# Homeric Greek, Lessons XXXI to XXXV Pharr II: The Whole Verb Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/7. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/7.json. ## Lesson XXXI: Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns · Iliad 86-92 ### Interrogative and indefinite pronouns An interrogative pronoun asks a question. τίς, τί means who? which? what? Its accent is always on the first syllable, and it never becomes a grave. τίνες εὔχονται εἶναι πολλὸν ἄριστοι Δαναῶν; Who boast that they are far the best of the Danaans? An indefinite pronoun refers to someone without saying who. τὶς, τὶ means some one, any one, something. Its forms are the same as the interrogative's. Only the accent differs. The indefinite is an enclitic. So τίς with its accent asks a question. τὶς without it refers to someone not named. The forms correspond: τίνα and τινά, neuter τί and τὶ. In the lines you will find οὔ τις, not any one, so no one. οὔ τις συμπάντων Δαναῶν, no one of all the Danaans. ### Relative pronouns A relative pronoun begins a description of a noun: the god to whom Calchas prays. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ means who, which, what, with a form for each gender. Pharr's sentence: Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ θεὸς ᾧ τε Κάλχᾱς εὔχεται, Apollo is a god to whom Calchas prays. ᾧ is dative because Calchas prays to him. The word list also gives ὅς τε, ἥ τε, ὅ τε, who, which, what or whatever. It is the relative with τε added, as in ᾧ τε. ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι means whoever, whichever, whatever. It is the relative joined to τὶς. Pharr says each part changes its form, or sometimes only the second part. Printers write the neuter as ὅ τι. This keeps it apart from the word ὅτι, which means that, because or why. ### No one will harm Calchas In these lines a speaker swears by Apollo. Calchas prays to Apollo when he reveals the oracles to the Danaans. While the speaker lives and sees the light upon the earth, no one will lay heavy hands on Calchas beside the hollow ships. This is true even if Calchas names Agamemnon, who now claims to be far the best of the Achaeans. Then the blameless seer takes heart and speaks. Find ὃς, who, in the last of these lines, and οὔ τις, no one. ᾧ τε σύ, to whom you, is another relative. **1** πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς εἶπε μάντει ἀμύμονι· “ὄμνυμι μὰ θεὸν Ἀπόλλωνα διΐφιλον, Ἀγαμέμνων ἄριστος Ἀχαιῶν οὐκ ἐποίσει βαρείᾱς χεῖράς σοι κοίλῃς παρὰ νηυσίν.” Achilles, swift of foot, spoke to the blameless seer: “I swear by the god Apollo, dear to Zeus, Agamemnon, best of the Achaeans, shall not lay heavy hands upon you beside the hollow ships.” **2** Κάλχᾱς μάντις ἀμύμων εὐχόμενος Ἀπόλλωνι ἀναφαίνει θεοπροπίᾱς Δαναοῖσιν. Calchas, the blameless seer, praying to Apollo, reveals the oracles to the Danaans. **3** Ἀχιλῆος ζῶντος καὶ δερκομένοιο ἐπὶ χθονί, οὔ τις συμπάντων Δαναῶν ἐποίσει βαρείᾱς χεῖρας Κάλχαντι μάντει. While Achilles lives and looks out upon the earth, no one of all the Danaans will lay heavy hands upon Calchas the seer. **4** δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς σαώσει Κάλχαντα μάντιν, ἢν εἴπῃ Ἀγαμέμνονα, ὃς εὔχεται εἶναι πολλὸν ἄριστος Ἀχαιῶν. Divine Achilles will save Calchas the seer, if he names Agamemnon, who boasts that he is far the best of the Achaeans. **5** ἢν Ἀχιλλεὺς σαώσει μάντιν, θαρσήσει καὶ αὐδήσει θεοπροπίᾱς ἑκατηβελέτᾱο ἄνακτος. If Achilles saves the seer, he will take courage and declare the oracles of the free-shooting lord. **6** Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ θεὸς ᾧ τε Κάλχᾱς εὔχεται. Apollo is a god to whom Calchas prays. **7** θαρσήσας εἰπὲ θεοπροπίᾱς Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκατηβελέτᾱο. Take courage and speak the oracles of Apollo the free-shooter. **8** μὰ Ἀπόλλωνα Διὸς υἱόν, Ἀχαιοὶ οὐκ ἐποίσουσι βαρείᾱς χεῖράς σοι κοίλῃς παρὰ νηυσίν. By Apollo, son of Zeus, the Achaeans shall not lay heavy hands upon you beside the hollow ships. **9** μάντις ἀμύμων εὔχεται Ἀπόλλωνι ἑκατηβελέτῃ καὶ ἀναφαίνει θεοπροπίᾱς θεοῦ Δαναοῖσιν. The blameless seer prays to Apollo the free-shooter and reveals the oracles of God to the Danaans. **10** Ἀχαιῶν ζώντων καὶ δερκομένων ἐπὶ χθονί, Ἀγαμέμνων οὐκ ἐποίσει βαρείᾱς χεῖρας γέροντι ἱερῆι Ἀπόλλωνος κοίλῃς παρὰ νηυσίν. While the Achaeans live and look out upon the earth Agamemnon shall not lay heavy hands upon the old priest of Apollo beside the hollow ships. **11** τίνες εὔχονται εἶναι πολλὸν ἄριστοι Δαναῶν; Who boast that they are far the best of the Danaans? **12** οὐ μὰ γὰρ Ἀπόλλωνα διίφιλον, ᾧ τε σύ, Κάλχαν, for by Apollo, beloved of Zeus, to whom you, Calchas, **13** εὐχόμενος Δαναοῖσι θεοπροπίας ἀναφαίνεις, pray, and to the Danaans make known his prophecies, **14** οὔ τις ἐμεῦ ζῶντος καὶ ἐπὶ χθονὶ δερκομένοιο no man, while I live and see the light upon this earth, **15** σοὶ κοίλῃς παρὰ νηυσὶ βαρείας χεῖρας ἐποίσει shall lay heavy hands on you beside the hollow ships, **16** συμπάντων Δαναῶν, οὐδ’ ἢν Ἀγαμέμνονα εἴπῃς, of all the Danaans, not even if you name Agamemnon, **17** ὃς νῦν πολλὸν ἄριστος Ἀχαιῶν εὔχεται εἶναι.” who now boasts he is far the best of the Achaeans." **18** καὶ τότε δὴ θάρσησε καὶ ηὖδα μάντις ἀμύμων· Then indeed the blameless seer took heart and spoke: ``` §767. The most important interrogative pronoun, τίς, τί who? which? what? has the acute accent always on the first syllable, and never changes the acute to the grave, even when followed by other words. ``` ``` §768. The indefinite τὶς, τὶ some (one), any (one), something, anything, a(n) is spelled and declined the same as the interrogative, but differs from it in accent, the indefinite pronoun being always an enclitic, 553 ff. ``` ``` §769. Indefinite and Interrogative Pronouns τὶς, τὶ some (one), any (one), something SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τὶς τὶ G. τέο (τεῦ) D. τέῳ (τῷ, τινί) A. τινά τὶ DUAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. A. τινέ τινέ G. D. τινοῖιν τινοῖιν PLURAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τινές τινά (ἄσσα) G. τεῶν τεῶν D. τεοῖσι τεοῖσι A. τινάς τινά (ἄσσα) τίς, τί, who? which? what? SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τίς τί G. τέο (τεῦ) D. τέῳ (τῷ, τίνι) A. τίνα τί DUAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. A. τίνε τίνε G. D. τίνοιιν τίνοιιν PLURAL Masc. and Fem. Neut. N. τίνες τίνα G. τέων τέων D. τέοισι τέοισι A. τίνας τίνα ``` ``` §770. The relative pronouns are ὅς, ἥ, ὅ, and ὁ, ἡ; τό who, which, what (765), together with the indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι (ὅς τις, ἥ τις, ὅ τι) whoever, whichever, whatever, 776. ``` ``` §771. The most important demonstrative pronouns are οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this, (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that, ὁ, ἡ, τό (used also as a relative and as a personal pronoun, 765) this, that, with its compounds, as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε (ὅ γε, ἥ γε, τό γε), etc. ``` ``` §772. These pronouns are declined in the main like adjectives of the vowel declension (κά̄λός, ή, όν, 721) with the exception that the neuter nominative and accusative singular ends in -ο instead of in -ον. ``` ``` §773. Relative Pronoun ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who? which? what? SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. N. ὅς (ὅ) ἥ ὅ G. οὗ [ὅου, ὅο] ἧς [ἕης] οὗ [ὅου, ὅο] D. ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ A. ὅν ἥν ὅ DUAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. A. V. ὥ (ὥ) ὥ G. D. οἷν (οἷν) οἷν PLURAL Masc. Fem. Neut. N. οἵ αἵ ἅ G. ὧν ὧν ὧν D. οἷσι, οἷς ᾗσι, ᾗς οἷσι, οἷς A. οὕς ἅς ἅ ``` ``` §776. The indefinite relative pronoun (ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι) whoever, whichever, whatever, is a compound of the simple relative (ὅς, ἥ, ὅ) and the indefinite τὶς, τὶ, each part of which is declined separately (or sometimes only the latter part). ``` ``` §777. ὅ τι, the neuter of the indefinite relative pronoun, is thus printed in most texts, that it may not be confused with the conjunction, ὅτι that, because, why. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἀμύμονι | Blameless, noble, from ἀ-μύμων | | μὰ | Surely, verily | | ἐποίσει | Bear upon, bear against, from ἐπι-φέρω | | βαρείᾱς | Heavy, weighty, violent, from βαρύς | | ἀναφαίνει | Reveal, show, manifest, from ἀνα-φαίνω | | θεοπροπίᾱς | Oracle, prophecy, from θεο-προπίη | | ζῶντος | Live, from ζώ-ω | | δερκομένοιο | See, look, behold, from δέρκομαι | | χθονί | Earth, land, country, from χθών | | συμπάντων | All, from σύμ-πας | | αὐδήσει | Speak, say, declare, from αὐδά-ω | | ᾧ | Who, which, what, from ὅς τε | | Δαναοῖσι | To the Danaans, from Δαναοί | | θεοπροπίας | His prophecies, from θεοπροπία | | ἀναφαίνεις | Reveal, show, manifest, from ἀναφαίνω | | οὐδ’ | Not even, and not, nor, from οὐδέ | | ἢν | If, from ἐάν | | πολλὸν | Far, from πολύς | | ηὖδα | Speak, say, declare, from αὐδάω | | ἀμύμων | Blameless, noble | ## Lesson XXXII: Regular Verbs in -ΜΙ · Iliad 93-100 ### Verbs in -μι Most verbs so far end in ω in the I form. This lesson has four common verbs that end in μι: ἵστημι, make stand, τίθημι, put, ἵημι, send, and δίδωμι, give. These verbs add the endings directly to the stem. Each stem has a form with a long vowel and a form with a short vowel. In the present, the I form has the long vowel and the we form has the short one. δίδωμι, I give, δίδομεν, we give. τίθημι, I put, τίθεμεν, we put. ἵστημι, I make stand, ἵσταμεν, we make stand. The other present endings are close to ones you know: ἵστης, ἵστησι, plural ἵστατε. διδοῖς, δίδωσι, plural δίδοτε. The form for they is different: ἱστᾶσι, τιθεῖσι, διδοῦσι. ### First and second aorist These verbs have two kinds of aorist, the first aorist and the second aorist. Pharr prints both. The first aorist of ἵστημι is ἔστησα, with σ after the stem. The others have κ: ἔθηκα, I put, ἔδωκα, I gave. For he: ἔθηκε, ἔδωκε. Some first aorist forms in the dual and plural have an asterisk in the table. This lesson does not explain the asterisk. The second aorist has no σ and no κ. The endings are added directly to the stem: ἔθεμεν, we put, ἔδομεν, we gave, ἔθετε, you put, ἔδοτε, you gave. The second aorist of ἵστημι is ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη. Only this verb has second aorist singular forms in the table. The ἐ at the front of most of these forms is the augment. ### Why Apollo is angry In these lines a speaker explains why Apollo is angry. It is not because of a vow or a hecatomb. It is because of the priest whom Agamemnon dishonored. Agamemnon did not free the priest's daughter and did not accept the ransom. So Apollo has given pains, ἔδωκεν, and will give more, δώσει. He will not ward off ruin until the girl is given back to her dear father, unbought and unransomed. A holy hecatomb must also be led to Chryse. Then, the speaker thinks, they might win Apollo over. Find δόμεναι, to give. It is an infinitive. Pharr lists it as a second aorist form of δίδωμι. **19** Ἀπόλλων ἐπιμέμφεται ἡμᾶς εὐχωλῆς καὶ ἑκατόμβης. Apollo blames us for a vow and a hecatomb. **20** θεοὶ ἐπιμέμφονται Ἀχαιοὺς ἕνεκ’ ἀρητῆρος φίλου Ἀπόλλωνι, τὸν γὰρ ἠτίμησαν. The gods blame the Achaeans on account of the priest, dear to Apollo, for they dishonored him. **21** Ἀπόλλων ἔδωκεν ἄλγεα τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἠδὲ δώσει ἔτι, οὕνεκ’ Ἀγαμέμνων ἠτίμησεν ἀρητῆρα, οὐδ’ ἐβούλετο λύειν θύγατρα καὶ ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα. Apollo gave woes to the Achaeans and will still give more, because Agamemnon dishonored the priest, and did not wish to free his daughter and accept the splendid ransoms. **22** εἰ ἑκηβόλος ἀπώσει λοιγὸν ἀεικέα Δαναοῖσιν, δώσουσι ἑλικώπιδα κούρην φίλῳ πατρὶ ἀπριάτην ἀνάποινον, ἄξουσι δ’ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην ἐς Χρύσην· τότε θεὸν ἱλασσάμενοι πείσουσιν. If the free-shooter will ward off shameful destruction from the Danaans, they will give the bright-eyed maiden back to her dear father, unbought and unransomed, and they will lead a sacred hecatomb to Chrysa; then, having appeased the god, they will persuade him. **23** ἦ θεοὶ ἐπιμέμφονται Ἀχαιοὺς εὐχωλῆς ἢ ἑκατόμβης ἢ ἕνεκ’ ἀρητῆρος Χρύσαο, τὸν Ἀγαμέμνων ἠτίμησεν; Do the gods blame the Achaeans on account of a vow, or of a hecatomb, or on account of Chryses the priest, whom Agamemnon dishonored? **24** εἰ Ἀγαμέμνων μὴ λύσει θύγατρα φίλην γέροντος ἀρητῆρος καὶ μὴ δέξεται ἀγλαὰ ἄποινα, ἑκηβόλος ἔτι δώσει πολλὰ ἄλγεα Δαναοῖσιν, οὐδέ σφιν ἀπώσει λοιγὸν ἀεικέα, πρίν γ’ ἀπὸ πατρὶ φίλῳ δόμεναι λευκώλενον κούρην ἀπριάτην ἀνάποινον, ἄγειν θ’ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην ἐς Χρύσην· τότε κεν θεὸν ἱλασσάμενοι πείσειαν θῡμόν. If Agamemnon will not release the dear daughter of the aged priest and receive the shining ransoms, the free-shooter will still give many woes to the Danaans, nor will he ward off unseemly destruction for them until they give back to her own father the white-armed maiden, unbought, and unransomed, and lead a sacred hecatomb into Chrysa; then perhaps they may appease the god and persuade his soul. **25** “οὔτ’ ἄρ’ ὅ γ’ εὐχωλῆς ἐπιμέμφεται οὔθ’ ἑκατόμβης, "He does not fault us, then, for a vow or a hecatomb, **26** ἀλλ’ ἕνεκ’ ἀρητῆρος, ὃν ἠτίμησ’ Ἀγαμέμνων, but for the priest, whom Agamemnon dishonored, **27** οὐδ’ ἀπέλυσε θύγατρα καὶ οὐκ ἀπεδέξατ’ ἄποινα, and did not free his daughter, and did not take the ransom, **28** τούνεκ’ ἄρ’ ἄλγε’ ἔδωκεν ἑκηβόλος ἠδ’ ἔτι δώσει. for this the far-shooter has given us pains, and will give more still; **29** οὐδ’ ὅ γε πρὶν Δαναοῖσιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀπώσει, nor will he ward off shameful ruin from the Danaans, **30** πρίν γ’ ἀπὸ πατρὶ φίλῳ δόμεναι ἑλικώπιδα κούρην until we give back to her dear father the bright-eyed girl, **31** ἀπριάτην ἀνάποινον, ἄγειν θ’ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην unbought and unransomed, and lead a holy hecatomb **32** ἐς Χρύσην· τότε κέν μιν ἱλασσάμενοι πεπίθοιμεν.” to Chryse; then, appeasing him, we might win him over." ``` §949. INDICATIVE REGULAR VERBS IN -μι ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), (make) stand; τίθημι (θη-, θε), put; ἵημι (ἡ-, ἑ) send; δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give, grant Active Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵστημι τίθημι ἵημι δίδωμι 2 ἵστης τίθης(θα) ἵης, ἱεῖς διδοῖς(θα) 3 ἵστησι τίθησι, τιθεῖ ἵησι, ἱεῖ δίδωσι (διδοῖ) Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν τίθεμεν ἵεμεν δίδομεν 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστᾶσι τιθεῖσι (θέουσι) ἱεῖσι διδοῦσι IMPERFECT S. 1 ἵστην ἐτίθην ἵειν ἐδίδουν 2 ἵστης ἐτίθεις ἵεις ἐδίδους 3 ἵστη ἐτίθει ἵει ἐδίδου Du. 2 ἵστατον ἐτίθετον ἵετον ἐδίδοτον 3 ἱστάτην ἐτιθέτην ἱέτην ἐδιδότην Pl. 1 ἵσταμεν ἐτίθεμεν ἵεμεν ἐδίδομεν 2 ἵστατε ἐτίθετε ἵετε ἐδίδοτε 3 ἵστασαν ἐτίθεσαν ἵεσαν, ἵεν ἐδίδοσαν FUTURE S. 1 στήσω θήσω ἥσω δώσω 2 στήσεις θήσεις ἥσεις δώσεις 3 στήσει θήσει ἥσει (ἔσει) δώσει Du. 2 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον 3 στήσετον θήσετον ἥσετον δώσετον Pl. 1 στήσομεν θήσομεν ἥσομεν δώσομεν 2 στήσετε θήσετε ἥσετε δώσετε 3 στήσουσι θήσουσι ἥσουσι δώσουσι FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἔστησα ἔθηκα ἧκα ἔδωκα 2 ἔστησας ἔθηκας ἧκας ἔδωκας 3 ἔστησε ἔθηκε ἧκε ἔδωκε Du. 2 ἐστήσατον *ἐθήκατον *ἐήκατον *ἐδώκατον 3 ἐστησάτην *ἐθηκάτην *ἐηκάτην *ἐδωκάτην Pl. 1 ἐστήσαμεν *ἐθήκαμεν *ἐήκαμεν *ἐδώκαμεν 2 ἐστήσατε *ἐθήκατε *ἐήκατε *ἐδώκατε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔστασαν) ἔθηκαν *ἐήκαν ἔδωκαν SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἔστην 2 ἔστης 3 ἔστη Du. 2 ἔστητον ἔθετον εἷτον ἔδοτον 3 ἐστήτην ἐθέτην εἵτην ἐδότην Pl. 1 ἔστημεν ἔθεμεν εἷμεν ἔδομεν 2 ἔστητε ἔθετε εἷτε ἔδοτε 3 ἔστησαν (ἔσταν) ἔθεσαν εἷσαν ἔδοσαν ``` ``` §950. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶ(μι) τιθῶ(μι) ἱῶ(μι) διδῶ(μι) 2 ἱστῇς(θα) τιθῇς(θα) ἱῇς(θα) διδῷς(θα) 3 ἱστῇ(σι) τιθῇ(σι) ἱῇ(σι) διδῷ(σι) Du. 2 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον 3 ἱστῆτον τιθῆτον ἱῆτον διδῶτον Pl. 1 ἱστῶμεν τιθῶμεν ἱῶμεν διδῶμεν 2 ἱστῆτε τιθῆτε ἱῆτε διδῶτε 3 ἱστῶσι τιθῶσι ἱῶσι διδῶσι SECOND AORIST S. 1 στῶ(μι) θῶ(μι) ὧ(μι) δῶ(μι) 2 στῇς(θα) θῇς(θα) ᾗς(θα) δῷς(θα) 3 στῇ(σι) θῇ(σι) ᾗ(σι) δῷ(σι) Du. 2 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον 3 στῆτον θῆτον ᾗτον δῶτον Pl. 1 στῶμεν θῶμεν ὧμεν δῶμεν 2 στῆτε θῆτε ἧτε δῶτε 3 στῶσι θῶσι ὧσι δῶσι ``` ``` §951. The second aorist subjunctive of -μι verbs (949 ff.) seems to have had a double form of inflection: 1) With a short thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θηέτην, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι (τίθημι put, place). 2) With a long thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι. The vowel of the stem is then shortened (572), producing, 3) θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι. This form then undergoes contraction (584–585), giving, 4) θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, θῆτον, θῆτον, θῶμεν, θῆτε, θῶσι. ``` ``` §952. The subjunctives of athematic (797; 865, 2) second aorists and the subjunctives passive of both first and second aorists are similarly formed. Thus, λυθῶ, λυθῇς, λυθῇ, etc., contracted from λυθέω, λυθέῃς, λυθέῃ, etc.; τραφῶ, τραφῇς, τραφῇ, etc., contracted from τραφέω, τραφέῃς, τραφέῃ, etc. ``` ``` §953. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίην τιθείην ἱείην διδοίην 2 ἱσταίης τιθείης ἱείης διδοίης 3 ἱσταίη τιθείη ἱείη διδοίη Du. 2 ἱσταῖτον τιθεῖτον ἱεῖτον διδοῖτον 3 ἱσταίτην τιθείτην ἱείτην διδοίτην Pl. 1 ἱσταῖμεν τιθεῖμεν ἱεῖμεν διδοῖμεν 2 ἱσταῖτε τιθεῖτε ἱεῖτε διδοῖτε 3 ἱσταῖεν τιθεῖεν ἱεῖεν διδοῖεν SECOND AORIST S. 1 σταίην θείην εἵην δοίην 2 σταίης θείης εἵης δοίης 3 σταίη θείη εἵη δοίη Du. 2 σταῖτον θεῖτον εἷτον δοῖτον 3 σταίτην θείτην εἵτην δοίτην Pl. 1 σταῖμεν θεῖμεν εἷμεν δοῖμεν 2 σταῖτε θεῖτε εἷτε δοῖτε 3 σταῖεν, σταίησαν θεῖεν εἷεν δοῖεν ``` ``` §954. IMPERATIVE PRESENT S. 2 ἵστη (-ᾱ) τίθει (=-εε) ἵει (=ἵεε) δίδου (δίδωθι) 3 ἱστάτω τιθέτω ἱέτω διδότω Du. 2 ἵστατον τίθετον ἵετον δίδοτον 3 ἱστάτων τιθέτων ἱέτων διδότων Pl. 2 ἵστατε τίθετε ἵετε δίδοτε 3 ἱστάντων τιθέντων ἱέντων διδόντων SECOND AORIST S. 2 στῆθι θές ἕς δός 3 στήτω θέτω ἕτω δότω Du. 2 στῆτον θέτον ἕτον δότον 3 στήτων θέτων ἕτων δότων Pl. 2 στῆτε θέτε ἕτε δότε 3 στάντων θέντων ἕντων δόντων ``` ``` §955. INFINITIVE PRESENT ἱστάμεν(αι) τιθήμεν(αι) ἱέμεν(αι) διδόμεν(αι) (διδοῦναι) SECOND AORIST στήναι (στήμεναι) θεῖναι (θέμεν[αι]) εἷναι (ἕμεν[αι]) δοῦναι (δόμεν[αι]) ``` ``` §956. PARTICIPLE PRES. ἱστά̄ς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν τιθείς, εἶσα, ἔν ἱείς, εἷσα, ἕν διδούς, οὖσα, όν 2 AOR. στά̄ς, στᾶσα, στάν θείς, θεῖσα, θέν εἷς, εἷσα, ἕν δούς, δοῦσα, δόν NOTE 1. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι, see 924. NOTE 2. δίδωμι may have (very rarely) διδώσω instead of δώσω in the future. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἕνεκ’ | On account, because of, for the sake of, from ἕνεκα | | ἠτίμησαν | Dishonor, insult, slight, from ἀ-τιμά-ω | | ἔτι | Yet, still, in addition | | ἀπώσει | Shove away, push off, drive off, from ἀπ-ωθέω | | ἀεικέα | Unseemly, grievous, shameful, from ἀ-εικής | | ἑλικώπιδα | Bright-eyed, flashing-eyed, from ἑλίκ-ωψ | | κούρην | Girl, maiden, young woman, from κούρη | | πατρὶ | Father, sire, from πατήρ | | ἀπριάτην | Unbought, without price, from ἀ-πρίατος | | ἀνάποινον | Unransomed, without a ransom paid, from ἀν-ά-ποινος | | ἱερὴν | Sacred, holy, from ἱερός | | ἱλασσάμενοι | Propitiate, appease, from ἱλά-σκομαι | | οὔτ’ | And not, nor, from οὔτε | | ἠτίμησ’ | Dishonor, insult, slight, from ἀτιμάω | | ἀπεδέξατ’ | Receive, accept, from ἀποδέχομαι | | τούνεκ’ | On account of this, for this reason, therefore, from τοὔνεκα | | ἄγειν | Lead, drive, conduct, from ἄγω | ## Lesson XXXIII: Regular Verbs in -μι (continued) ### Verbs in -μι: middle and passive This lesson gives ἵστημι, τίθημι, ἵημι and δίδωμι in the middle and passive. Present middle: ἵσταμαι, ἵστασαι, ἵσταται. δίδομαι, δίδοσαι, δίδοται. τίθεμαι. The form for they ends the same way in all of them: ἵστανται, δίδονται, τίθενται. Pharr prints the passive with the middle. The sentence shows which is meant. In the lines, πίμπλανται, from πίμ-πλημι, fill, means that a heart is filled with rage. The form looks middle, but the heart receives the action. Other tenses: imperfect ἱστάμην. Future στήσομαι, θήσομαι, δώσομαι. Second aorist ἐθέμην and ἐδόμην, with ἔθετο and ἔδοτο for he. ### Other moods of the middle The middle has the other moods too. Subjunctive: ἱστῶμαι. Optative: ἱσταίμην, may I stand for myself. Infinitive: ἵστασθαι, τίθεσθαι, δίδοσθαι. Imperative, present middle, to one person: ἵστασο, τίθεσο, δίδοσο. Participles: ἱστάμενος, τιθήμενος, διδόμενος, each with forms for all three genders. Two participles are at the start of the lines. ἀνιστάμενος means rising up. ἀχνύμενος means grieving, from ἄχ-νυμαι. ### Agamemnon answers Calchas In these lines Agamemnon stands up among the Achaeans. He is grieving, and his dark heart is filled with rage. His eyes are like blazing fire. He looks at Calchas with a look of ill omen and speaks first to him. He calls him μάντι κακῶν, seer of evils. You have never yet spoken good to me, he says. Evil is always dear to your heart to foretell. You have never spoken a good word or brought one to pass. Find μαντεύεσθαι, to foretell, an infinitive with the ending of ἵστασθαι. Find πίμπλαντ’, are filled, from πίμ-πλημι. In ὄσσε δέ οἱ πυρὶ, οἱ means his. It is the same word as the οἱ that means him, not the plural. **33** τοῖσι δ’ ἀνιστάμενος μετέφη εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων. And rising up among them, wide-ruling Agamemnon spoke. **34** βασιλεὺς Ἀγαμέμνων ἄχνυται μέγα, πίμπλανται δ’ ἀμφιμέλαιναι φρένες μένεος κακοῦ. King Agamemnon is greatly grieved, and his dark heart is filled with evil rage. **35** ὄσσε ἄνακτος πυρὶ λαμπετόωντι εἴκτην. The lord's eyes were like blazing fire. **36** Ἀχαιοὶ δ’ ὄσσονται μάντιν κακά. And the Achaeans glare at the seer with evil looks. **37** Κάλχᾱς μάντις κακῶν οὔ πώ ποτε κρήγυα εἶπεν Ἀγαμέμνονι ἄνακτι. Calchas, seer of evils, never yet spoke anything good to Agamemnon the lord. **38** τὰ κακὰ μάντει αἰεὶ φίλ’ ἐστὶν μαντεύεσθαι. It is always dear to the seer to prophesy evil things. **39** Ἀχιλλεὺς εἶπεν ἐσθλὰ ἔπεα πολλὰ καὶ τὰ ἐτέλεσσεν. Achilles spoke many good words and accomplished them. **40** ὣς εἰπόντες ἑζόμεθα· τοῖσι δ’ ἀνέστη ἥρως, πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς, καὶ μετέφη Ἀχαιοῖσιν. When we had spoken thus we sat down; thereupon the hero, swift-footed Achilles, arose and spake among the Achaeans. **41** ὅτε ἄχνυται, φρένες οἱ ἀμφιμέλαιναι πίμπλανται μέγα μένεος, ὄσσε δέ οἱ πυρὶ λαμπετόωντι εἴκτην. When he is vexed, his heart, black all around, is mightily filled with anger, and his eyes are like unto blazing fire. **42** Ἀγαμέμνων κακὰ ὀσσόμενος Κάλχαντα προσέειπεν. Agamemnon eyed Calchas evilly and addressed him. **43** οὕνεκα μάντις κακῶν ἐσσί, οὔ πώ ποτέ μοι ἐσθλὸν εἶπας ἔπος οὔτ’ ἐτέλεσσας, ἀλλ’ αἰεί τοι τὰ κακὰ φίλα ἐστὶ φρεσὶ μαντεύεσθαι. Because you are a prophet of evils you have never spoken or accomplished anything good for me, but it is always dear to your heart to prophesy evil. **44** μάντι, εἶπον, οἰωνὲ κακῶν. “Prophet,” said I, “bird of evil ! ” **45** ἦ τοι ὅ γ’ ὣς εἰπὼν κατ’ ἄρ’ ἔζετο, τοῖσι δ’ ἀνέστη So he spoke, and sat down; and among them rose up **46** ἥρως Ἀτρεΐδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων the hero, son of Atreus, the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon, **47** ἀχνύμενος· μένεος δὲ μέγα φρένες ἀμφιμέλαιναι grieving; his dark heart within was filled full **48** πίμπλαντ’, ὄσσε δέ οἱ πυρὶ λαμπετόωντι ἐίκτην. with rage, and his eyes were like blazing fire. **49** Κάλχαντα πρώτιστα κάκ’ ὀσσόμενος προσέειπεν· And first, with a look of ill omen, he spoke to Calchas: **50** “ μάντι κακῶν, οὔ πώ ποτέ μοι τὸ κρήγυον εἶπας· "Seer of evils, never yet have you spoken good to me; **51** αἰεί τοι τὰ κάκ’ ἐστὶ φίλα φρεσὶ μαντεύεσθαι, evil things are always dear to your heart to foretell, **52** ἐσθλὸν δ’ οὔτε τί πω εἶπας ἔπος οὔτε τέλεσσας, but never yet have you spoken a good word, nor brought one to pass; ``` §957. INDICATIVE Middle Voice PRESENT S. 1 ἵσταμαι τίθεμαι ἵεμαι δίδομαι 2 ἵστασαι τίθεσαι ἵεσαι δίδοσαι 3 ἵσταται τίθεται ἵεται δίδοται Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα τιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα διδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἵστανται τίθενται ἵενται δίδονται IMPERFECT S. 1 ἱστάμην ἐτιθέμην ἱέμην ἐδιδόμην 2 ἵστασο ἐτίθεσο ἵεσο ἐδίδοσο 3 ἵστατο ἐτίθετο ἵετο ἐδίδοτο Du. 2 ἵστασθον ἐτίθεσθον ἵεσθον ἐδίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθην ἐτιθέσθην ἱέσθην ἐδιδόσθην Pl. 1 ἱστάμε(σ)θα ἐτιθέμε(σ)θα ἱέμε(σ)θα ἐδιδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἵστασθε ἐτίθεσθε ἵεσθε ἐδίδοσθε 3 ἵσταντο ἐτίθεντο ἵεντο ἐδίδοντο FUTURE S. 1 στήσομαι θήσομαι ἥσομαι δώσομαι 2 στήσεαι θήσεαι ἥσεαι δώσεαι 3 στήσεται θήσεται ἥσεται δώσεται Du. 2 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον 3 στήσεσθον θήσεσθον ἥσεσθον δώσεσθον Pl. 1 στησόμε(σ)θα θησόμε(σ)θα ἡσόμε(σ)θα δωσόμε(σ)θα 2 στήσεσθε θήσεσθε ἥσεσθε δώσεσθε 3 στήσονται θήσονται ἥσονται δώσονται FIRST AORIST S. 1 ἐστησάμην 2 ἐστήσαο 3 ἐστήσατο ἐθήκατο Du. 2 ἐστησάσθον 3 ἐστησάσθην Pl. 1 ἐστησάμε(σ)θα 2 ἐστήσασθε 3 ἐστήσαντο SECOND AORIST S. 1 ἐθέμην εἵμην ἐδόμην 2 ἔθεο εἷο ἔδοο (ου) 3 ἔθετο εἷτο ἔδοτο Du. 2 ἔθεσθον εἷσθον ἔδοσθον 3 ἐθέσθην εἵσθην ἐδόσθην Pl. 1 ἐθέμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα ἐδόμε(σ)θα 2 ἔθεσθε εἷσθε ἔδοσθε 3 ἔθεντο εἷντο ἔδοντο ``` ``` §958. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱστῶμαι τιθῶμαι ἱῶμαι διδῶμαι 2 ἱστῆαι τιθῆαι ἱῆαι διδῷαι 3 ἱστῆται τιθῆται ἱῆται διδῶται Du. 2 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον 3 ἱστῆσθον τιθῆσθον ἱῆσθον διδῶσθον Pl. 1 ἱστώμε(σ)θα τιθώμε(σ)θα ἱώμε(σ)θα διδώμε(σ)θα 2 ἱστῆσθε τιθῆσθε ἱῆσθε διδῶσθε 3 ἱστῶνται τιθῶνται ἱῶνται διδῶνται SECOND AORIST S. 1 θῶμαι ὧμαι δῶμαι 2 θῆαι ἧαι δῷαι 3 θῆται ἧται δῶται Du. 2 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον 3 θῆσθον ἧσθον δῶσθον Pl. 1 θώμε(σ)θα ὡμε(σ)θα δώμε(σ)θα 2 θῆσθε ἧσθε δῶσθε 3 θῶνται ὧνται δῶνται ``` ``` §959. OPTATIVE PRESENT S. 1 ἱσταίμην τιθείμην ἱείμην διδοίμην 2 ἱσταῖο τιθεῖο ἱεῖο διδοῖο 3 ἱσταῖτο τιθεῖτο ἱεῖτο διδοῖτο Du. 2 ἱσταῖσθον τιθεῖσθον ἱεῖσθον διδοῖσθον 3 ἱσταίσθην τιθείσθην ἱείσθην διδοίσθην Pl. 1 ἱσταίμε(σ)θα τιθείμε(σ)θα ἱείμε(σ)θα διδοίμε(σ)θα 2 ἱσταῖσθε τιθεῖσθε ἱεῖσθε διδοῖσθε 3 ἱσταίατο τιθείατο ἱείατο διδοίατο SECOND AORIST S. 1 θείμην εἵμην δοίμην 2 θεῖο εἷο δοῖο 3 θεῖτο εἷτο δοῖτο Du. 2 θεῖσθον εἷσθον δοῖσθον 3 θείσθην εἵσθην δοίσθην Pl. 1 θείμε(σ)θα εἵμε(σ)θα δοίμε(σ)θα 2 θεῖσθε εἷσθε δοῖσθε 3 θείατο εἵατο δοίατο ``` ``` §960. Imperative Present S. 2 ἵστασο τίθεσο ἵεσο δίδοσο 3 ἱστάσθω τιθέσθω ἱέσθω διδόσθω Du. 2 ἵστασθον τίθεσθον ἵεσθον δίδοσθον 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Pl. 2 ἵστασθε τίθεσθε ἵεσθε δίδοσθε 3 ἱστάσθων τιθέσθων ἱέσθων διδόσθων Second Aorist S. 2 , θέο (θεῦ) ἕο δόο (δοῦ) 3 , θέσθω ἕσθω δόσθω Du. 2 , θέσθον ἕσθον δόσθον 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων Pl. 2 , θέσθε ἕσθε δόσθε 3 , θέσθων ἕσθων δόσθων ``` ``` §961. Infinitive Present ἵστασθαι τίθεσθαι ἵεσθαι δίδοσθαι Sec. Aor. , θέσθαι ἕσθαι δόσθαι ``` ``` §962. Participle Present ἱστάμενος, η, ον τιθήμενος, η, ον ἱέμενος, η, ον διδόμενος, η, ον Sec. Aor. , θέμενος, η, ον ἕμενος, η, ον δόμενος, μ, ον ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | εὐρὺ | Broad, wide, large, from εὐρύς | | κρείων | Ruling, prince, ruler | | ἄχνυται | Be grieved, be vexed, be enraged, from ἄχ-νυμαι | | πίμπλανται | Fill, sate, stuff, from πίμ-πλημι | | ἀμφιμέλαιναι | Black all around, very black, from ἀμφι-μέλας | | μένεος | Rage, anger, might, from μένος | | ὄσσε | Eyes | | λαμπετόωντι | Shine, gleam, blaze, from λαμπετά-ω | | ὄσσονται | Eye, look upon, look, from ὄσσομαι | | πώ | In some way, any way, ever | | κρήγυα | Good, helpful, favorable, from κρήγυος | | μαντεύεσθαι | Predict, prophesy, act as seer, from μαντεύ-ομαι | | ἐσθλὰ | Good, noble, brave, from ἐσθλός | | ἀχνύμενος | Grieving, from ἀχεύω | | πίμπλαντ’ | 986, fill, sate, from πίμπλημι | | πρώτιστα | First, chiefest, the very first, from πρώτιστος | ## Lesson XXXIV: Review of Regular -μι Verbs ### Review of the verbs in -μι This lesson teaches nothing new. It reviews four verbs in the active, middle and passive: ἵστημι, make stand, τίθημι, put, ἵημι, send, and δίδωμι, give. The passive is the part you have seen least. Pharr's sentences have two examples: ἐτέθη, was placed, and δοθείη, may be given. One form is added. ἵστημι has a perfect, which Pharr translates stand: ἕστηκα, ἕστηκας, ἕστηκε. Plural: ἕσταμεν, ἕστατε. ### The girl Chryseis In these lines a speaker answers someone who prophesies among the Danaans. You say, he says, that the far-shooter brings them pains because I refused the splendid ransom for the girl Chryseis. He prefers to keep her at home. He values her above Clytemnestra, his wedded wife. She is in no way inferior in form, stature, mind or handiwork. Even so, he is willing to give her back, if that is better. He would rather the people be safe than perish. Find δόμεναι, to give back, and βούλομ’, I prefer. Find also ἐθέλω, I am willing, from this lesson's word list. **53** θεοπροπέοντες ἐν Ἀχαιοῖσι μάντεις ἀγορεύουσιν, ὡς δὴ Ἀγαμέμνονος ἕνεκα ἑκηβόλος τεύχει ἄλγεα, οὕνεκ’ οὐκ ἤθελε δέξασθαι ἀγλά’ ἄποινα κούρης Χρῡσηίδος. Prophesying among the Achaeans, the seers declare how, indeed, on account of Agamemnon the free-shooter works woes, because he did not wish to accept the splendid ransoms of the girl Chryseis. **54** Ἀγαμέμνων οὐκ ἤθελε δέξασθαι ἄποινα, ἐπεὶ πολὺ βούλεται ἔχειν τὴν κούρην αὐτὴν οἴκοι. Agamemnon did not wish to accept the ransoms, since he much prefers to keep the girl herself at home. **55** προβουλήσεται Ἀγαμέμνων Χρῡσηίδα Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρης κουριδίης ἀλόχου; Will Agamemnon prefer Chryseis to Clytaemnestra, his lawfully wedded wife? **56** Χρῡσηίς οὐκ ἐστι χερείων Κλυταιμ(ν)ήστρης, οὐ δέμας οὐδὲ φυὴν οὔτ’ ἄρ φρένας οὔτε τι ἔργα. Chryseis is not inferior to Clytaemnestra, neither in form nor in stature, nor indeed in disposition, nor at all in accomplishments. **57** ἐθέλουσιν Ἀχαιοὶ δόμεναι πάλιν ἑλικώπιδα κούρην, εἰ τό γ’ ἐστὶν ἄμεινον, ἐπεὶ βούλονται λᾱὸν εἶναι σόον ἢ ἀπολέσθαι. The Achaeans wish to give back the bright-eyed girl again, if that is better, since they prefer the people to be safe rather than to perish. **58** δοθείη ἡ κούρη πατρὶ φίλῳ. May the girl be given to her dear father. **59** ἔστη ἱερεὺς Χρύσης ἐν στρατῷ Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἐλίσσετ’ Ἀγαμέμνονα, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ὧς παῖς φίλη ἐτέθη πατρὶ ἐν χερσίν. The priest Chryses stood in the camp of the Achaeans and was entreating Agamemnon, but not even so was the dear child placed in her father's hands. **60** καὶ νῦν ἐν Δαναοῖσι θεοπροπέων ἀγορεύεις, and now, prophesying among the Danaans, you declare **61** ὡς δὴ τοῦδ’ ἕνεκά σφιν ἑκηβόλος ἄλγεα τεύχει, that the far-shooter brings them pains for this, **62** οὕνεκ’ ἐγὼ κούρης Χρυσηίδος ἀγλά’ ἄποινα because I would not accept the splendid ransom for the girl Chryseis, **63** οὐκ ἔθελον δέξασθαι, ἐπεὶ πολὺ βούλομαι αὐτὴν since I much prefer to keep her **64** οἴκοι ἔχειν. καὶ γάρ ῥα Κλυταιμνήστρης προβέβουλα, at home; for I esteem her above Clytemnestra, **65** κουριδίης ἀλόχου, ἐπεὶ οὔ ἐθέν ἐστι χερείων, my wedded wife, since she is nothing inferior to her, **66** οὐ δέμας οὐδὲ φυὴν οὔτ’ ἂρ φρένας οὔτε τι ἔργα. not in form nor in stature, not in mind nor in handiwork. **67** ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧς ἐθέλω δόμεναι πάλιν, εἰ τό γ’ ἄμεινον· Yet even so I am willing to give her back, if that is better; **68** βούλομ’ ἐγὼ λαὸν σόον ἔμμεναι ἢ ἀπολέσθαι. I would rather the people be safe than perish; ``` §963. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι see 924. ``` ``` §924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand PERFECT INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE S. 1 ἕστηκα ἑστήκω ἑσταίην ἑστάμεν(αι) S. 2 ἕστηκας ἑστήκῃς(θα) ἑσταίης ἕσταθι S. 3 ἕστηκε ἑστήκῃ(σι) ἑσταίη ἑστάτω PARTICIPLE Du. 2 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταῖτον ἕστατον ἑσταώς, υῖα, Du. 3 ἕστατον ἑστήκετον ἑσταίτην ἑστάτων ός Pl. 1 ἕσταμεν ἑστήκομεν ἑσταῖμεν Pl. 2 ἕστατε ἑστήκετε ἑσταῖτε ἕστατε Pl. 3 ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι ἑστήκωσι ἑσταῖεν ἑστάντων SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain. PLUPERFECT S. 1 εἱστήκεα (-η 585) Du. Pl. ἕσταμεν S. 2 εἱστήκεας (-ης 585) ἕστατον ἕστατε S. 3 εἱστήκεε (-ει 585) ἑστάτην ἕστασαν ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | θεοπροπέοντες | Prophesy, foretell, declare an oracle, from θεο-προπέ-ω | | ἀγορεύουσιν | Speak, say, tell, from ἀγορεύ-ω | | ἤθελε | Wish, desire, be willing, from (ἐ)θέλω | | Χρῡσηίδος | Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, from Χρυσηΐς | | οἴκοι | At home | | προβουλήσεται | Prefer, wish rather, from προ-βούλομαι | | κουριδίης | Lawfully wedded, legally married, wedded in youth, from κουρίδιος | | ἀλόχου | Wife, spouse, from ἄ-λοχος | | χερείων | Worse, inferior | | δέμας | Build, stature, size | | οὐδὲ | Not even, and not, nor, from οὐ-δέ | | φυὴν | Form, nature, beauty, from φυή | | τό | This, that, from ὅ γε | | ἄμεινον | Better, braver, superior, from ἀμείνων | | σόον | Safe, sound, unhurt, from σόος | | ἀπολέσθαι | Destroy, kill, ruin, from ἀπ-όλλυμι | | ἔστη | Set, STAND, make stand, from ἵστημι | | θεοπροπέων | Prophesy, foretell, declare an oracle, from θεοπροπέω | | ἀγορεύεις | Speak, say, tell, from ἀγορεύω | | κούρης | The girl, from κόρη | | ἔθελον | Was willing, from ἐθέλω | | προβέβουλα | Prefer | | ἐθέν | Save, preserve, observe, from ἕ | ## Lesson XXXV: Irregular Verbs in -μι, εἰμί, and Enclitics ### The verb to be In Greek the verb to be is εἰμί, I am. It is irregular. Pharr gives its stem as ἐσ-. Present: εἰμί, ἐσσί, ἐστί, I am, you are, he is. Dual: ἐστόν. Plural: εἰμέν, ἐστέ, εἰσί, we are, you are, they are. Imperfect: ἦα, ἦσθα, ἦεν. ἦν is another spelling of ἦεν. Pharr's sentence: Ἀτρείδης ἦν κύδιστος, the son of Atreus was the most glorious. Subjunctive: ἔω, ἔῃς, ἔῃ. In ὄφρα μὴ οἶος Ἀχαιῶν ἔῃ ἀγέραστος: so that he alone of the Achaeans may not be without a prize. The table also gives the optative εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, the imperative ἔστω, the future ἔσ(σ)ομαι and the infinitive εἶναι, to be. The participle is ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν. A letter in parentheses may be left out. ### The enclitics An enclitic is said as part of the word before it. Its accent moves back onto that word: οἰωνοῖσί τε, and for the birds. Pharr lists the enclitics. The short forms of I, you and him: μοί, μέ, σέ. The indefinite τὶς and related words, such as πού, somewhere. The present of εἰμί, including ἐστί. Some particles are enclitics too. A particle is a short word that never changes its form. γέ emphasizes the word before it. Others are τέ, πέρ and κέ(ν). ### Enclitics and their accents Some enclitics keep their accent. ἐστί is written ἔστι at the start of a sentence, when it means there is, and after οὐκ, εἰ, καί and μή. An enclitic also keeps its accent when it is emphatic or has no word before it. So a second accent on the last syllable of a word, as in οἰωνοῖσί, can come from the enclitic after it. ### A prize at once In these lines a speaker demands a prize at once, so that he alone of the Argives is not without one. That would not be fitting. You all see, he says, that my prize goes elsewhere. Achilles answers. He calls him son of Atreus, most glorious and most grasping of all men. How will the Achaeans give you a prize? They know of no great common store. What was plundered from the cities has been divided. Find ἔω, I may be, the subjunctive of εἰμί, with ἀγέραστος. Find also the enclitics μοι in ὅ μοι γέρας, and τί and που after οὐδέ. **69** ἑτοιμάσομεν αὐτίκα γέρας Ἀγαμέμνονι, ὄφρα μὴ οἶος Ἀχαιῶν ἔῃ ἀγέραστος, τόδε γὰρ οὐδὲ ἔοικεν. We will prepare a prize of honor for Agamemnon at once, so that he alone of the Achaeans may not be without one; for this too is not fitting. **70** πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ λεύσσουσιν ὅτι γέρας Ἀγαμέμνονος ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ. All the Achaeans see that Agamemnon's prize is going elsewhere. **71** ἠμειψάμεθα ἄνακτα καὶ εἴπομεν. We answered the king and spoke. **72** ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς εἶπε μῦθον κρατερὸν Ἀγαμέμνονι κῡδίστῳ, φιλοκτεανωτάτῳ δὲ πάντων ἀνδρῶν. Swift-footed, godlike Achilles spoke a strong word to Agamemnon, most glorious but most avaricious of all men. **73** Ἀχαιοὶ ἐκπέρσουσι πολλὰ ἐκ λᾱῶν πολίων καὶ δάσονται πάντα λᾱῷ. The Achaeans will sack much from the cities of the peoples and will divide it all among the host. **74** οὐ δώσομεν γέρας Ἀγαμέμνονι, οὐ γὰρ ἔχομέν που ξῡνήια κείμενα. We will not give Agamemnon a prize of honor, for we do not have, I suppose, any common stores lying ready. **75** Ἀχαιοὶ ἑτοιμάσουσιν ἄλλο γέρας αὐτίκα Ἀγαμέμνονι, ὄφρα μὴ οἶος πάντων Ἀργείων ἔῃ ἀγέραστος, τόδε γὰρ οὐδὲ ἔοικεν. The Achaeans will prepare another gift of honor immediately for Agamemnon, in order that not alone of all the Argives he may be without a prize of honor; for it is not seemly so. **76** πάντες λεύσσουσιν ὅτι γέρας ἄνακτος ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ. They all see that the prize of the king is going elsewhere. **77** πάντες δὲ Ἀχαιοὶ ἠμείψαντο ἔπειτα ποδάρκεα δῖον Ἀχιλῆα. Thereupon all the Achaeans answered the swift-footed, god-like Achilles. **78** Ἀτρείδης ἦν κύδιστος, φιλοκτεανώτατος δὲ πάντων ἀνδρῶν, οὐ γὰρ ἤθελεν ὃν γέρας πάλιν δοῦναι φίλῳ πατρί, ἐπεὶ οὐκ εἶδε ξυνήια πολλὰ κείμενα, καὶ ἃ μεγάθυμοι Ἀχαιοὶ ἐξέπερσαν ἐκ πολίων δέδαστο. The son of Atreus was the most glorious, but the most avaricious of all men, for he was not willing to give his own prize of honor back to her beloved father, because he did not see many common (stores) lying about, and what the great-souled Achaeans had sacked from the cities had been divided. **79** αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ γέρας αὐτίχ’ ἑτοιμάσατ’, ὄφρα μὴ οἶος but make ready a prize for me at once, so that I alone **80** Ἀργείων ἀγέραστος ἔω, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ ἔοικεν· of the Argives may not be without one; for that is not fitting, **81** λεύσσετε γὰρ τό γε πάντες, ὅ μοι γέρας ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ.” you all see this, that my prize is going elsewhere." **82** τὸν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς· Then swift-footed godlike Achilles answered him: **83** “Ἀτρεΐδη, κύδιστε, φιλοκτεανώτατε πάντων, "Son of Atreus, most glorious, most grasping of all men, **84** πῶς γάρ τοι δώσουσι γέρας μεγάθυμοι Ἀχαιοί; for how shall the great-hearted Achaeans give you a prize? **85** οὐδέ τί που ἴδμεν ξυνήια κείμενα πολλά, we know of no great common store laid up; **86** ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν πολίων ἐξεπράθομεν, τὰ δέδασται, but what we plundered from the cities has been divided, ``` §964. εἰμί (ἐσ-) be Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Present Imperfect Present Present Present S. 1 εἰμί ἦα (ἔα, ἔον) ἔω εἴην 2 ἐσσί (εἷς) ἦσθα (ἔησθα) ἔῃς(θα) εἴης (ἔοις) ἴσθι* 3 ἐστί ἦεν (ἦην, ἔην, ἦν) ἔῃ(σι) (ᾗσι) εἴη (ἔοι) ἔστω Du. 2 ἐστόν ἦστον ἔητον εἶτον ἔστον 3 ἐστόν ἦστην ἔητον εἴτην ἔστων Pl. 1 εἰμέν ἦμεν ἔωμεν εἶμεν 2 ἐστέ ἦτε ἔητε εἶτε ἔστε 3 εἰσί (ἔᾱσι) ἦσαν (ἔσαν) ἔωσι (ὦσι) εἶεν ἔστων Future ἔσ(σ)ομαι, ἔσεαι, etc. Infin. εἶναι, ἔμ(μ)εν(αι) Mid. Imper. ἔσσο Partic. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν ``` ``` §553. Enclitics. An enclitic is a word which regularly loses its own accent, and is pronounced as if it were a part of the preceding word, as οἰωνοῖσί τε and for the birds, where τε (τέ) has lost its accent, which has become attached to the last syllable of the preceding word. ``` ``` §554. The enclitics are: The personal pronouns μεῦ, μοί, μέ, σεῦ (σέο), σοί (τοί), σέ, ἕο (εὗ), ἕθεν, οἷ, ἕ, σφί(σι), σφίν, σφέ, σφάς (σφᾶς), σφέα(ς), σφωΐν, σφωέ, σφέων, μίν. The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ some (one), any (one), something, anything, in all its forms (but not ἄσσα = τινά). The indefinite adverbs πού (ποθί), πή, ποί, ποθέν, ποτέ, πώ, πώς. NOTE. When used as interrogatives, the pronouns τίς, τί who? which? what? and the adverbs ποῦ (πόθι), πῇ, ποῖ, πόθεν, πότε, πῶ, πῶς, have the accent here given, which they never lose. The present indicative of εἰμί be, and of φημί say (except ἔᾱσι, the 3d pl. of εἰμί and possibly the second singular φής of φημί). The particles γέ, τέ, τοί, πέρ, νύ(ν), κέ(ν), θήν, ῥά. The pronominal suffix -δε, the local suffix (“preposition”) -δε, and the adverbial suffix -θε (as εἴθε, αἴθε). ``` ``` §555. An enclitic does not lose its accent in the following cases: When it is dissyllabic and follows a word which has the acute on the penult. When the preceding vowel is elided (575). When there is no preceding word. When there is an emphasis on the enclitic. ``` ``` §556. ἐστί(ν) is written with an accent on the first syllable (ἔστι) when: It comes at the beginning of a sentence or of a verse of poetry: It denotes possibility or existence. It is preceded by οὐκ, εἰ, καί, ὡς, μή, ἀλλ’, or τοῦτ’. ``` ``` §557. When an enclitic is followed by one or more enclitics in the same sentence, each except the last receives the acute accent on its final syllable from the enclitic following. ``` ``` §558. When a word is compounded with an enclitic, it is accented as though they were separate, as οὔτε (οὐ + τέ), ἠδέ (ἤ + δε), οἴδε (οἴ + δε), etc. ``` ``` §559. In the following cases the word before an enclitic keeps its own accent, and never changes the acute to the grave: If it has an acute on the antepenult (543), or the circumflex on the penult (543), it adds an acute on the ultima (543) as a second accent. If it has the acute on the penult (543), or the circumflex on the ultima (543), no change is made. NOTE. Remember that two acute accents cannot stand on successive syllables. If it is a proclitic or an enclitic, it takes the acute on the ultima (543). ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | ἑτοιμάσομεν | Prepare, make ready, from ἑτοιμάζω* | | αὐτίκα | Immediately, forthwith | | γέρας | Prize | | οἶος | Alone, sole, only | | ἀγέραστος | Without a prize of honor, from ἀ-γέραστος | | λεύσσουσιν | See, behold, observe, from λεύσσω | | ἠμειψάμεθα | Answer, reply, from ἀμείβ-ω | | ποδάρκης | Swift-footed, able-footed, from ποδ-άρκης | | κῡδίστῳ | Most glorious, from κύδιστος | | φιλοκτεανωτάτῳ | Most avaricious, most greedy of gain, from φιλο-κτεανώτατος | | πολίων | City, from πόλις | | δάσονται | Divide, distribute, allot, from δατέομαι | | που | Any way, anywhere, some way | | ξῡνήια | Common, from ξυνήιος | | κείμενα | Lie, recline, repose, from κεῖ-μαι | | ἑτοιμάσατ’ | Make ready, from ἑτοιμάζω | | ἠμείβετ’ | Change, from ἀμείβω | | φιλοκτεανώτατε | Most grasping, from φιλοκτέανος | | μεγάθυμοι | Great-souled, brave, from μεγάθυμος | | ἐξεπράθομεν | Sack, plunder, pillage, from ἐκπέρθω |