{"course":{"lang":"grc","language":"Ancient Greek","title":"Homeric Greek","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc","source":"Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours."},"unit":{"number":9,"id":"grc.module.ph.41-45","title":"Lessons XLI to XLV","stage":"Pharr II: The Whole Verb","situation":null,"outcome":"Present, Future, and First Aorist System of Verbs · The Second Aorist, and the First and Second Perfect Systems of Verbs · The Perfect Middle System of Verbs · Iliad 182-192 · First and Second Passive System of Verbs · Iliad 193-200 · Present, Future, and Aorist System of -μι Verbs · Iliad 201-211","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/9","lines":107},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/8","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/grc/10","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson XLI: Present, Future, and First Aorist System of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"The parts of a Greek verb form","paragraphs":["Pharr divides λύ-ο-μεν, we loose, and λύ-ε-τε, you loose, into three parts. The stem is λυ-. Next comes a vowel, ο or ε. Last comes the ending, which shows the person.","This vowel is the thematic vowel. A verb that uses it, such as λύω, is thematic. A verb that adds its endings directly to the stem is athematic. The verbs in -μι are athematic.","No verb is thematic or athematic in all its forms. All futures and all subjunctives are thematic, also in verbs in -μι. All first aorists are athematic, also in verbs in -ω.","Pharr divides the forms into two classes. The finite forms have personal endings. They are the indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative. The infinite forms are the infinitive, a verbal noun, and the participle, a verbal adjective."]},{"title":"Tense systems","paragraphs":["A Greek verb has three voices: active, middle and passive. Each has six modes: indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, infinitive and participle. A tense system is the set of forms built on one stem. There are nine. The present system has the present and the imperfect. The first aorist system has the first aorist, active and middle.","Each system has its own sign. The future adds σ: λῡ́σομεν, we shall loose. The first aorist adds σ: ἔλῡσα, I loosed. The perfect adds κα, as in βέ-βη-κα. The first passive adds θη, as in ἐ-λύ-θη-μεν.","The augment is a short ε before a past form: ἔλῡσα. Reduplication is the first consonant repeated with ε, as at the start of βέ-βη-κα."]},{"title":"The aorist of φαίνω","paragraphs":["φαίνω means show. Its stem is φαν-. When a stem ends in ν, the first aorist has no σ, and the vowel before it is lengthened. Pharr's example is ἔ-φην-α, from an older ἐφανσα. The α of the stem becomes η: ἔφηνα, ἔφηνας, ἔφηνε. The plural is ἐφήναμεν, ἐφήνατε, ἔφηναν.","The other modes are the subjunctive φήνω, the optative φήναιμι, the infinitive φῆναι and the participle φήνᾱς. The middle is ἐφηνάμην, ἐφήναο, ἐφήνατο. The second aorist passive is ἐφάνην. It keeps the short α."]},{"title":"The Iliad: a threat to sail home","paragraphs":["The speaker says that his hands do the greater part of the furious war. Yet at every division of the spoil, your prize is far the larger. I go back to the ships with a small thing, yet dear, when I am weary of fighting.","Now I will go to Phthia, he says. It is far better to go home with my curved ships. I do not intend to stay here dishonored and pile up wealth and riches for you. Then Agamemnon, lord of men, answers him.","εἶμι means I go, and ἴμεν means to go. Both are forms of the verb εἶμι. πολεμίζων, fighting, is a participle."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.1","source":"διέπομεν πόλεμον πολυάϊκα χείρεσσιν.","translation":"We carry on the impetuous war with our hands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"διέπομεν","gloss":"δι-έπω: accomplish, perform, go through, be engaged (in)"},{"text":"πόλεμον","gloss":"π(τ)όλεμος: war, battle, fray"},{"text":"πολυάϊκα","gloss":"πολυ-άϊξ: impetuous, onrushing"},{"text":"χείρεσσιν.","gloss":"χείρ: hand, arm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.2","source":"ποτὲ δασμὸς ἵκηται, Ἀγαμέμνων ἔχει τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον, Ἀχιλλεὺς δ’ ἔχει ὀλίγον μὲν φίλον δέ.","translation":"Whenever the division of spoils comes, Agamemnon has the far greater prize, but Achilles has one, small yet dear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ποτὲ","gloss":"ever, at any (some) time, once"},{"text":"δασμὸς","gloss":"division (of spoils)"},{"text":"ἵκηται,","gloss":"ἱκ-νέομαι: arrive, reach (one's destination)"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"πολὺ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"μεῖζον,","gloss":"μείζων: greater, larger"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and"},{"text":"ἔχει","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"ὀλίγον","gloss":"ὀλίγος: little, few, small, of slight value"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand, truly"},{"text":"φίλον","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"δέ.","gloss":"but, and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.3","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔχων γέρας ὀλίγον τε φίλον τ’ ἔρχεται ἐπὶ νῆας, ἐπεί κε κάμῃ πολεμίζων.","translation":"Achilles, having a prize small yet dear, goes to the ships, when he has grown weary of fighting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἔχων","gloss":"ἔχω: have, hold, keep"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"ὀλίγον","gloss":"ὀλίγος: little, few, small, of slight value"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, both"},{"text":"φίλον","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and, both"},{"text":"ἔρχεται","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to, (up)on, against, by"},{"text":"νῆας,","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"ἐπεί","gloss":"when, since, for"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"κέ(ν): haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"κάμῃ","gloss":"κάμνω: toil, be weary, suffer"},{"text":"πολεμίζων.","gloss":"π(τ)ολεμίζω: war, battle, fight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.4","source":"νῦν Ἀχιλλεὺς εἶσι Φθίηνδε.","translation":"Now Achilles is going to Phthia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now, at this time"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"εἶσι","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"Φθίηνδε.","gloss":"Φθίη: Phthia"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.5","source":"ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστιν ἴμεν οἴκαδε σὺν νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν.","translation":"Surely it is much better to go home with the curved ships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"surely, indeed, truly"},{"text":"πολὺ","gloss":"πολλός: much, many, numerous"},{"text":"φέρτερόν","gloss":"φέρτερος: mightier, better, stronger"},{"text":"ἐστιν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἴμεν","gloss":"εἶμι: come, go"},{"text":"οἴκαδε","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: home(ward), to home"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with, together (with)"},{"text":"νηυσὶ","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"κορωνίσιν.","gloss":"κορωνίς: curved, bent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"grc.ph.L41.g269.6","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐὼν ἄτῑμος, οὐκ ἀφύξει ἄφενος καὶ πλοῦτον Ἀγαμέμνονι ἐνθάδε.","translation":"Achilles, being dishonored, will not collect wealth and riches for Agamemnon here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐὼν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἄτῑμος,","gloss":"ἄ-τιμος: dishonored, unhonored"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀφύξει","gloss":"ἀφύσσω: dip up, draw (out), collect, heap up"},{"text":"ἄφενος","gloss":"wealth, riches"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"πλοῦτον","gloss":"πλοῦτος: wealth, riches, abundance"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon"},{"text":"ἐνθάδε.","gloss":"ἐνθά-δε: here, hither, there, thither"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.g269.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"grc.ph.L41.e272.1","source":"τὸ μὲν πλεῖον πολυάϊκος πολέμοιο χεῖρες ἡμέτεραι διέπον, ἀτὰρ σὺ ἔχεις αἰεὶ τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον, ὁππότε δασμὸς ἵκηται.","translation":"Although the greater (part) of this impetuous war was accomplished by our hands, you always have much the greater prize, whenever a division of spoil(s) comes.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.e272.1.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"grc.ph.L41.e272.2","source":"ἐπεὶ ἔκαμον πολεμίζοντες, ἦλθον ἐπὶ νῆας ἔχοντες γέρα ὀλίγα μέν, φίλα δέ.","translation":"When they grew weary (of) fighting, they went to their ships with (having) prizes, small yet dear to their hearts.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.e272.2.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"grc.ph.L41.e272.3","source":"ἦν πολὺ φέρτερον ἐλθεῖν Φθίηνδε, οὐδὲ ὤϊοντο ἄτῑμοι ἐνθάδε ἐόντες ἀφύξειν ἄφενος καὶ πλοῦτον Ἀγαμέμνονι.","translation":"It was much better to go to Phthia; nor did they think that since they had been dishonored here they would collect wealth and riches for Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L41.e272.3.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.165","source":"ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν πλεῖον πολυάικος πολέμοιο","translation":"but the greater part of the furious war","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλὰ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"πλεῖον","gloss":"πλείων: greater part"},{"text":"πολυάικος","gloss":"πολυάιξ: furious, full of onsets"},{"text":"πολέμοιο","gloss":"πόλεμος: of war"}],"audio":null},{"number":11,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.166","source":"χεῖρες ἐμαὶ διέπουσ’, ἀτὰρ ἤν ποτε δασμὸς ἵκηται,","translation":"my hands take on; yet whenever the sharing comes,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"χεῖρες","gloss":"χείρ: hands"},{"text":"ἐμαὶ","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"διέπουσ’,","gloss":"διέπω: handle"},{"text":"ἀτὰρ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"ἤν","gloss":"ἐάν: whenever"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δασμὸς","gloss":"sharing"},{"text":"ἵκηται,","gloss":"ἱκνέομαι: comes"}],"audio":null},{"number":12,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.167","source":"σοὶ τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον, ἐγὼ δ’ ὀλίγον τε φίλον τε","translation":"your prize is far the larger, and I, with a small thing yet dear,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"σοὶ","gloss":"σύ: your"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"πολὺ","gloss":"πολύς: far"},{"text":"μεῖζον,","gloss":"μέγας: larger"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ὀλίγον","gloss":"ὀλίγος: small"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"φίλον","gloss":"φίλος: dear"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"}],"audio":null},{"number":13,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.168","source":"ἔρχομ’ ἔχων ἐπὶ νῆας, ἐπεί κε κάμω πολεμίζων.","translation":"go back to the ships, when I have grown weary with fighting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔρχομ’","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: go"},{"text":"ἔχων","gloss":"ἔχω: keeping"},{"text":"ἐπὶ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"νῆας,","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"ἐπεί","gloss":"when"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"κάμω","gloss":"κάμνω: grown weary"},{"text":"πολεμίζων.","gloss":"πολεμίζω: fighting"}],"audio":null},{"number":14,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.169","source":"νῦν δ’ εἶμι Φθίηνδ’, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστιν","translation":"Now I will go to Phthia, since it is far better","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"νῦν","gloss":"now"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"εἶμι","gloss":"will go"},{"text":"Φθίηνδ’,","gloss":"Φθίηνδε: to Phthia"},{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"since"},{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"πολὺ","gloss":"πολύς: far"},{"text":"φέρτερόν","gloss":"φέρτατος: better"},{"text":"ἐστιν","gloss":"εἰμί: is"}],"audio":null},{"number":15,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.170","source":"οἴκαδ’ ἴμεν σὺν νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὐδέ σ’ ὀίω","translation":"to go home with my beaked ships; nor do I intend,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"οἴκαδε: home"},{"text":"ἴμεν","gloss":"εἶμι: to go"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with"},{"text":"νηυσὶ","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"κορωνίσιν,","gloss":"κορωνίς: beaked"},{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"σ’","gloss":"σοί: for you"},{"text":"ὀίω","gloss":"οἴομαι: intend"}],"audio":null},{"number":16,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.171","source":"ἐνθάδ’ ἄτιμος ἐὼν ἄφενος καὶ πλοῦτον ἀφύξειν.\"","translation":"dishonored here, to pile up wealth and riches for you.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐνθάδ’","gloss":"ἐνθάδε: here"},{"text":"ἄτιμος","gloss":"dishonored"},{"text":"ἐὼν","gloss":"εἰμί: being"},{"text":"ἄφενος","gloss":"wealth"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"πλοῦτον","gloss":"πλοῦτος: riches"},{"text":"ἀφύξειν.\"","gloss":"ἀφύσσω: pile up"}],"audio":null},{"number":17,"id":"grc.ph.L41.r270.172","source":"τὸν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων·","translation":"Then Agamemnon, lord of men, answered him:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἠμείβετ’","gloss":"ἀμείβω: answered"},{"text":"ἔπειτα","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"lord"},{"text":"ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"ἀνήρ: of men"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων·","gloss":"Agamemnon"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":904,"text":"§904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose\nObserve that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short.\n\nActive\n\nIndicative\n\nPresent\n        Greek    English\nS. 1    λύω      I loose, am loosing, do loose\n2       λύεις    you loose, are loosing, do loose\n3       λύει     he looses, is loosing, does loose\nDu. 2   λύετον   you two loose, etc.\n3       λύετον   they two loose, etc.\nPl. 1   λύομεν   we loose, etc.\n2       λύετε    you loose, etc.\n3       λύουσι   they loose, etc.\n\nImperfect\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    ἔλυον     I was loosing; I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλυες     you were loosing, you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλυε      he was loosing, he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλύετον   you two were loosing, etc.\n3       ἐλυέτην   they two were loosing, etc.\nPl. 1   ἐλύομεν   we were loosing, etc.\n2       ἐλύετε    you were loosing, etc.\n3       ἔλυον     they were loosing, etc.\n\nFuture\n        Greek     English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω      I shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σεις    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σει     he will (shall) loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σετον   you two will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σετον   they two will (shall) loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σομεν   we shall (will) loose\n2       λῡ́σετε    you will (shall) loose\n3       λῡ́σουσι   they will (shall) loose\n\nAorist\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    ἔλῡσα      I loosed, did loose\n2       ἔλῡσας     you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσε      he loosed, did loose\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σατον   you two loosed, did loose\n3       ἐλῡσάτην   they two loosed, did loose\nPl. 1   ἐλῡ́σαμεν   we loosed, did loose\n2       ἐλῡ́σατε    you loosed, did loose\n3       ἔλῡσαν     they loosed, did loose\n\nPerfect\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λέλυκα      I have loosed\n2       λέλυκας     you have loosed\n3       λέλυκε      he has loosed\nDu. 2   λελύκατον   you two have loosed\n3       λελύκατον   they two have loosed\nPl. 1   λελύκαμεν   we have loosed\n2       λελύκατε    you have loosed\n3       λελύκᾱσι    they have loosed\nThe perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966.\n\nPluperfect\n        Greek             English\nS. 1    ἐλελύκη (-εα)     I had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκης (-εας)   you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκει (-εε)    he had loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλελύκετον        you two had loosed\n3       ἐλελυκέτην        they two had loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύκεμεν        we had loosed\n2       ἐλελύκετε         you had loosed\n3       ἐλελύκεσαν        they had loosed"},{"section":905,"text":"§905. The Subjunctive\n\nPresent\n        Greek      English\nS. 1    λύω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λύῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λύῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λύητον     you two may loose\n3       λύητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λύωμεν     we may loose\n2       λύητε      you may loose\n3       λύωσι      they may loose\nSee footnote 1 on next page.\nI may loose: See footnote 2 on next page.\n\nAorist\n        Greek       English\nS. 1    λῡ́σω(μι)    I may loose\n2       λῡ́σῃς(θα)   you may loose\n3       λῡ́σῃ(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σητον     you two may loose\n3       λῡ́σητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σωμεν     we may loose\n2       λῡ́σητε      you may loose\n3       λῡ́σωσι      they may loose\nAlso let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax.\nI may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.\n\nPerfect\n        Greek         English\nS. 1    λελύκω        I may loose\n2       λελύκης(θα)   you may loose\n3       λελύκη(σι)    he may loose\nDu. 2   λελύκητον     you two may loose\n3       λελύκητον     they two may loose\nPl. 1   λελύκωμεν     we may loose\n2       λελύκητε      you may loose\n3       λελύκωσι      they may loose\nThe different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).\n\nThe aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).\n\nThe perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time)."},{"section":906,"text":"§906. Optative\n\nPresent\n         Greek       English\nS. 1     λύοιμι      may I loose\nDu. 1\nS. 2     λύοις(θα)   may you loose\nDu. 2    λύοιτον     may you two loose\nS. 3     λύοι        may he loose\nDu. 3    λυοίτην     may they two loose\nPLURAL\n         λύοιμεν     may we loose\n         λύοιτε      may you loose\n         λύοιεν      may they loose\nThe different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).\n\nThe aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).\n\nThe perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).\nmay I loose: Also, I may, might, could, would, should loose, with various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. Read the notes to 905.\n\nAorist\n        Greek                  English\nS. 1    λῡ́σαιμι                may I loose\n2       λῡ́σαις(θα) (λῡ́σειας)   may you loose\n3       λῡ͂σαι (λῡ́σειε)         may he loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σαιτον               may you two loose\n3       λῡσαίτην               may they two loose\nPl. 1   λῡ́σαιμεν               may we loose\n2       λῡ́σαιτε                may you loose.\n3       λῡ́σαιεν (λῡ́σειαν)      may they loose\nmay I loose: Read the notes at the end of 905.\n\nPerfect\n        Greek          English\nS. 1    λελύκοιμι      may I loose\n2       λελύκοις(θα)   may you loose\n3       λελύκοι        may he loose\nDu. 2   λελύκοιτον     may you two loose\n3       λελυκοίτην     may they two loose\nPl. 1   λελύκοιμεν     may we loose\n2       λελύκοιτε      may you loose\n3       λελύκοιεν      may they loose\nNot found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer."},{"section":907,"text":"§907. IMPERATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 2    λύε       loose (continue to loose)\n3       λυέτω     let him loose (continue to loose)\nDu. 2   λύετον    loose (you two), continue to loose\n3       λυέτων    let those (two) loose (continue to loose)\nPl. 2   λύετε     loose (continue to loose)\n3       λυόντων   let them loose (continue to loose)\nRead the notes at the end of 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 2    λῦσον      loose\n3       λῡσάτω     let him loose\nDu. 2   λῡ́σατον    loose (you two)\n3       λῡσάτων    let those (two) loose.\nPl. 2   λῡ́σατε     loose\n3       λῡσάντων   let them loose"},{"section":908,"text":"§908. INFINITIVE\n\nINFINITIVE\nPRES.   λύειν (λύμεν, λύμεναι, λυέμεν, λυέμεναι)   to loose, to be loosing\nFUT.    λῡ́σειν (λῡσέμεν, λῡσέμεναι)                to loose, to be about to loose, to be loosing\nAOR.    λῦσαι (λῡσάμεν, λῡσάμεναι)                 to loose, to have loosed.\nPERF.   λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι                   to loose, to have loosed.\nRead the notes at the end of 905.\nPERF. λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι: Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905."},{"section":909,"text":"§909. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.   λύων, ουσα, ον (740)       loosing\nFUT.    λῡ́σων, σουσα, σον          (being) about to loose, desiring to loose\nAOR.    λῡ́σᾱς, σᾱσα, σαν (741)     having loosed\nPERF.   λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744)   having loosed\nPERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744): Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905."},{"section":910,"text":"§910. INDICATIVE\n\nMiddle Voice of λύω loose.\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λύομαι          I loose (for) myself, I am loosed\n2       λύεαι [(λύῃ)]   you loose (for) yourself, are loosed\n3       λύεται          he looses (for) himself, is loosed\nDu. 2   λύεσθον         you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύεσθον         they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nPl. 1   λυόμε(σ)θα      we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed\n2       λύεσθε          you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed\n3       λύονται         they loose (for) themselves, are loosed\nI loose (for) myself, I am loosed: The most common meanings are I loose for myself, I am loosed; I was loosing for myself, I was being loosed, etc. The context must determine which of these is most suitable. When it has an active meaning, I loose, it is with the strict implication of loosing one's own, or something in which the subject has an active personal interest, hence: to ransom, redeem, deliver, etc.\n\nIMPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλυόμην           I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed\n2       ἐλύεο [(ἐλύεν)]   you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύετο            he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλύεσθον          you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλυέσθην          they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλυόμε(σ)θα       we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed\n2       ἐλύεσθε           you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed\n3       ἐλύοντο           they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed\nI was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed: Less common, athematic (797-798) 2d aorist forms, 863; 865, 2.\n\nFUTURE\nS. 1    λῡ́σομαι           I shall loose (for) myself, shall be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you will loose (for) yourself, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεται           he will loose (for) himself, will be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σεσθον          you two will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σεσθον          they two will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσόμε(σ)θα       we will loose (for) ourselves, will be loosed\n2       λῡ́σεσθε           you will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed\n3       λῡ́σονται          they will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    ἐλῡσάμην           I loosed (for) myself, was loosed               ἐλύμην\n2       ἐλῡ́σαο [(ἐλῡ́σω)]   you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed          ἔλυ(σ)ο\n3       ἐλῡ́σατο            he loosed (for) himself, was loosed             ἔλυτο\nDu. 2   ἐλῡ́σασθον          you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed    ἔλυσθον\n3       ἐλῡσάσθην          they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed   ἐλύσθην\nPl. 1   ἐλῡσάμε(σ)θα       we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed          ἐλύμε(σ)θα\n2       ἐλῡ́σασθε           you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed        ἔλυσθε\n3       ἐλῡ́σαντο           they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed       ἔλυντο\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λέλυμαι               I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσαι               you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed\n3       λέλυται               he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed\nDu. 2   λέλυσθον              you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυσθον              they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελύμε(σ)θα           we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed\n2       λέλυσθε               you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed\n3       λέλυνται (λελύαται)   they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed\nλέλυνται (λελύαται): -αται, -ατο (= -νται, -ντο, 597-598) regularly in verbs with consonantal stems, and stems ending in ι; sometimes in stems ending in other vowels.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1    ἐλελύμην              I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσο               you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυτο               he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλέλυσθον             you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλελύσθην             they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλελύμε(σ)θα          we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed\n2       ἐλέλυσθε              you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed\n3       ἐλέλυντο (ἐλελύατο)   they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed\n\nFUTURE PERFECT\nS. 1    λελῡ́σομαι         I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεαι [(-ῃ)]   you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεται         he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed\nDu. 2   λελῡ́σεσθον        you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σεσθον        they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed\nPl. 1   λελῡσόμε(σ)θα     we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed\n2       λελῡ́σεσθε         you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed\n3       λελῡ́σονται        they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed"},{"section":911,"text":"§911. SUBJUNCTIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λύωμαι          I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed\n2       λύηαι [(λύῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed\n3       λύηται          he may loose (for) himself, may be loosed\nDu. 2   λύησθον         you two may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λύησθον         they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nPl. 1   λυώμε(σ)θα      we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed\n2       λύησθε          you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λύωνται         they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nI may loose (for) myself, may be loosed: Read the note at the end of 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    λῡ́σωμαι           I may loose (for) myself, be loosed\n2       λῡ́σηαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σηται           he may loose (for) himself, be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σησθον          you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σησθον          they two may loose (for) themselves, be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσώμε(σ)θα       we may loose (for) ourselves, be loosed\n2       λῡ́σησθε           you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡ́σωνται          they may loose (for) themselves, be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λελυμένος ἔω      I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed\n2       λελυμένος ἔῃς     you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed\n3       λελυμένος ἔῃ      he may loose (for) himself, be loosed\nDu. 2   λελυμένω ἔητον    you two may loose (for) yourselves), may be loosed\n3       λελυμένω ἔητον    they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed\nPl. 1   λελυμένοι ἔωμεν   we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed\n2       λελυμένοι ἔητε    you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed\n3       λελυμένοι ἔωσι    they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed"},{"section":912,"text":"§912. OPTATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    λυοίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λύοιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λύοιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λύοισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λυοίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λυοίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λύοισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λυοίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\nRead the note at the end of 905.\nmay I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.\n\nAORIST\nS. 1    λῡσαίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λῡ́σαιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λῡ́σαιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σαισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λῡσαίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λῡσαίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λῡ́σαισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λῡσαίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 1    λελυμένος εἴην    may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed\n2       λελυμένος εἴης    may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed\n3       λελυμένος εἴη     may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λελυμένω εἶτον    may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed\n3       λελυμένω εἴτην    may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λελυμένοι εἶμεν   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed\n2       λελυμένοι εἶτε    may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed\n3       λελυμένοι εἶεν    may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed\nλελυμένος εἴη: Also λελῦτο (= λελυ-ῑ-το)."},{"section":913,"text":"§913. IMPERATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 2    λύεο [(λύεν)]   loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λυέσθω          let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λύεσθον         loose (for) your two selves, be loosed\n3       λυέσθων         let those two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λύεσθε          loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λυέσθων         let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nRead the note on 905.\n\nAORIST\nS. 2    λῦσαι      loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λῡ́σασθον   loose (for) your two selves, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθων   let these two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λῡ́σασθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λῡσάσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\n\nPERFECT\nS. 2    λέλυσο     loose (for) yourself, be loosed\n3       λελύσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λέλυσθον   loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λέλυσθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed\n3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed"},{"section":914,"text":"§914. INFINITIVE\n\nINFINITIVE\nPRES.      λύεσθαι      to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed\nFUT.       λῡ́σεσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to be about to be loosed\nAOR.       λῦσασθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed\nPERF.      λέλυσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed\nF. PERF.   λελῡ́σεσθαι   to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed\nRead the note on 905."},{"section":915,"text":"§915. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.        λυόμενος, η, ον      loosing (for) one’s self, being loosed.\nFUT.         λῡσόμενος, η, ον     being about to loose (for) one’s self, being about to be loosed, desiring to loose, . . . etc.\nAOR.         λῡσάμενος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed\nPERF.        λελυμένος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed.\nFUT. PERF.   λελῡσόμενος, η, ον   being about to have loosed (for) one’s self, being about to have been loosed"},{"section":916,"text":"§916. INDICATIVE\n\nPASSIVE VOICE\n\nAorist only\nOccasionally with a middle meaning.\n\nS. 1    ἐλύθην              I was loosed\nS. 2    ἐλύθης              you were loosed\nS. 3    ἐλύθη               he was loosed\nDu. 2   ἐλύθητον            you two were loosed\nDu. 3   ἐλυθήτην            they two were loosed\nPl. 1   ἐλύθημεν            we were loosed\nPl. 2   ἐλύθητε             you were loosed\nPl. 3   ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν)   they were loosed"},{"section":917,"text":"§917. SUBJUNCTIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1    λυθῶ (λυθέω)         I may be loosed\nS. 2    λυθῇς (λυθέῃς)       you may be loosed\nS. 3    λυθῇ (λυθέῃ)         he may be loosed\nDu. 2   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   you two may be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   they two may be loosed\nPl. 1   λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν)   we may be loosed\nPl. 2   λυθῆτε (λυθέητε)     you may be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι)     they may be loosed\nλυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.\nI may be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":918,"text":"§918. OPTATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 1    λυθείην                may I be loosed\nS. 2    λυθείης                may you be loosed\nS. 3    λυθείη                 may he be loosed\nDu. 2   λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον)   may you two be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθείτην (λυθειήτην)   may they two be loosed\nPl. 1   λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν)   may we be loosed\nPl. 2   λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε)     may you be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν)    may they be loosed\nmay I be loosed: Read the note on 906."},{"section":919,"text":"§919. IMPERATIVE\nRead the note on 905.\n\nS. 2    λύθητι     be loosed\nS. 3    λυθήτω     let him be loosed\nDu. 2   λύθητον    be loosed\nDu. 3   λυθήτων    let them be loosed\nPl. 2   λύθητε     be loosed\nPl. 3   λυθέντων   let them be loosed"},{"section":920,"text":"§920. INFINITIVE\n\nλυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed"},{"section":921,"text":"§921. PARTICIPLE\n\nλυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed"},{"section":789,"text":"§789. Verbs\n\nVerbs, as well as all other inflected (626-630) forms, consist of two principal elements:\n\n1) the stem;\n2) the ending, or suffix."},{"section":790,"text":"§790. Often more than one suffix is fused with a verb stem, to indicate its various relations of mode, tense, voice, person, number, etc., as λύ-ο-μεν, λύ-ε-τε (from λύ-ω loose), where the primary stem of the verb is λυ-, to which the suffixes are attached."},{"section":791,"text":"§791. The forms of a Greek verb fall into two main classes:\n\n1) Finite (indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative).\n2) Infinite (infinitive and participle)."},{"section":792,"text":"§792. The characteristics of the finite forms are the personal endings, augment, reduplication, voice, mode, and tense signs, etc."},{"section":793,"text":"§793. The participle is a verbal adjective, and is used as other adjectives."},{"section":794,"text":"§794. The infinitive is a verbal noun, formerly used in several cases, but restricted in Greek to old case-forms of the dative and locative."},{"section":795,"text":"§795. Thematic and Athematic forms. With respect to form Greek verbs fall into two main classes:\n\n1) -ω verbs, i.e. those ending in -ω in the first person singular, present active indicative, sometimes called thematic verbs (796).\n2) -μι verbs, i.e. those ending in -μι in the first person singular, present active indicative, sometimes called athematic verbs (797)."},{"section":796,"text":"§796. The thematic verbs are so named because in a majority of their forms the personal ending (819-821) is preceded by ο/ε (ο before μ or ν, or in the optative mode, otherwise ε), which is called the thematic vowel. Thus, λυο/ε (λύω) is called the theme, to which the personal endings (819-821) are attached."},{"section":797,"text":"§797. Athematic verbs do not have this connecting vowel, but the personal endings are attached directly to the stem of the verb."},{"section":798,"text":"§798. Many verbs which are regularly thematic may have athematic forms, as δέχθαι, δέκτο (δέχομαι); λύμην, λύτο (λύω); ἆλτο (ἄλλομαι), etc."},{"section":799,"text":"§799. In the subjunctive these thematic vowels, ο/ε, are regularly long, being ω/η respectively."},{"section":800,"text":"§800. In some cases the thematic vowel is short in the subjunctive, particularly in the dual and plural of the present and second aorist of -μι verbs, the first aorist and second perfect of all verbs, and the second aorist of all verbs having athematic second aorists in the indicative."},{"section":801,"text":"§801. Strictly speaking no Greek verb is thematic or athematic throughout; but certain of their forms are inflected thematically and others athematically."},{"section":802,"text":"§802. Those inflected thematically are: all futures; all presents and imperfects of -ω verbs (thematic presents); all second aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -ον in the first person singular, active indicative, 865); all subjunctives."},{"section":803,"text":"§803. The athematic forms are: the presents and imperfects in all voices of -μι (athematic) verbs; all aorists passive (except the subjunctive forms); all middle and passive perfects and pluperfects; all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel (796); a few verbs (as ἵστημι) in the second perfect and pluperfect, active; all first aorists, active and middle. The perfects and pluperfects active are primarily athematic in their inflection."},{"section":804,"text":"§804. In the thematic inflection the tense stem varies, ο/ε, as indicated above."},{"section":805,"text":"§805. In the athematic inflection the final vowel of the tense stem is usually long (lengthened grade) in the singular, and commonly (but not always) is short (standing in ablaut relation (593-595), weakened or disappearing grade) in the dual and plural. This is particularly true of athematic presents and imperfects, second aorists, perfects, and pluperfects active."},{"section":806,"text":"§806. Voices and Modes. The Greek verb has three voices: active, middle, and passive. Each voice has six modes: the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, infinitive, and participial."},{"section":807,"text":"§807. Tense systems. The Greek verb has the following nine systems of tenses:\n\n1) present, consisting of the present and imperfect.\n2) future, consisting of the future, active and middle.\n3) first aorist, consisting of the first aorist, active and middle.\n4) second aorist, consisting of the second aorist, active and middle.\n5) first perfect, consisting of the first perfect and pluperfect active.\n6) second perfect, consisting of the second perfect and pluperfect active.\n7) perfect middle, consisting of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect middle (passive).\n8) first passive, consisting of the first aorist passive.\n9) second passive, consisting of the second aorist passive."},{"section":808,"text":"§808. Each of these systems has a stem, called the tense stem, to which are added certain endings to denote person and number."},{"section":809,"text":"§809. Tense Suffixes. The suffixes (630) by which the various tense stems are formed from the verb stem are as follows:\n\n1) present: a) thematic ο/ε (ο before μ or ν, or in the optative, otherwise ε), as λύ-ο-μεν, λύ-ε-τε; b) athematic none, as φά-μεν, φά-τε.\n2) future: a) σ(σ)ο/ε (same rule as the present for ο/ε; σ after long vowels or diphthongs; either σ or σσ after short vowels), as λύ-σο-μεν, καλέ-σο-μεν. b) εσο/ε in liquid and nasal stems (514-516), and σ regularly dropped (603), as βαλ-έ-ω, φαν-έ-ω; exceptions κέλ-σω, κύρ-σω, ὄρ-σω.\n3) first aorist σ(σ)a (σ after long vowels or diphthongs; either σ or σσ after short vowels). b) σο/ε in a few cases. c) σ is usually lost in liquid and nasal verbs, and the preceding vowel lengthened by compensation (601), as ἔ-μειν-α, ἔ-φην-α, for ἐμενσα, ἐφανσα. Exceptions to c): ἔ-κελ-σα, ἔ-κυρ-σα, ὦρ-σα.\n4) second aorist: a) thematic ο/ε, as ἐ-λίπ-ο-μεν, ἐ-λίπ-ε-τε. b) athematic none, as ἐ-βη-ν, ἐ-στη-ν, ἐ-δυ-τε, ἐ-γνω-ν.\n5) first perfect κα, pluperfect κε, as βέ-βη-κα, ἐ-βε-βή-κε-α (-η).\n6) second perfect a, pluperfect ε, as πέ-ποιθ-α, ἐ-πε-ποίθ-ε-α (-η), or none, as ἔ-στα-μεν, ἔ-στα-τε.\n7) perfect middle none, as λέ-λυ-μαι; future perfect σ(σ)ο/ε.\n8) first passive θη/ε, as ἐ-λύ-θη-μεν, ἔ-λυ-θε-ν.\n9) second passive η/ε, as ἐ-δάμ-η-μεν, ἔ-δαμ-ε-ν."},{"section":931,"text":"§931. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE\n\nFIRST AORIST SYSTEM OF LIQUID VERBS\n\nφαίνω (STEM φαν-) show\n\n        INDICATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE            IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE\nS. 1    ἔφηνα        φήνω(μι)      φήναιμι                          φῆναι\nS. 2    ἔφηνας       φήνῃς(θα)     φήναις(θα)          φῆνον\nS. 3    ἔφηνε        φήνῃ(σι)      φήναι (φήνειε)      φηνάτω       PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2   ἐφήνατον     φήνητον       φήναιτον            φήνατον      φήνᾱς, ᾱσα, αν\nDu. 3   ἐφηνάτην     φήνητον       φηναίτην            φηνάτων\nPl. 1   ἐφήναμεν     φήνωμεν       φήναιμεν\nPl. 2   ἐφήνατε      φήνητε        φήναιτε             φήνατε\nPl. 3   ἔφηναν       φήνωσι        φήναιεν (φήνειαν)   φηνάντων"},{"section":932,"text":"§932. FIRST AORIST MIDDLE\n\n        INDICATIVE     SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE       IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE\nS. 1    ἐφηνάμην       φήνωμαι       φηναίμην                    φήνασθαι\nS. 2    ἐφήναο         φήνηαι        φηναίο         φῆναι\nS. 3    ἐφήνατο        φήνηται       φήναιτο        φηνάσθω      PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2   ἐφήνασθον      φήνησθον      φήναισθον      φήνασθον     φηνάμενος, η, ον\nDu. 3   ἐφηνάσθην      φήνησθον      φηναίσθην      φηνάσθων     2D AOR. PASS.\nPl. 1   ἐφηνάμε(σ)θα   φηνώμε(σ)θα   φηναίμε(σ)θα                ἐφάνην\nPl. 2   ἐφήνασθε       φήνησθε       φήναισθε       φήνασθε      ἐφάνης\nPl. 3   ἐφήναντο       φήνωνται      φηναίατο       φηνάσθων     ἐφάνη, etc."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"διέπομεν","gloss":"Accomplish, perform, go through, from δι-έπω"},{"word":"πολυάϊκα","gloss":"Impetuous, onrushing, from πολυ-άϊξ"},{"word":"δασμὸς","gloss":"Division"},{"word":"μεῖζον","gloss":"Greater, larger, from μείζων"},{"word":"ὀλίγον","gloss":"Little, few, small, from ὀλίγος"},{"word":"κάμῃ","gloss":"Do, make, toil, from κάμνω"},{"word":"πολεμίζων","gloss":"War, battle, fight, from π(τ)ολεμίζω"},{"word":"φέρτερόν","gloss":"Mightier, better, braver, from φέρτερος"},{"word":"σὺν","gloss":"With, together"},{"word":"κορωνίσιν","gloss":"Curved, bent, from κορωνίς"},{"word":"ἄτῑμος","gloss":"Dishonored, unhonored, from ἄ-τιμος"},{"word":"ἀφύξει","gloss":"Dip up, draw, collect, from ἀφύσσω"},{"word":"ἄφενος","gloss":"Wealth, riches"},{"word":"πλοῦτον","gloss":"Wealth, riches, abundance, from πλοῦτος"},{"word":"ἐνθάδε","gloss":"Here, hither, there, from ἐνθά-δε"},{"word":"πλεῖον","gloss":"Greater part, from πλείων"},{"word":"πολυάικος","gloss":"Impetuous, onrushing, from πολυάιξ"},{"word":"διέπουσ’","gloss":"Accomplish, perform, go through, from διέπω"},{"word":"Φθίηνδ’","gloss":"To Phthia, from Φθίηνδε"},{"word":"σ’","gloss":"For you, from σοί"},{"word":"ἐνθάδ’","gloss":"Here, hither, there, from ἐνθάδε"},{"word":"ἄτιμος","gloss":"Dishonored, unhonored"}],"paradigms":[{"section":931,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἔφηνα","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"ἔφηνας","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"ἔφηνε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐφήνατον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"ἐφηνάτην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐφήναμεν","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"ἐφήνατε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"ἔφηναν","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,4,6]},{"section":931,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist subjunctive active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"φήνω","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"φήνῃς","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"φήνῃ","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"φήνητον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"φήνητον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"φήνωμεν","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"φήνητε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"φήνωσι","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]},{"section":931,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist optative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"φήναιμι","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"φήναις","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"φήναι","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"φήναιτον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"φηναίτην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"φήναιμεν","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"φήναιτε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"φήναιεν","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,5,7]},{"section":932,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐφηνάμην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"ἐφήναο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"ἐφήνατο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐφήνασθον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"ἐφηνάσθην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐφηνάμεθα","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"ἐφήνασθε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"ἐφήναντο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,6]},{"section":932,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist subjunctive middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"φήνωμαι","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"φήνηαι","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"φήνηται","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"φήνησθον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"φήνησθον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"φηνώμεθα","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"φήνησθε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"φήνωνται","meaning":"","name":"first aorist subjunctive middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,7]},{"section":932,"headword":"φαίνω","caption":"first aorist optative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"φηναίμην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"φηναίο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"φήναιτο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"φήναισθον","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"φηναίσθην","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"φηναίμεθα","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"φήναισθε","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"φηναίατο","meaning":"","name":"first aorist optative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,5,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XLII: The Second Aorist, and the First and Second Perfect Systems of Verbs","teaching":[{"title":"The perfect and the pluperfect","paragraphs":["The perfect states that an action is complete and its result remains. It begins with reduplication. The perfect of λύω is λέλυκα, I have loosed, λέλυκας, λέλυκε, and in the plural λελύκαμεν.","The pluperfect states the same in past time. ἐλελύκη means I had loosed. ἐλελύκει means he had loosed.","The middle perfect means done for oneself or done to oneself. λέλυμαι means I have loosed for myself, or I have been loosed. λέλυται is the third person.","βαίνω, come, go, walk, has a perfect of the same kind: βέβηκα, βέβηκε. The plural has no κ: βέβαμεν, βέβατε."]},{"title":"The second aorist","paragraphs":["The first aorist of λύω adds σ: ἔλῡσα. These second aorists add no σ. The endings are added directly to the stem. From βαίνω: ἔβην, ἔβης, ἔβη, and in the plural ἔβημεν, ἔβητε. From γιγνώσκω: ἔγνων, ἔγνως, ἔγνω. From δῡ́-ω, enter: ἔδῡν, ἔδῡς, ἔδῡ.","The other modes of βαίνω are the optative βαίην, the imperative βῆθι, the infinitive βῆναι, and the participle βάς, βᾶσα, βάν."]},{"title":"Tenses, numbers and persons","paragraphs":["The indicative has seven tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect. The principal tenses are the present, future, perfect and future perfect. The past tenses are the imperfect, aorist and pluperfect.","There are three numbers, singular, dual and plural, and three persons, first, second and third. The optative has a mode sign. This is an ι after the thematic vowel: λύοιμι is λυ-ο-ῑ-μι.","No verb has all the tense systems. Pharr says most have no more than six. The principal parts give the first person of each system."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Agamemnon answers Achilles","paragraphs":["Agamemnon answers Achilles. Run, then, if your heart drives you to it. I will not beg you to stay for my sake. I have others at my side who will honor me, and above all Zeus, the counselor.","Of the kings that Zeus has nurtured, you are the most hateful to me. Strife is always dear to you, and wars and battles. If you are very strong, a god gave you that. Go home with your ships and companions, and rule the Myrmidons. I care nothing for you, nor for your anger. But I will threaten you thus.","In θυμὸς ἐπέσσυται, your heart drives you on, ἐπέσσυται is a perfect middle. It ends like λέλυται. ἔχθιστος, most hateful, is a superlative. ἔδωκεν, gave, has κ before the ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":18,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.1","source":"φεύξομαι μάλα, ἐπεί μοι θῡμὸς ἐπέσσυται τόδε.","translation":"I will flee indeed, since my heart urges me to this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"φεύξομαι","gloss":"φεύγω: flee, escape, desert"},{"text":"μάλα,","gloss":"very, exceedingly"},{"text":"ἐπεί","gloss":"when, since, for"},{"text":"μοι","gloss":"ἐγώ: I; me, to me"},{"text":"θῡμὸς","gloss":"heart, soul, spirit, courage, passion"},{"text":"ἐπέσσυται","gloss":"ἐπι-σσεύω: drive on, hurry on, urge"},{"text":"τόδε.","gloss":"ὅ-δε: this, that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.1.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.2","source":"λισσόμεθα Πηληιάδην μένειν εἵνεκ’ Ἀγαμέμνονος.","translation":"We beg the son of Peleus to remain on account of Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λισσόμεθα","gloss":"λίσσομαι: beg, entreat"},{"text":"Πηληιάδην","gloss":"Πηληιάδης: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"μένειν","gloss":"μένω: remain, await"},{"text":"εἵνεκ’","gloss":"εἵνεκα: on account of"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος.","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.2.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.3","source":"παρ’ Ἀγαμέμνονί γε ἄλλοι εἰσίν, οἵ κε τὸν τῑμήσουσι, μάλιστα δὲ μητίετα Ζεύς.","translation":"At Agamemnon's side, indeed, are others, who will honor him, and above all Zeus, the counselor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"παρ’","gloss":"παρά: from the side of, by the side of, beside"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονί","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"at least, indeed, at any rate"},{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"εἰσίν,","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"οἵ","gloss":"ὅς: who, which, what"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"τῑμήσουσι,","gloss":"τιμά-ω: honor, gain honor"},{"text":"μάλιστα","gloss":"most of all, especially"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"μητίετα","gloss":"counsellor, adviser"},{"text":"Ζεύς.","gloss":"Zeus, father and king of gods and men"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.3.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.4","source":"Ἀχιλλεύς ἐστιν ἔχθιστος πάντων διοτρεφέων βασιλήων Ἀγαμέμνονι.","translation":"Achilles is the most hateful to Agamemnon of all the Zeus-nourished kings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐστιν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἔχθιστος","gloss":"ἐχθρός: hateful, hated"},{"text":"πάντων","gloss":"πᾶς: all, every"},{"text":"διοτρεφέων","gloss":"διο-τρεφής: Zeus-nourished"},{"text":"βασιλήων","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι.","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.4.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.5","source":"ἔρις τε φίλη Ἀχιλῆί ἐστιν αἰεὶ πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε.","translation":"Strife is always dear to Achilles, and wars and battles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔρις","gloss":"strife, quarrel"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"φίλη","gloss":"φίλος: dear, darling, lovely, beloved"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆί","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ἐστιν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"αἰεὶ","gloss":"always, ever, continually"},{"text":"πόλεμοί","gloss":"π(τ)όλεμος: war, battle, fray"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"μάχαι","gloss":"μάχη: battle, fight, fray"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and, also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.5.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.6","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς μάλα καρτερός ἐστιν, ἀλλά που θεός οἱ τό γ’ ἔδωκεν.","translation":"Achilles is very strong, but some god surely gave him that.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"μάλα","gloss":"very, exceedingly"},{"text":"καρτερός","gloss":"strong, mighty"},{"text":"ἐστιν,","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἀλλά","gloss":"but, moreover"},{"text":"που","gloss":"somewhere, perhaps"},{"text":"θεός","gloss":"god, divinity"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: him, her, it; to him, to her, to it"},{"text":"τό","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γέ: at least, indeed, at any rate"},{"text":"ἔδωκεν.","gloss":"δί-δωμι: give, grant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.6.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.7","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς εἶσι οἴκαδε σὺν νηυσί τε καὶ ἑτάροισιν, ἀνάξει δὲ Μυρμιδόνεσσιν.","translation":"Achilles will go home with his ships and his comrades, and he will rule the Myrmidons.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"εἶσι","gloss":"εἶμι: go; shall go, will go"},{"text":"οἴκαδε","gloss":"οἴκα-δε: homeward, home"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with, together with"},{"text":"νηυσί","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἑτάροισιν,","gloss":"ἕταρος: companion, comrade"},{"text":"ἀνάξει","gloss":"ἀνάσσω: rule (over), guard, protect"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"Μυρμιδόνεσσιν.","gloss":"Μυρμιδών: Myrmidon, Greek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.7.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"grc.ph.L42.g276.8","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων οὐκ ἀλεγίζει οὐδ’ ὄθεται Ἀχιλῆος κοτέοντος.","translation":"Agamemnon does not care, nor does he heed Achilles when he is angry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not, no"},{"text":"ἀλεγίζει","gloss":"ἀλεγίζω: care, reck, regard"},{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐ-δέ: nor, and not, not even"},{"text":"ὄθεται","gloss":"ὄθ-ομαι: reck, care, regard, worry"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"κοτέοντος.","gloss":"κοτέω: hold a grudge, be angry, be vindictive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.g276.8.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.1","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, Ἀχιλλῆα προσέειπε· φεῦγε μάλ’, εἴ τοι θῡμὸς ἐπέσσυται.","translation":"Agamemnon, king of men, said to Achilles, “Fly by all means, if your soul urges you.”","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.1.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.2","source":"Ἀχαιοὶ ἐλλίσαντο ἡμέας μάλα μένειν παρ’ αὐτοῖσιν, ὄφρα αὐτοὺς τῑμήσομεν μάλιστα.","translation":"The Achaeans entreated us greatly to remain with them, that we might honor them especially.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.2.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.3","source":"μητίετα Ζεὺς τῑμήσει μάλιστα πάντας βασιλῆας.","translation":"Zeus, the counselor, will especially honor all the kings.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.3.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.4","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων Μενέλαός τε ἔχθιστοι ἦσαν Ἀχιλῆι πάντων διοτρεφέων βασιλήων· αἰεὶ γὰρ ἔρις τε φίλη πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε αὐτοῖσιν ἦσαν.","translation":"Agamemnon and Menelaus were to Achilles the most hateful of all the Zeus-nourished kings; for always strife and wars and battles were dear to their hearts.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.4.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.5","source":"εἰ καὶ μάλα καρτεροὶ ἦσαν, θεός που αὐτοῖσιν τό γ’ ἔδωκεν.","translation":"Although they were very strong, some god had given that to them.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.5.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.6","source":"ἴομεν οἴκαδε σὺν νηυσί τε ἡμετέρῃσι καὶ ἡμετέροισιν ἑτάροισιν, ἀνάξομεν δὲ Μυρμιδόνεσσιν.","translation":"Let us go home with our ships and our comrades, and rule the Myrmidons.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.6.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"grc.ph.L42.e279.7","source":"οὐκ ἀλεγίζομεν Ἀχιλῆος οὐδ’ ὀθόμεθα κοτέοντος· ἐπεὶ πολὺ φέρτεροί εἰμεν.","translation":"We do not regard Achilles, nor do we care when he holds a grudge; since we are much mightier.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L42.e279.7.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.173","source":"\"φεῦγε μάλ’, εἴ τοι θυμὸς ἐπέσσυται, οὐδέ σ’ ἐγώ γε","translation":"\"Run, indeed, if your heart drives you to it; I myself will not","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"\"φεῦγε","gloss":"φεύγω: run"},{"text":"μάλ’,","gloss":"μάλα: indeed"},{"text":"εἴ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: your"},{"text":"θυμὸς","gloss":"heart"},{"text":"ἐπέσσυται,","gloss":"ἐπισεύω: drives"},{"text":"οὐδέ","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"σ’","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"ἐγώ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"indeed"}],"audio":null},{"number":34,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.174","source":"λίσσομαι εἵνεκ’ ἐμεῖο μένειν· παρ’ ἐμοί γε καὶ ἄλλοι,","translation":"beg you to stay on my account; I have others at my side","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"λίσσομαι","gloss":"beg"},{"text":"εἵνεκ’","gloss":"ἕνεκα: for the sake of"},{"text":"ἐμεῖο","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"μένειν·","gloss":"μένω: to stay"},{"text":"παρ’","gloss":"πάρειμι: are here"},{"text":"ἐμοί","gloss":"ἐγώ: with me"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ἄλλοι,","gloss":"ἄλλος: others"}],"audio":null},{"number":35,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.175","source":"οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι, μάλιστα δὲ μητίετα Ζεύς.","translation":"who will honor me, and above all Zeus, the counselor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἵ","gloss":"ὅς: who"},{"text":"κέ","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"με","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"τιμήσουσι,","gloss":"τιμάω: will honor"},{"text":"μάλιστα","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μητίετα","gloss":"counselor"},{"text":"Ζεύς.","gloss":"Zeus"}],"audio":null},{"number":36,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.176","source":"ἔχθιστος δέ μοί ἐσσι διοτρεφέων βασιλήων·","translation":"You are the most hateful to me of the kings that Zeus has nurtured;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔχθιστος","gloss":"most hateful"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μοί","gloss":"ἐγώ: to me"},{"text":"ἐσσι","gloss":"εἰμί: you are"},{"text":"διοτρεφέων","gloss":"Διοτρεφής: Zeus-nurtured"},{"text":"βασιλήων·","gloss":"βασιλεύς: kings"}],"audio":null},{"number":37,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.177","source":"αἰεὶ γάρ τοι ἔρις τε φίλη πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε.","translation":"for strife is always dear to you, and wars and battles;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αἰεὶ","gloss":"ἀεί: always"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: to you"},{"text":"ἔρις","gloss":"strife"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"φίλη","gloss":"φίλος: dear"},{"text":"πόλεμοί","gloss":"πόλεμος: wars"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μάχαι","gloss":"μάχη: battles"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and"}],"audio":null},{"number":38,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.178","source":"εἰ μάλα καρτερός ἐσσι, θεός που σοὶ τό γ’ ἔδωκεν.","translation":"if you are very strong, surely some god gave you that;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"εἰ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"μάλα","gloss":"very"},{"text":"καρτερός","gloss":"strong"},{"text":"ἐσσι,","gloss":"εἰμί: you are"},{"text":"θεός","gloss":"god"},{"text":"που","gloss":"surely"},{"text":"σοὶ","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"τό","gloss":"ὁ: that"},{"text":"γ’","gloss":"γε: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἔδωκεν.","gloss":"δίδωμι: gave"}],"audio":null},{"number":39,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.179","source":"οἴκαδ’ ἰὼν σὺν νηυσί τε σῇς καὶ σοῖς ἑτάροισιν","translation":"go home with your ships and your companions,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴκαδ’","gloss":"οἴκαδε: home"},{"text":"ἰὼν","gloss":"εἶμι: going"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with"},{"text":"νηυσί","gloss":"ναῦς: ships"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"σῇς","gloss":"σός: your"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"σοῖς","gloss":"σός: your"},{"text":"ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"ἑταῖρος: companions"}],"audio":null},{"number":40,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.180","source":"Μυρμιδόνεσσιν ἄνασσε, σέθεν δ’ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀλεγίζω","translation":"and rule over the Myrmidons; I care nothing for you,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Μυρμιδόνεσσιν","gloss":"Μυρμιδόνες: Myrmidons"},{"text":"ἄνασσε,","gloss":"ἀνάσσω: rule"},{"text":"σέθεν","gloss":"σύ: for you"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"οὐκ","gloss":"οὐ: not"},{"text":"ἀλεγίζω","gloss":"care"}],"audio":null},{"number":41,"id":"grc.ph.L42.r277.181","source":"οὐδ’ ὄθομαι κοτέοντος· ἀπειλήσω δέ τοι ὧδε·","translation":"nor do I heed your anger; but I will threaten you thus:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐδ’","gloss":"οὐδέ: nor"},{"text":"ὄθομαι","gloss":"heed"},{"text":"κοτέοντος·","gloss":"κοτέω: your anger"},{"text":"ἀπειλήσω","gloss":"ἀπειλέω: will threaten"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"ὧδε·","gloss":"thus"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":922,"text":"§922. PERFECT SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), come, go, walk\n\n        INDICATIVE          SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE     IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE\nS. 1    βέβηκα              βεβήκω        βεβήκοιμι                 βεβάμεν(αι)\nS. 2    βέβηκας             βεβήκῃς(θα)   βεβήκοις     βέβαθι\nS. 3    βέβηκε              βεβήκῃ(σι)    βεβήκοι      βεβάτω       PARTICIPLE\nDu. 2   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβήκοιτον   βέβατον      βεβαώς, υῖα,\nDu. 3   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβηκοίτην   βεβάτων      ός\nPl. 1   βέβαμεν             βεβήκομεν     βεβήκοιμεν\nPl. 2   βέβατε              βεβήκετε      βεβήκοιτε    βέβατε\nPl. 3   βεβάᾱσι, βεβήκᾱσι   βεβήκωσι      βεβήκοιεν    βεβάντων\nSUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.\n\nPLUPERFECT\nS. 1   ἐβεβήκεα (-η 585)     Du.              Pl.   ἐβέβαμεν\nS. 2   ἐβεβήκεας (-ης 585)         ἐβέβατον         ἐβέβατε\nS. 3   ἐβεβήκεε (-ει 585)          ἐβεβάτην         ἐβέβασαν"},{"section":930,"text":"§930. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-) come, go, γιγνώσκω (γνω-, γνο-) know, AND OF δῡ́-ω enter, sink\n\nINDICATIVE\nS. 1    ἔβην                    ἔγνων             ἔδῡν\nS. 2    ἔβης                    ἔγνως             ἔδῡς\nS. 3    ἔβη                     ἔγνω              ἔδῡ\nDu. 2   ἔβητον (ἔβατον)         ἔγνωτον           ἔδῡτον\nDu. 3   ἐβήτην (ἐβάτην)         ἐγνώτην           ἐδύτην\nPl. 1   ἔβημεν (ἔβαμεν)         ἔγνωμεν           ἔδῡμεν\nPl. 2   ἔβητε (ἔβατε)           ἔγνωτε            ἔδῡτε\nPl. 3   ἔβησαν (ἔβασαν, ἔβαν)   ἔγνωσαν (ἔγνον)   (ἔδῡσαν) ἔδυν\n\nSUBJUNCTIVE\nS. 1   βήω etc.   γνώω (γνῶ 585), etc.   δῡ́ω etc.\n\nOPTATIVE\nS. 1   βαίην etc.   γνοίην etc.   δῡ́ην ( = δυίην) etc.\n\nIMPERATIVE\nS. 2   βῆθι etc.   γνῶθι etc.   δῦθι etc.\n\nINFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES\nβάς, βᾶσα, βάν    γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν   δῡ́ς, δῦσα, δύν\nβῆναι (βήμεναι)   γνῶναι (γνώμεναι)     δῦναι (δῦμεναι)"},{"section":810,"text":"§810. Principal Parts. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular of each tense system found in it."},{"section":811,"text":"§811. No verb has all the tense systems entire. Most verbs have no more than six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, perfect middle (passive), and the first or second aorist passive. If the verb does not have a future active, the future middle (passive) is given. If the verb has a second aorist, it is added."},{"section":812,"text":"§812. Of deponent verbs (897) the principal parts are: the present, future, perfect, and aorist. This includes both first and second aorists, middle and passive, if they occur."},{"section":813,"text":"§813. Mode Suffix. Observe that the optative has also the mode suffix ῐ/ιη, which contracts with the final vowel of the tense stem, as λύοιμι for λυ-ο-ῑ-μι, ἱσταίην for ἱ̆-στα-ιη-ν."},{"section":814,"text":"§814. Tenses. Of the tenses, seven are found in the indicative mode: the present, imperfect, aorist, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect."},{"section":815,"text":"§815. The other modes have the present, aorist, and perfect tenses; the infinitive and participle have in addition the future tense."},{"section":816,"text":"§816. The tenses of the indicative are distinguished as:\n\n1) principal (primary) tenses: the present, future, perfect, and future perfect.\n2) past (secondary) tenses: imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect (historical tenses)."},{"section":817,"text":"§817. The passive has a distinct form only in the aorist; in the other tenses the middle form has both the middle and passive meaning.\nTwo second future forms (δαήσεαι, μιγήσεσθαι) are found."},{"section":818,"text":"§818. Number and Person. There are three numbers (singular, dual, plural) of the Greek verb, as in nouns, and three persons (first, second, third)."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ἐπέσσυται","gloss":"Drive on, hurry on, urge, from ἐπι-σσεύω"},{"word":"μένειν","gloss":"Remain, await, from μένω"},{"word":"εἵνεκ’","gloss":"On account of, from εἵνεκα"},{"word":"τῑμήσουσι","gloss":"Honor, gain honor, from τιμά-ω"},{"word":"μητίετα","gloss":"Counsellor, adviser"},{"word":"ἔχθιστος","gloss":"Hateful, hated, enemy, from ἐχθρός"},{"word":"διοτρεφέων","gloss":"Zeus-nourished, from διο-τρεφής"},{"word":"μάχαι","gloss":"Battle, fight, fray, from μάχη"},{"word":"καρτερός","gloss":"Strong, mighty, severe"},{"word":"ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"Companion, comrade, follower, from ἕταρος"},{"word":"Μυρμιδόνεσσιν","gloss":"Myrmidon, Greek, from Μυρμιδών"},{"word":"ὄθεται","gloss":"Reck, care, regard, from ὄθ-ομαι"},{"word":"κοτέοντος","gloss":"Hold a grudge, be angry, be vindictive, from κοτέω"},{"word":"παρ’","gloss":"Be present, be at hand, be near, from πάρειμι"},{"word":"τιμήσουσι","gloss":"Honor, gain honor, from τιμάω"},{"word":"ὄθομαι","gloss":"Heed"},{"word":"ὧδε","gloss":"Thus, so, in this way"}],"paradigms":[{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκα","meaning":"I have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκας","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λέλυκε","meaning":"he has loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"you two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λελύκατον","meaning":"they two have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύκαμεν","meaning":"we have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λελύκατε","meaning":"you have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λελύκᾱσι","meaning":"they have loosed","name":"perfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,7]},{"section":904,"headword":"λύω","caption":"pluperfect indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκη","meaning":"I had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκης","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύκει","meaning":"he had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελύκετον","meaning":"you two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελυκέτην","meaning":"they two had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεμεν","meaning":"we had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκετε","meaning":"you had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύκεσαν","meaning":"they had loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,4,6]},{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"λέλυμαι","meaning":"I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"λέλυσαι","meaning":"you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"λέλυται","meaning":"he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"λέλυσθον","meaning":"you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"λέλυσθον","meaning":"they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"λελύμεθα","meaning":"we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"λέλυσθε","meaning":"you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"λέλυνται","meaning":"they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,6]},{"section":922,"headword":"βαίνω","caption":"perfect indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκας","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"βέβηκε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"βέβατον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"βέβατον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"βέβαμεν","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"βέβατε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"βεβάᾱσι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[3,5,6]},{"section":922,"headword":"βαίνω","caption":"perfect subjunctive","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"βεβήκω","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"βεβήκῃς","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"βεβήκῃ","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"βεβήκετον","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"βεβήκετον","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"βεβήκομεν","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"βεβήκετε","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"βεβήκωσι","meaning":"","name":"perfect subjunctive, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,5,7]},{"section":930,"headword":"βαίνω","caption":"second aorist indicative","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἔβην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"ἔβης","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"ἔβη","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἔβητον","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"ἐβήτην","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἔβημεν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"ἔβητε","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"ἔβησαν","meaning":"","name":"second aorist indicative, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[5,6,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XLIII: The Perfect Middle System of Verbs · Iliad 182-192","teaching":[{"title":"The perfect and pluperfect middle","paragraphs":["The perfect states what has been done: I have loosed. The pluperfect states what had been done: I had loosed.","The middle voice has its own endings. It often means doing something for oneself, or being acted on. λέλυμαι means I have loosed for myself, or I have been loosed.","The perfect stem repeats the first consonant with ε. This is reduplication: λέλυμαι, λέλυσαι, λέλυται. The pluperfect adds the augment, one more ε, before that: ἐλελύμην, ἐλέλυσο, ἐλέλυτο. Its endings are -μην, -σο, -το."]},{"title":"Stems that end in a consonant","paragraphs":["The stem of λύω ends in a vowel, so its endings are added without change. When a stem ends in a consonant, the consonant and the first letter of the ending combine and change.","Pharr gives three verbs. τρέπω, turn: τέτραμμαι, τέτραψαι, τέτραπται. τεύχω, make: τέτυγμαι, τέτυξαι, τέτυκται. πεύθομαι, learn: πέπυσμαι, πέπυσαι, πέπυσται.","In the third person plural, -νται after a consonant becomes -αται. Before it, π or β becomes φ, and κ or γ becomes χ. The forms are τετράφαται, τετύχαται, πεπύθαται. The pluperfect does the same with -ατο: ἐτετράφατο.","Learn these forms. Use λύω as the pattern for the endings."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Agamemnon claims Briseis","paragraphs":["The speaker says that Apollo is taking Chryseis from him. He will send her away in his own ship. Then he will go himself to the hut of the man he is addressing. He will take that man's prize, Briseis.","After the speech, grief comes upon the son of Peleus. His heart, in his shaggy breast, debates two courses: to draw his sharp sword, or to check his rage.","ἢ and ἦε in the last lines mean whether and or. They mark the two choices."]}],"lines":[{"number":42,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.1","source":"ἀφαιρεόμεθα βασιλῆα Χρῡσηίδα τὸ γέρας κᾱλόν.","translation":"We are taking Chryseis, the fair prize, away from the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀφαιρεόμεθα","gloss":"ἀφ-αιρέω: take away, rob, deprive"},{"text":"βασιλῆα","gloss":"βασιλεύς: king, ruler"},{"text":"Χρῡσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηΐς: Chryseis, daughter of Chryses"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"κᾱλόν.","gloss":"καλός: good(ly), noble, brave, fair, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.1.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.2","source":"Ἀγαμέμνων πέμψει Χρῡσηίδα ἐς Χρύσην σὺν νηὶ καὶ ἑτάροισιν ἑοῖσιν.","translation":"Agamemnon will send Chryseis to Chrysa with a ship and his own companions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"πέμψει","gloss":"πέμπω: send, escort, conduct"},{"text":"Χρῡσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηΐς: Chryseis, daughter of Chryses"},{"text":"ἐς","gloss":"εἰς (ἐς): into, to, until, therein"},{"text":"Χρύσην","gloss":"Χρύση: Chrysa, a town in the Troad"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with, together with"},{"text":"νηὶ","gloss":"νηῦς: ship"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"ἕταρος: companion, comrade"},{"text":"ἑοῖσιν.","gloss":"ἑός: his, her(s), its, his own"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.2.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.3","source":"ἄναξ αὐτὸς ἰὼν κλισίηνδε ἄξει Βρῑσηίδα καλλιπάρηον τὸ γέρας Ἀχιλλῆος, ὄφρ’ Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐὺ εἴδῃ ὅσσον φέρτερός ἐστιν Ἀγαμέμνων.","translation":"The lord himself, going to the tent, will lead away fair-cheeked Briseis, the prize of Achilles, that Achilles may know well how much mightier Agamemnon is.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄναξ","gloss":"king, lord, protector"},{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"self, same"},{"text":"ἰὼν","gloss":"εἶμι: go, going"},{"text":"κλισίηνδε","gloss":"κλισίη: hut, barrack, tent"},{"text":"ἄξει","gloss":"ἄγ-ω: lead, drive, conduct, bring"},{"text":"Βρῑσηίδα","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis, daughter of Briseus"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"καλλι-πάρηος: beautiful-cheeked, fair-cheeked"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γέρας","gloss":"prize (of honor)"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλῆος,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ὄφρ’","gloss":"ὄφρα: until, in order that, while"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐὺ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"εἴδῃ","gloss":"*εἴδω: know"},{"text":"ὅσσον","gloss":"ὄσ(σ)ος: how much, how great, how many"},{"text":"φέρτερός","gloss":"mightier, better, braver, stronger"},{"text":"ἐστιν","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων.","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.3.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.4","source":"ἄλλοι στυγέουσι φάσθαι σφέας αὐτοὺς εἶναι ἴσους Ἀγαμέμνονι καὶ ὁμοιωθήμεναι ἄντην.","translation":"Others hate to say that they are equal to Agamemnon and to liken themselves to him openly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄλλοι","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"στυγέουσι","gloss":"στυγέω: hate, loathe, dislike"},{"text":"φάσθαι","gloss":"φημί: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"σφέας","gloss":"σφεῖς: them, themselves"},{"text":"αὐτοὺς","gloss":"αὐτός: self, same"},{"text":"εἶναι","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"ἴσους","gloss":"ἴσος: equal, equivalent"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ὁμοιωθήμεναι","gloss":"ὁμοιό-ω: liken, make like, compare"},{"text":"ἄντην.","gloss":"openly, before the face"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.4.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.5","source":"ἦτορ Πηλείωνος ἐμερμήριξε διάνδιχα, ἢ ὅ γε ἐρυσσάμενος φάσγανον ὀξὺ παρὰ μηροῦ ἀναστήσειε μὲν τοὺς Ἀχαιούς, ἐναρίζοι δ’ Ἀτρεΐδην, ἠὲ παύσειε χόλον ἐρητύσειέ τε θυμόν.","translation":"The heart of the son of Peleus pondered in two ways, whether he, drawing his sharp sword from beside his thigh, should make the Achaeans rise and slay the son of Atreus, or should check his wrath and curb his spirit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦτορ","gloss":"heart, soul, spirit"},{"text":"Πηλείωνος","gloss":"Πηλείων: son of Peleus, Achilles"},{"text":"ἐμερμήριξε","gloss":"μερ-μηρίζω: ponder, consider"},{"text":"διάνδιχα,","gloss":"δι-άν-διχα: in two ways, differently"},{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"or, than, whether"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"at least, indeed, at any rate"},{"text":"ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"ἐρύω: draw, drag, launch"},{"text":"φάσγανον","gloss":"sword, sabre"},{"text":"ὀξὺ","gloss":"ὀξύς: sharp, biting, cutting, keen"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"from the side of, by the side of, beside"},{"text":"μηροῦ","gloss":"μηρός: thigh"},{"text":"ἀναστήσειε","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: make rise, raise up"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιούς,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ἐναρίζοι","gloss":"ἐναρίζω: strip of armor, spoil, slay"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδην,","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"ἠὲ","gloss":"ἤ: or, than, whether"},{"text":"παύσειε","gloss":"παύ-ω: cease, stop, check, restrain"},{"text":"χόλον","gloss":"χόλος: hot, furious wrath, blind anger"},{"text":"ἐρητύσειέ","gloss":"ἐρητύ-ω: check, restrain, control, curb"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"θυμόν.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit, courage, passion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.5.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"grc.ph.L43.g283.6","source":"ἄχος μέγα ἐγένετο τοῖσιν Ἀχαιοῖσιν, οὕνεκα Ἀγαμέμνων ἀφείλετο Βρῑσηίδα καλλιπάρηον Ἀχιλῆα.","translation":"Great grief came upon the Achaeans, because Agamemnon took fair-cheeked Briseis away from Achilles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄχος","gloss":"woe, pain, grief"},{"text":"μέγα","gloss":"μέγας: great, large, tall, mighty"},{"text":"ἐγένετο","gloss":"γί-γνομαι: become, be, arise"},{"text":"τοῖσιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν,","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"οὕνεκα","gloss":"because"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ἀφείλετο","gloss":"ἀφ-αιρέω: take away, rob, deprive"},{"text":"Βρῑσηίδα","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis, daughter of Briseus"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"καλλι-πάρηος: beautiful-cheeked, fair-cheeked"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆα.","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.g283.6.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"grc.ph.L43.e286.1","source":"ὡς θεοὶ ὧδε ἀφαιρέονται ἡμέτερον γέρας, πέμψομεν αὐτὸ ἐς Χρύσην σὺν ἱερῇ ἑκατόμβῃ θεῷ, αὐτοὶ δ’ ἴμεν κλισίηνδε Ἀχιλῆος καὶ ἄξομεν τὸ γέρας αὐτοῦ, Βρῑσηίδα καλλιπάρηον, ὄφρ’ ἐὺ εἴδῃ ὅσσον φέρτεροί εἰμεν αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντες ἄλλοι στυγέωσι φάσθαι εἶναι ἴσοι ἡμῖν καὶ ὁμοιωθήμεναι ἡμῖν ἄντην.","translation":"Since the gods thus take away our prize, we shall send it to Chrysa, with a sacred hecatomb for the god, but we shall go in person (αὐτοί) to the tent of Achilles and lead away his prize, the beauteous-cheeked Briseïs, that he may well know how much stronger we are than he, and all others may hate to say they are equal to us and compare themselves with us openly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.e286.1.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"grc.ph.L43.e286.2","source":"ὣς φάτο· τοῖσιν δ’ Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἄχος γένετ’, ἐν δ’ αὐτοῖσιν ἦτορ στήθεσσι λασίοισι διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν.","translation":"When he had thus spoken, grief arose for the sons of the Achaeans, and within their hairy chests they pondered in two ways.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.e286.2.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"grc.ph.L43.e286.3","source":"ἐρυσσόμεθα φάσγανα ὀξέα παρὰ μηρῶν, καὶ ἀναστήσομεν τοὺς Ἀχαιούς, ἐναρίξομεν δὲ τοὺς Ἀτρεΐδας, ἠὲ παύσομεν χόλον ἐρητύσομέν τε θυμόν.","translation":"We shall draw our sharp swords from our thighs, and rouse the sons of the Achaeans, but slay the two sons of Atreus, or we shall check our wrath and curb our spirit.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L43.e286.3.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.182","source":"ὡς ἔμ’ ἀφαιρεῖται Χρυσηίδα Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"since Phoebus Apollo takes Chryseis from me,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"since"},{"text":"ἔμ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: from me"},{"text":"ἀφαιρεῖται","gloss":"ἀφαιρέω: takes"},{"text":"Χρυσηίδα","gloss":"Χρυσηίς: Chryseis"},{"text":"Φοῖβος","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"text":"Ἀπόλλων,","gloss":"Apollo"}],"audio":null},{"number":52,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.183","source":"τὴν μὲν ἐγὼ σὺν νηί τ’ ἐμῇ καὶ ἐμοῖς ἑτάροισιν","translation":"her I will send away with my own ship and my companions;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: her"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"σὺν","gloss":"with"},{"text":"νηί","gloss":"ναῦς: ship"},{"text":"τ’","gloss":"τε: and"},{"text":"ἐμῇ","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ἐμοῖς","gloss":"ἐμός: my"},{"text":"ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"ἑταῖρος: companions"}],"audio":null},{"number":53,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.184","source":"πέμψω, ἐγὼ δέ κ’ ἄγω Βρισηίδα καλλιπάρηον","translation":"but I myself will come and take fair-cheeked Briseis,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"πέμψω,","gloss":"πέμπω: will send"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"κ’","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄγω","gloss":"take"},{"text":"Βρισηίδα","gloss":"Βρισηίς: Briseis"},{"text":"καλλιπάρηον","gloss":"καλλιπάρηος: fair-cheeked"}],"audio":null},{"number":54,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.185","source":"αὐτὸς ἰὼν κλισίηνδε, τὸ σὸν γέρας, ὄφρ’ ἐὺ εἴδῃς","translation":"going myself to your hut, your own prize, so that you may know well","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"αὐτὸς","gloss":"myself"},{"text":"ἰὼν","gloss":"εἶμι: going"},{"text":"κλισίηνδε,","gloss":"κλισία: hut"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"σὸν","gloss":"σός: your own"},{"text":"γέρας,","gloss":"prize"},{"text":"ὄφρ’","gloss":"ὄφρα: so that"},{"text":"ἐὺ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"εἴδῃς","gloss":"οἶδα: may know"}],"audio":null},{"number":55,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.186","source":"ὅσσον φέρτερός εἰμι σέθεν, στυγέη δὲ καὶ ἄλλος","translation":"how much mightier I am than you, and another too may shrink","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὅσσον","gloss":"ὅσος: how much"},{"text":"φέρτερός","gloss":"φέρτατος: mightier"},{"text":"εἰμι","gloss":"I am"},{"text":"σέθεν,","gloss":"σύ: than you"},{"text":"στυγέη","gloss":"στυγέω: shrink"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"too"},{"text":"ἄλλος","gloss":"another"}],"audio":null},{"number":56,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.187","source":"ἴσον ἐμοὶ φάσθαι καὶ ὁμοιωθήμεναι ἄντην.\"","translation":"from claiming to be my equal, and likening himself to me, face to face.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἴσον","gloss":"ἴσος: equal"},{"text":"ἐμοὶ","gloss":"ἐγώ: to me"},{"text":"φάσθαι","gloss":"φημί: claiming to be"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ὁμοιωθήμεναι","gloss":"ὁμοιόω: likening himself"},{"text":"ἄντην.\"","gloss":"face to face"}],"audio":null},{"number":57,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.188","source":"ὡς φάτο· Πηλείωνι δ’ ἄχος γένετ’, ἐν δέ οἱ ἦτορ","translation":"So he spoke, and grief came upon the son of Peleus, and within his heart","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"so"},{"text":"φάτο·","gloss":"φημί: spoke"},{"text":"Πηλείωνι","gloss":"Πηλείων: son of Peleus"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄχος","gloss":"grief"},{"text":"γένετ’,","gloss":"γίγνομαι: came"},{"text":"ἐν","gloss":"within"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: his"},{"text":"ἦτορ","gloss":"heart"}],"audio":null},{"number":58,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.189","source":"στήθεσσιν λασίοισι διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν,","translation":"in his shaggy breast he pondered two ways,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"στήθεσσιν","gloss":"στῆθος: breast"},{"text":"λασίοισι","gloss":"λάσιος: shaggy"},{"text":"διάνδιχα","gloss":"two ways"},{"text":"μερμήριξεν,","gloss":"μερμηρίζω: pondered"}],"audio":null},{"number":59,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.190","source":"ἢ ὅ γε φάσγανον ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ","translation":"whether to draw the sharp sword from beside his thigh","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἢ","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"ὅ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"γε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"φάσγανον","gloss":"sword"},{"text":"ὀξὺ","gloss":"ὀξύς: sharp"},{"text":"ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"ἐρύω: drawing"},{"text":"παρὰ","gloss":"from beside"},{"text":"μηροῦ","gloss":"μηρός: thigh"}],"audio":null},{"number":60,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.191","source":"τοὺς μὲν ἀναστήσειε, ὁ δ’ Ἀτρεΐδην ἐναρίζοι,","translation":"and make the others rise, and cut down the son of Atreus,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τοὺς","gloss":"ὁ: the others"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ἀναστήσειε,","gloss":"ἀνίστημι: make rise"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδην","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"},{"text":"ἐναρίζοι,","gloss":"ἐναρίζω: cut down"}],"audio":null},{"number":61,"id":"grc.ph.L43.r284.192","source":"ἦε χόλον παύσειε ἐρητύσειέ τε θυμόν.","translation":"or check his rage and restrain his spirit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦε","gloss":"ἤ: or"},{"text":"χόλον","gloss":"χόλος: rage"},{"text":"παύσειε","gloss":"παύω: check"},{"text":"ἐρητύσειέ","gloss":"ἐρητύω: restrain"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"θυμόν.","gloss":"θυμός: spirit"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":925,"text":"§925. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF LABIAL VERBS: τρέπω (τρεπ-, τραπ-) turn, OF PALATAL VERBS: τεύχω (τευχ-, τυχ-, τυκ-) fashion, make, AND OF DENTAL VERBS: πεύθομαι (πευθ-, πυθ-) learn\n\nINDICATIVE\nS. 1    τέτραμμαι (τετραπμαι)                   τέτυγμαι (τετυχμαι)                   πέπυσμαι (πεπυθμαι)\nS. 2    τέτραψαι (τετραπσαι)                    τέτυξαι (τετυχσαι)                    πέπυσαι (πεπυθσαι)\nS. 3    τέτραπται (τετραπται)                   τέτυκται (τετυχται)                   πέπυσται (πεπυθται)\nDu. 2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\nDu. 3   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\nPl. 1   τετράμμε(σ)θα (τετραπμε(σ)θα)           τετύγμε(σ)θα (τετυχμε(σ)θα)           πεπύσμε(σ)θα (πεπυθμε(σ)θα)\nPl. 2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)                    τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)                    πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)\nPl. 3   τετράφαται (τετραπνται), (τετεύχαται)   τετύχαται (τετυχνται), (τετεύχαται)   πεπύθαται (πεπυθνται)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, SINGULAR\n1   ἐτετράμμην (ἐτετραπμην)   ἐτετύγμην (ἐτετυχμην)   ἐπεπύσμην (ἐπεπυθμην)\n2   ἐτέτραψο (ἐτετραπσο)      ἐτέτυξο (ἐτετυχσο)      ἐπέπυσο (ἐπεπυθσο)\n3   ἐτέτραπτο (ἐτετραπτο)     ἐτέτυκτο (ἐτετυχτο)     ἐπέπυστο (ἐπεπυθτο)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, DUAL\n2   ἐτέτραφθον (ἐτετραπσθον)   ἐτέτυχθον (ἐτετυχσθον)   ἐπέπυσθον (ἐπεπυθσθον)\n3   ἐτετράφθην (ἐτετραπσθην)   ἐτετύχθην (ἐτετυχσθην)   ἐπεπύσθην (ἐπεπυθσθην)\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, PLURAL\n1   ἐτετράμμε(σ)θα (ἐτετραπμε(σ)θα)         ἐτετύγμε(σ)θα (ἐτετυχμε(σ)θα)         ἐπεπύσμε(σ)θα (ἐπεπυθμε(σ)θα)\n2   ἐτέτραφθε (ἐτετραπσθε)                  ἐτέτυχθε (ἐτετυχσθε)                  ἐπέπυσθε (ἐπεπυθσθε)\n3   ἐτετράφατο (ἐτετραπντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐτετύχατο (ἐτετυχντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐπεπύθατο (ἐπεπυθντο)\n\nPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE\n1   τετραμμένος ἔω (τετραπμενος), etc.   τετυγμένος ἔω (τετυχμενος), etc.   πεπυσμένος ἔω (πεπυθμενος), etc.\n\nPERFECT OPTATIVE\n1   τετραμμένος εἴην, etc.   τετυγμένος εἴην, etc.   πεπυσμένος εἴην, etc.\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, SINGULAR\n2   τέτραψο (τετραπσο)     τέτυξο (τετυχσο)     πέπυσο (πεπυθσο)\n3   τετράφθω (τετραπσθω)   τετύχθω (τετυχσθω)   πεπύσθω (πεπυθσθω)\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, DUAL\n2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)   τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)   πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)\n3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)\n\nPERFECT IMPERATIVE, PLURAL\n2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)     τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)     πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)\n3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)\n\nPERFECT INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE\nτετράφθαι (τετραπσθαι)             τετύχθαι (τετυχσθαι)             πεπύσθαι (πεπυθσθαι)\nτετραμμένος, η, ον (τετραπμενος)   τετυγμένος, η, ον (τετυχμενος)   πεπυσμένος, η, ον (πεπυθμενος)"},{"section":926,"text":"§926. For the change in the vowel of the stem between the singular and the dual and plural of the perfect active, see 882."},{"section":927,"text":"§927. For the euphonic changes found in the perfect middle, by means of which the regular forms are derived from the forms in parentheses, see 608 ff."},{"section":928,"text":"§928. -νται, -ντο (-γται, -γτο) of the third plural middle and passive become -αται, -ατο after a consonant, of course (597-598)."},{"section":929,"text":"§929. π-mutes and κ-mutes (510) are aspirated (619) before the endings -αται, -ατο of the third plural, π and β becoming φ, and κ and γ becoming χ."},{"section":819,"text":"§819. Endings. Certain suffixes, called personal endings, are attached to the tense stems of the various finite (791) modes, and other endings are attached to the infinitives and participles, to make the complete verbal forms."},{"section":820,"text":"§820. Some of these personal endings have undergone considerable changes."},{"section":821,"text":"§821. In their earlier form they were as follows:\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Singular\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   -μι, -ω                                      -ν, -ν̥ = -α\n2   -σι, -ς, -(σ)θα                              -ς, -σθα\n3   -τι = -σι                                    -(τ)\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Dual\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   ,                                            ,\n2   -τον                                         -τον\n3   -τον                                         -την\n\nPersonal Endings, Active, Plural\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   -μεν                                         -μεν\n2   -τε                                          -τε\n3   -ντι = -νσι                                  -ν(τ), -σαν\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Singular\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   -μαι                                         -μην\n2   -σαι                                         -σο\n3   -ται                                         -το\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Dual\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   -μεθον                                       [-μεθον]\n2   -σθον                                        -σθον\n3   -σθον                                        -σθην\n\nPersonal Endings, Middle, Plural\n    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative\n1   -μεθα (-μεσθα)                               -μεθα (-μεσθα)\n2   -σθε                                         -σθε\n3   -νται (-αται = -ν̥ται, 597–598)               -ντο (-ατο = -ν̥το, 597–598)\n\nImperative Endings, Singular\n    Active        Middle\n2   , , -θι, -ς   -σο\n3   -τω           -σθω\n\nImperative Endings, Dual\n    Active   Middle\n2   -τον     -σθον\n3   -των     -σθων\n\nImperative Endings, Plural\n    Active   Middle\n2   -τε      -σθε\n3   -ντων    -σθων"},{"section":822,"text":"§822. Observe that the subjunctive has the same endings throughout as the primary tenses of the indicative, while the optative (except at times in the first singular, when it ends in -μι), has the same endings as the secondary tenses of the indicative."},{"section":823,"text":"§823. The first and second aorists passive have the same endings as the secondary tenses of the active voice."},{"section":824,"text":"§824. PRIMARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE)\n\n1 sing.: -μι is found in the present indicative of all -μι verbs, and in a few subjunctives of -ω verbs. -ω is found in the present indicative of all -ω verbs, in all futures, and in the subjunctive. In the perfect indicative there is no personal ending, -α taking the place of the thematic vowel.\n2 sing.: -σι is found only in ἐσσί you are; elsewhere -ς has taken its place. -θα (-σθα) is used at times in the perfect, imperfect and pluperfect of the indicative, and occasionally in the subjunctive and optative.\n3 sing.: -τι is found only in ἐστί he is. It becomes -σι in the other -μι verbs, and -σι is occasionally found in the subjunctive of -ω verbs. -ω verbs have another ending, -ει, of which the origin is uncertain. The perfect, -ε, has no personal ending.\n3 plur.: -ντι regularly becomes -νσι, and ν is then lost, with lengthening of the preceding vowel (613). Many -μι verbs seem to have ended in -αντι, which first became -ανσι, and then -ᾱσι (612). The perfect of consonant stems ended in -ντι (-νσι) which became -ν̥τι (-ν̥σι) and then -ᾱσι (597–8). Generally -ασι in both present and perfect has been replaced by -ᾱσι."},{"section":825,"text":"§825. SECONDARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (INDICATIVE AND OPTATIVE)\n\n1 sing.: -ν after vowels remained unchanged; after consonants it became -ν̥, and then -α (597–8). Pluperfect -εα is usually contracted to -η. The optative has -ν when the mode suffix is -ιη- (813); otherwise it has -μι.\n3 sing.: -τ is always dropped (605); ἔλυε from ἔλυετ; cf. amat; ἔλῡσε has no personal ending; it takes its -ε from the perfect.\n2 dual: -την sometimes occurs instead of -τον.\n3 dual: -τον sometimes occurs instead of -την.\n3 plur.: -ν is for an earlier -ντ, τ being lost (605), the vowel before it being regularly short. -σαν, from the first aorist ending, is used in the imperfect, and often in the second aorist of -μι verbs, at times in the aorist passive, in the pluperfect active, and in the optative when it has the mode suffix -ιη-."},{"section":826,"text":"§826. MIDDLE ENDINGS, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, AND OPTATIVE)\n\n2 sing.: -σαι drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect, and in the present indicative of -μι verbs.\n2 sing. (secondary): -σο regularly drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the pluperfect, and in the imperfect of -μι verbs. In a few cases σ is dropped in the pluperfect.\nDual: the first dual -μεθον is rare; -σθον occurs once instead of -σθην.\n3 plur.: -νται, -ντο regularly become -αται, -ατο (-ν̥ται, -ν̥το) in the perfect and pluperfect of verbs with consonant stems, stems ending in -ι, occasionally in vowel stems, and always in the optative. Elsewhere occasionally -νται, -ντο become -αται, -ατο (597–8)."},{"section":827,"text":"§827. ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE\n\n2 sing. active: -ε of the second sing. is the thematic vowel, and forms like λύε, ἄειδε have no personal ending. -θι is common, with both an active and passive meaning. In the first aorist passive -θι becomes -τι after -θη- of the passive stem (619). -ς occurs in a few cases. The endings of the aorist, -σον (active) and -σαι (middle) are obscure.\n2 sing. middle: -σο loses its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect of all verbs and the pres. of -μι verbs."},{"section":828,"text":"§828. ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVES, PARTICIPLES, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES\n\nInfinitives have the following endings:\n\n1) dative (794): -αι (-ναι, -μεναι, -εναι, -σαι active; and -σθαι, -θαι middle and passive).\n2) locative (794): -εν, -μεν (following the thematic vowel ε, ε-εν regularly contracts to -ειν, 584–5)."},{"section":829,"text":"§829. Participles have the following endings added to the tense stem:\n\n1) -ντ- for all active tenses, except the perfect (usually), and the first and second aorists passive.\n2) -οτ- (-ϝοτ-), occasionally -οντ- in the perfect active.\n3) -μενο- (feminine -μενᾱ-) in the middle; and in the passive, except the aorist passive.\n\nNOTE. Verbal adjectives end in -τός, and are usually equivalent to passive (sometimes active) participles in meaning, or else denote possibility, as γνωτός [γιγνώσκω] known, ποιητός [ποιέω] made, τυκτός [τεύχω] made. They are formed by adding the ending τός to the verb stem, usually as it appears in the first or second aorist passive."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"κλισίηνδε","gloss":"Hut, barrack, tent, from κλισίη"},{"word":"Βρῑσηίδα","gloss":"Briseis, daughter of Briseus, from Βρισηίς"},{"word":"εἴδῃ","gloss":"Know, from *εἴδω"},{"word":"ὅσσον","gloss":"How much, how great, how many, from ὄσ(σ)ος"},{"word":"στυγέουσι","gloss":"Hate, loathe, dislike, from στυγέω"},{"word":"ὁμοιωθήμεναι","gloss":"Liken, make like, compare, from ὁμοιό-ω"},{"word":"ἄντην","gloss":"Openly, before the face"},{"word":"ἦτορ","gloss":"Heart, soul, spirit"},{"word":"Πηλείωνος","gloss":"Son of Peleus, Achilles, from Πηλείων"},{"word":"ἐμερμήριξε","gloss":"Ponder, consider, from μερ-μηρίζω"},{"word":"διάνδιχα","gloss":"In two ways, differently, from δι-άν-διχα"},{"word":"φάσγανον","gloss":"Sword, sabre"},{"word":"ὀξὺ","gloss":"Sharp, biting, cutting, from ὀξύς"},{"word":"μηροῦ","gloss":"Thigh, from μηρός"},{"word":"ἐναρίζοι","gloss":"Strip of armor, spoil, slay, from ἐναρίζω"},{"word":"παύσειε","gloss":"Cease, stop, check, from παύ-ω"},{"word":"ἐρητύσειέ","gloss":"Check, restrain, control, from ἐρητύ-ω"},{"word":"ἄχος","gloss":"Woe, pain, grief"},{"word":"ἀφαιρεῖται","gloss":"Take away, rob, deprive, from ἀφαιρέω"},{"word":"φέρτερός","gloss":"Mightier, from φέρτατος"},{"word":"λασίοισι","gloss":"Hairy, shaggy, rough, from λάσιος"},{"word":"μερμήριξεν","gloss":"Ponder, consider, from μερμηρίζω"}],"paradigms":[{"section":910,"headword":"λύω","caption":"pluperfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἐλελύμην","meaning":"I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐλέλυσο","meaning":"you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐλέλυτο","meaning":"he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἐλέλυσθον","meaning":"you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐλελύσθην","meaning":"they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἐλελύμεθα","meaning":"we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐλέλυσθε","meaning":"you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐλέλυντο","meaning":"they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[4,5,7]},{"section":925,"headword":"τρέπω","caption":"perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"τέτραμμαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"τέτραψαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"τέτραπται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"τέτραφθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"τέτραφθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"τετράμμεθα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"τέτραφθε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"τετράφαται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,5,6]},{"section":925,"headword":"τεύχω","caption":"perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"τέτυγμαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"τέτυξαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"τέτυκται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"τέτυχθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"τέτυχθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"τετύγμεθα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"τέτυχθε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"τετύχαται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]},{"section":925,"headword":"πεύθομαι","caption":"perfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"πέπυσμαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"S. 2","number":"singular","form":"πέπυσαι","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"S. 3","number":"singular","form":"πέπυσται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"πέπυσθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"Du. 3","number":"dual","form":"πέπυσθον","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"πεπύσμεθα","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"Pl. 2","number":"plural","form":"πέπυσθε","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"Pl. 3","number":"plural","form":"πεπύθαται","meaning":"","name":"perfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,3,5]},{"section":925,"headword":"τρέπω","caption":"pluperfect indicative middle","cells":[{"label":"1","number":"singular","form":"ἐτετράμμην","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἐτέτραψο","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἐτέτραπτο","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd singular"},{"label":"2","number":"dual","form":"ἐτέτραφθον","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἐτετράφθην","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd dual"},{"label":"1","number":"plural","form":"ἐτετράμμεθα","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἐτέτραφθε","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἐτετράφατο","meaning":"","name":"pluperfect indicative middle, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,4,7]}]},{"title":"Lesson XLIV: First and Second Passive System of Verbs · Iliad 193-200","teaching":[{"title":"The augment, the future and the first aorist","paragraphs":["The augment marks past time. A verb that begins with a consonant adds ε: λύω, I loose, becomes ἔλυον, I was loosing.","A verb that begins with a vowel lengthens that vowel instead: ἀκούω, I hear, becomes ἤκουον, I was hearing. Homer often omits the augment.","In a compound verb, the augment stands between the preposition and the verb: ἀπολύω, loose, free, becomes ἀπέλυον.","The future states what will happen. The aorist is a past tense: I loosed. Both add σ to the stem. The aorist also has the augment and the endings of the past tenses.","If the stem ends in a short vowel, the vowel is lengthened. α and ε become η, and ο becomes ω: ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα. An aorist with σ is a first aorist."]},{"title":"Consonants before σ","paragraphs":["A mute is one of the consonants π β φ κ γ χ τ δ θ. Before σ, π β φ become ψ, and κ γ χ become ξ. So πέμπω has πέμψω, and τεύχω has τεύξω. τ δ θ drop out before σ: πείθω, πείσω.","A liquid is λ or ρ. A nasal is μ or ν. Their future has no σ and adds ε: φαίνω, show, φανέω. Their aorist also has no σ, and the stem vowel is lengthened: ἔφηνα."]},{"title":"The aorist passive","paragraphs":["The aorist passive has θ before the endings: ἐλύθην, I was loosed, ἐλύθης, you were loosed, ἐλύθη, he was loosed. The plural is ἐλύθημεν, ἐλύθητε, ἐλύθησαν.","Some verbs have a second aorist passive. It has no θ. τρέφω, nourish, has ἐτράφην, ἐτράφης, ἐτράφη. The endings are the same.","These passive forms sometimes have a middle meaning. In the lines, ἐφάνθησαν is passive in form, and Pharr's English is shone."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Athena stops Achilles","paragraphs":["Achilles is drawing his great sword from its sheath. While he weighs this in his mind, Athena comes down from heaven. White-armed Hera sent her. Hera loves Achilles and Agamemnon equally.","Athena stands behind Achilles and seizes him by his tawny hair. She appears to him alone. None of the others sees her. He is amazed and turns around. He knows her at once as Pallas Athena.","ὄσσε, her eyes, is dual. The lines say that her eyes shone terribly."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.1","source":"οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ ὥρμαινον ταῦτα κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν.","translation":"The Achaeans were pondering these things in mind and heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ὥρμαινον","gloss":"ὁρμαίνω: toss about (turn over) in mind, ponder, consider"},{"text":"ταῦτα","gloss":"οὗτος: that"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"down through, according to, in"},{"text":"φρένα","gloss":"φρήν: mind, heart, understanding"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"down through, according to, in"},{"text":"θυμόν.","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit, courage, passion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.2","source":"ἕλκωμεν ἐκ κολεῶν μεγάλα ξίφεα καὶ ἐναρίζωμεν Ἀγαμέμνονα.","translation":"Let us draw our great swords from their sheaths and slay Agamemnon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἕλκωμεν","gloss":"ἕλκω: draw, drag, pull, tug"},{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"ἐκ (ἐξ): out of, (away) from"},{"text":"κολεῶν","gloss":"κολεόν: sheath, scabbard"},{"text":"μεγάλα","gloss":"μέγας: great, large, tall, mighty"},{"text":"ξίφεα","gloss":"ξίφος: sword"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"ἐναρίζωμεν","gloss":"ἐναρίζω: strip of armor, spoil, slay"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα.","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.3","source":"Ἀθήνη ἦλθεν οὐρανόθεν, τὴν γὰρ ἧκεν Ἥρη λευκώλενος.","translation":"Athena came from heaven, for white-armed Hera sent her forth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἦλθεν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"οὐρανόθεν,","gloss":"οὐρανός: heaven, sky"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"ἧκεν","gloss":"ἵ-ημι: throw, hurl, shoot, send"},{"text":"Ἥρη","gloss":"Hera, consort of Zeus and queen of the gods"},{"text":"λευκώλενος.","gloss":"λευκ-ώλενος: white-armed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.4","source":"Ἥρη λευκώλενος φιλέει Ἀχιλῆά τε καὶ Ἀγαμέμνονα ὁμῶς θυμῷ, κήδεται δέ τοῖιν ἀμφοῖν.","translation":"White-armed Hera loves Achilles and Agamemnon equally in her heart, and cares for both of them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἥρη","gloss":"Hera, consort of Zeus and queen of the gods"},{"text":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"λευκ-ώλενος: white-armed"},{"text":"φιλέει","gloss":"φιλέ-ω: love, cherish, entertain hospitably"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆά","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and, also"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and, also, even"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ὁμῶς","gloss":"equally, alike, together, at the same time"},{"text":"θυμῷ,","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit, courage, passion"},{"text":"κήδεται","gloss":"κήδω: mid. care for, be concerned for (with gen.)"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"τοῖιν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἀμφοῖν.","gloss":"ἄμφω: both"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.5","source":"Ἀθήνη ἦλθεν οὐρανόθεν, ἔστη δ’ ὄπιθεν, εἷλε δ’ Ἀχιλῆα ξανθῆς κόμης.","translation":"Athena came from heaven, and stood behind him, and seized Achilles by his tawny hair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἦλθεν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"οὐρανόθεν,","gloss":"οὐρανός: heaven, sky"},{"text":"ἔστη","gloss":"ἵστημι: set (up), stand, make stand, take one's stand"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ὄπιθεν,","gloss":"ὀπι(σ)θε(ν): behind, from behind"},{"text":"εἷλε","gloss":"αἱρέω: take, seize, deprive"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆα","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"ξανθῆς","gloss":"ξανθός: tawny, yellow, blond"},{"text":"κόμης.","gloss":"κόμη: hair, locks, tresses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.5.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.6","source":"Ἀθήνη ἐφαίνετ’ Ἀχιλῆϊ οἴῳ, οὐ γάρ τις τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχαιῶν ὡράετο τὴν θεάν.","translation":"Athena appeared to Achilles alone, for none of the other Achaeans saw the goddess.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἐφαίνετ’","gloss":"φαίνω: show, shine; appear"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"οἴῳ,","gloss":"οἶος: alone, sole, only"},{"text":"οὐ","gloss":"not, no"},{"text":"γάρ","gloss":"for, in fact"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"some (one), any (one)"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"ἄλλων","gloss":"ἄλλος: other, another"},{"text":"Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"Ἀχαιός: Achaean, Greek"},{"text":"ὡράετο","gloss":"ὁράω: see, behold, look, observe"},{"text":"τὴν","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"θεάν.","gloss":"θεά: goddess"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.6.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.7","source":"ἐπεὶ θεὰ εἷλεν Ἀχιλῆα κόμης, ἐθάμβησε, μετατρεψάμενος δ’ ἔγνω αὐτίκα Παλλάδ’ Ἀθηναίην.","translation":"When the goddess seized Achilles by his hair, he was amazed, and turning around, he immediately recognized Pallas Athena.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἐπεὶ","gloss":"when, since, for"},{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"εἷλεν","gloss":"αἱρέω: take, seize, deprive"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆα","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"κόμης,","gloss":"κόμη: hair, locks, tresses"},{"text":"ἐθάμβησε,","gloss":"θαμβέ-ω: wonder, be amazed, be frightened, stand aghast"},{"text":"μετατρεψάμενος","gloss":"τρέπω: turn (around); mid. turn oneself"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: but, and, for, so"},{"text":"ἔγνω","gloss":"γι-γνώσκω: know, recognize, learn, perceive"},{"text":"αὐτίκα","gloss":"immediately, forthwith"},{"text":"Παλλάδ’","gloss":"Παλλάς: Pallas (Athena)"},{"text":"Ἀθηναίην.","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.7.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"grc.ph.L44.g290.8","source":"ὄσσε Ἀθηναίης ἐφάνθησαν δεινὼ Ἀχιλῆϊ.","translation":"The eyes of Athena shone terribly to Achilles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὄσσε","gloss":"eyes"},{"text":"Ἀθηναίης","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἐφάνθησαν","gloss":"φαίνω: show, shine; appear"},{"text":"δεινὼ","gloss":"δεινός: terrible, awful, dread(ful), fearful"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆϊ.","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.g290.8.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"grc.ph.L44.e293.1","source":"ἦος ὥρμαινον ὧδε κατὰ θυμόν, ἕλκοντο δ’ ἐκ κολεῶν μεγάλα ξίφεα, θεοὶ δ’ ἦλθον οὐρανόθεν σὺν Ἥρῃ λευκωλένῳ, ἣ πάντας ἄνδρας φιλέει ὁμῶς θυμῷ κήδεταί τε πάντων.","translation":"While they were thus pondering in their hearts, but were drawing from their scabbards their great swords, the gods came from heaven, together with white-armed Hera who loves and cares for all men equally in her soul.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.e293.1.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"grc.ph.L44.e293.2","source":"ἔστησαν ὄπιθεν νηῶν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"They stood behind the ships of the Achaeans.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.e293.2.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"grc.ph.L44.e293.3","source":"Ἀθήνη ἐφαίνετ’ Ἀχιλῆϊ οἴῳ, εἷλε δ’ αὐτὸν ξανθῆς κόμης.","translation":"Athena appeared to Achilles alone, and seized him by his tawny locks.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.e293.3.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"grc.ph.L44.e293.4","source":"οὔ τις ἡμέων ὡράετο τὴν θεάν, ἔστημεν δὲ θαμβήσαντες.","translation":"None of us saw the goddess, but we stood amazed.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.e293.4.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"grc.ph.L44.e293.5","source":"μετατρεψάμενοι δ’ ἔγνωσαν αὐτίκα τὴν θεάν, ὄσσε γὰρ αὐτῆς ἐφάνθησαν δεινώ.","translation":"When they turned around, they immediately recognized the goddess, for her (two) eyes gleamed terribly.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L44.e293.5.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.193","source":"ἦος ὁ ταῦθ’ ὥρμαινε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν,","translation":"While he weighed this in his mind and heart,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦος","gloss":"ἕως: while"},{"text":"ὁ","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ταῦθ’","gloss":"οὗτος: this"},{"text":"ὥρμαινε","gloss":"ὁρμαίνω: weighed"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"in"},{"text":"φρένα","gloss":"φρήν: mind"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κατὰ","gloss":"in"},{"text":"θυμόν,","gloss":"θυμός: heart"}],"audio":null},{"number":76,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.194","source":"ἕλκετο δ’ ἐκ κολεοῖο μέγα ξίφος, ἦλθε δ’ Ἀθήνη","translation":"and was drawing the great sword from its sheath, Athena came","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἕλκετο","gloss":"ἕλκω: was drawing"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐκ","gloss":"from"},{"text":"κολεοῖο","gloss":"κολεόν: sheath"},{"text":"μέγα","gloss":"μέγας: great"},{"text":"ξίφος,","gloss":"sword"},{"text":"ἦλθε","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: came"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Athena"}],"audio":null},{"number":77,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.195","source":"οὐρανόθεν· πρὸ γὰρ ἧκε θεά, λευκώλενος Ἥρη,","translation":"down from heaven; for white-armed Hera sent her forth,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐρανόθεν·","gloss":"from heaven"},{"text":"πρὸ","gloss":"forth"},{"text":"γὰρ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ἧκε","gloss":"ἵημι: sent"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"white-armed"},{"text":"Ἥρη,","gloss":"Ἥρα: Hera"}],"audio":null},{"number":78,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.196","source":"ἄμφω ὁμῶς θυμῷ φιλέουσά τε κηδομένη τε.","translation":"loving both men alike in her heart and caring for them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄμφω","gloss":"both"},{"text":"ὁμῶς","gloss":"alike"},{"text":"θυμῷ","gloss":"θυμός: heart"},{"text":"φιλέουσά","gloss":"φιλέω: loving"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κηδομένη","gloss":"κήδω: caring"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and"}],"audio":null},{"number":79,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.197","source":"στῆ δ’ ὄπιθεν, ξανθῆς δὲ κόμης ἕλε Πηλείωνα,","translation":"She stood behind him, and seized the son of Peleus by his golden hair,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"στῆ","gloss":"ἵστημι: stood"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ὄπιθεν,","gloss":"ὄπισθεν: behind"},{"text":"ξανθῆς","gloss":"ξανθός: golden"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κόμης","gloss":"κόμη: hair"},{"text":"ἕλε","gloss":"αἱρέω: seized"},{"text":"Πηλείωνα,","gloss":"Πηλείων: son of Peleus"}],"audio":null},{"number":80,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.198","source":"οἴῳ φαινομένη, τῶν δ’ ἄλλων οὔ τις ὁρᾶτο.","translation":"appearing to him alone; none of the others saw her.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οἴῳ","gloss":"οἶος: alone"},{"text":"φαινομένη,","gloss":"φαίνω: appearing"},{"text":"τῶν","gloss":"ὁ: the"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἄλλων","gloss":"ἄλλος: others"},{"text":"οὔ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"τις","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"ὁρᾶτο.","gloss":"ὁράω: saw"}],"audio":null},{"number":81,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.199","source":"θάμβησεν δ’ Ἀχιλεύς, μετὰ δ’ ἐτράπετ’, αὐτίκα δ’ ἔγνω","translation":"Achilles was amazed, and turned, and at once knew","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"θάμβησεν","gloss":"θαμβέω: was amazed"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"Ἀχιλεύς,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"μετὰ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἐτράπετ’,","gloss":"τρέπω: turned"},{"text":"αὐτίκα","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"ἔγνω","gloss":"γιγνώσκω: knew"}],"audio":null},{"number":82,"id":"grc.ph.L44.r291.200","source":"Παλλάδ’ Ἀθηναίην· δεινὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε φάανθεν.","translation":"Pallas Athena; for her eyes shone terribly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Παλλάδ’","gloss":"Παλλάς: Pallas"},{"text":"Ἀθηναίην·","gloss":"Ἀθήνη: Athena"},{"text":"δεινὼ","gloss":"δεινός: terrible"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"οἱ","gloss":"ἕ: her"},{"text":"ὄσσε","gloss":"eyes"},{"text":"φάανθεν.","gloss":"φαίνω: shone"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":830,"text":"§830. Augment. Greek verbs prefix an augment (increase) at the beginning of the secondary (816) tenses of the indicative, to denote past time."},{"section":831,"text":"§831. This augment is of two kinds:\n\n1) syllabic augment, which prefixes ἐ- to verbs beginning with a consonant, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing.\n2) temporal augment, which lengthens the first syllable of words beginning with a vowel or a diphthong, as ἀκούω I hear, ἤκουον I was hearing."},{"section":832,"text":"§832. When augmented α, ε regularly become η; ι, ο, υ become ῑ, ω, ῡ respectively; αι and ᾳ become η; while οι becomes ῳ."},{"section":833,"text":"§833. Of course η, ῃ, ῑ, ῡ, ω, and ῳ do not undergo any change when augmented."},{"section":834,"text":"§834. Verbs beginning with ρ regularly double it after the augment. Those beginning with λ, μ, ν, or σ sometimes double the initial consonant after the augment."},{"section":835,"text":"§835. Verbs beginning with a vowel formerly preceded by a lost consonant (usually ϝ, or σ), may take the syllabic instead of the temporal augment, as ἐάνδανον, imperfect of ἀνδάνω (σϝανδανω) please."},{"section":836,"text":"§836. When initial σ has thus been lost, the augment always contracts with the first vowel of the stem, according to the rules (584-5); when initial ϝ has been lost, contraction may or may not take place. Thus ἔχω (σεχω), imperfect εἶχον (ἐσεχον, ἔεχον); ἕπομαι (σεπομαι), imperfect εἰπόμην (ἐσεπομην, ἔεπομην); εἶδον (ἐϝιδον), second aorist of ὁράω (ϝοραω); ἄγνῡμι (ϝαγνῡμι, aorist ἔαξα (ἐϝαξα)."},{"section":837,"text":"§837. The augment, both syllabic and temporal, is often omitted."},{"section":838,"text":"§838. Compound Verbs. Some prepositions (originally adverbs) are prefixed to verbs, the whole forming a compound. If the preposition ends with a vowel and the verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is usually elided (575), as διίστημι (διά-ἵστημι), ἀφαιρέω (ἀπό-αἱρέω (582))."},{"section":839,"text":"§839. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb. If two vowels are thus brought together, the first is usually elided, as ἀπολύω loose, free; imperfect ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον); aorist ἀπέλῡσα (ἀπό-ἔλῡσα)."},{"section":840,"text":"§840. Imperfect. The imperfect (a secondary tense (816)) is formed by adding the secondary endings (821) to the augmented stem of the present, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing; τίθημι I place, imperfect ἐτίθην."},{"section":841,"text":"§841. First Aorist. The first aorist of vowel and mute verbs (849) (a secondary tense, 816) is regularly formed by adding -σ(σ)α to the augmented verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel or a consonant only one σ is ever added; if it ends in a short vowel, either one or two sigmas may be used."},{"section":842,"text":"§842. “Mixed” Aorists. A few aorists (sometimes called “mixed aorists”) are formed by adding -σο/ε, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses, to the augmented verb stem."},{"section":843,"text":"§843. ἵημι throw, send; δίδωμι give, grant; and τίθημι put, place, have -κα in the aorist instead of -σα."},{"section":844,"text":"§844. Future. The future (a primary tense) of vowel and mute verbs (849) is regularly formed by adding the tense suffix -σ(σ)ο/ε to the verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the primary tenses."},{"section":845,"text":"§845. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel, the stem is not affected by the addition of -σο/ε and -σα in the formation of the future and aorist."},{"section":846,"text":"§846. If the verb stem ends in a short vowel, all tenses except the present and imperfect regularly lengthen this, α and ε becoming η; ο becoming ω; as ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα; χολόω, χολώσω, ἐχόλωσα. Exception: ἐάω gives ἐάσω, εἴᾱσα."},{"section":847,"text":"§847. Some verbs do not lengthen the short vowel according to the rule in 846."},{"section":848,"text":"§848. These, and a few others, usually have σ before the personal ending of the perfect middle and the aorist passive."},{"section":849,"text":"§849. Classes of Verbs. Verbs are called vowel verbs, liquid verbs, nasal verbs, and mute verbs, according as their stem ends in a vowel, a liquid, a nasal, or a mute (509-516)."},{"section":850,"text":"§850. Mute Verbs. If the verb stem ends in a mute, the following euphonic changes take place:\n\n1) a labial mute (π, β, φ) unites with the sigma following and forms ψ, as πέμπω, πέμψω (πεμπσω), ἔπεμψα (ἐπεμπσα) send, escort: ἀμείβω, ἀμείψω, ἤμειψα (ἀμειβσω, ἠμειβσα) (ex)change;\n2) a palatal mute (κ, γ, χ) unites with the sigma following and forms ξ, as ἀρήγω, ἀρήξω (ἀρηγσω), ἤρηξα (ἠρηγσα) help, assist; τεύχω, τεύξω (τευχσω), ἔτευξα (ἐτευχσα) make, fashion, cause.\n3) a lingual mute (τ, δ, θ) before the σ is assimilated (610, 4), as πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade; ἀείδω, ἀείσω, ἤεισα sing."},{"section":851,"text":"§851. Liquid and Nasal Verbs. If a verb stem ends in a liquid (λ, ρ) or a nasal (μ, ν), the future is regularly formed by adding -εσο/ε, with the loss of σ between vowels (603), to the verb stem, to which are attached the primary personal endings, as βάλλω, βαλέω (from βαλεσω) throw, shoot."},{"section":852,"text":"§852. In a few cases the first ε is omitted, and σ is retained in verbs of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὄρσω arouse, stir up."},{"section":853,"text":"§853. A few verbs in addition to those with liquid and nasal stems have lost σ in the future, as καλέω, καλέω call, summon. In general these verbs have a liquid or nasal before the final vowel of the stem, and imitate the forms of the futures of liquid and nasal verbs."},{"section":854,"text":"§854. Those formations in which σ is dropped after α or ε are sometimes called “Attic futures.”"},{"section":855,"text":"§855. A few verbs have active forms in the present, but middle forms in the future, as ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι hear."},{"section":856,"text":"§856. Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form their aorists by dropping the σ and lengthening the stem vowel by compensation (601), α becoming η, ε becoming ει, ι becoming ῑ, and υ becoming ῡ, as φαίνω (φαν-), φανέω (φανεσω), ἔφηνα (ἐφανσα) show; μένω, μενέω (μενεσω), ἔμεινα (ἐμενσα) remain, await."},{"section":857,"text":"§857. In some cases the σ is retained in formations of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὦρσα stir up, arouse; κέλλω, ἔκελσα land; κύρω, κύρσω meet."},{"section":858,"text":"§858. The present of most liquid and nasal verbs regularly lengthens the last syllable of the stem by compensation (601) as the original form of the stem of these verbs ended in consonantal ι (600)."},{"section":859,"text":"§859. Presents in -λλω are from an earlier form in -λι̯ω. Thus ἀγγέλλω, βάλλω, στέλλω, τέλλω, etc., were originally ἀγγελι̯ω, βαλι̯ω, στελι̯ω, τελι̯ω, etc. In these cases the last syllable of the stem is lengthened by doubling the final λ."},{"section":935,"text":"§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish\n        Indicative            Subjunctive   Optative                 Imperative\nS. 1    ἐτράφην               τραφῶ         τραφείην\n2       ἐτράφης               τραφῇς        τραφείης                 τράφητι\n3       ἐτράφη                τραφῇ         τραφείη                  τραφήτω\nDu. 2   ἐτράφητον             τραφῆτον      τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον)   τράφητον\n3       ἐτραφήτην             τραφῆτον      τραφείτην (τραφειήτην)   τραφήτων\nPl. 1   ἐτράφημεν             τραφῶμεν      τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)\n2       ἐτράφητε              τραφῆτε       τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε)     τράφητε\n3       ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν)   τραφῶσι       τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν)    τραφέντων\n\nSecond Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle\nInfinitive   τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)\nParticiple   τραφείς, εἶσα, έν"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ὥρμαινον","gloss":"Toss about in mind, ponder, consider, from ὁρμαίνω"},{"word":"ἕλκωμεν","gloss":"Draw, drag, pull, from ἕλκω"},{"word":"κολεῶν","gloss":"Sheath, scabbard, from κολεόν"},{"word":"ξίφεα","gloss":"Sword, from ξίφος"},{"word":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, from Ἀθηναίη"},{"word":"οὐρανόθεν","gloss":"Heaven, sky, from οὐρανός"},{"word":"ὁμῶς","gloss":"Equally, alike, together"},{"word":"ἀμφοῖν","gloss":"Both, from ἄμφω"},{"word":"ὄπιθεν","gloss":"Behind, from behind, from ὀπι(σ)θε(ν)"},{"word":"ξανθῆς","gloss":"Tawny, yellow, blond, from ξανθός"},{"word":"κόμης","gloss":"Hair, locks, tresses, from κόμη"},{"word":"ἐφαίνετ’","gloss":"Shine, gleam, glare, from φαίνω"},{"word":"ἐθάμβησε","gloss":"Wonder, be amazed, be frightened, from θαμβέ-ω"},{"word":"μετατρεψάμενος","gloss":"Turn, rout, put to flight, from τρέπω"},{"word":"ἔγνω","gloss":"Know, recognize, learn, from γι-γνώσκω"},{"word":"Παλλάδ’","gloss":"Pallas, from Παλλάς"},{"word":"ἦος","gloss":"While, from ἕως"},{"word":"φιλέουσά","gloss":"Love, cherish, entertain hospitably, from φιλέω"},{"word":"θάμβησεν","gloss":"Wonder, be amazed, be frightened, from θαμβέω"},{"word":"Ἀθηναίην","gloss":"Athena, from Ἀθήνη"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson XLV: Present, Future, and Aorist System of -μι Verbs · Iliad 201-211","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs in -μι","paragraphs":["This lesson gives the full tables of four verbs in -μι, such as ἵστημι, make stand.","A tense suffix is a part added to the stem to form a tense, such as the σ of the future. These verbs have no tense suffix in the present, the imperfect and the second aorist, except in the subjunctive. In those tenses the endings are added directly to the stem.","Pharr gives four models: ἵστημι, make stand, τίθημι, put, ἵημι, send, and δίδωμι, give. In the present active, the stem vowel is long in the singular and short in the dual and plural. Compare δίδωμι, I give, with δίδομεν, we give, and δίδοτε, you give.","The third person plural differs most from the other forms: ἱστᾶσι, τιθεῖσι, ἱεῖσι, διδοῦσι."]},{"title":"The future and the two aorists","paragraphs":["The future is formed as in other verbs: στήσω, θήσω, ἥσω, δώσω. Its endings are the ordinary -ω endings.","These verbs have two kinds of aorist. The first aorist of ἵστημι has σ: ἔστησα. The other three have κ instead: ἔθηκα, ἧκα, ἔδωκα.","The second aorist adds the endings directly to the stem. Pharr prints a singular only for ἵστημι: ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη. For the other three, his table starts at the dual: ἔθετον, εἷτον, ἔδοτον. ἵστημι has both aorists: ἔστησα and ἔστην.","The four verbs also have a middle voice. The present middle is ἵσταμαι, τίθεμαι, ἵεμαι, δίδομαι."]},{"title":"The Iliad: Achilles and Athena speak","paragraphs":["Achilles speaks to Athena with winged words. He asks why she has come again. Is it to see the insolence of Agamemnon? He says that Agamemnon may soon lose his life through his own arrogance.","Athena answers. She has come to check Achilles' fury, if he will obey. White-armed Hera sent her, who loves and cares for both men alike. He should cease from strife and not draw the sword. He may rebuke Agamemnon with words.","The English says that Hera sent Athena forth. The Greek verb is ἵημι, in the first aorist."]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.1","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς φωνήσᾱς προσηύδᾱ γλαυκώπιδα Ἀθήνην ἔπεα πτερόεντα.","translation":"Achilles, lifting up his voice, addressed flashing-eyed Athena with winged words.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"φωνήσᾱς","gloss":"φωνέ-ω: speak, lift up the voice"},{"text":"προσηύδᾱ","gloss":"προσ-αυδά-ω: address, speak to, say to"},{"text":"γλαυκώπιδα","gloss":"γλαυκ-ῶπις: gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed"},{"text":"Ἀθήνην","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἔπεα","gloss":"ἔπος: word, saying, command, speech"},{"text":"πτερόεντα.","gloss":"πτερόεις: winged, flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.2","source":"τίπτ’ ἦλθεν αὖτε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη τέκος αἰγιόχοιο Διός;","translation":"Why has Pallas Athena, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, come again?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τίπτ’","gloss":"τί-πτε: why (in the world)?"},{"text":"ἦλθεν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"αὖτε","gloss":"again, in turn, but, however"},{"text":"Παλλὰς","gloss":"Pallas (Athena)"},{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"τέκος","gloss":"child, descendant, offspring"},{"text":"αἰγιόχοιο","gloss":"αἰγί-οχος: aegis-holding"},{"text":"Διός;","gloss":"Ζεύς: Zeus, father and king of gods and men"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.2.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.3","source":"γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη ἦλθεν ἵνα ἴδῃ ὕβριν Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδᾱο.","translation":"Flashing-eyed Athena came that she might see the insolence of Agamemnon, son of Atreus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γλαυκῶπις","gloss":"γλαυκ-ῶπις: gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed"},{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἦλθεν","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"ἵνα","gloss":"in order that, (so) that, where"},{"text":"ἴδῃ","gloss":"ὁράω: see, behold, look, observe"},{"text":"ὕβριν","gloss":"ὕβρις: insolence, wantonness, frowardness"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδᾱο.","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.3.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.4","source":"Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐρέει Ἀθήνῃ, τὸ δὲ τετελεσμένον ἔσται. οἴω ταῦτα τελέεσθαι.","translation":"Achilles will tell Athena, and it will be accomplished. I think these things will be fulfilled.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἐρέει","gloss":"εἴρω: speak, say, tell"},{"text":"Ἀθήνῃ,","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"but, and, for, so"},{"text":"τετελεσμένον","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill, complete"},{"text":"ἔσται.","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"οἴω","gloss":"think, suppose, imagine, expect, believe"},{"text":"ταῦτα","gloss":"οὗτος: that"},{"text":"τελέεσθαι.","gloss":"τελείω: accomplish, fulfill, complete"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.4.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.5","source":"τάχ’ ἄν ποτε Ἀγαμέμνων ὀλέσσῃ θυμὸν ἧς ὑπεροπλίῃσιν.","translation":"Soon, perhaps, Agamemnon may lose his life through his own arrogance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τάχ’","gloss":"τάχα: quickly, swiftly, soon"},{"text":"ἄν","gloss":"haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"ever, at any (some) time, once"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ὀλέσσῃ","gloss":"ὄλλυμι: destroy, kill, ruin, lose"},{"text":"θυμὸν","gloss":"θυμός: heart, soul, spirit, courage, passion"},{"text":"ἧς","gloss":"ἑός: his, her(s), its, his own"},{"text":"ὑπεροπλίῃσιν.","gloss":"ὑπερ-οπλίη: arrogance, insulting conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.5.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.6","source":"γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη ἦλθε παύσουσα τὸ μένος Ἀχιλῆος, αἴ κε πίθηται.","translation":"Flashing-eyed Athena came to check the fury of Achilles, if he would obey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"γλαυκῶπις","gloss":"γλαυκ-ῶπις: gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed"},{"text":"Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Ἀθηναίη: Athena, goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts"},{"text":"ἦλθε","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: come, go"},{"text":"παύσουσα","gloss":"παύ-ω: cease, stop, check, restrain"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: the; he, she, it; this, that"},{"text":"μένος","gloss":"rage, anger, might, courage, fury"},{"text":"Ἀχιλῆος,","gloss":"Ἀχιλλεύς: Achilles"},{"text":"αἴ","gloss":"εἰ (αἰ): if, whether"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"haply, perchance, perhaps"},{"text":"πίθηται.","gloss":"πείθω: persuade, win over; mid. obey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.6.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.7","source":"ἔληγεν Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔριδος, οὐδὲ ἕλκετο ξίφος χειρί;","translation":"Did Achilles cease from strife, and did he not draw his sword with his hand?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἔληγεν","gloss":"λήγ-ω: cease (from), refrain, slack(en), weaken"},{"text":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"Achilles"},{"text":"ἔριδος,","gloss":"ἔρις: strife, quarrel"},{"text":"οὐδὲ","gloss":"οὐ-δέ: not even, and not, nor, but not"},{"text":"ἕλκετο","gloss":"ἕλκω: draw, drag, pull, tug"},{"text":"ξίφος","gloss":"sword"},{"text":"χειρί;","gloss":"χείρ: hand, arm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.7.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"grc.ph.L45.g297.8","source":"ὀνειδίσει Ἀγαμέμνονα ἔπεσιν, ὡς ἔσεταί περ.","translation":"He will revile Agamemnon with words, as indeed it shall be.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ὀνειδίσει","gloss":"ὀνειδίζω: revile, reproach, abuse"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae"},{"text":"ἔπεσιν,","gloss":"ἔπος: word, saying, command, speech"},{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"so, how, since, as, when"},{"text":"ἔσεταί","gloss":"εἰμί: be"},{"text":"περ.","gloss":"exceedingly, very, even (if), although"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.g297.8.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.1","source":"φωνήσαντες προσηυδήσαμεν τὴν γλαυκώπιδα θεὰν ἔπεα πτερόεντα.","translation":"We lifted up our voices (part.) and addressed the flashing-eyed goddess (with) winged words.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.1.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.2","source":"τίπτ’ αὖτε, φίλον τέκος αἰγιόχοιο Διός, ἦλθες ἐπὶ νῆας θοὰς μελαίνας Ἀχαιῶν;","translation":"Why, O darling daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus, have you returned to the swift black ships of the Achaeans?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.2.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.3","source":"ἦ ἵνα ἴδῃς ὕβριν διοτρεφέων βασιλήων;","translation":"Is it that you may see the insolence of the Zeus-nourished kings?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.3.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.4","source":"ἀλλ’ ἐρέομέν τοι, καὶ ὀιόμεθα τόδε τετελεσμένον ἔσσεσθαι, τάχα αὐτοὺς θυμὸν ὀλέσσειν σφῇσιν ὑπεροπλίῃσιν.","translation":"But we shall speak out to you, and we think that this will be accomplished, that they will soon lose their souls by their own arrogance.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.4.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.5","source":"γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη ἦλθεν οὐρανόθεν παύσουσα τὸ μένος Ἀχιλῆος, αἴ κέ οἱ πίθηται.","translation":"Athena, the flashing-eyed, came from heaven to check the anger of Achilles, if perchance he would obey her.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.5.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"grc.ph.L45.e300.6","source":"εἰ Ἀχιλλεὺς λήξει ἔριδος μηδὲ ἕλξει μέγα ξίφος βαρείῃ χειρί, ὀνειδίσει Ἀγαμέμνονα χαλεποῖσιν ἔπεσιν, ὡς ἔσεταί περ.","translation":"If Achilles will cease from strife nor draw his great sword with his heavy hand, he may revile Agamemnon with harsh words as the opportunity may offer (ὡς ἔσεταί περ).","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-grc/grc.ph.L45.e300.6.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.201","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"And speaking to her he addressed her with winged words:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"καί","gloss":"and"},{"text":"μιν","gloss":"her"},{"text":"φωνήσας","gloss":"φωνέω: speaking"},{"text":"ἔπεα","gloss":"ἔπος: words"},{"text":"πτερόεντα","gloss":"πτερόεις: winged"},{"text":"προσηύδα·","gloss":"προσαυδάω: addressed"}],"audio":null},{"number":98,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.202","source":"\"τίπτ’ αὖτ’, αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος, εἰλήλουθας;","translation":"\"Why have you come again, child of Zeus who bears the aegis?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"\"τίπτ’","gloss":"τίπτε: why"},{"text":"αὖτ’,","gloss":"αὖτε: again"},{"text":"αἰγιόχοιο","gloss":"αἰγίοχος: aegis-bearing"},{"text":"Διὸς","gloss":"Ζεύς: of Zeus"},{"text":"τέκος,","gloss":"child"},{"text":"εἰλήλουθας;","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: have come"}],"audio":null},{"number":99,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.203","source":"ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο;","translation":"Is it to see the outrage of Agamemnon, son of Atreus?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἦ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ἵνα","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ὕβριν","gloss":"ὕβρις: outrage"},{"text":"ἴδῃ","gloss":"εἶδον: see"},{"text":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"Ἀγαμέμνων: of Agamemnon"},{"text":"Ἀτρεΐδαο;","gloss":"Ἀτρείδης: son of Atreus"}],"audio":null},{"number":100,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.204","source":"ἀλλ’ ἔκ τοι ἐρέω, τὸ δὲ καὶ τελέεσθαι οἴω·","translation":"But I will tell you plainly, and I think this will be fulfilled:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἔκ","gloss":"plainly"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"σύ: you"},{"text":"ἐρέω,","gloss":"ἐρῶ: will tell"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: this"},{"text":"δὲ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"καὶ","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"τελέεσθαι","gloss":"τελέω: be fulfilled"},{"text":"οἴω·","gloss":"οἴομαι: think"}],"audio":null},{"number":101,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.205","source":"ἧς ὑπεροπλίῃσι τάχ’ ἄν ποτε θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃ.\"","translation":"by his own arrogance he may soon lose his life.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἧς","gloss":"ἑός: his own"},{"text":"ὑπεροπλίῃσι","gloss":"ὑπεροπλία: arrogance"},{"text":"τάχ’","gloss":"τάχα: soon"},{"text":"ἄν","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"ποτε","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"text":"θυμὸν","gloss":"θυμός: life"},{"text":"ὀλέσσῃ.\"","gloss":"ὄλλυμι: lose"}],"audio":null},{"number":102,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.206","source":"τὸν δ’ αὖτε προσέειπε θεά, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"Then the goddess, bright-eyed Athena, answered him:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"τὸν","gloss":"ὁ: him"},{"text":"δ’","gloss":"δέ: and"},{"text":"αὖτε","gloss":"then"},{"text":"προσέειπε","gloss":"προσεῖπον: answered"},{"text":"θεά,","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"γλαυκῶπις","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"text":"Ἀθήνη·","gloss":"Athena"}],"audio":null},{"number":103,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.207","source":"\"ἦλθον ἐγὼ παύσουσα τὸ σὸν μένος, αἴ κε πίθηαι,","translation":"\"I have come to check your fury, if you will obey,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"\"ἦλθον","gloss":"ἔρχομαι: have come"},{"text":"ἐγὼ","gloss":"I"},{"text":"παύσουσα","gloss":"παύω: to check"},{"text":"τὸ","gloss":"ὁ: (untranslated)"},{"text":"σὸν","gloss":"σός: your"},{"text":"μένος,","gloss":"fury"},{"text":"αἴ","gloss":"εἰ: if"},{"text":"κε","gloss":"ἄν: (untranslated)"},{"text":"πίθηαι,","gloss":"πείθω: obey"}],"audio":null},{"number":104,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.208","source":"οὐρανόθεν· πρὸ δέ μ’ ἦκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη,","translation":"down from heaven; for white-armed Hera sent me forth,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"οὐρανόθεν·","gloss":"from heaven"},{"text":"πρὸ","gloss":"forth"},{"text":"δέ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"μ’","gloss":"ἐγώ: me"},{"text":"ἦκε","gloss":"ἵημι: sent"},{"text":"θεὰ","gloss":"goddess"},{"text":"λευκώλενος","gloss":"white-armed"},{"text":"Ἥρη,","gloss":"Ἥρα: Hera"}],"audio":null},{"number":105,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.209","source":"ἄμφω ὁμῶς θυμῷ φιλέουσά τε κηδομένη τε.","translation":"loving both of you alike in her heart and caring for you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἄμφω","gloss":"both"},{"text":"ὁμῶς","gloss":"alike"},{"text":"θυμῷ","gloss":"θυμός: heart"},{"text":"φιλέουσά","gloss":"φιλέω: loving"},{"text":"τε","gloss":"and"},{"text":"κηδομένη","gloss":"κήδω: caring"},{"text":"τε.","gloss":"and"}],"audio":null},{"number":106,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.210","source":"ἀλλ’ ἄγε λῆγ’ ἔριδος, μηδὲ ξίφος ἕλκεο χειρί·","translation":"Come, cease from strife, and do not go on drawing the sword with your hand;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: (untranslated)"},{"text":"ἄγε","gloss":"come"},{"text":"λῆγ’","gloss":"λήγω: cease"},{"text":"ἔριδος,","gloss":"ἔρις: strife"},{"text":"μηδὲ","gloss":"and not"},{"text":"ξίφος","gloss":"sword"},{"text":"ἕλκεο","gloss":"ἕλκω: draw"},{"text":"χειρί·","gloss":"χείρ: hand"}],"audio":null},{"number":107,"id":"grc.ph.L45.r298.211","source":"ἀλλ’ ἤ τοι ἔπεσιν μὲν ὀνείδισον, ὡς ἔσεταί περ.\"","translation":"but rebuke him instead with words, as indeed it shall be.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ἀλλ’","gloss":"ἀλλά: but"},{"text":"ἤ","gloss":"ἦ: truly, surely (ἦ τοι, verily)"},{"text":"τοι","gloss":"τοι: surely, mark you (particle)"},{"text":"ἔπεσιν","gloss":"ἔπος: words"},{"text":"μὲν","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"text":"ὀνείδισον,","gloss":"ὀνειδίζω: rebuke"},{"text":"ὡς","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ἔσεταί","gloss":"εἰμί: will be"},{"text":"περ.\"","gloss":"indeed"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":949,"text":"§949. INDICATIVE\n\nREGULAR VERBS IN -μι\n\nἵστημι (στη-, στα-), (make) stand; τίθημι (θη-, θε), put; ἵημι (ἡ-, ἑ) send; δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give, grant\n\nActive Voice\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἵστημι    τίθημι             ἵημι        δίδωμι\n2       ἵστης     τίθης(θα)          ἵης, ἱεῖς   διδοῖς(θα)\n3       ἵστησι    τίθησι, τιθεῖ      ἵησι, ἱεῖ   δίδωσι (διδοῖ)\nDu. 2   ἵστατον   τίθετον            ἵετον       δίδοτον\n3       ἵστατον   τίθετον            ἵετον       δίδοτον\nPl. 1   ἵσταμεν   τίθεμεν            ἵεμεν       δίδομεν\n2       ἵστατε    τίθετε             ἵετε        δίδοτε\n3       ἱστᾶσι    τιθεῖσι (θέουσι)   ἱεῖσι       διδοῦσι\n\nIMPERFECT\nS. 1    ἵστην     ἐτίθην     ἵειν         ἐδίδουν\n2       ἵστης     ἐτίθεις    ἵεις         ἐδίδους\n3       ἵστη      ἐτίθει     ἵει          ἐδίδου\nDu. 2   ἵστατον   ἐτίθετον   ἵετον        ἐδίδοτον\n3       ἱστάτην   ἐτιθέτην   ἱέτην        ἐδιδότην\nPl. 1   ἵσταμεν   ἐτίθεμεν   ἵεμεν        ἐδίδομεν\n2       ἵστατε    ἐτίθετε    ἵετε         ἐδίδοτε\n3       ἵστασαν   ἐτίθεσαν   ἵεσαν, ἵεν   ἐδίδοσαν\n\nFUTURE\nS. 1    στήσω      θήσω      ἥσω           δώσω\n2       στήσεις    θήσεις    ἥσεις         δώσεις\n3       στήσει     θήσει     ἥσει (ἔσει)   δώσει\nDu. 2   στήσετον   θήσετον   ἥσετον        δώσετον\n3       στήσετον   θήσετον   ἥσετον        δώσετον\nPl. 1   στήσομεν   θήσομεν   ἥσομεν        δώσομεν\n2       στήσετε    θήσετε    ἥσετε         δώσετε\n3       στήσουσι   θήσουσι   ἥσουσι        δώσουσι\n\nFIRST AORIST\nS. 1    ἔστησα              ἔθηκα       ἧκα        ἔδωκα\n2       ἔστησας             ἔθηκας      ἧκας       ἔδωκας\n3       ἔστησε              ἔθηκε       ἧκε        ἔδωκε\nDu. 2   ἐστήσατον           *ἐθήκατον   *ἐήκατον   *ἐδώκατον\n3       ἐστησάτην           *ἐθηκάτην   *ἐηκάτην   *ἐδωκάτην\nPl. 1   ἐστήσαμεν           *ἐθήκαμεν   *ἐήκαμεν   *ἐδώκαμεν\n2       ἐστήσατε            *ἐθήκατε    *ἐήκατε    *ἐδώκατε\n3       ἔστησαν (ἔστασαν)   ἔθηκαν      *ἐήκαν     ἔδωκαν\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1    ἔστην\n2       ἔστης\n3       ἔστη\nDu. 2   ἔστητον           ἔθετον   εἷτον   ἔδοτον\n3       ἐστήτην           ἐθέτην   εἵτην   ἐδότην\nPl. 1   ἔστημεν           ἔθεμεν   εἷμεν   ἔδομεν\n2       ἔστητε            ἔθετε    εἷτε    ἔδοτε\n3       ἔστησαν (ἔσταν)   ἔθεσαν   εἷσαν   ἔδοσαν"},{"section":950,"text":"§950. SUBJUNCTIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἱστῶ(μι)    τιθῶ(μι)    ἱῶ(μι)    διδῶ(μι)\n2       ἱστῇς(θα)   τιθῇς(θα)   ἱῇς(θα)   διδῷς(θα)\n3       ἱστῇ(σι)    τιθῇ(σι)    ἱῇ(σι)    διδῷ(σι)\nDu. 2   ἱστῆτον     τιθῆτον     ἱῆτον     διδῶτον\n3       ἱστῆτον     τιθῆτον     ἱῆτον     διδῶτον\nPl. 1   ἱστῶμεν     τιθῶμεν     ἱῶμεν     διδῶμεν\n2       ἱστῆτε      τιθῆτε      ἱῆτε      διδῶτε\n3       ἱστῶσι      τιθῶσι      ἱῶσι      διδῶσι\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1    στῶ(μι)    θῶ(μι)    ὧ(μι)    δῶ(μι)\n2       στῇς(θα)   θῇς(θα)   ᾗς(θα)   δῷς(θα)\n3       στῇ(σι)    θῇ(σι)    ᾗ(σι)    δῷ(σι)\nDu. 2   στῆτον     θῆτον     ᾗτον     δῶτον\n3       στῆτον     θῆτον     ᾗτον     δῶτον\nPl. 1   στῶμεν     θῶμεν     ὧμεν     δῶμεν\n2       στῆτε      θῆτε      ἧτε      δῶτε\n3       στῶσι      θῶσι      ὧσι      δῶσι"},{"section":951,"text":"§951. The second aorist subjunctive of -μι verbs (949 ff.) seems to have had a double form of inflection:\n\n1) With a short thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θηέτην, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι (τίθημι put, place).\n2) With a long thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι.\n\nThe vowel of the stem is then shortened (572), producing,\n\n3) θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι.\n\nThis form then undergoes contraction (584–585), giving,\n\n4) θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, θῆτον, θῆτον, θῶμεν, θῆτε, θῶσι."},{"section":952,"text":"§952. The subjunctives of athematic (797; 865, 2) second aorists and the subjunctives passive of both first and second aorists are similarly formed. Thus, λυθῶ, λυθῇς, λυθῇ, etc., contracted from λυθέω, λυθέῃς, λυθέῃ, etc.; τραφῶ, τραφῇς, τραφῇ, etc., contracted from τραφέω, τραφέῃς, τραφέῃ, etc."},{"section":953,"text":"§953. OPTATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἱσταίην    τιθείην    ἱείην    διδοίην\n2       ἱσταίης    τιθείης    ἱείης    διδοίης\n3       ἱσταίη     τιθείη     ἱείη     διδοίη\nDu. 2   ἱσταῖτον   τιθεῖτον   ἱεῖτον   διδοῖτον\n3       ἱσταίτην   τιθείτην   ἱείτην   διδοίτην\nPl. 1   ἱσταῖμεν   τιθεῖμεν   ἱεῖμεν   διδοῖμεν\n2       ἱσταῖτε    τιθεῖτε    ἱεῖτε    διδοῖτε\n3       ἱσταῖεν    τιθεῖεν    ἱεῖεν    διδοῖεν\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1    σταίην             θείην    εἵην    δοίην\n2       σταίης             θείης    εἵης    δοίης\n3       σταίη              θείη     εἵη     δοίη\nDu. 2   σταῖτον            θεῖτον   εἷτον   δοῖτον\n3       σταίτην            θείτην   εἵτην   δοίτην\nPl. 1   σταῖμεν            θεῖμεν   εἷμεν   δοῖμεν\n2       σταῖτε             θεῖτε    εἷτε    δοῖτε\n3       σταῖεν, σταίησαν   θεῖεν    εἷεν    δοῖεν"},{"section":954,"text":"§954. IMPERATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 2    ἵστη (-ᾱ)   τίθει (=-εε)   ἵει (=ἵεε)   δίδου (δίδωθι)\n3       ἱστάτω      τιθέτω         ἱέτω         διδότω\nDu. 2   ἵστατον     τίθετον        ἵετον        δίδοτον\n3       ἱστάτων     τιθέτων        ἱέτων        διδότων\nPl. 2   ἵστατε      τίθετε         ἵετε         δίδοτε\n3       ἱστάντων    τιθέντων       ἱέντων       διδόντων\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 2    στῆθι     θές      ἕς      δός\n3       στήτω     θέτω     ἕτω     δότω\nDu. 2   στῆτον    θέτον    ἕτον    δότον\n3       στήτων    θέτων    ἕτων    δότων\nPl. 2   στῆτε     θέτε     ἕτε     δότε\n3       στάντων   θέντων   ἕντων   δόντων"},{"section":955,"text":"§955. INFINITIVE\n\nPRESENT\n   ἱστάμεν(αι)   τιθήμεν(αι)   ἱέμεν(αι)   διδόμεν(αι) (διδοῦναι)\n\nSECOND AORIST\n   στήναι (στήμεναι)   θεῖναι (θέμεν[αι])   εἷναι (ἕμεν[αι])   δοῦναι (δόμεν[αι])"},{"section":956,"text":"§956. PARTICIPLE\n\nPRES.    ἱστά̄ς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν   τιθείς, εἶσα, ἔν   ἱείς, εἷσα, ἕν   διδούς, οὖσα, όν\n2 AOR.   στά̄ς, στᾶσα, στάν      θείς, θεῖσα, θέν   εἷς, εἷσα, ἕν    δούς, δοῦσα, δόν\n\nNOTE 1. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι, see 924.\n\nNOTE 2. δίδωμι may have (very rarely) διδώσω instead of δώσω in the future."},{"section":957,"text":"§957. INDICATIVE\n\nMiddle Voice\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἵσταμαι       τίθεμαι       ἵεμαι       δίδομαι\n2       ἵστασαι       τίθεσαι       ἵεσαι       δίδοσαι\n3       ἵσταται       τίθεται       ἵεται       δίδοται\nDu. 2   ἵστασθον      τίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      δίδοσθον\n3       ἵστασθον      τίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      δίδοσθον\nPl. 1   ἱστάμε(σ)θα   τιθέμε(σ)θα   ἱέμε(σ)θα   διδόμε(σ)θα\n2       ἵστασθε       τίθεσθε       ἵεσθε       δίδοσθε\n3       ἵστανται      τίθενται      ἵενται      δίδονται\n\nIMPERFECT\nS. 1    ἱστάμην       ἐτιθέμην       ἱέμην       ἐδιδόμην\n2       ἵστασο        ἐτίθεσο        ἵεσο        ἐδίδοσο\n3       ἵστατο        ἐτίθετο        ἵετο        ἐδίδοτο\nDu. 2   ἵστασθον      ἐτίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      ἐδίδοσθον\n3       ἱστάσθην      ἐτιθέσθην      ἱέσθην      ἐδιδόσθην\nPl. 1   ἱστάμε(σ)θα   ἐτιθέμε(σ)θα   ἱέμε(σ)θα   ἐδιδόμε(σ)θα\n2       ἵστασθε       ἐτίθεσθε       ἵεσθε       ἐδίδοσθε\n3       ἵσταντο       ἐτίθεντο       ἵεντο       ἐδίδοντο\n\nFUTURE\nS. 1    στήσομαι       θήσομαι       ἥσομαι       δώσομαι\n2       στήσεαι        θήσεαι        ἥσεαι        δώσεαι\n3       στήσεται       θήσεται       ἥσεται       δώσεται\nDu. 2   στήσεσθον      θήσεσθον      ἥσεσθον      δώσεσθον\n3       στήσεσθον      θήσεσθον      ἥσεσθον      δώσεσθον\nPl. 1   στησόμε(σ)θα   θησόμε(σ)θα   ἡσόμε(σ)θα   δωσόμε(σ)θα\n2       στήσεσθε       θήσεσθε       ἥσεσθε       δώσεσθε\n3       στήσονται      θήσονται      ἥσονται      δώσονται\n\nFIRST AORIST\nS. 1    ἐστησάμην\n2       ἐστήσαο\n3       ἐστήσατο        ἐθήκατο\nDu. 2   ἐστησάσθον\n3       ἐστησάσθην\nPl. 1   ἐστησάμε(σ)θα\n2       ἐστήσασθε\n3       ἐστήσαντο\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1       ἐθέμην       εἵμην       ἐδόμην\n2          ἔθεο         εἷο         ἔδοο (ου)\n3          ἔθετο        εἷτο        ἔδοτο\nDu. 2      ἔθεσθον      εἷσθον      ἔδοσθον\n3          ἐθέσθην      εἵσθην      ἐδόσθην\nPl. 1      ἐθέμε(σ)θα   εἵμε(σ)θα   ἐδόμε(σ)θα\n2          ἔθεσθε       εἷσθε       ἔδοσθε\n3          ἔθεντο       εἷντο       ἔδοντο"},{"section":958,"text":"§958. SUBJUNCTIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἱστῶμαι       τιθῶμαι       ἱῶμαι       διδῶμαι\n2       ἱστῆαι        τιθῆαι        ἱῆαι        διδῷαι\n3       ἱστῆται       τιθῆται       ἱῆται       διδῶται\nDu. 2   ἱστῆσθον      τιθῆσθον      ἱῆσθον      διδῶσθον\n3       ἱστῆσθον      τιθῆσθον      ἱῆσθον      διδῶσθον\nPl. 1   ἱστώμε(σ)θα   τιθώμε(σ)θα   ἱώμε(σ)θα   διδώμε(σ)θα\n2       ἱστῆσθε       τιθῆσθε       ἱῆσθε       διδῶσθε\n3       ἱστῶνται      τιθῶνται      ἱῶνται      διδῶνται\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1       θῶμαι       ὧμαι       δῶμαι\n2          θῆαι        ἧαι        δῷαι\n3          θῆται       ἧται       δῶται\nDu. 2      θῆσθον      ἧσθον      δῶσθον\n3          θῆσθον      ἧσθον      δῶσθον\nPl. 1      θώμε(σ)θα   ὡμε(σ)θα   δώμε(σ)θα\n2          θῆσθε       ἧσθε       δῶσθε\n3          θῶνται      ὧνται      δῶνται"},{"section":959,"text":"§959. OPTATIVE\n\nPRESENT\nS. 1    ἱσταίμην       τιθείμην       ἱείμην       διδοίμην\n2       ἱσταῖο         τιθεῖο         ἱεῖο         διδοῖο\n3       ἱσταῖτο        τιθεῖτο        ἱεῖτο        διδοῖτο\nDu. 2   ἱσταῖσθον      τιθεῖσθον      ἱεῖσθον      διδοῖσθον\n3       ἱσταίσθην      τιθείσθην      ἱείσθην      διδοίσθην\nPl. 1   ἱσταίμε(σ)θα   τιθείμε(σ)θα   ἱείμε(σ)θα   διδοίμε(σ)θα\n2       ἱσταῖσθε       τιθεῖσθε       ἱεῖσθε       διδοῖσθε\n3       ἱσταίατο       τιθείατο       ἱείατο       διδοίατο\n\nSECOND AORIST\nS. 1       θείμην       εἵμην       δοίμην\n2          θεῖο         εἷο         δοῖο\n3          θεῖτο        εἷτο        δοῖτο\nDu. 2      θεῖσθον      εἷσθον      δοῖσθον\n3          θείσθην      εἵσθην      δοίσθην\nPl. 1      θείμε(σ)θα   εἵμε(σ)θα   δοίμε(σ)θα\n2          θεῖσθε       εἷσθε       δοῖσθε\n3          θείατο       εἵατο       δοίατο"},{"section":960,"text":"§960. Imperative\n\nPresent\nS. 2    ἵστασο     τίθεσο     ἵεσο     δίδοσο\n3       ἱστάσθω    τιθέσθω    ἱέσθω    διδόσθω\nDu. 2   ἵστασθον   τίθεσθον   ἵεσθον   δίδοσθον\n3       ἱστάσθων   τιθέσθων   ἱέσθων   διδόσθων\nPl. 2   ἵστασθε    τίθεσθε    ἵεσθε    δίδοσθε\n3       ἱστάσθων   τιθέσθων   ἱέσθων   διδόσθων\n\nSecond Aorist\nS. 2    ,   θέο (θεῦ)   ἕο      δόο (δοῦ)\n3       ,   θέσθω       ἕσθω    δόσθω\nDu. 2   ,   θέσθον      ἕσθον   δόσθον\n3       ,   θέσθων      ἕσθων   δόσθων\nPl. 2   ,   θέσθε       ἕσθε    δόσθε\n3       ,   θέσθων      ἕσθων   δόσθων"},{"section":961,"text":"§961. Infinitive\n\nPresent     ἵστασθαι   τίθεσθαι   ἵεσθαι   δίδοσθαι\nSec. Aor.   ,          θέσθαι     ἕσθαι    δόσθαι"},{"section":962,"text":"§962. Participle\n\nPresent     ἱστάμενος, η, ον   τιθήμενος, η, ον   ἱέμενος, η, ον   διδόμενος, η, ον\nSec. Aor.   ,                  θέμενος, η, ον     ἕμενος, η, ον    δόμενος, μ, ον"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"φωνήσᾱς","gloss":"Speak, lift up the voice, from φωνέ-ω"},{"word":"προσηύδᾱ","gloss":"Address, speak to, say to, from προσ-αυδά-ω"},{"word":"γλαυκώπιδα","gloss":"Gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed, from γλαυκ-ῶπις"},{"word":"πτερόεντα","gloss":"Winged, flying, from πτερόεις"},{"word":"τίπτ’","gloss":"Why?, from τί-πτε"},{"word":"αὖτε","gloss":"Again, in turn, but"},{"word":"τέκος","gloss":"Child, descendant, offspring"},{"word":"αἰγιόχοιο","gloss":"Aegis-holding, from αἰγί-οχος"},{"word":"ἵνα","gloss":"In order that, that, where"},{"word":"ὕβριν","gloss":"Insolence, wantonness, frowardness, from ὕβρις"},{"word":"τάχ’","gloss":"Quickly, swiftly, soon, from τάχα"},{"word":"ὀλέσσῃ","gloss":"Destroy, kill, ruin, from ὄλλυμι"},{"word":"ὑπεροπλίῃσιν","gloss":"Arrogance, insulting conduct, from ὑπερ-οπλίη"},{"word":"ἔληγεν","gloss":"Cease, refrain, slack, from λήγ-ω"},{"word":"ὀνειδίσει","gloss":"Revile, reproach, abuse, from ὀνειδίζω"},{"word":"φωνήσας","gloss":"Speak, lift up the voice, from φωνέω"},{"word":"προσηύδα","gloss":"Address, speak to, say to, from προσαυδάω"},{"word":"ὑπεροπλίῃσι","gloss":"Arrogance, from ὑπεροπλία"},{"word":"γλαυκῶπις","gloss":"Gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed"},{"word":"παύσουσα","gloss":"Cease, stop, PAUSE, from παύω"},{"word":"λῆγ’","gloss":"Cease, refrain, SLACK, from λήγω"},{"word":"μηδὲ","gloss":"And not, but not, nor"}],"paradigms":[{"section":949,"headword":"ἵστημι","caption":"present indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἵστημι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἵστης","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἵστησι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἵστατον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἵστατον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἵσταμεν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἵστατε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἱστᾶσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,7]},{"section":949,"headword":"τίθημι","caption":"present indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"τίθημι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"τίθης","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"τίθησι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"τίθετον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"τίθετον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"τίθεμεν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"τίθετε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"τιθεῖσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,6]},{"section":949,"headword":"ἵημι","caption":"present indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"ἵημι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"ἵης","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"ἵησι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"ἵετον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"ἵετον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"ἵεμεν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"ἵετε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"ἱεῖσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,3,5]},{"section":949,"headword":"δίδωμι","caption":"present indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"δίδωμι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"διδοῖς","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"δίδωσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"δίδοτον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"δίδοτον","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"δίδομεν","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"δίδοτε","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"διδοῦσι","meaning":"","name":"present indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,2,6]},{"section":949,"headword":"ἵστημι","caption":"future indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"στήσω","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"στήσεις","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"στήσει","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"στήσετον","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"στήσετον","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"στήσομεν","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"στήσετε","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"στήσουσι","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[2,5,6]},{"section":949,"headword":"τίθημι","caption":"future indicative active","cells":[{"label":"S. 1","number":"singular","form":"θήσω","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 1st singular"},{"label":"2","number":"singular","form":"θήσεις","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd singular"},{"label":"3","number":"singular","form":"θήσει","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd singular"},{"label":"Du. 2","number":"dual","form":"θήσετον","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd dual"},{"label":"3","number":"dual","form":"θήσετον","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd dual"},{"label":"Pl. 1","number":"plural","form":"θήσομεν","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 1st plural"},{"label":"2","number":"plural","form":"θήσετε","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 2nd plural"},{"label":"3","number":"plural","form":"θήσουσι","meaning":"","name":"future indicative active, 3rd plural"}],"recall":[1,6,7]}]}]}