{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":8,"id":"grc.module.ph.36-40","title":"Lessons XXXVI to XL","stage":"Pharr II: The Whole Verb","situation":null,"outcome":"Irregular Verbs · Prepositions · Comparison of Adjectives · Formation and Comparison of Adverbs · Numerals","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/8","lines":93},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/7","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/9","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XXXVI: Irregular Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Perfects with present meaning","paragraphs":["A few perfects have a present meaning. Pharr says they add their endings directly to the stem, as the verbs in -μι do.","οἶδα means I know. Pharr lists it under εἴδω, whose perfect means know. οἶδα, οἶσθα, οἶδε, I know, you know, he knows. Plural: ἴδμεν, ἴστε, ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι.","οἶδα has no reduplication. It does not repeat the start of the stem.","Its pluperfect is ᾔδεα. Pharr gives ᾔδεα the meaning of an imperfect: I knew.","ἵστημι has the same kind of perfect: ἕστηκα, which Pharr translates stand. Another is ἐπέοικε, it is fitting, the perfect of ἐπείκω, in this lesson's word list."]},{"title":"Four irregular verbs","paragraphs":["Pharr groups four more verbs as irregular. Learn each one separately.","εἶμι means come or go: εἶμι, εἶσι. Plural: ἴμεν, ἴτε, ἴᾱσι.","φημί means say: φημί, φής, φησί. Plural: φαμέν, φᾱσί. Past: ἔφην, ἔφη, ἔφασαν. A compound of φημί, meaning speak to, gives προσέφη in the lines.","κεῖμαι means lie or recline: κεῖμαι, κεῖται, participle κείμενος. ἧμαι means sit: ἧμαι, ἧσται, participle ἥμενος. Their endings are middle endings."]},{"title":"Agamemnon answers Achilles","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker says: give this girl up to the god now. The Achaeans will repay you three and four times over, if Zeus ever lets them sack the well-walled city of Troy.","Lord Agamemnon answers him and calls him godlike Achilles. Brave as you are, he says, do not try to outwit me. You will not get past me or persuade me.","Find πρόες, give up, a command from προ-ί-ημι in the word list. Find δῶσι, a subjunctive of the verb for give, in the words about what Zeus may grant."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L36.g234.1","source":"ἐπέοικεν Ἀχαιοὺς γέρα παλίλλογα βασιλῆι ἐπαγείρειν;","translation":"Is it fitting for the Achaeans to gather prizes back again for the king?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐπέοικεν","gloss":"ἐπείκω: be seemly, be fitting"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"γέρα","gloss":"γέρας: prize (of honor)"},{"text":"παλίλλογα","gloss":"παλίλ-λογος: gathered together again, re-collected"},{"text":"βασιλῆι","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"ἐπαγείρειν;","gloss":"ἐπ-αγείρω: collect, gather (together)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.g234.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L36.g234.2","source":"νῦν μὲν Ἀγαμέμνων προήσει Χρῡσηίδα κούρην ἑλικώπιδα θεῷ ἑκηβόλῳ, ὕστερον δ’ Ἀχαιοὶ τὸν ἀποτίσουσιν.","translation":"Now Agamemnon will give up the bright-eyed girl Chryseis to the free-shooting god, but later the Achaeans will repay him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now, at this time"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand, truly"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"προήσει","gloss":"προ-ί-ημι: give up, send forth"},{"text":"Χρῡσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηΐς: Chryseis"},{"text":"κούρην","gloss":"κούρη: girl, maiden, young woman"},{"text":"ἑλικώπιδα","gloss":"ἑλίκ-ωψ: bright-eyed, flashing-eyed"},{"text":"θεῷ","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"},{"text":"ἑκηβόλῳ,","gloss":"ἑκη-βόλος: free-shooter, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"ὕστερον","gloss":"ὕστερος: later, behind, at another time"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἀποτίσουσιν.","gloss":"ἀπο-τίνω: repay, requite, recompense"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.g234.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L36.g234.3","source":"δώσει Ζεὺς Ἀχαιοῖσίν ποθι ἐξαλαπάξαι Τροίην πόλιν εὐτείχεον.","translation":"Zeus will grant the Achaeans someday to sack utterly the well-walled city of Troy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δώσει","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant"},{"text":"Ζεὺς","gloss":"Zeus"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσίν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ποθι","gloss":"ever, at any time"},{"text":"ἐξαλαπάξαι","gloss":"ἐξ-αλαπάζω: sack utterly, destroy utterly"},{"text":"Τροίην","gloss":"Τροίη: Troy"},{"text":"πόλιν","gloss":"πόλις: city"},{"text":"εὐτείχεον.","gloss":"εὐ-τείχεος: well-walled"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.g234.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L36.g234.4","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ προσέφασαν Ἀχιλῆα ποδάρκεα.","translation":"The Achaeans addressed swift-footed Achilles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"προσέφασαν","gloss":"πρόσ-φημι: speak to, address"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆα","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ποδάρκεα.","gloss":"ποδ-άρκης: swift-footed, able-footed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.g234.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L36.g234.5","source":"ἀγαθὸς μέν ἐστι θεοείκελος Ἀχιλλεύς, κλέπτει δὲ νόῳ καὶ ἐθέλει παρελθεῖν Ἀγαμέμνονα ἄνακτα ἀνδρῶν.","translation":"Godlike Achilles is brave, but he is stealthy in mind and wishes to outwit lord Agamemnon, the king of men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀγαθὸς","gloss":"good, brave"},{"text":"μέν","gloss":"on the one hand, truly"},{"text":"ἐστι","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"θεοείκελος","gloss":"θεο-είκελος: godlike"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς,","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"κλέπτει","gloss":"κλέπτω: steal, be stealthy, deceive, hide"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"νόῳ","gloss":"νόος: mind, plan, purpose"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἐθέλει","gloss":"(ἐ)θέλω: wish, desire, be willing"},{"text":"παρελθεῖν","gloss":"παρ-έρχομαι: evade, pass by, outwit, elude"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἄνακτα","gloss":"ἄναξ: king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν.","gloss":"ἀνήρ: man, warrior, hero"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.g234.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L36.e237.1","source":"ἃ Ἀχαιοὶ ἐξηλάπαξαν ἐκ πολίων εὐτειχέων δέδαστο, καὶ Ἀγαμέμνων οὐκ ἤθελε παλίλλογα ταῦτ’ ἐπαγείρειν παρὰ λᾱῶν.","translation":"What the Achaeans had sacked from the well-walled cities had been divided, and Agamemnon was not willing to gather this together again from the people.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.e237.1.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L36.e237.2","source":"εἰ Ἀγαμέμνων προήσει ὃν γέρας θεοῖς, Ἀχαιοὶ τριπλῇ τετραπλῇ τε ἀποτίσουσιν αὐτόν, αἴ κέ ποθι θεοὶ οἳ ἔχουσιν οἴκους Ὀλυμπίους δώωσιν αὐτοῖς ἐξαλαπάξαι πόλιν εὐτείχεον Πριάμοιο.","translation":"If Agamemnon will give up his prize of honor to the gods, the Achaeans will recompense him threefold, yea fourfold, if ever the gods who have Olympian homes should grant to them to sack utterly the well-walled city of Priam.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.e237.2.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L36.e237.3","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ἠμείψαντο κρείοντα Ἀγαμέμνονα καὶ εἶπον· “μάλα περ ἀγαθὸς ἐὼν πολέμῳ, δῖε Ἀτρεΐδη, μὴ κλέπτε νόῳ, οὐ γὰρ ἐπέοικε βασιλῆα μάλα μέγαν λᾱοὺς παρελθεῖν καὶ κακῶς πεῖσαι αὐτούς.”","translation":"The Achaeans answered the ruling Agamemnon and said, “Though you are very brave in war, divine son of Atreus, do not be stealthy in mind, for it is not fitting for a very mighty king to outwit the people and persuade them evilly.”","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L36.e237.3.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.126","source":"λαοὺς δ’ οὐκ ἐπέοικε παλίλλογα ταῦτ’ ἐπαγείρειν.","translation":"and it is not fitting to call it back from the people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λαοὺς","gloss":"λαός: the people"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not"},{"text":"ἐπέοικε","gloss":"is fitting"},{"text":"παλίλλογα","gloss":"παλίλλογος: gathered back"},{"text":"ταῦτ’","gloss":"οὗτος: this"},{"text":"ἐπαγείρειν.","gloss":"ἐπαγείρω: to call back"}],"audio":null},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.127","source":"ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν τήνδε θεῷ πρόες, αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"But you, give this girl up now to the god; and we, the Achaeans,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"σὺ","gloss":"you"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"τήνδε","gloss":"ὅδε: this girl"},{"text":"θεῷ","gloss":"θεός: to the god"},{"text":"πρόες,","gloss":"προίημι: give up"},{"text":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"ἀτάρ: and"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.128","source":"τριπλῇ τετραπλῇ τ’ ἀποτίσομεν, αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς","translation":"will repay it threefold and fourfold, if ever Zeus","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τριπλῇ","gloss":"τριπλόος: threefold"},{"text":"τετραπλῇ","gloss":"τετραπλόος: fourfold"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἀποτίσομεν,","gloss":"ἀποτίνω: will repay"},{"text":"αἴ","gloss":"εἰ: if"},{"text":"κέ","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ποθι","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"Ζεὺς","gloss":"Zeus"}],"audio":null},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.129","source":"δῶσι πόλιν Τροίην ἐυτείχεον ἐξαλαπάξαι.”","translation":"grants us to lay waste the well-walled city of Troy.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δῶσι","gloss":"δίδωμι: grants"},{"text":"πόλιν","gloss":"πόλις: city"},{"text":"Τροίην","gloss":"Τροία: Troy"},{"text":"ἐυτείχεον","gloss":"εὐτείχεος: well-walled"},{"text":"ἐξαλαπάξαι.”","gloss":"ἐξαλαπάζω: to lay waste"}],"audio":null},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.130","source":"τὸν δ’ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων·","translation":"Then the lord Agamemnon answered him and said:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","gloss":"ἀπαμείβομαι: answering"},{"text":"προσέφη","gloss":"πρόσφημι: said"},{"text":"κρείων","gloss":"lord"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων·","gloss":"Agamemnon"}],"audio":null},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.131","source":"“μὴ δὴ οὕτως, ἀγαθός περ ἐών, θεοείκελ’ Ἀχιλλεῦ,","translation":"\"Do not, brave though you are, godlike Achilles,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“μὴ","gloss":"do not"},{"text":"δὴ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"οὕτως,","gloss":"so"},{"text":"ἀγαθός","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"περ","gloss":"though"},{"text":"ἐών,","gloss":"εἰμί: being"},{"text":"θεοείκελ’","gloss":"θεοείκελος: godlike"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεῦ,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L36.r235.132","source":"κλέπτε νόῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐ παρελεύσεαι οὐδέ με πείσεις.","translation":"try to outwit me in your mind; you will not get past me, nor persuade me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"κλέπτε","gloss":"κλέπτω: deceive"},{"text":"νόῳ,","gloss":"νόος: in mind"},{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"since"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"παρελεύσεαι","gloss":"παρέρχομαι: get past"},{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"με","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"πείσεις.","gloss":"πείθω: persuade"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":924,"text":"§924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand\n\nPERFECT\n        INDICATIVE         SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE   IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE\nS. 1    ἕστηκα             ἑστήκω        ἑσταίην                 ἑστάμεν(αι)\nS. 2    ἕστηκας            ἑστήκῃς(θα)   ἑσταίης    ἕσταθι\nS. 3    ἕστηκε             ἑστήκῃ(σι)    ἑσταίη     ἑστάτω       PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταῖτον   ἕστατον      ἑσταώς, υῖα,\nDu. 3   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταίτην   ἑστάτων      ός\nPl. 1   ἕσταμεν            ἑστήκομεν     ἑσταῖμεν\nPl. 2   ἕστατε             ἑστήκετε      ἑσταῖτε    ἕστατε\nPl. 3   ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι   ἑστήκωσι      ἑσταῖεν    ἑστάντων\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1   εἱστήκεα (-η 585)     Du.             Pl.   ἕσταμεν\nS. 2   εἱστήκεας (-ης 585)         ἕστατον         ἕστατε\nS. 3   εἱστήκεε (-ει 585)          ἑστάτην         ἕστασαν"},{"section":965,"text":"§965. εἶμι (εἰ-, ι-) come, go\n        Indicative                              Subjunctive   Optative     Imperative\n        Pres.        Imperf.                    Pres.         Pres.        Pres.\nS. 1    εἶμι         ἤια (ἤιον)                 ἴω(μι)        ἴοιμι\n2       εἶσ(θα)      ἤεισ(θα)                   ἴῃς(θα)       ἴοις         ἴθι\n3       εἶσι         ἤει (ἤιε, ἠε, ἴε)          ἴῃ(σι)        ἴοι (ἰείη)   ἴτω\nDu. 2   ἴτον         ἴτον                       ἴητον         ἴοιτον       ἴτον\n3       ἴτον         ἴτην                       ἴητον         ἰοίτην       ἴτων\nPl. 1   ἴμεν         ἤομεν                      ἴωμεν         ἴοιμεν\n2       ἴτε          ἤτε                        ἴητε          ἴοιτε        ἴτε\n3       ἴᾱσι         ἤισαν-(ἤσαν, ἤιον, ἴσαν)   ἴωσι          ἴοιεν        ἰόντων\n\nFut.      εἴσομαι\nInfin.    ἰέναι, ἴμεν(αι)\nPartic.   ἰών, οὖσα, ὄν"},{"section":966,"text":"§966. *εἴδω (εἴδομαι) (ϝειδ-, ϝοιδ-, ϝιδ-), εἰδήσω, εἶδον, οἶδα know, Active\n        Indicative                           Second Perfect\n        2d Perf.        2d Pluperf.          Subj.                Opt.                   Imper.\nS. 1    οἶδα            ᾔδεα                 εἰδῶ (εἰδέω, ἰδέω)   εἰδείην\n2       οἶσθα (οἶδας)   ᾔδης(θα) (ᾔειδεις)   εἰδῇς(θα)            εἰδείης                ἴσθι\n3       οἶδε            ᾔδη (ᾔδεε, ἠείδει)   εἰδῇ(σι)             εἰδείη                 ἴστω\nDu. 2   ἴστον           ἴστον                εἴδετον              εἰδεῖτον               ἴστον\n3       ἴστον           ἴστην                εἴδετον              εἰδείτην               ἴστων\nPl. 1   ἴδμεν           ἴσμεν                εἴδομεν              εἰδεῖμεν (εἰδείημεν)\n2       ἴστε            ἴστε                 εἴδετε               εἰδεῖτε (εἰδείητε)     ἴστε\n3       ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι        ἴσαν                 εἰδῶσι               εἰδεῖεν (εἰδείησαν)    ἴστων\nεἴδομεν: The only Homeric examples of the first and second person plural subjunctive have the short mode vowel (-ομεν, -ετε, 800).\n\nFut.      εἰδήσω (εἴσομαι)\nInfin.    ἴδμεν(αι)\nPartic.   εἰδώς, υἷα (ἰδυῖα), ός"},{"section":967,"text":"§967. φημί (φη-, φα-) say, speak, Active\n        Indicative                       Present\n        Pres.        Imperf. (2d Aor.)   Subj.     Opt.               Imper.\nS. 1    φημί         ἔφην                φῶ(μι)    φαίην\n2       φής, φῆσθα   ἔφης(θα)            φῇς(θα)   φαίης              φαθί (φάθι)\n3       φησί         ἔφη                 φῇ(σι)    φαίη               φάτω\nDu. 2   φατόν        ἔφατον              φῆτον                        φάτον\n3       φατόν        ἐφάτην              φῆτον                        φάτων\nPl. 1   φαμέν        ἔφαμεν              φῶμεν     φαίημεν (φαῖμεν)\n2       φατέ         ἔφατε               φῆτε      φαίητε             φάτε\n3       φᾱσί         ἔφασαν (ἔφαν)       φῶσι      φαίησαν (φαῖεν)    φάντων\n\nPartic.   φᾱ́ς, φᾶσα, φάν\nInfin.    φάναι, φάμεν(αι)\n\nNote. The active imperative and infinitive do not occur in Homer, who uses the middle forms, φάο, φάσθαι, etc."},{"section":968,"text":"§968. κεῖ-μαι lie, recline\n        Indicative\n        Pres.                       Imperf.                     Subj.            Imper.    Infin.\nS. 1    κεῖμαι                      ἐκείμην                     κεῖται (κῆται)             κεῖσθαι\n2       κεῖσαι                      ἔκεισο                                       κεῖσο\n3       κεῖται                      ἔκειτο                                       κείσθω\nDu. 2   κεῖσθον                     ἔκεισθον                                     κεῖσθον\n3       κεῖσθον                     ἐκείσθην                                     κείσθων\nPl. 1   κείμε(σ)θα                  ἐκείμε(σ)θα\n2       κεῖσθε                      ἔκεισθε                                      κεῖσθε\n3       κείαται (κέονται, κέαται)   ἔκειντο (ἐκείατο, ἐκέατο)                    κείσθων\n\nFut.    κείσομαι\nPart.   κείμενος, η, ον"},{"section":969,"text":"§969. ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit\n        Indicative\n        Pres.                  Imperf.             Imper.   Infin.\nS. 1    ἧμαι                   ἥμην                         ἧσθαι\n2       ἧσαι                   ἧσο                 ἧσο\n3       ἧσται                  ἧστο                ἧσθω\nDu. 2   ἧσθον                  ἧσθον               ἧσθον\n3       ἧσθον                  ἥσθην               ἥσθων\nPl. 1   ἥμε(σ)θα               ἥμε(σ)θα\n2       ἧσθε                   ἧσθε                ἧσθε\n3       ἧνται (ἥαται, ἕαται)   ἧντο (ἥατο, ἕατο)   ἥσθων\n\nPart.   ἥμενος, η, ον"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἐπέοικεν","gloss":"Be seemly, be fitting, from ἐπείκω"},{"word":"παλίλλογα","gloss":"Gathered together again, re-collected, from παλίλ-λογος"},{"word":"ἐπαγείρειν","gloss":"Collect, gather, from ἐπ-αγείρω"},{"word":"προήσει","gloss":"Give up, send forth, from προ-ί-ημι"},{"word":"ἀποτίσουσιν","gloss":"Repay, requite, recompense, from ἀπο-τίνω"},{"word":"ποθι","gloss":"Ever, at any time"},{"word":"ἐξαλαπάξαι","gloss":"Sack utterly, destroy utterly, from ἐξ-αλαπάζω"},{"word":"Τροίην","gloss":"Troy, the city, a famous ancient city in Asia Minor, from Τροίη"},{"word":"εὐτείχεον","gloss":"Well-walled, from εὐ-τείχεος"},{"word":"προσέφασαν","gloss":"Speak to, address, from πρόσ-φημι"},{"word":"ἀγαθὸς","gloss":"Good, brave"},{"word":"θεοείκελος","gloss":"Godlike, from θεο-είκελος"},{"word":"κλέπτει","gloss":"Steal, be stealthy, deceive, from κλέπτω"},{"word":"νόῳ","gloss":"Mind, plan, purpose, from νόος"},{"word":"παρελθεῖν","gloss":"Evade, pass by, outwit, from παρ-έρχομαι"},{"word":"ἐπέοικε","gloss":"Is fitting"},{"word":"πρόες","gloss":"Send forward, send forth, give up, from προίημι"},{"word":"τριπλῇ","gloss":"Threefold, from τριπλόος"},{"word":"τετραπλῇ","gloss":"Fourfold, from τετραπλόος"},{"word":"ἀποτίσομεν","gloss":"Repay, requite, recompense, from ἀποτίνω"},{"word":"ἐυτείχεον","gloss":"Well-walled, from εὐτείχεος"},{"word":"οὕτως","gloss":"So"},{"word":"θεοείκελ’","gloss":"Godlike, from θεοείκελος"},{"word":"παρελεύσεαι","gloss":"Evade, pass by, outwit, from παρέρχομαι"}],"paradigms":[{"section":965,"headword":"εἶμι","caption":"present indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"εἶμι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"εἶς","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"εἶσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἴτον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἴτον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἴμεν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἴτε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἴᾱσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,6,7]},{"section":965,"headword":"εἶμι","caption":"imperfect indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἤια","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἤεις","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἤει","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἴτον","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἴτην","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἤομεν","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἤτε","meaning":"","name":"imperfect indicative, 2nd plural"}],"recall":[2,4,6]},{"section":966,"headword":"εἴδω","caption":"perfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"οἶδα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"οἶσθα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"οἶδε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἴστον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἴστον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἴδμεν","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἴστε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἴσᾱσι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,5]},{"section":967,"headword":"φημί","caption":"present indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"φημί","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"φής","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"φησί","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"φατόν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"φατόν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"φαμέν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"φατέ","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"φᾱσί","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[5,6,7]},{"section":968,"headword":"κεῖμαι","caption":"present indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"κεῖμαι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"κεῖσαι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"κεῖται","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"κεῖσθον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"κεῖσθον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"κείμεθα","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"κεῖσθε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"κείαται","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":969,"headword":"ἧμαι","caption":"present indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἧμαι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἧσαι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἧσται","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἧσθον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἧσθον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἥμεθα","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἧσθε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἧνται","meaning":"","name":"present indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,6,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XXXVII: Prepositions","teaching":[{"title":"Prepositions","paragraphs":["A preposition stands before a noun. It shows how the noun relates to the rest of the sentence: into the sea, out of the city, beside the ships.","Most prepositions were once adverbs. An adverb is a word that says where, when or how something happens. Homer still uses them as adverbs, without a noun: ἐν δέ, but therein.","Pharr says the preposition does not decide the case. The case has its own meaning, and the preposition makes it clearer.","The genitive is that from which something comes. The dative is that in or by which something is or is done. The accusative is that toward, over, along or upon which motion occurs.","A preposition can stand apart from its verb and still belong to it. In καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν, and darkness came on, ἐπί belongs with ἦλθεν."]},{"title":"Prepositions with one or two cases","paragraphs":["Some prepositions take one case only. With the genitive: ἀντί, instead of, ἀπό, away from, ἐκ or ἐξ, out of, πρό, before. With the dative: ἐν, in, σύν, with. With the accusative: εἰς or ἐς, into.","In the lines: εἰς ἅλα δῖαν, into the divine sea.","Some take two cases. διά, ὑπέρ and κατά take the genitive and the accusative. They mean through, over and down. In the lines, κατὰ θυμόν takes the accusative: suiting my heart."]},{"title":"Prepositions with three cases, and compound verbs","paragraphs":["Eight take all three cases: ἀμφί, ἀνά, ἐπί, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπό. παρά means beside, to the side of, or from beside. The case shows which meaning applies.","Prepositions also join verbs to make compound verbs. ἀπό, away, and the verb for give make ἀπο-δί-δωμι, give back. Its infinitive, ἀποδοῦναι, is in the lines. A preposition of two syllables moves its accent back when it follows its noun, as in ᾧ ἔπι."]},{"title":"Agamemnon demands another prize","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker asks: do you want to keep your own prize while I sit here without one? And you tell me to give this girl back?","If the Achaeans give me a prize that suits my heart and is worth as much, good, he says. If they do not, I will go and take one myself. It may be yours, or Ajax's, or Odysseus'. Whoever I come to will rage.","Then he sets the matter aside. They will take counsel on these things later. For now they will drag a black ship down to the bright sea.","Find εἰς ἅλα δῖαν, εἰς with the accusative. Find ἀποδοῦναι, the infinitive of the compound verb give back."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.1","source":"οὐκ ἐθέλει Ἀχιλλεὺς Ἀγαμέμνονα δευόμενον ἧσθαι, ὄφρ’ αὐτὸς ἔχῃ γέρας.","translation":"Achilles does not wish Agamemnon to sit in want, so that he himself may have a prize of honor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἐθέλει","gloss":"(ἐ)θέλω: wish, desire, be willing"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"δευόμενον","gloss":"δεύομαι: lack, need, be in want"},{"text":"ἧσθαι,","gloss":"ἧμαι: sit, be seated"},{"text":"ὄφρ’","gloss":"ὄφρα: in order that, until, while"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"self, him(self), same"},{"text":"ἔχῃ","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"γέρας.","gloss":"prize (of honor)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.1.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.2","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων ἧσται αὔτως δευόμενος, κέλεται δ’ Ἀχιλῆα γέρας ἀποδοῦναι.","translation":"Agamemnon sits thus in want, and he bids Achilles give back a prize of honor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἧσται","gloss":"ἧμαι: sit, be seated"},{"text":"αὔτως","gloss":"thus, so, in the same way"},{"text":"δευόμενος,","gloss":"δεύομαι: lack, need, be in want"},{"text":"κέλεται","gloss":"κέλομαι: urge, command, bid, request"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆα","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"ἀποδοῦναι.","gloss":"ἀπο-δί-δωμι: give back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.2.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.3","source":"μεγάθῡμος Ἀχιλλεὺς οὐ δώσει Ἀγαμέμνονι πολλὰ γέρα, ἄρσᾱς τὰ κατὰ θῡμόν, ὅπως ἔσονται ἀντάξια.","translation":"Great-souled Achilles will not give Agamemnon many prizes, fitting them to his heart, so that they may be equivalent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"μεγάθῡμος","gloss":"μεγά-θυμος: great-souled, brave"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"δώσει","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"γέρα,","gloss":"γέρας: prize (of honor)"},{"text":"ἄρσᾱς","gloss":"ἀρ-αρ-ίσκω: join, fit, suit, adapt"},{"text":"τὰ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"according to, on"},{"text":"θῡμόν,","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"},{"text":"ὅπως","gloss":"ὅπ(π)ως: in order that, that, how (that)"},{"text":"ἔσονται","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἀντάξια.","gloss":"ἀντ-άξιος: equivalent, of equal value"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.3.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.4","source":"εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν Ἀχαιοὶ μεγάθῡμοι γέρας Ἀγαμέμνονι, ἄρσαντες τὸ κατὰ θῡμόν, ὅπως ἔσται ἀντάξιον, αὐτός κεν ἕληται ἢ γέρας Ἀχιλῆος ἢ Αἴαντος ἢ Ὀδυσῆος.","translation":"But if the great-souled Achaeans do not give a prize to Agamemnon, fitting it to his heart so that it may be equivalent, he himself would take either the prize of Achilles, or of Ajax, or of Odysseus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if, whether"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"κέ(ν): haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"μὴ","gloss":"not, lest, that not"},{"text":"δώωσιν","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"μεγάθῡμοι","gloss":"μεγά-θυμος: great-souled, brave"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι,","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἄρσαντες","gloss":"ἀρ-αρ-ίσκω: join, fit, suit, adapt"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"according to, on"},{"text":"θῡμόν,","gloss":"θυμός: heart, spirit, soul"},{"text":"ὅπως","gloss":"ὅπ(π)ως: in order that, that, how (that)"},{"text":"ἔσται","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἀντάξιον,","gloss":"ἀντ-άξιος: equivalent, of equal value"},{"text":"αὐτός","gloss":"self, him(self), same"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"κέ(ν): haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"ἕληται","gloss":"αἱρέω: take, seize, (mid.) choose"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or, than, whether"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or, than, whether"},{"text":"Αἴαντος","gloss":"Αἴας: Ajax"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or, than, whether"},{"text":"Ὀδυσῆος.","gloss":"Ὀδυσ(σ)εύς: Odysseus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.4.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.5","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων ἰὼν ἕληται γέρας, ἑλὼν δὲ τὸ ἄξῃ, Ἀχιλλεὺς δέ κε κεχολώσεται, τόν κεν Ἀγαμέμνων ἵκηται.","translation":"Agamemnon will go and take a prize, and having taken it will lead it away; and Achilles, to whom Agamemnon comes, will be enraged.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἰὼν","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"ἕληται","gloss":"αἱρέω: take, seize, (mid.) choose"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"ἑλὼν","gloss":"αἱρέω: take, seize, (mid.) choose"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἄξῃ,","gloss":"ἄγ-ω: lead, drive, conduct, bring"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"κέ(ν): haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"κεχολώσεται,","gloss":"χολό-ω: anger, enrage, vex"},{"text":"τόν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"κέ(ν): haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἵκηται.","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.5.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.6","source":"πάντες Ἀχαιοὶ μετεφράζοντο ταῦτα καὶ αὖτις.","translation":"All the Achaeans considered these things again.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"μετεφράζοντο","gloss":"μετα-φράζω*: (mid.) consider later, reflect on later"},{"text":"ταῦτα","gloss":"οὗτος: that"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"αὖτις.","gloss":"(back) again, anew"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.6.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L37.g241.7","source":"εἴρυσαν νῆας μελαίνᾱς εἰς ἅλα δῖαν.","translation":"They dragged black ships into the divine sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἴρυσαν","gloss":"ἐρύω: draw, drag, launch"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"μελαίνᾱς","gloss":"μέλας: black, dark, dusky"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"ἅλα","gloss":"ἅλς: sea, brine"},{"text":"δῖαν.","gloss":"δῖος: divine, heavenly, glorious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.g241.7.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.1","source":"ἦ οὐκ ἐθέλομεν Ἀτρεΐδην αὔτως δευόμενον ἧσθαι, ὄφρ’ αὐτοὶ ἔχωμεν γέρα, οὐδὲ κελόμεθα αὐτὸν τὴν ἑλικώπιδα κούρην ἀποδοῦναι φίλῳ πατρί.","translation":"Surely we do not wish that the son of Atreus should sit (inf.) thus lacking, in order that we ourselves may have prizes of honor; and we do not order him to give back the flashing-eyed maiden to her dear father.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.1.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.2","source":"δώσομεν μεγαθύμοις Ἀχαιοῖς πολλὰ γέρα, ἄρσαντες τὰ κατὰ θῡμόν, ὅπως ἔσονται ἀντάξια.","translation":"We shall give the great-souled Achaeans many prizes of honor, adapting them to their desire, so that they may be equivalent.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.2.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.3","source":"εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωμεν, αὐτὸς κεν Ἀτρεΐδης ἕληται ἢ τεὸν γέρας ἢ Αἴαντος ἢ Ὀδυσῆος, ἑλὼν δὲ ἄξει αὐτὸ εἰς εὐρὺν στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"If we do not give (it), the son of Atreus himself will seize either your prize, or (that) of Ajax, or of Odysseus, and when he has seized (it), he will lead (it) to the broad camp of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.3.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.4","source":"εἰ Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀχιλῆα ἵκηται, Ἀχιλλεὺς δέ κε κεχολώσεται.","translation":"If Agamemnon should come upon Achilles, he would perchance be enraged.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.4.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.5","source":"ἀλλ’ ὃ μετεφράζετο ταῦτα καὶ αὖτις.","translation":"But he considered this also afterward.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.5.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L37.e244.6","source":"νῦν ἐρύσσομεν πολλὰς νῆας θοὰς μελαίνᾱς εἰς ἅλα δῖαν.","translation":"We shall now drag many swift black ships into the divine sea.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L37.e244.6.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.133","source":"ἦ ἐθέλεις, ὄφρ’ αὐτὸς ἔχῃς γέρας, αὐτὰρ ἔμ’ αὔτως","translation":"Do you wish that you yourself may keep your prize, while I","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἐθέλεις,","gloss":"ἐθέλω: wish"},{"text":"ὄφρ’","gloss":"ὄφρα: that"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"yourself"},{"text":"ἔχῃς","gloss":"ἔχω: keep"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"αὐτὰρ","gloss":"ἀτάρ: while"},{"text":"ἔμ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: I"},{"text":"αὔτως","gloss":"idly"}],"audio":null},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.134","source":"ἧσθαι δευόμενον, κέλεαι δέ με τήνδ’ ἀποδοῦναι;","translation":"sit here in want, and you bid me give this girl back?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἧσθαι","gloss":"ἧμαι: sit"},{"text":"δευόμενον,","gloss":"δεύω: in want"},{"text":"κέλεαι","gloss":"κέλομαι: bid"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"με","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"τήνδ’","gloss":"ὅδε: this girl"},{"text":"ἀποδοῦναι;","gloss":"ἀποδίδωμι: give back"}],"audio":null},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.135","source":"ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν δώσουσι γέρας μεγάθυμοι Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"Well: if the great-hearted Achaeans will give me a prize,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: well"},{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"δώσουσι","gloss":"δίδωμι: will give"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"μεγάθυμοι","gloss":"μεγάθυμος: great-hearted"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοί,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.136","source":"ἄρσαντες κατὰ θυμόν, ὅπως ἀντάξιον ἔσται,","translation":"suiting it to my heart, so that it is worth as much,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄρσαντες","gloss":"ἀραρίσκω: suiting"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"θυμόν,","gloss":"θυμός: heart"},{"text":"ὅπως","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"ἀντάξιον","gloss":"ἀντάξιος: equal in worth"},{"text":"ἔσται,","gloss":"εἰμί: is"}],"audio":null},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.137","source":"εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι","translation":"but if they do not, I myself will go and take it,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"μὴ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"δώωσιν,","gloss":"δίδωμι: give"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"myself"},{"text":"ἕλωμαι","gloss":"αἱρέω: take"}],"audio":null},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.138","source":"ἢ τεὸν ἢ Αἴαντος ἰὼν γέρας, ἢ Ὀδυσῆος","translation":"either your prize, or Ajax's, or Odysseus',","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"τεὸν","gloss":"τεός: your"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"Αἴαντος","gloss":"Αἴας: Ajax's"},{"text":"ἰὼν","gloss":"εἶμι: going"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"Ὀδυσσεύς: Odysseus'"}],"audio":null},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.139","source":"ἄξω ἑλών· ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται, ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι.","translation":"and carry it off; and whoever I come to will rage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄξω","gloss":"ἄγω: carry off"},{"text":"ἑλών·","gloss":"αἱρέω: taking"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"κεχολώσεται,","gloss":"χολόω: will rage"},{"text":"ὅν","gloss":"ὅς: whom"},{"text":"κεν","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἵκωμαι.","gloss":"ἱκνέομαι: I come to"}],"audio":null},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.140","source":"ἀλλ’ ἦ τοι μὲν ταῦτα μεταφρασόμεσθα καὶ αὖτις,","translation":"But we will take counsel on these things again hereafter;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"ἦ: truly, surely (ἦ τοι, verily)"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"τοι: surely, mark you (particle)"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ταῦτα","gloss":"οὗτος: these things"},{"text":"μεταφρασόμεσθα","gloss":"μεταφράζω: will take counsel"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"αὖτις,","gloss":"αὖθις: again"}],"audio":null},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L37.r242.141","source":"νῦν δ’ ἄγε νῆα μέλαιναν ἐρύσσομεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν,","translation":"but now, come, let us drag a black ship down to the bright sea,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but"},{"text":"ἄγε","gloss":"come"},{"text":"νῆα","gloss":"ναῦς: ship"},{"text":"μέλαιναν","gloss":"μέλας: black"},{"text":"ἐρύσσομεν","gloss":"ἐρύω: let us drag"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ἅλα","gloss":"ἅλς: sea"},{"text":"δῖαν,","gloss":"δῖος: bright"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":1048,"text":"§1048. PREPOSITIONS\n\nMost prepositions were originally adverbs (chiefly local), and are often so employed in Homer (without case), as ἐν δέ but therein, ὑπό below, παρά by his side."},{"section":1049,"text":"§1049. They are used both with nouns and verbs, but are often separated from the words they modify, sometimes following them. This separation in the case of verbs has been incorrectly named tmesis (τμῆσις cutting), as κρατερὸν ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν and he enjoined a stern command (upon him), where ἐπί is to be taken with ἔτελλεν as part of the verbal idea, καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν and darkness came on, where ἐπί must be joined with ἦλθεν."},{"section":1050,"text":"§1050. Dissyllabic prepositions regularly have the accent on the ultima, but in two cases they take the accent on the penult:\n\n1) When they follow the word modified (with the exception of ἀμφίς, ἀνά, ἀντί, διά), as ᾧ ἔπι πολλὰ μόγησα for which I underwent great toil, θῖν’ ἐφ’ ἁλός upon the shore of the sea.\n2) When a preposition stands for itself compounded with a verb, as ἔνι, ἔπι, μέτα, πάρα, πέρι (all compounded with εἰμί), and ἄνα for the imperative of ἀνίστημι stand up! up!"},{"section":1051,"text":"§1051. Prepositions are used with the genitive, dative, and accusative cases; some are used with all three cases, some with only two, and some with only one."},{"section":1052,"text":"§1052. They are used to emphasize or to define more clearly certain case relations. Of course the prepositions do not “govern” these cases, but the cases take the prepositions."},{"section":1053,"text":"§1053. The genitive with prepositions primarily denotes that from which something proceeds, the dative that in or by which something is or is done, the accusative that toward, over, along, or upon which motion occurs."},{"section":1054,"text":"§1054. The primary relations expressed by prepositions are those of place and time, but they may express cause, origin, agency, condition, purpose, and various other relations."},{"section":1055,"text":"§1055. Prepositions are used in forming compound verbs, many of which, particularly those compounded with ἐν, ἐπί, and σύν, are construed with the dative."},{"section":1056,"text":"§1056. With the genitive alone are used the following:\n\nἀντί instead of\nἀπό off, from, away from\nἐκ (ἐξ) out of, from\nπρό before"},{"section":1057,"text":"§1057. And the following, known as improper prepositions:\n\nἄγχι near, close\nἄνευ without\nἄντα, ἀντίον opposite, facing\nἀντικρύ straight to\nἄψ behind\nἕνεκα (εἵνεκα) on account of\nἕκητι by will of\nἐκτός without\nἐντός within\nμεσσηγύς between\nμέσφα until\nνόσφι(ν) apart from\nὄπισθε(ν) (from) behind\nπάλιν back from\nπάροιθε(ν) before, in front of\nπρόσθε(ν) before\nτῆλε far (from)\nτηλόθι far (from)\n\ntogether with several others not so common."},{"section":1058,"text":"§1058. With the dative alone are used: ἐν(ί), εἰν in, and σύν (ξύν) with."},{"section":1059,"text":"§1059. With the accusative alone are used εἰς (ἐς) into, to, -δε to."},{"section":1060,"text":"§1060. With the genitive and accusative are used: διά through on account of, ὑπέρ over, on behalf of, and κατά down (through)."},{"section":1061,"text":"§1061. The following are used with the genitive, dative, and accusative:\n\nἀμφί around, about, on both sides.\nἀνά (up)on, up through, along.\nἐπί (up)on, to, toward, against.\nμετά with, after.\nπαρά beside, to the side of, from beside.\nπερί around, concerning.\nπρός toward, with reference to.\nὑπό under, by means of."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"δευόμενον","gloss":"Lack, need, be in want, from δεύομαι"},{"word":"ἧσθαι","gloss":"Sit, be seated, from ἧμαι"},{"word":"αὔτως","gloss":"In the same way, thus, so"},{"word":"ἀποδοῦναι","gloss":"Give back, return, from ἀπο-δί-δωμι"},{"word":"ἄρσᾱς","gloss":"Join, fit, suit, from ἀρ-αρ-ίσκω"},{"word":"ὅπως","gloss":"In order that, that, how, from ὅπ(π)ως"},{"word":"ἀντάξια","gloss":"Equivalent, of equal value, from ἀντ-άξιος"},{"word":"ἕληται","gloss":"Take, seize, deprive, from αἱρέω"},{"word":"Αἴαντος","gloss":"Ajax, from Αἴας"},{"word":"Ὀδυσῆος","gloss":"Odysseus, from Ὀδυσ(σ)εύς"},{"word":"μετεφράζοντο","gloss":"Consider later, reflect on later, from μετα-φράζω*"},{"word":"εἴρυσαν","gloss":"Draw, drag, launch, from ἐρύω"},{"word":"μελαίνᾱς","gloss":"Black, dark, dusky, from μέλας"},{"word":"ἅλα","gloss":"Sea, brine, from ἅλς"},{"word":"ἄρσαντες","gloss":"Join, fit, suit, from ἀραρίσκω"},{"word":"ἀντάξιον","gloss":"Equivalent, of equal value, from ἀντάξιος"},{"word":"τεὸν","gloss":"Thy, thine, your, from τεός"},{"word":"μεταφρασόμεσθα","gloss":"Will take counsel, from μεταφράζω"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XXXVIII: Comparison of Adjectives","teaching":[{"title":"Comparison of adjectives","paragraphs":["English changes an adjective to show degree: sweet, sweeter, sweetest. The plain form is the positive. The form for more is the comparative. The form for most is the superlative.","Most Greek adjectives form the comparative with -τερος, η, ον and the superlative with -τατος, η, ον. These endings are added to the stem of the masculine positive.","πιστός, faithful, gives πιστότερος and πιστότατος. Both have the endings of κᾱλός, with three genders.","Look at the second-to-last syllable of the stem. If it is long, by its vowel or by the consonants after it, nothing changes: πιστότερος. If it is short, the final ο of the stem becomes ω: μαλακός, soft, gives μαλακώτερος and μαλακώτατος.","The lines have one: ἐκπαγλότατος, most terrible, from ἔκ-παγλος, terrible."]},{"title":"Other comparatives","paragraphs":["Some adjectives, mainly those in -υς or -ρος, have other endings: -ίων, -ιον for the comparative and -ιστος for the superlative. ἡδύς, sweet, gives ἡδίων and ἥδιστος. αἰσχρός, shameful, gives αἰσχίων and αἴσχιστος. The comparative has the endings of ἀμείνων.","Learn the most important irregular ones as sets. ἀγαθός, good or brave, has several comparatives, including ἀμείνων, better, and the superlative ἄριστος.","κακός, bad: κακίων, κάκιστος. μέγας: μείζων, μέγιστος. πολύς, much: πλείων, πλεῖστος. φίλος, dear: φίλτερος, φίλτατος.","Some have no positive. Their comparative and superlative come from prepositions, adverbs, verbs, nouns or pronouns.","The comparative and superlative can also show only a high degree, with no comparison. The sentence shows which."]},{"title":"A ship for Chryseis","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker gives a plan. Gather rowers for a ship. Put a hecatomb on board, and Chryseis. Let one counselor be its leader.","The leader may be Ajax, or Idomeneus, or godlike Odysseus, or you, son of Peleus, so that you may appease the far-worker for us.","Swift-footed Achilles glares at him from under his brows. Ah, clothed in shamelessness, he says, crafty for gain.","How can any of the Achaeans obey your words willingly, to go on a raid or to fight men with force?","Find ἐκπαγλότατ’ ἀνδρῶν, most terrible of all men, a superlative like πιστότατος."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.1","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ μεγάθῡμοι ἤγειραν ἐρέτᾱς ἐπιτηδὲς εἰς νῆα μέλαιναν.","translation":"The great-souled Achaeans gathered rowers in sufficient numbers for the black ship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"μεγάθῡμοι","gloss":"μεγά-θυμος: great-souled, brave"},{"text":"ἤγειραν","gloss":"ἀγείρω: collect, assemble, gather"},{"text":"ἐρέτᾱς","gloss":"ἐρέτης: oarsman, rower, sailor"},{"text":"ἐπιτηδὲς","gloss":"ἐπι-τηδές: sufficiently, in sufficient numbers"},{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"νῆα","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"μέλαιναν.","gloss":"μέλας: black, dark, dusky"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.1.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.2","source":"εἰς νῆας Ἀγαμέμνων ἔθηκεν ἑκατόμβην ἱερὴν θεῷ.","translation":"Agamemnon placed a sacred hecatomb for the god on board the ships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰς","gloss":"to, into"},{"text":"νῆας","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔθηκεν","gloss":"τίθημι: put, place, cause"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"ἑκατόμ-βη: hecatomb, sacrifice"},{"text":"ἱερὴν","gloss":"ἱερός: sacred, holy"},{"text":"θεῷ.","gloss":"θεός: god, divinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.2.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.3","source":"ἀνὰ τὴν θοὴν νῆα μέλαιναν Ἀγαμέμνων ἔβησεν αὐτὴν Χρῡσηίδα καλλιπάρῃον.","translation":"Agamemnon brought fair-cheeked Chryseis herself on board the swift black ship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀνὰ","gloss":"up(on), along"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θοὴν","gloss":"θοός: swift, speedy"},{"text":"νῆα","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"μέλαιναν","gloss":"μέλας: black, dark, dusky"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔβησεν","gloss":"βαίνω: cause to go, bring"},{"text":"αὐτὴν","gloss":"αὐτός: self, her(self), same"},{"text":"Χρῡσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηΐς: Chryseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρῃον.","gloss":"καλλι-πάρηος: beautiful-cheeked, fair-cheeked"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.3.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.4","source":"εἷς τις ἀνὴρ βουληφόρος ἔσται ἀρχὸς τῶν νηῶν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Some one counsel-bearing man will be leader of the ships of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἷς","gloss":"one, only, sole"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"some (one), any (one)"},{"text":"ἀνὴρ","gloss":"man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"βουληφόρος","gloss":"βουλη-φόρος: counsel-bearing, discreet"},{"text":"ἔσται","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἀρχὸς","gloss":"leader, commander, ruler, guide"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"νηῶν","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.4.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.5","source":"Πηληιάδης ἐκπαγλότατος ἀνδρῶν ἔσται ἀρχὸς τῆς νηός.","translation":"The son of Peleus, most terrible of men, will be leader of the ship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Πηληιάδης","gloss":"son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"ἐκπαγλότατος","gloss":"ἔκ-παγλος: most terrible, most frightful"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"ἔσται","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἀρχὸς","gloss":"leader, commander, ruler, guide"},{"text":"τῆς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"νηός.","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.5.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.6","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ῥέξει ἱερὰ καὶ ἱλάσεται ἑκάεργον Ἀπόλλωνα τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","translation":"Achilles will perform sacrifices and will appease the free-worker Apollo for the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ῥέξει","gloss":"ῥέζω: work, accomplish, do, sacrifice"},{"text":"ἱερὰ","gloss":"ἱερόν: sacrifice, sacred rite"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἱλάσεται","gloss":"ἱλά-σκομαι: propitiate, appease"},{"text":"ἑκάεργον","gloss":"ἑκά-εργος: free-worker, epithet of Apollo"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλωνα","gloss":"Ἀπόλλων: Apollo"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.6.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.7","source":"οὔ τις Ἀχαιῶν πρόφρων πείσεται ἔπεσιν Ἀγαμέμνονι ἀναιδείην ἐπιειμένῳ καὶ κερδαλεόφρονι.","translation":"No one of the Achaeans will zealously obey the words of Agamemnon, clothed in shamelessness and crafty-minded.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"some (one), any (one)"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"πρόφρων","gloss":"πρό-φρων: eager, zealous, glad"},{"text":"πείσεται","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over, mislead"},{"text":"ἔπεσιν","gloss":"ἔπος: word, saying, command"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἀναιδείην","gloss":"ἀν-αιδείη: shamelessness"},{"text":"ἐπιειμένῳ","gloss":"ἐπι-εννυμι: clothe, invest"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"κερδαλεόφρονι.","gloss":"κερδαλεό-φρων: crafty-minded, cunning, sly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.7.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L38.g248.8","source":"οὔ τις ἐθέλει ὁδὸν ἐλθεῖν ἢ ἀνδράσιν μάχεσθαι ἶφι.","translation":"No one wishes to go on an expedition or to fight mightily with men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"some (one), any (one)"},{"text":"ἐθέλει","gloss":"(ἐ)θέλω: wish, desire, be willing"},{"text":"ὁδὸν","gloss":"ὁδός: road, way, path, journey, expedition"},{"text":"ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or, than, whether"},{"text":"ἀνδράσιν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι","gloss":"μάχ-ομαι: fight, battle"},{"text":"ἶφι.","gloss":"mightily, with might"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.g248.8.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.1","source":"ἀλλ’ ἄγετε, ἐρύετε θοὰς νῆας μελαίνᾱς εἰς ἅλα δῖαν, ἐς δ’ ἐρέτᾱς ἀγείρετε ἐπιτηδές, ἐς δὲ θέτε ἑκατόμβᾱς ἱερὰς πολλάς, καὶ βήσατε κούρᾱς πολλὰς καλλιπαρῄους.","translation":"But come, drag the swift black ships into the divine sea, collect oarsmen in sufficient numbers therein, place in them many sacred hecatombs, and cause to go on board many beautiful-cheeked maidens.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.2","source":"εἷς τις ἀνὴρ βουληφόρος ἔσται ἀρχός.","translation":"Some counsel-bearing man shall be commander.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.2.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.3","source":"οὔτε Αἴᾱς οὔτε Ἰδομενεὺς οὔτε δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς κακὸς ἦν, ἀλλ’ ἔδεισαν Πηληιάδην ἐκπαγλότατον ἀνδρῶν.","translation":"Neither Ajax nor Idomeneus nor the divine Odysseus was cowardly, but they feared the son of Peleus, most terrible of men.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.3.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.4","source":"ῥέξεις ἱερὰ καὶ ἱλάσεαι ἑκάεργον ἡμῖν;","translation":"Will you perform sacrifices and appease the free-worker for us?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.4.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.5","source":"ὑπόδρα ἰδόντες προσέφαμεν ποδάρκεα Ἀχιλῆα.","translation":"We looked askance at the swift-footed Achilles and addressed him.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.5.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L38.e251.6","source":"ὦ μοι, πῶς τις μεγαθύμων Ἀχαιῶν πρόφρων πείσεται ἀνδρὶ κερδαλεόφρονι ἀναιδείην ἐπιειμένῳ, ἢ ὁδὸν ἐλθεῖν ἢ ἀνδράσιν μάχεσθαι ἶφι;","translation":"Alas! how many of the great-souled Achaeans will zealously obey a crafty-minded man clothed in shamelessness, either to go on an expedition or to fight mightily with men?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L38.e251.6.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.142","source":"ἐς δ’ ἐρέτας ἐπιτηδές ἀγείρομεν, ἐς δ’ ἑκατόμβας","translation":"and gather able rowers for it, and load a hecatomb","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς: aboard"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐρέτας","gloss":"ἐρέτης: rowers"},{"text":"ἐπιτηδές","gloss":"able"},{"text":"ἀγείρομεν,","gloss":"ἀγείρω: gather"},{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς: aboard"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"ἑκατόμβη: hecatomb"}],"audio":null},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.143","source":"θήομεν, ἀν δ’ αὐτὴν Χρυσηίδα καλλιπάρηον","translation":"on board, and bring fair-cheeked Chryseis herself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θήομεν,","gloss":"τίθημι: let us put"},{"text":"ἀν","gloss":"ἀνά: aboard"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"αὐτὴν","gloss":"αὐτός: herself"},{"text":"Χρυσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηίς: Chryseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"καλλιπάρηος: fair-cheeked"}],"audio":null},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.144","source":"βήσομεν. εἷς δέ τις ἀρχὸς ἀνὴρ βουληφόρος ἔστω,","translation":"to embark her; and let some counselor-man be its leader,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βήσομεν.","gloss":"βαίνω: embark"},{"text":"εἷς","gloss":"one"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"some"},{"text":"ἀρχὸς","gloss":"leader"},{"text":"ἀνὴρ","gloss":"man"},{"text":"βουληφόρος","gloss":"counselor"},{"text":"ἔστω,","gloss":"εἰμί: let...be"}],"audio":null},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.145","source":"ἢ Αἴας ἢ Ἰδομενεὺς ἢ δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς","translation":"either Ajax, or Idomeneus, or godlike Odysseus,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"Αἴας","gloss":"Ajax"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"Ἰδομενεὺς","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"δῖος","gloss":"godlike"},{"text":"Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"Odysseus"}],"audio":null},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.146","source":"ἠὲ σύ, Πηλεΐδη, πάντων ἐκπαγλότατ’ ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"or you, son of Peleus, most terrible of all men,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἠὲ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"σύ,","gloss":"you"},{"text":"Πηλεΐδη,","gloss":"Πηλείδης: son of Peleus"},{"text":"πάντων","gloss":"πᾶς: of all"},{"text":"ἐκπαγλότατ’","gloss":"ἔκπαγλος: most terrible"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν,","gloss":"ἀνήρ: men"}],"audio":null},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.147","source":"ὄφρ’ ἡμῖν ἑκάεργον ἱλάσσεαι, ἱερὰ ῥέξας.”","translation":"that offering sacrifice you may appease the far-worker for us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὄφρ’","gloss":"ὄφρα: that"},{"text":"ἡμῖν","gloss":"ἐγώ: for us"},{"text":"ἑκάεργον","gloss":"ʽἑκάεργος: far-worker"},{"text":"ἱλάσσεαι,","gloss":"ἱλάσκομαι: appease"},{"text":"ἱερὰ","gloss":"ἱερόν: sacrifice"},{"text":"ῥέξας.”","gloss":"ῥέζω: offering"}],"audio":null},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.148","source":"τὸν δ’ ἄρ’ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, swift-footed Achilles spoke:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄρ’","gloss":"ἄρα: then"},{"text":"ὑπόδρα","gloss":"balefully"},{"text":"ἰδὼν","gloss":"εἶδον: looking"},{"text":"προσέφη","gloss":"πρόσφημι: spoke"},{"text":"πόδας","gloss":"πούς: feet"},{"text":"ὠκὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς·","gloss":"Achilles"}],"audio":null},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.149","source":"“ὦ μοι, ἀναιδείην ἐπιειμένε, κερδαλεόφρον,","translation":"\"Ah, clothed in shamelessness, crafty for gain,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“ὦ","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"μοι,","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἀναιδείην","gloss":"ἀναίδεια: shamelessness"},{"text":"ἐπιειμένε,","gloss":"ἐπιέννυμι: clothed in"},{"text":"κερδαλεόφρον,","gloss":"κερδαλεόφρων: crafty for gain"}],"audio":null},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.150","source":"πῶς τίς τοι πρόφρων ἔπεσιν πείθηται Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"how shall any of the Achaeans obey your words readily,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πῶς","gloss":"how"},{"text":"τίς","gloss":"any"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: your"},{"text":"πρόφρων","gloss":"readily"},{"text":"ἔπεσιν","gloss":"ἔπος: words"},{"text":"πείθηται","gloss":"πείθω: obey"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L38.r249.151","source":"ἢ ὁδὸν ἐλθέμεναι ἢ ἀνδράσιν ἶφι μάχεσθαι;”","translation":"either to go on a raid, or to fight men with force?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ὁδὸν","gloss":"ὁδός: raid"},{"text":"ἐλθέμεναι","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: go"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ἀνδράσιν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: men"},{"text":"ἶφι","gloss":"with force"},{"text":"μάχεσθαι;”","gloss":"μάχομαι: fight"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":747,"text":"§747. Comparison of Adjectives\n\nMost adjectives form their comparatives by adding -τερος, η, ον, and their superlatives by adding -τατος, η, ον to the stem of the masculine positive."},{"section":748,"text":"§748. If the penult of the stem is long by nature or position (522), the stem for the comparative and superlative remains unchanged. If it is short, it is regularly lengthened, o becoming ω."},{"section":749,"text":"§749. Examples\nPositive                                Comparative   Superlative\nπιστός (πιστο-) faithful, trustworthy   πιστότερος    πιστότατος\nμαλακός (μαλακο-) soft, gentle          μαλακώτερος   μαλακώτατος"},{"section":750,"text":"§750. The declension of comparatives and superlatives is usually the regular vowel declension of adjectives, as κᾱλός, ή, όν (721)."},{"section":751,"text":"§751. Some adjectives, mainly those in -υς and -ρος, form the comparative and superlative by changing these endings to -ίων, -ιον for the comparative, and to -ιστος, η, ον for the superlative."},{"section":752,"text":"§752. Examples\nPositive           Comparative                  Superlative\nἡδύς sweet         ἡδίων, ἥδιον sweeter         ἥδιστος, η, ον sweetest\nαἰσχρός shameful   αἰσχίων, ιον more shameful   αἴσχιστος, η, ον most shameful"},{"section":753,"text":"§753. The comparative of these adjectives is declined like ἀμείνων, ον (731), and the superlative like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721)."},{"section":754,"text":"§754. The most important cases of irregular comparison are:\n\n      Positive                              Comparative                                                                Superlative\n1)    ἀγαθός good, brave, noble             ἀρείων, ον; ἀμείνων, ον; βέλτερος, η, ον; λωίων, ον (λωίτερος, η, ον)      ἄριστος, η, ον\n2)    κρατύς (κραταιός, ή, όν) powerful     κρείσσων, ον                                                               κράτιστος (κάρτιστος)\n      κρατερός, ή, όν (καρτερός) powerful   φέρτερος                                                                   φέρτατος (φέριστος)\n3)    κακός, ή, όν bad, cowardly            κακίων, ον (κακώτερος); ἥσσων, ον; χείρων, ον (χειρότερος) (χερείων, ον)   κάκιστος, η, ον; ἥκιστος, η, ον\n4)    κᾱλός, ή, όν beautiful, noble         καλλίων, ον                                                                κάλλιστος, η, ον\n5)    μέγας large, mighty                   μείζων, ον (μέζων, ον?)                                                    μέγιστος, η, ον\n6)    μῑκρός small, tiny                    μείων, ον\n7)    ἐλαχύς small, tiny                    ἐλάσσων, ον                                                                ἐλάχιστος, η, ον\n8)    ὀλίγος small, few                     ὀλείζων, ον (ὀλίζων, ον)                                                   ὀλίγιστος, η, ον\n9)    πολύς much, many                      πλείων, ον (πλέων, ον)                                                     πλεῖστος, η, ον\n10)   φίλος dear, lovely                    φίλτερος, η, ον (φιλίων, ον)                                               φίλτατος, η, ον"},{"section":755,"text":"§755. Some adjectives do not occur in the positive. Their comparatives and superlatives are formed from prepositions, adverbs, verbs, nouns, and pronouns."},{"section":756,"text":"§756. The comparative and superlative may express merely a high degree of the quality, without any idea of comparison being involved, and at times may indicate simply characteristic or possession."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἐρέτᾱς","gloss":"Oarsman, rower, sailor, from ἐρέτης"},{"word":"ἐπιτηδὲς","gloss":"Sufficiently, in sufficient numbers, from ἐπι-τηδές"},{"word":"καλλιπάρῃον","gloss":"Beautiful-cheeked, fair-cheeked, from καλλι-πάρηος"},{"word":"βουληφόρος","gloss":"Counsel-bearing, discreet, from βουλη-φόρος"},{"word":"ἀρχὸς","gloss":"Leader, commander, ruler"},{"word":"ἐκπαγλότατος","gloss":"Most terrible, most frightful, from ἔκ-παγλος"},{"word":"ῥέξει","gloss":"Work, accomplish, do, from ῥέζω"},{"word":"ἱερὰ","gloss":"Sacrifice, sacred rite, victim for sacrifice, from ἱερόν"},{"word":"ἑκάεργον","gloss":"Free-worker, epithet of Apollo, from ἑκά-εργος"},{"word":"ἀναιδείην","gloss":"Shamelessness, from ἀν-αιδείη"},{"word":"ἐπιειμένῳ","gloss":"Clothe, invest, from ἐπι-εννυμι"},{"word":"κερδαλεόφρονι","gloss":"Crafty-minded, cunning, sly, from κερδαλεό-φρων"},{"word":"ὁδὸν","gloss":"Road, way, path, from ὁδός"},{"word":"ἐπιτηδές","gloss":"Sufficiently, in sufficient numbers, appropriately"},{"word":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"Beautiful-cheeked, fair-cheeked, from καλλιπάρηος"},{"word":"Ἰδομενεὺς","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"word":"Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"word":"ἠὲ","gloss":"Or"},{"word":"Πηλεΐδη","gloss":"Son of Peleus, from Πηλείδης"},{"word":"ἐκπαγλότατ’","gloss":"Terrible, awful, dread, from ἔκπαγλος"},{"word":"ἱλάσσεαι","gloss":"Propitiate, appease, from ἱλάσκομαι"},{"word":"ὑπόδρα","gloss":"Scowlingly, askance, looking at darkly"},{"word":"ἰδὼν","gloss":"Looking, from εἶδον"},{"word":"ἐπιειμένε","gloss":"Clothe, invest, from ἐπιέννυμι"},{"word":"κερδαλεόφρον","gloss":"Crafty-minded, cunning-, sly, from κερδαλεόφρων"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XXXIX: Formation and Comparison of Adverbs","teaching":[{"title":"Adverbs","paragraphs":["Adverbs say how, where or when something happens. English often adds -ly: bad, badly. Greek forms adverbs in two main ways.","First, a case form becomes a fixed word. The most common is the neuter accusative of an adjective, singular or plural, used as an adverb.","Second, a suffix is added. A suffix is a short ending that makes a new word. Many adverbs end in -ως. They say how something is done. They come from adjectives and pronouns."]},{"title":"Forming and comparing adverbs in -ως","paragraphs":["To form one, take the genitive plural of the adjective and change its last letter. κᾱλός, fine: κᾱλῶν, κᾱλῶς. κακός, bad: κακῶν, κακῶς. ἄλλος, other: ἄλλων, ἄλλως. The adverb has the accent of the genitive.","To compare these adverbs, use the adjective. The comparative adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative adjective. The superlative adverb is the neuter accusative plural of the superlative."]},{"title":"Suffixes of place and time","paragraphs":["Other suffixes give the adverb its meaning. -θι, -σι, -ου and -θα mean the place where. -θεν means the place from which.","-δε and -σε mean the place to which. -δε was once a separate word meaning to. -τε marks time.","Two more: -κα, as in αὐτί-κα, and -κις, as in πολλά-κις, many a time, often. Pharr says -κις has an indefinite meaning, like τὶς.","In Pharr's sentences: τηλόθι, far from, ends in -θι and says where. δεῦρο means here, to this place. μεταξύ means between. μάλα means very, as in μάλα πολλὰ, very many.","Adverbs of place in -ω form the comparative with -τέρω and the superlative with -τάτω. Homer still uses most prepositions as adverbs."]},{"title":"No quarrel with the Trojans","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker says: I did not come here to fight because of the Trojan spearmen. They are not at all to blame toward me.","They never drove off my cattle or my horses. They never ravaged the harvest in Phthia, nurse of men.","Very many things lie between us: shadowy mountains and the echoing sea.","Find δεῦρο, here, μάλα, very, and μεταξύ, between."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L39.g255.1","source":"ἦλθον Ἀχαιοὶ δεῦρο μαχησόμενοι ἕνεκα Τρώων αἰχμητάων.","translation":"The Achaeans came hither to fight on account of the Trojan warriors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦλθον","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"δεῦρο","gloss":"hither, to this place, here"},{"text":"μαχησόμενοι","gloss":"μαχέ-ομαι: fight, battle"},{"text":"ἕνεκα","gloss":"on account of, because of, for the sake of"},{"text":"Τρώων","gloss":"Τρῶες: Trojans"},{"text":"αἰχμητάων.","gloss":"αἰχμητής: spearman, warrior"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.g255.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L39.g255.2","source":"εἰσὶ Τρῶες αἴτιοι Ἀχαιοῖσιν;","translation":"Are the Trojans to blame toward the Achaeans?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰσὶ","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"Τρῶες","gloss":"Trojans"},{"text":"αἴτιοι","gloss":"αἴτιος: blamable, to blame, guilty"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν;","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.g255.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L39.g255.3","source":"ἠλάσαμεν βοῦς τε καὶ ἵππους Ἀχιλῆος, καρπὸν δ’ ἐδηλησάμεθ’ ἐν Φθίῃ ἐριβώλακι.","translation":"We drove off the cattle and horses of Achilles, and we destroyed the crop in fertile Phthia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἠλάσαμεν","gloss":"ἐλά-ω: drive, strike, carry on, push"},{"text":"βοῦς","gloss":"βοῦς: ox, cow, bull"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also; τέ . . . καί both . . . and"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἵππους","gloss":"ἵππος: horse, mare"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"καρπὸν","gloss":"καρπός: fruit, crop, produce, harvest"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"ἐδηλησάμεθ’","gloss":"δηλέ-ομαι*: harm, hurt, destroy, damage"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"ἐν(ί): in, among, there(in)"},{"text":"Φθίῃ","gloss":"Phthia"},{"text":"ἐριβώλακι.","gloss":"ἐρι-βῶλαξ: rich-clodded, fertile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.g255.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L39.g255.4","source":"Τρῶές εἰσιν τηλόθι Φθίης βωτιανείρης, ἐστὶ δὲ μάλα πολλὰ σκιόεντ’ οὔρεα καὶ ἠχήεσσα θάλασσα μεταξύ.","translation":"The Trojans are far from man-nourishing Phthia, and there are very many shadowy mountains and the roaring sea between.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Τρῶές","gloss":"Trojans"},{"text":"εἰσιν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"τηλόθι","gloss":"far (from, away), at a distance"},{"text":"Φθίης","gloss":"Φθίη: Phthia"},{"text":"βωτιανείρης,","gloss":"βωτι-άνειρα: man-nourishing, nurse of heroes"},{"text":"ἐστὶ","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and"},{"text":"μάλα","gloss":"very, exceedingly, much"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"σκιόεντ’","gloss":"σκιόεις: shady, shadowy"},{"text":"οὔρεα","gloss":"οὖρος: mountain"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἠχήεσσα","gloss":"ἠχήεις: (re)echoing, roaring, (re)sounding"},{"text":"θάλασσα","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"μεταξύ.","gloss":"between, intervening"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.g255.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L39.e258.1","source":"ἤλθομεν δεῦρο μαχησόμενοι Τρώεσσιν αἰχμητῇσιν, εἰσὶ γὰρ αἴτιοι ἡμῖν.","translation":"We came hither to fight with the Trojan warriors; for they are blamable to us.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.e258.1.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L39.e258.2","source":"ποτὲ Ἀχαιοὶ ἤλασαν ἡμετέρᾱς βοῦς τε καὶ ἵππους, καρπὸν δ’ ἐδηλήσαντο ἐν Φθίῃ ἐριβώλακι βωτιανείρῃ.","translation":"Once the Achaeans drove away our cattle and horses, and destroyed our crops in fertile, man-nourishing Phthia.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.e258.2.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L39.e258.3","source":"Φθίη ἐστὶ τηλόθι Τροίης, ἐστὶ δὲ μάλα πολλὰ σκιόεντ’ οὔρεα καὶ ἠχήεσσα θάλασσα μεταξύ.","translation":"Phthia is far from Troy, and there are very many shadowy mountains and the roaring sea between.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L39.e258.3.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.152","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἐγὼ Τρώων ἕνεκ’ ἤλυθον αἰχμητάων","translation":"For I did not come here to fight for the sake of the spearmen of Troy,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"Τρώων","gloss":"Τρώς: of the Trojans"},{"text":"ἕνεκ’","gloss":"ἕνεκα: for the sake of"},{"text":"ἤλυθον","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: came"},{"text":"αἰχμητάων","gloss":"αἰχμητής: spearmen"}],"audio":null},{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.153","source":"δεῦρο μαχησόμενος, ἐπεὶ οὔ τί μοι αἴτιοί εἰσιν·","translation":"since they are nothing to blame toward me;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"δεῦρο","gloss":"here"},{"text":"μαχησόμενος,","gloss":"μάχομαι: to fight"},{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"since"},{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"τί","gloss":"τις: at all"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: to me"},{"text":"αἴτιοί","gloss":"αἴτιος: to blame"},{"text":"εἰσιν·","gloss":"εἰμί: are"}],"audio":null},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.154","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ ποτ’ ἐμὰς βοῦς ἤλασαν οὐδὲ μὲν ἵππους,","translation":"for they never once drove off my cattle, nor my horses,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"πώ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"ποτ’","gloss":"ποτέ: ever"},{"text":"ἐμὰς","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"βοῦς","gloss":"cattle"},{"text":"ἤλασαν","gloss":"ἐλαύνω: drove off"},{"text":"οὐδὲ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἵππους,","gloss":"ἵππος: horses"}],"audio":null},{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.155","source":"οὐδέ ποτ’ ἐν Φθίῃ ἐριβώλακι βωτιανείρῃ","translation":"nor ever in deep-soiled Phthia, nurse of men,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"ποτ’","gloss":"ποτέ: ever"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Φθίῃ","gloss":"Φθίη: Phthia, home of Achilles"},{"text":"ἐριβώλακι","gloss":"ἐριβῶλαξ: deep-soiled"},{"text":"βωτιανείρῃ","gloss":"βωτιάνειρα: nurse of men"}],"audio":null},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.156","source":"καρπὸν ἐδηλήσαντ’, ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα πολλὰ μεταξύ,","translation":"did they ravage the harvest, for many things lie between us,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καρπὸν","gloss":"καρπός: harvest"},{"text":"ἐδηλήσαντ’,","gloss":"δηλέομαι: ravage"},{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"μάλα","gloss":"very"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολύς: many things"},{"text":"μεταξύ,","gloss":"between"}],"audio":null},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L39.r256.157","source":"οὔρεά τε σκιόεντα θάλασσά τε ἠχήεσσα·","translation":"shadowy mountains and the echoing sea;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὔρεά","gloss":"ὄρος: mountains"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"σκιόεντα","gloss":"σκιόεις: shadowy"},{"text":"θάλασσά","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἠχήεσσα·","gloss":"ἠχήεις: echoing"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":780,"text":"§780. Adverbs\n\nMost Greek adverbs are of twofold origin:\n\n1) Isolated case-forms of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, which became crystallized and used in an adverbial connection.\n2) Adverbs formed by means of various suffixes (630), of which the origin is unknown."},{"section":781,"text":"§781. The most common occurrence of the use of various cases of the noun, pronoun, and adjective adverbially is the employment of the neuter accusative of the adjective, singular or plural, with or without the pronoun τό, τά, as an adverb. The neuter of nouns and pronouns is sometimes, but less commonly, used in the same way."},{"section":782,"text":"§782. A great number of adverbs end either in -ω or in -ως."},{"section":783,"text":"§783. Those ending in -ως are adverbs of manner, and are formed from adjectives and pronouns. They have the accent of the genitive plural neuter of the word from which they are formed."},{"section":784,"text":"§784. For the comparative of these abverbs, the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective is used, and for the superlative the neuter accusative plural of the superlative of the adjective."},{"section":785,"text":"§785. Adverbs of place which end in -ω (and a few others) form the comparative by adding -τέρω, and the superlative by adding -τάτω to the stem (630)."},{"section":786,"text":"§786. The prepositions were originally adverbs, and most of them are still so used in Homer."},{"section":787,"text":"§787. EXAMPLES OF FORMATION\n\nAdjective      Stem    Genitive Plural   Adverb\nκά̄λός, ή, όν   κά̄λο-   κά̄λῶν             κά̄λῶς\nκακός, ή, όν   κακο-   κακῶν             κακῶς\nἄλλος, η, ο    ἄλλο-   ἄλλων             ἄλλως"},{"section":788,"text":"§788. The most important suffixes (630) used in the formation of adverbs (780, 2) are:\n\n1) -ι, -σι, -θι, -ου, denoting place where.\n2) -θα, -θε(ν), denoting place where.\n3) -θεν, denoting place whence.\n4) -δε (originally an enclitic preposition = English to), denoting whither.\n5) -σε, denoting whither.\n6) -τε, denoting time.\n7) -τος, denoting where.\n8) -κα (origin unknown), as in αὐτί-κα.\n9) -κας (origin unknown), as in ἑ-κάς.\n10) -κις (with generalizing, indefinite meaning; akin to τὶς, τὶ), as πολλά-κις many a time, often.\n11) Some other endings are -α, -δην, -δον, -τι, -στι."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"δεῦρο","gloss":"Hither, to this place, here"},{"word":"μαχησόμενοι","gloss":"Fight, battle, from μαχέ-ομαι"},{"word":"Τρώων","gloss":"Trojans, from Τρῶες"},{"word":"αἰχμητάων","gloss":"Spearman, warrior, from αἰχμητής"},{"word":"αἴτιοι","gloss":"Blamable, to blame, guilty, from αἴτιος"},{"word":"ἠλάσαμεν","gloss":"Drive, strike, carry on, from ἐλά-ω"},{"word":"βοῦς","gloss":"Ox, cow, bull"},{"word":"ἵππους","gloss":"Horse, mare, from ἵππος"},{"word":"καρπὸν","gloss":"Fruit, crop, produce, from καρπός"},{"word":"ἐδηλησάμεθ’","gloss":"Harm, hurt, destroy, from δηλέ-ομαι*"},{"word":"Φθίῃ","gloss":"Phthia, a town and district in northern Greece, home of Achilles"},{"word":"ἐριβώλακι","gloss":"Rich-clodded, fertile, from ἐρι-βῶλαξ"},{"word":"βωτιανείρης","gloss":"Man-nourishing, nurse of heroes, from βωτι-άνειρα"},{"word":"σκιόεντ’","gloss":"Shady, shadowy, from σκιόεις"},{"word":"οὔρεα","gloss":"Mountain, from οὖρος"},{"word":"ἠχήεσσα","gloss":"Echoing, roaring, sounding, from ἠχήεις"},{"word":"μεταξύ","gloss":"Between, intervening"},{"word":"μαχησόμενος","gloss":"Fight, battle, from μάχομαι"},{"word":"ἤλασαν","gloss":"Drive, carry on, strike, from ἐλαύνω"},{"word":"βωτιανείρῃ","gloss":"Nurse of men, from βωτιάνειρα"},{"word":"ἐδηλήσαντ’","gloss":"Ravage, from δηλέομαι"},{"word":"οὔρεά","gloss":"Mountain, from ὄρος"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XL: Numerals","teaching":[{"title":"Numbers","paragraphs":["Greek has three kinds of number word, as English does.","Cardinals say how many: εἷς, one, δύο, two, τρεῖς, three, τέσσαρες, four. Then πέντε, ἕξ, ἑπτά, ὀκτώ, ἐννέα, δέκα, ἕνδεκα, δ(υ)ώδεκα. Eleven and twelve are ten with one or two added.","Ordinals say which one in a series: πρῶτος, first, δεύτερος, second, τρί(τα)τος, third, τέταρτος, fourth. They are ordinary adjectives with three genders.","Numeral adverbs say how many times: ἅπαξ, once, δίς, twice, τρίς, three times. From four on they share one ending: τετράκις, four times, ἐνάκις, nine times, δεκάκις, ten times.","Learn the first twelve of each set. Larger numbers are joined with and: εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι, one and twenty."]},{"title":"Four numbers that change their form","paragraphs":["Only the first four cardinals change their form for case and gender, like adjectives. From πέντε to εἴκοσι each number has one form.","εἷς, μία, ἕν is one, in the three genders. Masculine and neuter: genitive ἑνός, dative ἑνί. Masculine accusative: ἕνα. Feminine: genitive μιῆς, dative μιῇ, accusative μίαν.","δύο, two, does not change. Pharr marks δύω, another spelling, as indeclinable: it never changes its ending. οἱ δὲ δύω βασιλῆες, but the two kings.","τρεῖς, τρία is three: genitive τριῶν, dative τρισί. τέσσαρες, τέσσαρα is four: genitive τεσσάρων, dative τέσσαρσι.","Homer sometimes has other forms, such as ἴα for μία. Learn the forms above."]},{"title":"An unequal prize","paragraphs":["In these lines a speaker turns on someone. He and the others followed the great shameless one, to please him. They sought honor from the Trojans for Menelaus and for him, dog-face.","The other gives this no thought and no care. And now you threaten to take my prize yourself, the speaker says. I toiled hard for it, and the sons of the Achaeans gave it to me.","My prize is never equal to yours when the Achaeans sack some well-peopled stronghold of the Trojans.","Find ἶσον, equal, from ἴσος in this lesson's word list. In ᾧ ἔπι πολλὰ μόγησα, for which I toiled hard, ἔπι follows its word, so its accent moves back."]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.1","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔσπετο ἄνακτι ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνονι μέγ’ ἀναιδέι, ὄφρα χαίρῃ.","translation":"Achilles followed Agamemnon, king of men, very shameless, so that he might rejoice.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἔσπετο","gloss":"ἕπω: (mid.) follow, accompany, attend"},{"text":"ἄνακτι","gloss":"ἄναξ: king, lord, protector"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: man, warrior, hero"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"μέγ’","gloss":"μέγας: great, large, mighty"},{"text":"ἀναιδέι,","gloss":"ἀν-αιδής: shameless, unfeeling"},{"text":"ὄφρα","gloss":"in order that, until, while"},{"text":"χαίρῃ.","gloss":"χαίρω: rejoice, be glad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.1.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.2","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ ἔσποντ’ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἅμα, τῑμὴν ἀρνύμενοι τῷ καὶ Μενελᾱ́ῳ.","translation":"The Achaeans followed Agamemnon together, winning honor for him and Menelaus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἔσποντ’","gloss":"ἕπω: (mid.) follow, accompany, attend"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἅμα,","gloss":"at the same time, together (with)"},{"text":"τῑμὴν","gloss":"τιμή: honor, satisfaction, recompense"},{"text":"ἀρνύμενοι","gloss":"ἄρ-νυμαι: acquire, win, save, preserve"},{"text":"τῷ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Μενελᾱ́ῳ.","gloss":"Μενέλαος: Menelaus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.2.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.3","source":"ἦν Ἀγαμέμνων κυνώπης;","translation":"Was Agamemnon dog-faced?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"κυνώπης;","gloss":"κυν-ώπης: dog-faced, dog-eyed, shameless"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.3.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.4","source":"ἀρνύμεθα τῑμὴν πρὸς Τρώων Μενελᾱ́ῳ.","translation":"We win honor for Menelaus from the Trojans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀρνύμεθα","gloss":"ἄρ-νυμαι: acquire, win, save, preserve"},{"text":"τῑμὴν","gloss":"τιμή: honor, satisfaction, recompense"},{"text":"πρὸς","gloss":"from, before"},{"text":"Τρώων","gloss":"Τρῶες: Trojans"},{"text":"Μενελᾱ́ῳ.","gloss":"Μενέλαος: Menelaus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.4.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.5","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων οὐ μετατρέπεται οὐδ’ ἀλεγίζει τῶν.","translation":"Agamemnon does not heed nor care for these things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"μετατρέπεται","gloss":"μετα-τρέπω: (mid.) turn toward, heed"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐ-δέ: not even, and not"},{"text":"ἀλεγίζει","gloss":"ἀλεγίζω: care, reck, consider, regard"},{"text":"τῶν.","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.5.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.6","source":"βασιλεὺς αὐτὸς ἠπείλησεν ἀφαιρήσεσθαι γέρας Ἀχιλῆι.","translation":"The king himself threatened to take away the prize from Achilles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"βασιλεὺς","gloss":"king, ruler"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"self, him(self), same"},{"text":"ἠπείλησεν","gloss":"ἀπειλέ-ω: threaten, boast, menace"},{"text":"ἀφαιρήσεσθαι","gloss":"ἀφ-αιρέω: take away, rob, deprive"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆι.","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.6.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.7","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐμόγησε πολλὰ τῷ γέραϊ.","translation":"Achilles toiled much for the prize.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐμόγησε","gloss":"μογέ-ω: toil, struggle"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"τῷ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέραϊ.","gloss":"γέρας: prize (of honor)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.7.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L40.g262.8","source":"γέρα πάντες ἕξομεν ἴσα βασιλῆι, ὁππότε ἐκπερσώμεθα πτολίεθρα Τρώων.","translation":"We will all have prizes equal to the king's, whenever we sack the cities of the Trojans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γέρα","gloss":"γέρας: prize (of honor)"},{"text":"πάντες","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every, (the) whole"},{"text":"ἕξομεν","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ἴσα","gloss":"ἴσος: equal, equivalent, well-balanced"},{"text":"βασιλῆι,","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"ὁππότε","gloss":"ὀπ(π)ότε: when(ever)"},{"text":"ἐκπερσώμεθα","gloss":"ἐκ-πέρθω: sack (utterly), plunder, pillage"},{"text":"πτολίεθρα","gloss":"πτολίεθρον: city"},{"text":"Τρώων.","gloss":"Τρῶες: Trojans"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.g262.8.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L40.e265.1","source":"ἔσποντ’ Ἀγαμέμνονι μέγ’ ἀναιδέι, τῑμὴν ἀρνύμενοι τῷ καὶ Μενελᾱ́ῳ πρὸς Τρώων.","translation":"They followed the very shameless Agamemnon and Menelaus, that they might win recompense for them from the Trojans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.e265.1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L40.e265.2","source":"οἱ δὲ δύω βασιλῆες οὐ μετετρέποντο οὐδ’ ἀλέγιζον τῶν.","translation":"But the two kings did not regard or consider these things at all.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.e265.2.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"grc.ph.L40.e265.3","source":"ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων ἠπείλησεν ἀφαιρήσεσθαι γέρας Ἀχιλῆος, ᾧ ἔπι πολλὰ ἐμόγησε, καὶ ὃ αὐτῷ δόσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"The king of men, Agamemnon, threatened to take away the prize of Achilles, for which he had struggled much, and which had been given to him by the sons of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.e265.3.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"grc.ph.L40.e265.4","source":"οὔ ποτε εἴχομεν γέρας ἴσον Ἀγαμέμνονι, ὁππότε ἐκπέρσαιμεν εὖ ναιόμενον πτολίεθρον Τρώων.","translation":"We never had a prize of honor equal to Agamemnon(’s), whenever we sacked a well-situated city of the Trojans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L40.e265.4.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.158","source":"ἀλλὰ σοί, ὦ μέγ’ ἀναιδές, ἅμ’ ἑσπόμεθ’, ὄφρα σὺ χαίρῃς,","translation":"but you, great shameless one, we followed, so that you might rejoice,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"σοί,","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"ὦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"μέγ’","gloss":"μέγας: great"},{"text":"ἀναιδές,","gloss":"ἀναιδής: shameless one"},{"text":"ἅμ’","gloss":"ἅμα: together"},{"text":"ἑσπόμεθ’,","gloss":"ἕπομαι: followed"},{"text":"ὄφρα","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"σὺ","gloss":"you"},{"text":"χαίρῃς,","gloss":"χαίρω: might rejoice"}],"audio":null},{"number":88,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.159","source":"τιμὴν ἀρνύμενοι Μενελάῳ σοί τε, κυνῶπα,","translation":"winning honor for Menelaus, and for you, dog-face,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τιμὴν","gloss":"τιμή: honor"},{"text":"ἀρνύμενοι","gloss":"ἄρνυμαι: winning"},{"text":"Μενελάῳ","gloss":"Μενέλαος: for Menelaus"},{"text":"σοί","gloss":"σύ: for you"},{"text":"τε,","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κυνῶπα,","gloss":"κυνώπης: dog-face"}],"audio":null},{"number":89,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.160","source":"πρὸς Τρώων. τῶν οὔ τι μετατρέπῃ οὐδ’ ἀλεγίζεις·","translation":"from the Trojans, of this you take no heed, nor care at all;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πρὸς","gloss":"from"},{"text":"Τρώων.","gloss":"Τρώς: the Trojans"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: of this"},{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"τι","gloss":"τις: at all"},{"text":"μετατρέπῃ","gloss":"μετατρέπομαι: heed"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐδέ: nor"},{"text":"ἀλεγίζεις·","gloss":"ἀλεγίζω: care"}],"audio":null},{"number":90,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.161","source":"καὶ δή μοι γέρας αὐτὸς ἀφαιρήσεσθαι ἀπειλεῖς,","translation":"and now you yourself threaten to take away my prize,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"δή","gloss":"now"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: my"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"yourself"},{"text":"ἀφαιρήσεσθαι","gloss":"ἀφαιρέω: to take away"},{"text":"ἀπειλεῖς,","gloss":"ἀπειλέω: threaten"}],"audio":null},{"number":91,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.162","source":"ᾧ ἔπι πολλὰ μόγησα, δόσαν δέ μοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"for which I toiled hard, and which the sons of the Achaeans gave me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ᾧ","gloss":"ὅς: for which"},{"text":"ἔπι","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"πολλὰ","gloss":"πολύς: much"},{"text":"μόγησα,","gloss":"μογέω: toiled"},{"text":"δόσαν","gloss":"δίδωμι: gave"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"υἷες","gloss":"υἱός: sons"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν.","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: of the Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":92,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.163","source":"οὐ μέν σοί ποτε ἶσον ἔχω γέρας, ὁππότ’ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"I never have a prize equal to yours, whenever the Achaeans","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"μέν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"σοί","gloss":"σύ: to yours"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"ἶσον","gloss":"ἴσος: equal"},{"text":"ἔχω","gloss":"have"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"ὁππότ’","gloss":"ὁπότε: whenever"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaeans"}],"audio":null},{"number":93,"id":"grc.ph.L40.r263.164","source":"Τρώων ἐκπέρσωσ’ εὖ ναιόμενον πτολίεθρον·","translation":"sack some well-peopled stronghold of the Trojans;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Τρώων","gloss":"Τρώς: of the Trojans"},{"text":"ἐκπέρσωσ’","gloss":"ἐκπέρθω: sack"},{"text":"εὖ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"ναιόμενον","gloss":"ναίω: peopled"},{"text":"πτολίεθρον·","gloss":"stronghold"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":757,"text":"§757. Numerals\n\nThe Greek numerals were as follows:\n\n          Cardinals                                      Ordinals                                 Adverbs\n1         εἷς, μία (ἴα), ἕν                              πρῶτος, η, ον                            ἅπαξ\n2         δύο (δύω)                                      δεύτερος, η, ον                          δίς\n3         τρεῖς, τρία                                    τρί(τα)τος, η, ον                        τρίς\n4         τέσσαρες (πίσυρες), τέσσαρα                    τέταρτος (τέτρατος), η, ον               τετράκις\n5         πέντε                                          πέμπτος, η, ον                           πεντάκις*\n6         ἕξ                                             ἕκτος, η, ον                             ἑξάκις*\n7         ἑπτά                                           ἕβδομος (ἑβδόματος), η, ον               ἑπτάκις*\n8         ὀκτώ                                           ὄγδοος (ὀγδόατος), η, ον                 ὀκτάκις*\n9         ἐννέα                                          ἔνατος (εἴνατος), η, ον                  ἐνάκις\n10        δέκα                                           δέκατος, η, ον                           δεκάκις\n11        ἕνδεκα                                         ἑνδέκατος, η, ον                         ἑνδεκάκις*\n12        δ(υ)ώδεκα, δύο καὶ δέκα                        δ(υ)ωδέκατος, η, ον                      δ(υ)ωδεκάκις*\n13        τρεισκαίδεκα (τρεῖς καὶ δέκα)                  τρεισκαιδέκατος, η, ον                   τρεισκαιδεκάκις*\n14        τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα                                τέταρτος (τέτρατος) καὶ δέκατος, η, ον   τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάκις*\n15        πεντεκαίδεκα                                   πέμπτος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον               πεντεκαιδεκάκις*\n16        ἑκκαίδεκα                                      ἕκτος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                 ἑκκαιδεκάκις*\n17        ἑπτακαίδεκα                                    ἕβδομος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον               ἑπτακαιδεκάκις*\n18        ὀκτωκαίδεκα                                    ὄγδοος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                ὀκτωκαιδεκάκις*\n19        ἐννεακαίδεκα                                   ἔνατος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                ἐννεακαιδεκάκις*\n20        εἴκοσι (ἐείκοσι)                               εἰκοστός (ἐεικοστός), ή, όν              εἰκοσάκις\n21        εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι (εἴκοσι καὶ εἷς, εἴκοσιν εἷς)   πρῶτος καὶ εἰκοστός                      εἰκοσάκις ἅπαξ\n30        τριήκοντα                                      τριηκοστός,* ή, όν                       τριηκοντάκις*\n40        τεσσαράκοντα                                   τεσσαρακοστός,* ή, όν                    τεσσαρακοντάκις*\n50        πεντήκοντα                                     πεντηκοστός,* ή, όν                      πεντηκοντάκις*\n60        ἑξήκοντα                                       ἑξηκοστός,* ή, όν                        ἑξηκοντάκις*\n70        ἑβδομήκοντα*                                   ἑβδομηκοστός,* ή, όν                     ἑβδομηκοντάκις*\n80        ὀγδώκοντα                                      ὀγδωκοστός,* ή, όν                       ὀγδωκοντάκις*\n90        ἐνενήκοντα (ἐννήκοντα)                         ἐνενηκοστός,* ή, όν                      ἐνενηκοντάκις*\n100       ἑκατόν                                         ἑκατοστός,* ή, όν                        ἑκατοντάκις*\n200       διηκόσιοι, αι, α                               διηκοσιοστός,* ή, όν                     διηκοσιάκις*\n300       τριηκόσιοι, αι, α                              τριηκοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    τριηκοσιάκις*\n400       τετρακόσιοι,* αι, α                            τετρακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                   τετρακοσιάκις*\n500       πεντηκόσιοι, αι, α                             πεντακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                   πεντακοσιάκις*\n600       ἑξακόσιοι,* αι, α                              ἑξακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                     ἑξακοσιάκις*\n700       ἑπτακόσιοι,* αι, α                             ἑπτακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    ἑπτακοσιάκις*\n800       ὀκτακόσιοι,* αι, α                             ὀκτακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    ὀκτακοσιάκις*\n900       ἐνακόσιοι,* αι, α                              ἐν(ν)ακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                  ἐνακοσιάκις*\n1000      χίλιοι, αι, α                                  χῑλιοστός,* ή,* όν                       χῑλιάκις*\n2000      δισχίλιοι, αι, α                               δισχῑλιοστός,* ή, όν                     δισχῑλιάκις*\n3000      τρισχίλιοι, αι, α                              τρισχῑλιοστός,* ή, όν                    τρισχῑλιάκις*\n10,000    μῡ́ριοι,* αι, α (δεκάχῖλοι, αι, α)              μῡριοστός,* ή, όν                        μῡριάκις*\n20,000    δισμῡ́ριοι,* αι, α                              δισμῡριοστός,* ή, όν                     δισμῡριάκις*\n100,000   δεκακισμῡ́ριοι,* αι, α                          δεκακισμῡριοστός,* ή, όν                 δεκακισμῡριάκις*"},{"section":758,"text":"§758. DECLENSION OF THE FIRST FOUR CARDINALS\n\nεἷς, μία, ἕν one   δύω (δύο)     τρεῖς, τρία    τέσσαρες, τέσσαρα\n(ἑν-, μιᾱ-, ἑν-)   (δυω-, ο-)    (τρε-, τρι-)   (τεσσαρ-)\nεἷς μία ἕν         δύω indecl.   τρεῖς τρία     τέσσαρες τέσσαρα\nἑνός μιῆς ἑνός                   τριῶν τριῶν    τεσσάρων τεσσάρων\nἑνί μιῇ ἑνί                      τρισί τρισί    τέσσαρσι τέσσαρσι\nἕνα μίαν ἕν                      τρεῖς τρία     τέσσαρας τέσσαρα\nτρεῖς, τρία: = τρέες, 584, 2."},{"section":759,"text":"§759. In addition to the above forms there occur at times for μία, ἴα (ἰῆς, ἰῇ, ἴαν); for ἑνί, ἰῷ; for τέσσαρες, πίσυρες."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἔσπετο","gloss":"Be busy, perform, from ἕπω"},{"word":"ἀναιδέι","gloss":"Shameless, unfeeling, from ἀν-αιδής"},{"word":"χαίρῃ","gloss":"Rejoice, be glad, hail! welcome!, from χαίρω"},{"word":"ἅμα","gloss":"At the same time, together"},{"word":"τῑμὴν","gloss":"Honor, satisfaction, recompense, from τιμή"},{"word":"ἀρνύμενοι","gloss":"Acquire, win, save, from ἄρ-νυμαι"},{"word":"Μενελᾱῳ","gloss":"Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon, and husband of Helen, from Μενέλαος"},{"word":"κυνώπης","gloss":"Dog-faced, dog-eyed, shameless, from κυν-ώπης"},{"word":"πρὸς","gloss":"To, toward, also"},{"word":"μετατρέπεται","gloss":"Turn toward, heed, from μετα-τρέπω"},{"word":"ἀλεγίζει","gloss":"Care, reck, consider, from ἀλεγίζω"},{"word":"ἠπείλησεν","gloss":"Threaten, boast, menace, from ἀπειλέ-ω"},{"word":"ἀφαιρήσεσθαι","gloss":"Take away, rob, deprive, from ἀφ-αιρέω"},{"word":"ἐμόγησε","gloss":"Toil, struggle, from μογέ-ω"},{"word":"ἴσα","gloss":"Equal, equivalent, well-balanced, from ἴσος"},{"word":"ὁππότε","gloss":"When, from ὀπ(π)ότε"},{"word":"πτολίεθρα","gloss":"City, from πτολίεθρον"},{"word":"ἀναιδές","gloss":"Shameless, unfeeling, from ἀναιδής"},{"word":"ἑσπόμεθ’","gloss":"Followed, from ἕπομαι"},{"word":"κυνῶπα","gloss":"Dog-faced, dog-eyed, shameless, from κυνώπης"},{"word":"μετατρέπῃ","gloss":"Heed, from μετατρέπομαι"},{"word":"ἀπειλεῖς","gloss":"Threaten, boast, menace, from ἀπειλέω"},{"word":"μόγησα","gloss":"Toil, struggle, from μογέω"},{"word":"ὁππότ’","gloss":"Whenever, from ὁπότε"},{"word":"ναιόμενον","gloss":"Dwell, inhabit, from ναίω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":758,"headword":"εἷς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"εἷς","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἑνός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἑνί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἕνα","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"}],"recall":[1,2,3]},{"section":758,"headword":"μία","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"μία","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"μιῆς","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"μιῇ","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"μίαν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"}],"recall":[1,2,3]},{"section":758,"headword":"ἕν","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"singular","form":"ἕν","meaning":"","name":"nominative singular"},{"label":"G.","number":"singular","form":"ἑνός","meaning":"","name":"genitive singular"},{"label":"D.","number":"singular","form":"ἑνί","meaning":"","name":"dative singular"},{"label":"A.","number":"singular","form":"ἕν","meaning":"","name":"accusative singular"}],"recall":[1,2]},{"section":758,"headword":"τρεῖς","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"τρεῖς","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τριῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τρισί","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τρεῖς","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2]},{"section":758,"headword":"τρία","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"τρία","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τριῶν","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τρισί","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τρία","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2]},{"section":758,"headword":"τέσσαρες","cells":[{"label":"N.","number":"plural","form":"τέσσαρες","meaning":"","name":"nominative plural"},{"label":"G.","number":"plural","form":"τεσσάρων","meaning":"","name":"genitive plural"},{"label":"D.","number":"plural","form":"τέσσαρσι","meaning":"","name":"dative plural"},{"label":"A.","number":"plural","form":"τέσσαρας","meaning":"","name":"accusative plural"}],"recall":[1,2,3]}]}]}