810. Principal Parts. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular of each tense system found in it."},{"section":811,"text":"§811. No verb has all the tense systems entire. Most verbs have no more than six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, perfect middle (passive), and the first or second aorist passive. If the verb does not have a future active, the future middle (passive) is given. If the verb has a second aorist, it is added."},{"section":812,"text":"§812. Of deponent verbs (897) the principal parts are: the present, future, perfect, and aorist. This includes both first and second aorists, middle and passive, if they occur."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ὀνειροπόλος","gloss":"Dream interpreter, dreamer of dreams, from ὀνειρο-πόλος"},{"word":"τόσσον","gloss":"So much, so greatly, from τόσ(σ)ος"},{"word":"ἐπιμέμψονται","gloss":"Blame, find fault, reproach, from ἐπι-μέμφ-ομαι"},{"word":"εὐχωλὰς","gloss":"Vow, boast, prayer, from εὐχωλή"},{"word":"ἀρνῶν","gloss":"Lamb, from ἀρήν"},{"word":"τελείων","gloss":"Complete, finished, full-grown, from τέλειος"},{"word":"βούλεται","gloss":"Wish, desire, be willing, from βούλομαι"},{"word":"κνίσης","gloss":"Fat, savor, odor of roast meat, from κνίση"},{"word":"λοιγὸν","gloss":"Destruction, ruin, death, from λοιγός"},{"word":"ἀμῦναι","gloss":"Ward off, defend, protect, from ἀμύνω"},{"word":"Κάλχᾱς","gloss":"Calchas"},{"word":"Θεστορίδης","gloss":"Son of Thestor, Calchas"},{"word":"οἰωνοπόλων","gloss":"Bird-interpreter, augur, seer, from οἰωνο-πόλος"},{"word":"εἴποι","gloss":"Might tell, from εἶπον"},{"word":"ἐπιμέμφεται","gloss":"Blame, find fault, reproach, from ἐπιμέμφομαι"},{"word":"ἑκατόμβης","gloss":"HECATOMB, sacrifice, a number of animals offered in sacrifice, from ἑκατόμβη"},{"word":"πως","gloss":"Some way, somehow, any way"},{"word":"ἀπὸ","gloss":"Off, from, away"}],"paradigms":[{"section":916,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist indicative passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλύθην","meaning":"I was loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλύθης","meaning":"you were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλύθη","meaning":"he was loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλύθητον","meaning":"you two were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλυθήτην","meaning":"they two were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύθημεν","meaning":"we were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύθητε","meaning":"you were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλύθησαν","meaning":"they were loosed","name":"aorist indicative passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,6]},{"section":917,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist subjunctive passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λυθῶ","meaning":"I may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λυθῇς","meaning":"you may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"λυθῇ","meaning":"he may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λυθῆτον","meaning":"you two may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"λυθῆτον","meaning":"they two may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λυθῶμεν","meaning":"we may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λυθῆτε","meaning":"you may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"λυθῶσι","meaning":"they may be loosed","name":"aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":918,"headword":"λύω","caption":"aorist optative passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λυθείην","meaning":"may I be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"λυθείης","meaning":"may you be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"λυθείη","meaning":"may he be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λυθεῖτον","meaning":"may you two be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"λυθείτην","meaning":"may they two be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λυθεῖμεν","meaning":"may we be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"λυθεῖτε","meaning":"may you be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"λυθεῖεν","meaning":"may they be loosed","name":"aorist optative passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,5]},{"section":935,"headword":"τρέφω","caption":"second aorist indicative passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐτράφην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐτράφης","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐτράφη","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐτράφητον","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐτραφήτην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐτράφημεν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐτράφητε","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐτράφησαν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[4,5,7]},{"section":935,"headword":"τρέφω","caption":"second aorist subjunctive passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"τραφῶ","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"τραφῇς","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"τραφῇ","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"τραφῆτον","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"τραφῆτον","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"τραφῶμεν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"τραφῆτε","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"τραφῶσι","meaning":"","name":"second aorist subjunctive passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,5,7]},{"section":935,"headword":"τρέφω","caption":"second aorist optative passive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"τραφείην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"τραφείης","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"τραφείη","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"τραφεῖτον","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"τραφείτην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"τραφεῖμεν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"τραφεῖτε","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"τραφεῖεν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist optative passive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,4,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXVIII: Adjectives of the Third Declension","teaching":[{"title":"Third-declension nouns, reviewed","paragraphs":["This lesson puts third-declension endings on adjectives. First review the nouns.","θεᾱ́ and θάλασσα are first declension. The third declension has a different set of endings.","Take γέρων, old man, genitive γέροντος. Remove the ending ος and the stem γεροντ- remains. The stem of these nouns is the genitive singular without its ending.","These nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. The nominative singular has several forms, so learn it with each word. The dative plural ends in σι or εσσι."]},{"title":"Adjectives of the third declension","paragraphs":["Some adjectives have third-declension endings in the masculine and neuter, and first-declension endings in the feminine.","πτερόεις, πτερόεσσα, πτερόεν means winged. The masculine and neuter genitive is πτερόεντος. The feminine genitive is πτεροέσσης, like θαλάσσης. Only the masculine and neuter forms are new.","πᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν, all or every, follows this pattern. So does μέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν, black.","Other adjectives of this declension have only two sets of endings: one for masculine and feminine, one for neuter. ἀμείνων, better or braver, is masculine or feminine, and ἄμεινον is its neuter. ἀεικής, unseemly, has the neuter ἀεικές.","Most of these have stems in ον, with nominatives in ων and ον, or stems in ες, with nominatives in ης and ες."]},{"title":"Calchas speaks","paragraphs":["Calchas has stood up among the Achaeans. He knew what is, what is to come, and what was before.","Phoebus Apollo gave him the art of prophecy. With it he guided the ships of the Achaeans to Ilion.","With good will toward them, he speaks: O Achilles, dear to Zeus, you bid me tell of the wrath of Apollo, the far-shooting lord.","Find ἑκατηβελέταο, far-shooting, from ἑκατη-βελέτης in the word list. Find also ἄνακτος, of the lord, the genitive of the third-declension noun ἄναξ."]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L28.g174.1","source":"Ἀχιλεὺς πόδας ὠκὺς ὥς εἶπε καὶ ἕζετο, τοῖσιν δ’ Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἀνέστη Κάλχᾱς, οὕνεκ’ ἦν ὄχ’ ἄριστος οἰωνοπόλων καὶ ἤδη πάντα, μάλιστα δὲ πάσας βουλὰς θεῶν.","translation":"Achilles, swift of foot, spoke thus and sat down, and Calchas rose up among the Achaeans, because he was far the best of soothsayers and knew everything, especially all the plans of the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλεὺς","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: foot"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift, fleet"},{"text":"ὥς","gloss":"thus, so, in this way"},{"text":"εἶπε","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἕζετο,","gloss":"ἕζομαι: sit down, seat"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἀνέστη","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: stand up, set up, raise, (a)rise"},{"text":"Κάλχᾱς,","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"οὕνεκ’","gloss":"οὕνεκα: because"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"(he, she, it) was, there was"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much, considerably"},{"text":"ἄριστος","gloss":"best, noblest, bravest"},{"text":"οἰωνοπόλων","gloss":"οἰωνο-πόλος: bird-interpreter, augur, soothsayer, seer"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἤδη","gloss":"εἴδω: know"},{"text":"πάντα,","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"μάλιστα","gloss":"most, especially, by all means"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"πάσας","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose, counsel, council"},{"text":"θεῶν.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.g174.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L28.g174.2","source":"Κάλχας ἡγήσατο νήεσσι θοῆς Ἀχαιῶν εἰς Ἴλιον.","translation":"Calchas guided the swift ships of the Achaeans into Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κάλχας","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"ἡγήσατο","gloss":"ἡγέ-ομαι: lead, guide, lead the way"},{"text":"νήεσσι","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"θοῆς","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"Ἴλιον.","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.g174.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L28.g174.3","source":"θεοὶ ἔπορον Κάλχαντι μαντοσύνην, διὰ τὴν ἡγήσατο νήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν Ἴλιον εἴσω.","translation":"The gods gave to Calchas the gift of prophecy, through which he guided the ships of the Achaeans into Ilium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θεοὶ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἔπορον","gloss":"πόρον: give, grant, furnish, bestow"},{"text":"Κάλχαντι","gloss":"Κάλχας: Calchas"},{"text":"μαντοσύνην,","gloss":"μαντοσύνη: gift of prophecy"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through, on account of, by means of"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: who, which, what"},{"text":"ἡγήσατο","gloss":"ἡγέ-ομαι: lead, guide, lead the way"},{"text":"νήεσσιν","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"Ἴλιον","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilium, Troy"},{"text":"εἴσω.","gloss":"into, to, within"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.g174.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L28.g174.4","source":"μάντις Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἠγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν.","translation":"The seer, being well disposed toward the Achaeans, addressed them and spoke among them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μάντις","gloss":"seer, prophet, soothsayer"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐὺ","gloss":"ἐΰς: well (in ἐὺ φρονέω, be well disposed)"},{"text":"φρονέων","gloss":"φρονέ-ω: think, consider, plan; be well disposed"},{"text":"ἠγορήσατο","gloss":"ἀγορά-ομαι: harangue, address an assembly"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"μετέειπεν.","gloss":"μετ-έειπον: spoke among, addressed, spoke to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.g174.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.1","source":"ὥς εἶπον καὶ ἑζόμην.","translation":"I spoke thus and sat down.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.1.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.2","source":"Κάλχᾱς Θεστορίδης, ὃς ἀνέστη, ἦν ὄχ’ ἄριστος μαντίων, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ᾔδη πάντα.","translation":"Calchas the son of Thestor who arose was far the best of seers, but he did not know everything.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.2.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.3","source":"τίς οἶδε τά τ’ ἐόντα τά τε πρὸ ἐόντα τά τ’ ἐσσόμενα;","translation":"Who knows what is, what was, and what shall be?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.3.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.4","source":"οὐκ ἴδμεν βουλὴν πάντων θεῶν οἳ ἔχουσι δώματα Ὀλύμπια.","translation":"We do not know the will of all the gods who have Olympian homes.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.4.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.5","source":"Κάλχᾱς ὁ μάντις, ὃς ἦν ὄχ’ ἄριστος οἰωνοπόλων, ἡγήσατο νήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν Ἴλιον εἴσω ἣν διὰ μαντοσύνην, τήν οἱ ἔπορον θεοί.","translation":"Calchas the seer, who was far the best of soothsayers, guided the ships of the Achaeans into Ilium by his gift of prophecy which the gods gave to him.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.5.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.6","source":"Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων ἔπορε πολλοῖς Ἀχαιοῖσι μαντοσύνην.","translation":"Phoebus Apollo granted to many Achaeans the gift of prophecy.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.6.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L28.e177.7","source":"Δαναοῖσιν ἐὺ φρονέοντες ἠγορησάμεθα καὶ μετείπομεν.","translation":"Since we are well disposed toward the Danaans, we addressed them and spoke among them.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L28.e177.7.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.70","source":"ὃς ᾔδη τά τ’ ἐόντα τά τ’ ἐσσόμενα πρό τ’ ἐόντα,","translation":"who knew what is, and what is to come, and what has been before,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὃς","gloss":"who"},{"text":"ᾔδη","gloss":"οἶδα: knew"},{"text":"τά","gloss":"ὁ: what"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἐόντα","gloss":"εἰμί: has been"},{"text":"τά","gloss":"ὁ: what"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἐσσόμενα","gloss":"εἰμί: is to come"},{"text":"πρό","gloss":"before"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἐόντα,","gloss":"εἰμί: has been"}],"audio":null},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.71","source":"καὶ νήεσσ’ ἡγήσατ’ Ἀχαιῶν Ἴλιον εἴσω","translation":"and who had guided the ships of the Achaeans into Ilion","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"νήεσσ’","gloss":"ναῦς: the ships"},{"text":"ἡγήσατ’","gloss":"ἡγέομαι: had guided"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"},{"text":"Ἴλιον","gloss":"Ἴλιος: Ilion"},{"text":"εἴσω","gloss":"into"}],"audio":null},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.72","source":"ἣν διὰ μαντοσύνην, τήν οἱ πόρε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων·","translation":"through that art of prophecy which Phoebus Apollo gave him;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἣν","gloss":"ἑός: his own"},{"text":"διὰ","gloss":"through"},{"text":"μαντοσύνην,","gloss":"μαντοσύνη: art of prophecy"},{"text":"τήν","gloss":"ὁ: which"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: him"},{"text":"πόρε","gloss":"πόρω: gave"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων·","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":null},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.73","source":"ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν·","translation":"he, with good will toward them, addressed them and spoke:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"σφιν","gloss":"σφεῖς: toward them"},{"text":"ἐὺ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"φρονέων","gloss":"φρονέω: meaning"},{"text":"ἀγορήσατο","gloss":"ἀγοράομαι: addressed them"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μετέειπεν·","gloss":"μετεῖπον: spoke"}],"audio":null},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.74","source":"“ ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ, κέλεαί με, διίφιλε, μυθήσασθαι","translation":"\"O Achilles, dear to Zeus, you bid me tell","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“","gloss":""},{"text":"ὦ","gloss":"O"},{"text":"Ἀχιλεῦ,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"κέλεαί","gloss":"κέλομαι: you bid"},{"text":"με,","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"διίφιλε,","gloss":"διίφιλος: dear to Zeus"},{"text":"μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"μυθέομαι: tell"}],"audio":null},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L28.r175.75","source":"μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος, ἑκατηβελέταο ἄνακτος·","translation":"the wrath of far-shooting Apollo, the lord;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος,","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: of Apollo"},{"text":"ἑκατηβελέταο","gloss":"ἑκατηβελέτης: far-shooting"},{"text":"ἄνακτος·","gloss":"ἄναξ: the lord"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":725,"text":"§725. Adjectives of the first and third declensions have a separate form for the feminine, which is declined like a noun in -α (θάλασσα, 663) of the first declension."},{"section":726,"text":"§726. The masculine and neuter of adjectives with stems in -υ-, -εϝ- are declined like πῆχυς and ἄστυ respectively (704)."},{"section":727,"text":"§727. πτερόεις, εσσα, εν wingéd\n(πτεροϝεντ-, ϝετι͡α-, ϝεντ-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πτερόεις     πτερόεσσα    πτερόεν\nG.   πτερόεντος   πτεροέσσης   πτερόεντος\nD.   πτερόεντι    πτεροέσσῃ    πτερόεντι\nA.   πτερόεντα    πτερόεσσαν   πτερόεν\nV.   πτερόεν      πτερόεσσα    πτερόεν\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πτερόεντε     πτεροέσσᾱ    πτερόεντε\nG. D.      πτεροέντοιν   πτεροέσσῃν   πτεροέντοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πτερόεντες                    πτερόεσσαι                πτερόεντα\nG.      πτερόεντων                    πτεροεσσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]     πτερόεντων\nD.      πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόεσ(σ)ι   πτεροέσσησι, πτεροέσσης   πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόε(σ)σι\nA.      πτερόεντας                    πτεροέσσᾱς                πτερόεντα\n\nεὐρύς, εἶα, ὺ broad, wide\n(εὐρυ-, εϝ-; εϝια-; υ-, εϝ-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   εὐρύς        εὐρεῖα    εὐρύ\nG.   εὐρέος       εὐρείης   εὐρέος\nD.   εὐρέι        εὐρείῃ    εὐρέι\nA.   εὐρύν [έα]   εὐρεῖαν   εὐρύ\nV.   εὐρύ(ς)      εὐρεῖα    εὐρύ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   εὐρέε     εὐρεῖᾱ    εὐρέε\nG. D.      εὐρέοιν   εὐρείῃν   εὐρέοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   εὐρέες         εὐρεῖαι              εὐρέα\nG.      εὐρέων         εὐρειᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]   εὐρέων\nD.      εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι   εὐρείῃσι             εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι\nA.      εὐρέας         εὐρεῖᾱς              εὐρέα"},{"section":728,"text":"§728. Observe that πτεροϝετια gives πτεροεσσα (600), while εὐρεϝος gives εὐρέος, etc. 602."},{"section":729,"text":"§729. Adjectives of the third declension have only two endings, one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter. Most of them have stems in -ον (nominatives in -ων, -ον), and in -ες (nominative in -ης, -ες)."},{"section":730,"text":"§730. A very few defectives have stems in -ωπ (nominative in -ωψ, -ωπις)."},{"section":731,"text":"§731. ἀμείνων, ον better, braver\n(ἀμεινον-)\n\nἀεικής, ές unseemly\n(-ἀ-ϝεικεσ-)\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc. and Fem.   Neut.       Masc. and Fem.   Neut.\nN.   ἀμείνων          ἄμεινον     ἀεικής           ἀεικές\nG.   ἀμείνονος        ἀμείνονος   ἀεικέος          ἀεικέος\nD.   ἀμείνονι         ἀμείνονι    ἀεικέι           ἀεικέι\nA.   ἀμείνονα         ἄμεινον     ἀεικέα           ἀεικές\nV.   ἄμεινον          ἄμεινον     ἀεικές           ἀεικές\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἀμείνονε     ἀμείνονε     ἀεικέε     ἀεικέε\nG. D.      ἀμεινόνοιν   ἀμεινόνοιν   ἀεικέοιν   ἀεικέοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἀμείνονες [ους]           ἀμείνονα                  ἀεικέες         ἀεικέα\nG.      ἀμεινόνων                 ἀμεινόνων                 ἀεικέων         ἀεικέων\nD.      ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι   ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι   ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι   ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι\nA.      ἀμείνονας [ους]           ἀμείνονα                  ἀεικέας         ἀεικέα"},{"section":732,"text":"§732. STEMS IN ΝΤ AND IN Ν\n\nπᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν all, every\n(παντ-, παντι͡α-, παντ-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν\nG.   παντός   πᾱσης   παντός\nD.   παντί    πᾱσῃ    παντί\nA.   πάντα    πᾱσαν   πᾱν\nV.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν\n\n(None)\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πάντες             πᾱσαι              πάντα\nG.      πάντων             πᾱσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]   πάντων\nD.      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι   πᾱσῃσι, πᾱσης      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι\nA.      πάντας             πᾱσᾱς              πάντα\n\nμέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν black, dark\n(μελαν-, μελανι͡α-, μελαν-)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   μέλᾱς     μέλαινα    μέλαν\nG.   μέλανος   μελαίνης   μέλανος\nD.   μέλανι    μελαίνῃ    μέλανι\nA.   μέλανα    μέλαιναν   μέλαν\nV.   μέλαν     μέλαινα    μέλαν\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   μέλανε     μελαίνᾱ    μέλανε\nG. D.      μελάνοιν   μελαίνῃν   μελάνοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   μέλανες               μέλαιναι              μέλανα\nG.      μελάνων               μελαίνᾱων [έων, ὧν]   μελάνων\nD.      μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι   μελαίνῃσι, μελαίνης   μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι\nA.      μέλανας               μελαίνᾱς              μέλανα"},{"section":663,"text":"§663.    θεᾱ́, ᾶς, ἡ   θάλασσα, ης, ἡ   γαῖα, ης, ἡ\n   (θεᾱ-)       (θαλασσᾱ-)       (γαιᾱ-)\n   goddess      sea              land, country, earth\n\nSINGULAR\nN. V.   θεᾱ́    θάλασσα    γαῖα\nG.      θεᾶς   θαλάσσης   γαίης\nD.      θεᾷ    θαλάσσῃ    γαίῃ\nA.      θεᾱ́ν   θάλασσαν   γαῖαν\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   θεᾱ́     θαλάσσᾱ     γαίᾱ\nG. D.      θεῆιν   θαλάσσηιν   γαίηιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   θεαί                θάλασσαι              γαῖαι\nG.      θεᾱ́ων [ῶν]          θαλασσᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]   γαιᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]\nD.      θεῆσι, ῆς [θεαῖς]   θαλάσσῃσι, ῃς         γαίῃσι, ῃς\nA.      θεᾱ́ς                θαλάσσᾱς              γαίᾱς"},{"section":680,"text":"§680. THE THIRD DECLENSION\n\nNouns of the third declension are masculine, feminine, and neuter."},{"section":681,"text":"§681. There are many forms of the nominative of third declension nouns, which must be learned partly by practice, but in general:\n\n1) Masculine and feminine stems, except those ending in ν, ρ, and σ, add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613).\n2) Masculine and feminine stems ending in ρ, σ and most of those ending in ν make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short.\n3) Stems ending in ν(τ) either make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short, dropping final τ wherever it occurs, or else they add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613), loss of ν(τ) and lengthening of the preceding vowel. Thus the stems: δαιμον-, θῑν-, μελαν-, γεροντ- give the nominatives δαίμων divinity, θίς shore, beach, μέλᾱς black and γέρων old man, respectively."},{"section":682,"text":"§682. In neuters the nominative singular is usually the stem, with the exception of those with stems ending in τ which is dropped wherever it occurs (605)."},{"section":683,"text":"§683. As a rule the stem of third declension nouns may be found by dropping the case ending (-ος) of the genitive singular."},{"section":684,"text":"§684. The dative singular regularly ends in ι, but occasionally in ῑ."},{"section":685,"text":"§685. The accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is regularly formed by adding ν to stems ending in vowels and by adding ν̥ (597) to consonantal stems. ν̥ of course regularly becomes -ᾰ (598, 4), thus making the case ending of accusatives singular masculine and feminine regularly -ν for vowel stems and -ᾰ for consonantal stems."},{"section":686,"text":"§686. The dative plural is formed in two ways:\n\n1) By adding -εσσι (rarely -εσι) to the stem.\n2) By adding -σι (rarely -σσι) to the stem."},{"section":687,"text":"§687. NOTE. When -σι [-σσι] is added, the preceding consonants are assimilated, or dropped, according to the rules (613 ff.). Thus πούς, ποδός, ὁ foot gives ποσ-σί (from ποδ-σι), which may be further simplified to ποσί; νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ night gives νυξί (from νυκτ-σι); γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ old man, gives γέρουσι (from γεροντ-σι), etc. The longer forms of the datives of these nouns are πόδεσσι, νύκτεσσι, γερόντεσσι."},{"section":688,"text":"§688. The accusative plural of masculines and feminines originally ended in -ν̥ς (-νς), which gives the ending -ας (598, 4) for consonant stems, and -ῑς, -ῡς (613 ff.) as the regular ending for the vowel stems."},{"section":689,"text":"§689. NOTE. A few vowel stems seem to have had -ας in the accusative plural, formed by analogy from the consonantal stems."},{"section":690,"text":"§690. Words ending in -ις and -υς in the nominative singular, but with dental mute (τ, δ, θ) stems very rarely drop the mute and take the accusative singular ending (-ν) of vowel stems."},{"section":691,"text":"§691. The vocative singular is either the same as the nominative, or else the same as the stem, final consonants except ν, ρ, ς (605) being dropped whenever they occur."},{"section":692,"text":"§692. Compensative lengthening (601) regularly takes place in the formation of the dative plural when ντ is thus dropped, but does not take place when only one letter, as τ, δ, θ, σ, ν, is dropped; as πᾶσι (παντ-σι), γέρουσι (γεροντ-σι), δαίμοσι (δαιμον-σι)."},{"section":693,"text":"§693. DENTAL MUTE STEMS\n\n   ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ   νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ   παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ   γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ\n   (ϝανακτ-)          (νυκτ-)          (παϝιδ-)             (γεροντ-)\n   king, lord         night            child                old man\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἄναξ         νύξ      παῖς     γέρων\nG.   ἄνακτος      νυκτός   παιδός   γέροντος\nD.   ἄνακτι       νυκτί    παιδί    γέροντι\nA.   ἄνακτα       νύκτα    παῖδα    γέροντα\nV.   ἄναξ [ἄνα]   νύξ      παῖ      γέρον\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἄνακτε     νύκτε     παῖδε     γέροντε\nG. D.      ἀνάκτοιν   νύκτοιν   παίδοιν   γερόντοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἄνακτες                  νύκτες                 παῖδες                  γέροντες\nG.      ἀνάκτων                  νυκτῶν                 παίδων                  γερόντων\nD.      ἀνάκτεσσι [εσι], ἄναξι   νύκτεσσι [εσι], νυξί   παίδεσσι [εσι], παισί   γερόντεσσι [ἐσι], γέρουσι\nA.      ἄνακτας                  νύκτας                 παῖδας                  γέροντας"},{"section":694,"text":"§694. Observe the irregular accent of παίδων (642), genitive plural of παῖς. This word is somewhat irregular, owing to the fact that it was earlier dissyllabic (πάϝις). It has the following variants of accent: nom. sing. πάις, παῖς; voc. sing. πάι, παῖ."},{"section":695,"text":"§695. LABIAL AND PALATAL STEMS\n\n   αἴξ, αἰγός, ὁ, ἡ   κῆρυξ, ῡκος, ὁ   Αἰθίοψ, οπος, ὁ\n   (αἰγ-)             (κηρῡκ-)         (Αἰθιοπ-)\n   goat               herald           Ethiopian\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ\nG.   αἰγός   κήρῡκος   Αἰθίοπος\nD.   αἰγί    κήρῡκι    Αἰθίοπι\nA.   αἶγα    κήρῡκα    Αἰθίοπα\nV.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   αἶγε     κήρῡκε     Αἰθίοπε\nG. D.      αἰγοῖν   κηρῡ́κοιν   Αἰθιόποιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   αἶγες                 κήρῡκες                   Αἰθίοπες\nG.      αἰγῶν                 κηρῡ́κων                   Αἰθιόπων\nD.      αἴγεσσι [εσι], αἰξί   κηρῡ́κεσσι [εσι], κήρῡξι   Αἰθιόπεσσι [εσι], Αἰθίοψι\nA.      αἶγας                 κήρῡκας                   Αἰθίοπας"},{"section":696,"text":"§696. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMS\n\n   δαίμων, ονος, ὁ   φρήν, φρενός, ἡ          χείρ, ος, ἡ\n   (δαιμον-)         (φρεν-)                  (χειρ-)\n   divinity          diaphragm, heart, mind   hand, arm\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   δαίμων     φρήν     χείρ\nG.   δαίμονος   φρενός   χειρός\nD.   δαίμονι    φρενί    χε(ι)ρί\nA.   δαίμονα    φρένα    χεῖρα\nV.   δαῖμον     φρήν     χείρ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   δαίμονε     φρένε     χεῖρε\nG. D.      δαιμόνοιν   φρενοῖν   χειροῖν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   δαίμονες                    φρένες                  χεῖρες\nG.      δαιμόνων                    φρενῶν                  χειρῶν\nD.      δαιμόνεσσι [ἐσι], δαίμοσι   φρένεσσι [εσι], φρεσί   χείρεσσι [εσι], χερσί\nA.      δαίμονας                    φρένας                  χεῖρας"},{"section":697,"text":"§697. LIQUID STEMS\n\nSeveral words ending in -ηρ in the nominative singular have three different grades of ablaut (593–595), -ηρ, -ερ, -ρ in the stem. The vocative singular regularly has recessive accent (548).\n\n   πατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ὁ father   μήτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ mother\n   (πατερ-, -ηρ, -ρ)              (μᾱτηρ-, -ερ, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πατήρ           μήτηρ\nG.   πατέρος, τρός   μητέρος, τρός\nD.   πατέρι, τρί     μητέρι, τρί\nA.   πατέρα          μητέρα\nV.   πάτερ           μῆτερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πατέρε     μητέρε\nG. D.      πατέροιν   μητέροιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πατέρες         μητέρες\nG.      πατέρων, τρῶν   μητέρων\nD.      πατράσι         μητράσι\nA.      πατέρας         μητέρας\n\n   θυγάτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ daughter   ἀνήρ, έρος, δρός, ὁ man\n   (θυγατηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)               (ἀνηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   θυγάτηρ             ἀνήρ\nG.   θυγατέρος, τρός     ἀνέρος, ἀνδρός\nD.   θυγατέρι, τρί       ἀνέρι, ἀνδρί\nA.   θυγατέρα, θύγατρα   ἀνέρα, ἄνδρα\nV.   θύγατερ             ἄνερ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   θυγατέρε     ἀνέρε, ἄνδρε\nG. D.      θυγατέροιν   ἀνέροιν, ἀνδροῖν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   θυγατέρες, θύγατρες   ἀνέρες, ἄνδρες\nG.      θυγατέρων, θυγατρῶν   ἀνέρων, ἀνδρῶν\nD.      θυγατράσι, τέρεσσι    ἀνδράσι, ἄνδρεσσι\nA.      θυγατέρας, θύγατρας   ἀνέρας, ἄνδρας"},{"section":698,"text":"§698. Observe that a δ is developed in the forms of ἀνήρ between ν and ρ whenever they would otherwise come together (612). The initial ἀ is often long, 571, 1168."},{"section":699,"text":"§699. In the genitive and dative singular of ἀνήρ, μήτηρ, and θυγάτηρ, the shorter forms have the accent, after the analogy of πατήρ, πατρός, πατρί, which was originally monosyllabic (πατρ), and follows the regular rules for the accentuation of monosyllabic nouns (642)."},{"section":700,"text":"§700. The ρά in the dative plural, and these forms in general are explained in 597–598."},{"section":701,"text":"§701. STEMS IN ηυ (ευ), ου, AND ωϝ\n\n   βασιλεύς, ῆος, ὁ         βοῦς, βοός, ὁ, ἡ     νηῦς, νηός (νεός), ἡ   ἥρως, ωος, ὁ\n   (βασιλην-, -ευ-, -ηϝ-)   (βου-, βωϝ-, βοϝ-)   (νᾱυ-, νᾱϝ- 621)       (ἡρωϝ-)\n   king                     ox, cow              ship, bark             hero, mighty, warrior\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   βασιλεύς          βοῦς         νηῦς          ἥρως\nG.   βασιλῆος [-έος]   βοός         νηός [νεός]   ἥρωος\nD.   βασιλῆι [-έι]     βοΐ          νηΐ           ἥρωι\nA.   βασιλῆα [-έα]     βοῦν [βῶν]   νῆα [νέα]     ἥρωα\nV.   βασιλεῦ           βοῦ          νηῦ           ἥρως\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   βασιλῆε     βόε     νῆε     ἥρωε\nG. D.      βασιλήοιν   βοοῖν   νηοῖν   ἡρώοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   βασιλῆες                βόες            νῆες                     ἥρωες\nG.      βασιλήων                βοῶν            νηῶν [νεῶν]              ἡρώων\nD.      βασιλήεσσι, βασιλεῦσι   βόεσσι, βουσί   νήεσσι [νέεσσι], νηυσί   ἡρώεσσι, ἥρωσι\nA.      βασιλῆας                βόας (βοῦς)     νῆας (νέας)              ἥρωας"},{"section":702,"text":"§702. The shortening of a vowel before a following vowel in such forms as βασιλεύς (*βασιλῆνς), νηός (νεός) is explained in 572."},{"section":703,"text":"§703. Observe that the υ of the stem of these words became ϝ in many cases and was then lost (602)."},{"section":704,"text":"§704. STEMS IN ι (ει, ει̯), AND υ (ευ, εϝ)\n\n   πόλις, ιος, ἡ   πῆχυς, εος, ὁ   ἄστυ, εος, τό   νέκῡς, υος, ὁ   δάκρυ, υος, τό\n   (πολι-, -ει-)   (πηχυ-, -εϝ-)   (ϝαστυ-, εϝ-)   (νεκῡ-)         (δακρυ-)\n   city            forearm         city, town      corpse          tear\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   πόλις                 πῆχυς    ἄστυ     νέκῡς    δάκρυ\nG.   πόλιος, -ηος          πήχεος   ἄστεος   νέκυος   δάκρυος\nD.   πόλιι; -ῑ, -ηι, -ει   πήχεϊ    ἄστεϊ    νέκυϊ    δάκρυϊ\nA.   πόλιν                 πῆχυν    ἄστυ     νέκῡν    δάκρυ\nV.   πόλι                  πῆχυ     ἄστυ     νέκῡ     δάκρυ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   πόλιε     πήχεε     ἄστεε     νέκυε     δάκρυε\nG. D.      πολίοιν   πηχέοιν   ἀστέοιν   νεκύοιν   δακρύοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   πόλιες, -ηες                  πήχεες             ἄστεα             νέκυες                δάκρυα\nG.      πολίων                        πηχέων             ἀστέων            νεκύων                δακρύων\nD.      πολίεσσι, πόλεσι, -ισι        πηχέεσσι, πήχεσι   ἀστέεσι, ἄστεσι   νεκύεσσι, νέκῡσ(σ)ι   δακρύεσσι, δάκρυσι\nA.      πόλιας, -ηας, -ῑς, (-εις ?)   πήχεας             ἄστεα             νέκυας [-ῡς]          δάκρυα"},{"section":705,"text":"§705. Forms as πόλις, πῆχυς, ἄστυ show different grades of ablaut (593–595): ι, ει, and υ, ευ (εϝ)."},{"section":706,"text":"§706. Observe the loss of the υ and ι in such words as πῆχυς, εος, ἄστυ, εος, and πόλις. They first become ϝ, or ι̯ of course (602, 600)."},{"section":707,"text":"§707. NOUNS WITH STEMS IN -ς (-ες, -ασ- -ος) AND IN τ\n\n   ἔπος, εος, τό   γέρας, αος, τό     ἠώς, ἠόος, ἡ   δῶμα          ἦμαρ, ἤματος, τό\n   (ϝεπεσ-)        (γερασ-)           (ἀϝσοσ-)       (δωματ-)      (ἠμαρ-, ἠματ-)\n   word, speech    prize (of honor)   Eos, dawn      house, home   day\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nG.   ἔπεος   γέραος   ἠόος   δώματος   ἤματος\nD.   ἔπεϊ    γέραϊ    ἠόι    δώματι    ἤματι\nA.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠόα    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\nV.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   ἔπεε     γέραε        δώματε     ἤματε\nG. D.      ἐπέοιν   γεράοιν      δωμάτοιν   ἠμάτοιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα\nG.      ἐπέων              γεράων                   δωμάτων             ἠμάτων\nD.      ἐπέσσι, ἔπε(σ)σι   γεράεσσι, γέρα(σ)σι      δωμάτεσσι, δώμασι   ἠμάτεσσι, ἤμασι\nA.      ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα"},{"section":708,"text":"§708. Observe that stems ending in σ lose this σ when it comes between two vowels (603). Thus these words were formerly declined:\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ἔπος     γέρας     ἠϝώς = ἄϝσως (621) = ἄυσως (602)\nG.   ἐπεσος   γερασος   ἠϝοσος = ἄϝσοσος = ἄυσοσος\nD.   ἐπεσι    γερασι    ἠϝοσι = ἄϝσοσι = ἄυσοσι\n\nand thus throughout the whole declension, all numbers. The loss of intervocalic σ (603-604), and of ϝ also from ἠώς (602), gave the forms found above, 707."},{"section":709,"text":"§709. Observe that all nouns ending in -ος in the nominative singular are masculine or feminine (almost always masculine) if of the second declension, and that they are neuter if of the third declension."},{"section":710,"text":"§710. Nouns ending in -μα, in the nominative singular, and all others with genitives in -ατος are neuter."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἤδη","gloss":"ἬΙδεα, from εἴδω"},{"word":"ἡγήσατο","gloss":"Lead, guide, lead the way, from ἡγέ-ομαι"},{"word":"εἴσω","gloss":"Into, to, within"},{"word":"φρονέων","gloss":"Think, consider, plan, from φρονέ-ω"},{"word":"ἠγορήσατο","gloss":"Harangue, address an assembly, from ἀγορά-ομαι"},{"word":"ᾔδη","gloss":"Knew, from οἶδα"},{"word":"πρό","gloss":"Before, in front, forth"},{"word":"ἡγήσατ’","gloss":"1001, lead, guide, from ἡγέομαι"},{"word":"πόρε","gloss":"Gave, from πόρω"},{"word":"σφιν","gloss":"Toward them, from σφεῖς"},{"word":"ἀγορήσατο","gloss":"Harangue, address an assembly, from ἀγοράομαι"},{"word":"ὦ","gloss":"O!"},{"word":"κέλεαί","gloss":"Urge, command, bid, from κέλομαι"},{"word":"διίφιλε","gloss":"Dear to Zeus, from διίφιλος"},{"word":"μυθήσασθαι","gloss":"Speak, tell, declare, from μυθέομαι"},{"word":"ἑκατηβελέταο","gloss":"Free-shooter, free-shooting, sharp-shooter, from ἑκατηβελέτης"}],"paradigms":[{"section":727,"headword":"πτερόεις","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεις","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεν","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"πτερόεντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"πτεροέντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πτεροέντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,3,10]},{"section":727,"headword":"πτερόεσσα","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεσσα","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"πτεροέσσης","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"πτεροέσσῃ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεσσαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεσσα","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"πτεροέσσᾱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"πτεροέσσῃν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεσσαι","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πτεροεσσᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πτεροέσσησι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πτεροέσσᾱς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,7,8]},{"section":727,"headword":"πτερόεν","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεν","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεντος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεντι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"πτερόεν","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"πτερόεντε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"πτεροέντοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"πτεροέντεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"πτερόεντα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,6,7]},{"section":731,"headword":"ἀμείνων, masculine and feminine","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνων","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνονος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνονι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνονα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἄμεινον","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"ἀμείνονε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"ἀμεινόνοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμείνονες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμεινόνων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμεινόνεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμείνονας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,4,9]},{"section":731,"headword":"ἄμεινον, neuter","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἄμεινον","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνονος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἀμείνονι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἄμεινον","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἄμεινον","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"ἀμείνονε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"ἀμεινόνοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμείνονα","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμεινόνων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμεινόνεσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἀμείνονα","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[5,6,8]},{"section":731,"headword":"ἀεικής, masculine and feminine","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἀεικής","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἀεικέος","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἀεικέι","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἀεικέα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"V.","number":"singular","form":"ἀεικές","meaning":"","name":"vocative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"ἀεικέε","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"ἀεικέοιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἀεικέες","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἀεικέων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἀεικέσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἀεικέας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,4,10]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXIX: Demonstrative Pronouns","teaching":[{"title":"Demonstrative pronouns","paragraphs":["A demonstrative pronoun points to something: this one, that one. Greek has several, each with its own use.","ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε means this, near the speaker. In Pharr's sentences: τόνδε μάντιν, this seer.","οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο also means this. It refers to something already mentioned, or to something that concerns the person spoken to. οὗτοι Ἀχαιοί, these Achaeans.","κεῖνος, κείνη, κεῖνο means that, for something far from the speaker. Pharr prints it with an optional ε in front.","The forms of ὅδε are the forms of ὁ, ἡ, τό with δε added: τόδε, τόνδε, τῆσδε. The accent stays where it was on the short word."]},{"title":"Three uses of ὁ, ἡ, τό","paragraphs":["Homer uses ὁ, ἡ, τό in three ways. The first and most common: it points, or stands for a person. τὴν δ’ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω, but I will not free her. Here τήν means her.","Second, it can be an article. An article is a word like English the. This is its usual use in Greek after Homer.","Third, it can be a relative pronoun, meaning who or which. τὸν τέκε Λητώ, whom Leto bore. Pharr says such sentences may once have been two separate statements."]},{"title":"ὁ μὲν and ὁ δέ, and οἱ meaning him","paragraphs":["It often marks a contrast: ὁ μὲν . . . ὁ δέ, the one . . . the other. ὁ δέ alone means but the other. It usually marks a change of subject, but not always.","In καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί, and the Achaeans trust in him, οἱ is a different word. It means him. It is not the plural οἱ of the table."]},{"title":"αὐτός, and the words for I and you","paragraphs":["αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό means self, and sometimes same. It is intensive: it adds emphasis. The man himself, as against his clothes or his weapons.","In two of Pharr's sentences, his English translates αὐτῷ and αὐτοὺς as plain him and them. The word has both uses.","The words for I and you, such as ἐγὼ, are used for emphasis or contrast. Otherwise Greek leaves the subject out: ὣς ἔφατο, thus he spoke."]},{"title":"The Iliad: a speaker asks for an oath","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker says he will speak. First he asks for an oath: swear that you will defend me eagerly, with words and with hands. He expects to anger a man who rules the Argives, a man the Achaeans obey. A king is stronger when he is angry with a lesser man.","Find πάντων, of all. Find also οἱ in καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί, where it means him."]}],"lines":[{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.1","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων διίφιλος ἐκέλετο τόνδε μάντιν μῡθήσασθαι τὰς βουλὰς θεῶν πάντων.","translation":"Agamemnon, dear to Zeus, was urging this seer to tell the plans of all the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"διίφιλος","gloss":"διί-φιλος: dear to Zeus"},{"text":"ἐκέλετο","gloss":"κέλομαι: urge, command, bid, request"},{"text":"τόνδε","gloss":"ὅ-δε: this (here)"},{"text":"μάντιν","gloss":"μάντις: seer, prophet, soothsayer"},{"text":"μῡθήσασθαι","gloss":"μυθέ-ομαι: speak, tell, declare"},{"text":"τὰς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"βουλὰς","gloss":"βουλή: plan, will, wish, purpose, counsel, council"},{"text":"θεῶν","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"πάντων.","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.1.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.2","source":"μῡθήσομαι μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","translation":"I will tell the Achaeans the wrath of Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῡθήσομαι","gloss":"μυθέ-ομαι: speak, tell, declare"},{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.2.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.3","source":"μῆνις Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκατηβελέτᾱο ἄνακτος ἦν οὐλομένη Ἀχαιοῖσιν, ἔτευχε γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἑλώρια κύνεσσι πᾶσι.","translation":"The wrath of Apollo, the free-shooting lord, was destructive to the Achaeans, for it kept making them prey for all the dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μῆνις","gloss":"wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"ἑκατηβελέτᾱο","gloss":"ἑκατη-βελέτης: free-shooter, free-shooting, sharp-shooter"},{"text":"ἄνακτος","gloss":"ἄναξ: king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"(he, she, it) was, there was"},{"text":"οὐλομένη","gloss":"οὐλόμενος: accursed, destructive"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἔτευχε","gloss":"τεύχω: make, fashion, cause"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: self, same"},{"text":"ἑλώρια","gloss":"ἑλώριον: booty, prey, spoils"},{"text":"κύνεσσι","gloss":"κύων: dog"},{"text":"πᾶσι.","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.3.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.4","source":"ἐγὼ ἐρέω, εἰ συνθήσεις καί μοι ἀρήξεις πρόφρων ἔπεσι χερσί τε.","translation":"I will speak, if you will heed and help me zealously with words and hands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ἐρέω,","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if, whether"},{"text":"συνθήσεις","gloss":"συν-τί-θημι: put together, unite, perceive, comprehend, heed"},{"text":"καί","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: I"},{"text":"ἀρήξεις","gloss":"ἀρήγ-ω: help, assist, succor"},{"text":"πρόφρων","gloss":"πρό-φρων: eager, zealous, glad, joyful, kindly"},{"text":"ἔπεσι","gloss":"ἔπος: word, saying, command, speech"},{"text":"χερσί","gloss":"χείρ: hand, arm"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and, also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.4.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.5","source":"εἰ Κάλχᾱς ἐρέει, χολώσει Ἀγαμέμνονα, ὃς μέγα κρατέει πάντων Ἀργείων.","translation":"If Calchas speaks, he will anger Agamemnon, who greatly rules all the Argives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if, whether"},{"text":"Κάλχᾱς","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"ἐρέει,","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"χολώσει","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα,","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ὃς","gloss":"who, which, what"},{"text":"μέγα","gloss":"μέγας: great, large, tall, mighty"},{"text":"κρατέει","gloss":"κρατέω: rule, bear sway"},{"text":"πάντων","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"Ἀργείων.","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: Argive, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.5.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.6","source":"οὗτοι Ἀχαιοὶ πείθονται Ἀγαμέμνονι.","translation":"These Achaeans obey Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὗτοι","gloss":"οὗτος: this"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"πείθονται","gloss":"πείθω: (middle) obey, be persuaded by"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι.","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.6.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.7","source":"βασιλεὺς κρείσσων ἐστὶν ἀνδρὸς ἄλλου, ὅτε δὲ χώσηται ἀνδρὶ χέρηι, τὸν ὀλέκει κακῶς.","translation":"A king is mightier than another man, and when he is angry at an inferior man, he destroys him cruelly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βασιλεὺς","gloss":"king, ruler"},{"text":"κρείσσων","gloss":"mightier, more powerful, better"},{"text":"ἐστὶν","gloss":"ἐστί: (he, she, it) is, there is"},{"text":"ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"ἀνήρ: (real) man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"ἄλλου,","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"ὅτε","gloss":"when(ever)"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"χώσηται","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"},{"text":"ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"ἀνήρ: (real) man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"χέρηι,","gloss":"χέρης: worse, inferior, underling, subject, meaner"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ὀλέκει","gloss":"ὀλέκ-ω: kill, destroy, ruin"},{"text":"κακῶς.","gloss":"evilly, wickedly, harshly, with evil consequences"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.7.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L29.g181.8","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων βασιλεὺς ἐχώσατο Κάλχαντι χέρηι ἀνδρί, οὕνεκα ἐμῡθήσατο μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος.","translation":"King Agamemnon was angry at Calchas, an inferior man, because he told the wrath of Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"βασιλεὺς","gloss":"king, ruler"},{"text":"ἐχώσατο","gloss":"χώ-ομαι: be angry, be enraged"},{"text":"Κάλχαντι","gloss":"Κάλχας: Calchas"},{"text":"χέρηι","gloss":"χέρης: worse, inferior, underling, subject, meaner"},{"text":"ἀνδρί,","gloss":"ἀνήρ: (real) man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ἐμῡθήσατο","gloss":"μυθέ-ομαι: speak, tell, declare"},{"text":"μῆνιν","gloss":"μῆνις: wrath, fury, madness, rage"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.g181.8.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L29.e184.1","source":"μάντις ἐρέει, εἰ Ἀχιλλεὺς συνθήσει καὶ ὀμεῖται ἀρήξειν αὐτῷ πρόφρων ἔπεσι χερσί τε.","translation":"The seer will speak if Achilles will hearken and swear to defend him zealous(ly) with words and hands.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.e184.1.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L29.e184.2","source":"ἐγὼ ὀΐομαι Κάλχαντα χολώσειν Ἀγαμέμνονα, ὃς μέγα κρατέει πάντων Ἀργείων, καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"I think Calchas will enrage Agamemnon, who rules all the Argives, and the Achaeans obey him.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.e184.2.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L29.e184.3","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων βασιλεύς ἐστι καὶ κρείσσων ἐστὶν μάντιος ἢ ἀνδρὸς ἄλλου χέρηος.","translation":"Agamemnon is king and is mightier than the seer or any other inferior man.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.e184.3.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L29.e184.4","source":"ὅτε κε βασιλεὺς χώσηται ἀνδρὶ χέρηι, τὸν ὀλέσσει, κρείσσων γάρ ἐστιν.","translation":"When the king is enraged at an inferior man, he will destroy him, for he is mightier.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L29.e184.4.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L29.r182.76","source":"τοιγὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω, σὺ δὲ σύνθεο καί μοι ὄμοσσον","translation":"that I will tell you; but listen, and swear to me","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τοιγὰρ","gloss":"well then"},{"text":"ἐγὼν","gloss":"ἐγώ: I"},{"text":"ἐρέω,","gloss":"ἐρῶ: will tell"},{"text":"σὺ","gloss":"you"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"σύνθεο","gloss":"συντίθημι: listen"},{"text":"καί","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: to me"},{"text":"ὄμοσσον","gloss":"ὄμνυμι: swear"}],"audio":null},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L29.r182.77","source":"ἦ μέν μοι πρόφρων ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν.","translation":"that you will stand by me eagerly, with words and with hands;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μέν","gloss":"surely"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: by me"},{"text":"πρόφρων","gloss":"eagerly"},{"text":"ἔπεσιν","gloss":"ἔπος: with words"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"χερσὶν","gloss":"χείρ: with hands"},{"text":"ἀρήξειν.","gloss":"ἀρήγω: stand by"}],"audio":null},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L29.r182.78","source":"ἦ γὰρ ὀίομαι ἄνδρα χολωσέμεν, ὃς μέγα πάντων","translation":"for I think I shall anger a man who greatly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ὀίομαι","gloss":"I think"},{"text":"ἄνδρα","gloss":"ἀνήρ: a man"},{"text":"χολωσέμεν,","gloss":"χολόω: I shall anger"},{"text":"ὃς","gloss":"who"},{"text":"μέγα","gloss":"μέγας: greatly"},{"text":"πάντων","gloss":"πᾶς: of all"}],"audio":null},{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L29.r182.79","source":"Ἀργείων κρατέει καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"rules over the Argives, and whom the Achaeans obey;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀργείων","gloss":"Ἀργεῖος: the Argives"},{"text":"κρατέει","gloss":"κρατέω: rules over"},{"text":"καί","gloss":"and"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: whom"},{"text":"πείθονται","gloss":"πείθω: obey"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L29.r182.80","source":"κρείσσων γὰρ βασιλεύς, ὅτε χώσεται ἀνδρὶ χέρηι·","translation":"for a king is stronger than a lesser man, when he is angry;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κρείσσων","gloss":"stronger"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"βασιλεύς,","gloss":"a king"},{"text":"ὅτε","gloss":"when"},{"text":"χώσεται","gloss":"χώομαι: is angry"},{"text":"ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"ἀνήρ: than a man"},{"text":"χέρηι·","gloss":"χερείων: lesser"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":765,"text":"§765. The most common pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό, used regularly as the definite article in later Greek, is usually employed as the demonstrative, but sometimes as a personal or as a relative pronoun in Homer. It is declined as follows:\n\nὁ, ἡ, τό this, that; he, she, it; who, which, what\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   ὁ           ἡ     τό\nG.   τοῦ, τοῖο   τῆς   τοῦ, τοῖο\nD.   τῷ          τῇ    τῷ\nA.   τόν         τήν   τό\n\nDUAL\nN. A.   τώ      (τώ)      τώ\nG. D.   τοῖιν   (τοῖιν)   τοῖιν\n\nPLURAL\nN.   οἱ (τοί)      αἱ (ταί)     τά\nG.   τῶν           τάων [τῶν]   τῶν\nD.   τοῖσι, τοῖς   τῇσι, τῇς    τοῖσι, τοῖς\nA.   τούς          τάς          τά"},{"section":766,"text":"§766. The intensive pronoun is declined as follows:\n\nαὐτός, ή; ὁ self, same\n\nSINGULAR\nN.   αὐτός        αὐτή    αὐτό\nG.   αὐτοῦ, οἷο   αὐτῆς   αὐτοῦ, οἷο\nD.   αὐτῷ         αὐτῇ    αὐτῷ\nA.   αὐτόν        αὐτήν   αὐτό\n\nDUAL\nN. A.   αὐτώ      (αὐτώ)      αὐτώ\nG. D.   αὐτοῖιν   (αὐτοῖιν)   αὐτοῖιν\n\nPLURAL\nN.   αὐτοί          αὐταί              αὐτά\nG.   αὐτῶν          αὐτᾱ́ων [έων, ὦν]   αὐτῶν\nD.   αὐτοῖσι, οἷς   αὐτῇσι, ῇς         αὐτοῖσι, οἷς\nA.   αὐτούς         αὐτᾱ́ς              αὐτά"},{"section":771,"text":"§771. The most important demonstrative pronouns are οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this, (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that, ὁ, ἡ, τό (used also as a relative and as a personal pronoun, 765) this, that, with its compounds, as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε (ὅ γε, ἥ γε, τό γε), etc."},{"section":772,"text":"§772. These pronouns are declined in the main like adjectives of the vowel declension (κά̄λός, ή, όν, 721) with the exception that the neuter nominative and accusative singular ends in -ο instead of in -ον."},{"section":774,"text":"§774. Demonstrative Pronouns\n\n(ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.            Fem.        Neut.\nN.   (ἐ)κεῖνος        (ἐ)κείνη    (ἐ)κεῖνο\nG.   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο   (ἐ)κείνης   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο\nD.   (ἐ)κείνῳ         (ἐ)κείνῃ    (ἐ)κείνῳ\nA.   (ἐ)κεῖνον        (ἐ)κείνην   (ἐ)κεῖνο\n\nDUAL\n           Masc.         Fem.            Neut.\nN. A. V.   (ἐ)κείνω      ((ἐ)κείνω)      (ἐ)κείνω\nG. D.      (ἐ)κείνοιιν   ((ἐ)κείνοιιν)   (ἐ)κείνοιιν\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.              Fem.                   Neut.\nN.   (ἐ)κεῖνοι          (ἐ)κεῖναι              (ἐ)κεῖνα\nG.   (ἐ)κείνων          (ἐ)κεινά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   (ἐ)κείνων\nD.   (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις   (ἐ)κείνῃσι, ῃς         (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις\nA.   (ἐ)κείνους         (ἐ)κείνά̄ς              (ἐ)κεῖνα\n\nὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.           Fem.    Neut.\nN.   ὅδε             ἥδε     τόδε\nG.   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε   τῆσδε   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε\nD.   τῷδε            τῇδε    τῷδε\nA.   τόνδε           τήνδε   τόδε\n\nDUAL\n        Masc.     Fem.        Neut.\nN. A.   τώδε      (τώδε)      τώδε\nG. D.   τοῖινδε   (τοῖινδε)   τοῖινδε\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.          Fem.             Neut.\nN.   οἵδε (τοίδε)   αἵδε (ταίδε)     τάδε\nG.   τῶνδε          τά̄ωνδε [τῶνδε]   τῶνδε\nD.   τοῖσ(ι)δε      τῇσ(ι)δε         τοῖσ(ι)δε\nA.   τούσδε         τά̄σδε            τάδε\n\nοὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this\n\nSINGULAR\n     Masc.         Fem.     Neut.\nN.   οὗτος         αὕτη     τοῦτο\nG.   τούτου, οιο   ταύτης   τούτου, οιο\nD.   τούτῳ         ταύτῃ    τούτῳ\nA.   τοῦτον        ταύτην   τοῦτο\n\nDUAL\n        Masc.      Fem.         Neut.\nN. A.   τούτω      (τούτω)      τούτω\nG. D.   τούτοιιν   (τούτοιιν)   τούτοιιν\n\nPLURAL\n     Masc.           Fem.                Neut.\nN.   οὗτοι           αὗται               ταῦτα\nG.   τούτων          ταυτά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   τούτων\nD.   τούτοισι, οις   ταύτῃσι, ῃς         τούτοισι, οις\nA.   τούτους         ταύτά̄ς              ταῦτα\n\nNOTE. The dative plural of ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε at times has τοίσδεσ(σ)ι instead of τοῖσ(ι)δε."},{"section":775,"text":"§775. Compounds of ὁ, ἡ, τό (as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) are declined the same as the simple form (ὁ, ἡ, τό) with the additional part (-γε, -δε, etc.) attached. As these are compounds, formed of the simple pronouns and the enclitics, they are accented the same as the simple forms without the enclitics (553, 558)."},{"section":1028,"text":"§1028. PRONOUNS\n\nThe Pronoun ὁ, ἡ, τό. There are three chief uses of the pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό:\n\n1) As an independent demonstrative (and third person) pronoun, meaning this, that, he, she, it. This is its original use, and the one most commonly met with in Homer, as ὁ νοῦσον ὦρσε he roused a plague, τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα Ἀτρεΐδης the son of Atreus dishonored that (well-known) Chryses, the priest, τὴν δ’ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω but I will not free her, ἔδεισεν δ’ ὁ γέρων and that old man feared.\n2) As an article properly speaking (“the”), that is, modifying and making definite a noun, but not having any particular demonstrative force. This is its ordinary use in Greek after Homer.\n3) As a relative pronoun, as τὸν τέκε Λητώ whom Leto bore, τώ οἱ ἔσαν κήρυκε who were his two heralds, τήν μοι δόσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν whom the sons of the Achaeans gave unto me.\n\nNOTE. Many expressions in Homer which are translated into English by the relative pronoun in a subordinate clause seem to have been coördinate originally. Thus the pronoun (ὁ, ἡ, τό) in these last three sentences may well have been thought of as demonstrative with asyndeton rather than as relative, 1113-1114."},{"section":1029,"text":"§1029. As an independent pronoun it has two main uses:\n\n1) It is “resumptive,” that is, it refers to something already mentioned, Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας he dishonored Chryses, for he came to the swift ships.\n2) It makes a contrast, usually in combinations, such as ὁ μὲν . . . ὁ δέ, and other words which help to give this effect."},{"section":1030,"text":"§1030. ὁ μὲν . . . ὁ δέ and οἱ μὲν . . . οἱ δέ are frequently used to contrast both definite and indefinite persons and things."},{"section":1031,"text":"§1031. Its use with an adversative particle generally, but not always, marks a change of subject, as ὁ δέ but the other."},{"section":1032,"text":"§1032. The use of ὁ, ἡ, τό as an article has evidently arisen from its employment as an independent pronoun, followed by a noun in apposition, as ἡ δ’ ἀέκουσα ἅμα τοῖσι γυνὴ κίεν but she went with them against her will, i.e. the woman, where γυνή is added as an afterthought for the sake of greater definiteness."},{"section":1033,"text":"§1033. So also it may serve to introduce a new person, in this case anticipating the noun, as αὐτὰρ ὁ μήνιε νηυσὶ παρήμενος διογενὴς Πηλῆος υἱὸς πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς but he kept raging as he sat beside the ships, did the Zeus-born son of Peleus, the swift-footed Achilles."},{"section":1034,"text":"§1034. With the adjective or participle it is often used as a substantive, as τὸ πλεῖον the greater part, τὰ κακά these calamities, such calamities (1027)."},{"section":1035,"text":"§1035. It is also used with the neuter accusative, singular or plural, of the adjective as an adverb, as τὰ πρῶτα at first (780-781)."},{"section":1036,"text":"§1036. On the other hand, the masculine or feminine with an adverb may be used substantively."},{"section":1037,"text":"§1037. Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article only when they refer to a definite individual, as τὸ σὸν μένος this anger of yours."},{"section":1038,"text":"§1038. It usually has a demonstrative force, and its absence does not mark a noun as indefinite, as μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηλημάδεω Ἀχιλῆος sing, goddess, the wrath of the son of Peleus, Achilles."},{"section":1039,"text":"§1039. The Personal Pronouns. The nominative of the personal pronouns is used mainly for emphasis and contrast, as σὺ δὲ σύνθεο but do you consider. If the subject is unemphatic, the pronoun is usually omitted, as ὣς ἔφατο thus he spoke (761)."},{"section":1040,"text":"§1040. The oblique cases of the third personal pronoun are anaphoric, that is, they have an antecedent previously expressed to which they refer, when unaccented; but when they are accented they have their original reflexive use, as ἀπὸ ἕο κάββαλεν υἱόν she hurled her son from her, καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί and the Achaeans trust in him."},{"section":1041,"text":"§1041. Demonstrative Pronouns. The demonstrative pronouns are thus distinguished:\n\n1) (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο is used of something remote from the speaker.\n2) ὁ, ἡ, τό differs from οὗτος, (ἐ)κεῖνος, ὅδε, etc., in that it usually marks a contrast in objects, but does not distinguish them as near and far, present and absent, etc.\n3) The compounds of ὁ, ἡ, τό are used of something near the speaker, or of something associated with him.\n4) οὗτος is used of something which has been mentioned already, or else of something of particular interest or concern to the second person.\n5) ὁ, ἡ, τό in addition to being employed as a relative and as a personal pronoun is used to mark a contrast.\n6) αὐτός in all its cases regularly means self, but at times may mean same; it is regularly intensive and is used especially to contrast a man or an object with other less important details, as clothing, weapons, and appurtenances of various kinds."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"τόνδε","gloss":"This, from ὅ-δε"},{"word":"μῡθήσασθαι","gloss":"Speak, tell, declare, from μυθέ-ομαι"},{"word":"ἑκατηβελέτᾱο","gloss":"Free-shooter, free-shooting, sharp-shooter, from ἑκατη-βελέτης"},{"word":"συνθήσεις","gloss":"Put together, unite, perceive, from συν-τί-θημι"},{"word":"ἀρήξεις","gloss":"Help, assist, succor, from ἀρήγ-ω"},{"word":"πρόφρων","gloss":"Eager, zealous, glad, from πρό-φρων"},{"word":"ἔπεσι","gloss":"Word, saying, command, from ἔπος"},{"word":"κρατέει","gloss":"985, rule, bear sway, from κρατέω"},{"word":"κρείσσων","gloss":"Κρατύς, mightier, more powerful"},{"word":"χέρηι","gloss":"Worse, inferior, underling, from χέρης"},{"word":"τοιγὰρ","gloss":"Therefore"},{"word":"ἐρέω","gloss":"Will tell, from ἐρῶ"},{"word":"σύνθεο","gloss":"Put together, unite, perceive, from συντίθημι"},{"word":"ὄμοσσον","gloss":"Swear, pledge with an oath, swear by as witness, from ὄμνυμι"},{"word":"ἀρήξειν","gloss":"Help, assist, succor, from ἀρήγω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":765,"headword":"ὁ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ὁ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"τώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"τοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"οἱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,6,9]},{"section":765,"headword":"ἡ","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἡ","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αἱ","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τάων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τῇσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τάς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,4]},{"section":765,"headword":"τό","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"τό","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"τοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"τῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"τό","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"τώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"τοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"τά","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τά","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,5,8]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτός","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτός","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτόν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοί","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτούς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,5,7]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτή","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτή","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτήν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐταί","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτᾱ́ων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῇσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτᾱ́ς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,4,7]},{"section":766,"headword":"αὐτό","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτό","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτοῦ","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτῷ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"αὐτό","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or accusative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"αὐτοῖιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτά","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτοῖσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"αὐτά","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[4,6,8]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXX: Personal and Possessive Pronouns · Iliad 81-85","teaching":[{"title":"Personal pronouns","paragraphs":["Personal pronouns refer to the speaker, the listener, or someone else. The speaker is the first person: I, we. The listener is the second person: you. Anyone else is the third person: he, she, it, they.","ἐγώ is I, and σύ is you. Their other forms follow the cases: ἐμοί, to me, ἐμέ, me, σοί, to you, σέ, you. Plural: ἡμεῖς, we, ὑμεῖς, you all. The dual has its own forms, such as νῶι and σφῶι."]},{"title":"The nominative for emphasis, and the third person","paragraphs":["The nominative ἐγώ or σύ is used only for emphasis and contrast. Otherwise it is left out, because the verb ending shows the person. In σὺ δὲ φράσαι, σύ sets you against someone else.","The third person has no nominative singular in Pharr's table. Its forms mean him, her, it. Sometimes they refer back to the subject: himself, herself. A pronoun that does this is reflexive."]},{"title":"Enclitic forms and possessives","paragraphs":["After the nominative, the forms are enclitics. They have no accent of their own and attach to the word before them. μοι, με and σε are enclitics: με σαώσεις, you will save me.","When the pronoun is emphatic, it keeps its accent, and the first person uses the longer forms ἐμοί and ἐμέ. This is the rule after a preposition such as ἐν.","A possessive shows the owner. Pharr says the possessives are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns. ἐμός is my, σός is your, ἑός is his own or her own. Plural: ἡμέτερος is ours, ὑμέτερος is yours, σφέτερος is theirs.","Possessives are adjectives with three genders, like κᾱλός. They agree with the thing owned.","In Pharr's sentence ἐν στήθεσσιν ἑοῖσιν, in their own breasts, ἑοῖσιν agrees with στήθεσσιν. Both are dative plural."]},{"title":"Achilles answers","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker says: even if he swallows his anger that same day, afterward he keeps the grudge deep in his breast.","He keeps it until he pays it back. Then the speaker asks: consider, then, whether you will save me.","Swift-footed Achilles answers him: take heart, and speak out whatever prophecy you know.","Find σύ, you, set against the he of the first lines. Find με, me, an enclitic attached to the word before it."]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L30.g188.1","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καταπέψει χόλον αὐτῆμαρ, ἀλλὰ μετόπισθεν ἕξει κότον ἐν οἷσι στήθεσσιν, ὄφρα τελέσσῃ.","translation":"Agamemnon, lord of men, will digest his wrath on the selfsame day, but afterward he will keep a grudge in his own breast, until he fulfills it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: (real) man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"καταπέψει","gloss":"κατα-πέσσω: digest, repress, cook"},{"text":"χόλον","gloss":"χόλος: hot, furious wrath, blind anger"},{"text":"αὐτῆμαρ,","gloss":"αὐτ-ῆμαρ: the (self)same day"},{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but, moreover"},{"text":"μετόπισθεν","gloss":"μετ-όπισθε: afterward(s), later, hereafter"},{"text":"ἕξει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"κότον","gloss":"κότος: grudge, rancor, hate"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"οἷσι","gloss":"ἑός: his own, her own, its own"},{"text":"στήθεσσιν,","gloss":"στῆθος: breast, chest"},{"text":"ὄφρα","gloss":"until, in order that, while"},{"text":"τελέσσῃ.","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill, complete"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.g188.1.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L30.g188.2","source":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς φράσεται εἰ σαώσει Κάλχαντα μάντιν ὄχ’ ἄριστον.","translation":"Achilles, swift of foot, will consider if he will save Calchas, by far the best seer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: foot"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift, fleet"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"φράσεται","gloss":"φράζω: consider, plan, think"},{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if, whether"},{"text":"σαώσει","gloss":"σαό-ω: save, protect, rescue, preserve"},{"text":"Κάλχαντα","gloss":"Κάλχας: Calchas"},{"text":"μάντιν","gloss":"μάντις: seer, prophet, soothsayer"},{"text":"ὄχ’","gloss":"ὄχα: (by) far, much, considerably"},{"text":"ἄριστον.","gloss":"ἄριστος: best, noblest, bravest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.g188.2.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L30.g188.3","source":"Κάλχᾱς θαρσήσει καὶ ἐρέει θεοπρόπιον Ἀπόλλωνος.","translation":"Calchas will take courage and speak the oracle of Apollo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Κάλχᾱς","gloss":"Calchas"},{"text":"θαρσήσει","gloss":"θαρσέ-ω: take heart, take courage, be bold, dare"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἐρέει","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"θεοπρόπιον","gloss":"θεο-πρόπιον: oracle, prophecy"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνος.","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.g188.3.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L30.g188.4","source":"μάντις οἶδε θεοπρόπια πάντα.","translation":"The seer knows all oracles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μάντις","gloss":"seer, prophet, soothsayer"},{"text":"οἶδε","gloss":"εἴδω: know"},{"text":"θεοπρόπια","gloss":"θεο-πρόπιον: oracle, prophecy"},{"text":"πάντα.","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.g188.4.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L30.e191.1","source":"μάλα μέγας βασιλεὺς ἐχώσατο ἀνδρὶ χέρηι, ἀλλ’ αὐτῆμαρ κατέπεψε χόλον.","translation":"The very mighty king was enraged at an inferior man, but on that selfsame day he digested his wrath.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.e191.1.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L30.e191.2","source":"πολλοὶ ἄνδρες ἔχουσι κακοὺς κότους ἐν στήθεσσιν ἑοῖσιν, ὄφρα τελέσσωσιν.","translation":"Many men have evil grudges in their own breasts until they accomplish (them).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.e191.2.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L30.e191.3","source":"φραζώμεθα εἰ σαώσομεν ἄνακτα ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνονα.","translation":"Let us consider if we will save the king of men Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.e191.3.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L30.e191.4","source":"μάντις θαρσήσει καὶ ἐρέει θεοπρόπια θεῶν, οἶδε γὰρ πάντα.","translation":"The seer will take courage and speak the oracles of the gods, for he knows them all.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L30.e191.4.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"grc.ph.L30.r189.81","source":"εἴ περ γάρ τε χόλον γε καὶ αὐτῆμαρ καταπέψῃ,","translation":"even if he swallows his anger down that very day,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"περ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"χόλον","gloss":"χόλος: anger"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"αὐτῆμαρ","gloss":"that very day"},{"text":"καταπέψῃ,","gloss":"καταπέσσω: swallows down"}],"audio":null},{"number":86,"id":"grc.ph.L30.r189.82","source":"ἀλλά τε καὶ μετόπισθεν ἔχει κότον, ὄφρα τελέσσῃ,","translation":"still afterward he keeps the grudge, until he pays it,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλά","gloss":"still"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μετόπισθεν","gloss":"μετόπισθε: afterward"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: keeps"},{"text":"κότον,","gloss":"κότος: the grudge"},{"text":"ὄφρα","gloss":"until"},{"text":"τελέσσῃ,","gloss":"τελέω: he pays it"}],"audio":null},{"number":87,"id":"grc.ph.L30.r189.83","source":"ἐν στήθεσσιν ἑοῖσι. σὺ δὲ φράσαι, εἴ με σαώσεις.”","translation":"deep in his own breast; consider, then, whether you will save me.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in"},{"text":"στήθεσσιν","gloss":"στῆθος: breast"},{"text":"ἑοῖσι.","gloss":"ἑός: his own"},{"text":"σὺ","gloss":"you"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"φράσαι,","gloss":"φράζω: consider"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"με","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"σαώσεις.”","gloss":"σώζω: you will save"}],"audio":null},{"number":88,"id":"grc.ph.L30.r189.84","source":"τὸν δ’ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Then swift-footed Achilles answered him and said:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: then"},{"text":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","gloss":"ἀπαμείβομαι: answered"},{"text":"προσέφη","gloss":"πρόσφημι: said"},{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: footed"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς·","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":89,"id":"grc.ph.L30.r189.85","source":"“θαρσήσας μάλα εἰπὲ θεοπρόπιον, ὅτι οἶσθα·","translation":"\"Take heart, and speak out whatever prophecy you know;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“θαρσήσας","gloss":"θαρσέω: take heart"},{"text":"μάλα","gloss":"boldly"},{"text":"εἰπὲ","gloss":"εἶπον: speak out"},{"text":"θεοπρόπιον,","gloss":"prophecy"},{"text":"ὅτι","gloss":"ὅ τι: whatever (neuter of ὅς τις)"},{"text":"οἶσθα·","gloss":"οἶδα: you know"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":760,"text":"§760. Personal Pronouns\n\nThe personal pronouns are declined as follows:\n\nSINGULAR\nN. V.   ἐγώ(ν) I                          σύ [τύνη] you                      , he, she, it\nG.      ἐμεῖο, μευ (ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, ἐμέθεν)   σεῖο, σεο (σέο, σεῦ, σευ, σέθεν)   εἷο, ἕο, (ἕο, εὖ, εὗ, ἕθεν, ἑθεν)\nD.      ἐμοί, μοι                         σοί, τοι [τεῖν]                    ἑοῖ, οἷ (οἷ)\nA.      ἐμέ, με                           σέ, σε                             ἑέ, ἕ (ἕ, μιν)\n\nDUAL\nN. A. V.   νῶι, νώ   σφῶι, σφώ      σφωε\nG. D.      νῶιν      σφῶιν (σφῶν)   σφωιν\n\nPLURAL\nN. V.   ἡμεῖς (ἄμμες)                ὑμεῖς (ὔμμες)\nG.      ἡμείων (ἡμέων)               ὑμείων (ὑμέων)         σφείων, σφεων (σφέων, σφῶν)\nD.      ἡμῖν (ἄμμι(ν), ἥμῑν, ἧμιν)   ὑμῖν (ὔμμι(ν), ὕμῖν)   σφίσι, σφισι (σφι(ν))\nA.      ἡμέας (ἥμας, ἥμεας, ἄμμε)    ὑμέας (ὔμμε)           σφέας, σφε(ας), σφάς"},{"section":761,"text":"§761. The nominative singular of the personal pronouns is used only for the sake of emphasis and contrast, being omitted under other conditions."},{"section":762,"text":"§762. The oblique cases of these pronouns are enclitic (553), but if the pronoun is emphatic these cases keep their accent, and the longer forms of the first person are then used. This happens as a rule after prepositions. The forms without accent in the above table are enclitic."},{"section":763,"text":"§763. The pronoun of the third person is sometimes used as a reflexive, that is, it refers to the subject of the leading verb of the sentence."},{"section":764,"text":"§764. Possessive Pronouns\n\nThe possessive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns and are declined like adjectives of the vowel declension, i.e. like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721).\n\nSING.     ἐμός, ή, όν my, mine.                                              σός, σή, σόν (τεός, τεή, τεόν) your(s).\n          ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν (ὅς, ἥ, ὅν) his, her(s), its (own), [my, your own].\nDUAL.     νωίτερος, η, ον our(s).                                            σφωίτερος, η, ον your(s).\nPLURAL.   ἡμέτερος, η, ον our(s).                                            ἁμός, ή, όν our(s).\n          ὑμέτερος, η, ον your(s).                                           ὑμός, ή, όν your(s).\n          σφέτερος, η, ον their(s).                                          σφός, σφή, σφόν their(s)."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"καταπέψει","gloss":"Digest, repress, cook, from κατα-πέσσω"},{"word":"χόλον","gloss":"Hot, furious wrath, blind anger, from χόλος"},{"word":"αὐτῆμαρ","gloss":"Thesame day, from αὐτ-ῆμαρ"},{"word":"μετόπισθεν","gloss":"Afterward, later, hereafter, from μετ-όπισθε"},{"word":"κότον","gloss":"Grudge, rancor, hate, from κότος"},{"word":"οἷσι","gloss":"His, her, its, from ἑός"},{"word":"στήθεσσιν","gloss":"Breast, chest, from στῆθος"},{"word":"ὄφρα","gloss":"Until, in order that, while"},{"word":"φράσεται","gloss":"Consider, plan, think, from φράζω"},{"word":"σαώσει","gloss":"Save, protect, rescue, from σαό-ω"},{"word":"θαρσήσει","gloss":"Take heart, take courage, be bold, from θαρσέ-ω"},{"word":"θεοπρόπιον","gloss":"Oracle, prophecy, from θεο-πρόπιον"},{"word":"περ","gloss":"Even"},{"word":"καταπέψῃ","gloss":"Digest, repress, cook, from καταπέσσω"},{"word":"τελέσσῃ","gloss":"He pays it, from τελέω"},{"word":"σαώσεις","gloss":"You will save, from σώζω"},{"word":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","gloss":"Answered, from ἀπαμείβομαι"},{"word":"προσέφη","gloss":"Speak to, address, from πρόσφημι"},{"word":"θαρσήσας","gloss":"Take heart, take courage, be bold, from θαρσέω"},{"word":"μάλα","gloss":"Very, exceedingly, even"}],"paradigms":[{"section":760,"headword":"ἐγώ","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"ἐγώ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἐμεῖο","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἐμοί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἐμέ","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"νῶι","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"νῶιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ἡμεῖς","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ἡμείων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ἡμῖν","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ἡμέας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[3,6,9]},{"section":760,"headword":"σύ","cells":[{"label":"N. V.","number":"singular","form":"σύ","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"σεῖο","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"σοί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"σέ","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"},{"label":"N. A. V.","number":"dual","form":"σφῶι","meaning":"","name":"nominative, accusative or vocative dual"},{"label":"G. D.","number":"dual","form":"σφῶιν","meaning":"","name":"genitive or dative dual"},{"label":"N. V.","number":"plural","form":"ὑμεῖς","meaning":"","name":"nominative or vocative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"ὑμείων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"ὑμῖν","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"ὑμέας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[2,3,5]}]}]}