{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L109","title":"Lesson 109","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 109: why the capital moved · dialogue 1 of 5, comparing two planned capitals · dialogue 2 of 5, how the city expanded · dialogue 3 of 5, visiting the imperial palace · dialogue 4 of 5, avoiding special treatment abroad · dialogue 5 of 5, even teachers make mistakes · perception drill, even i can do it · pattern 1 1 of 3, even children can do it · pattern 1 2 of 3, even in rain or summer · pattern 1 3 of 3, kyoto history and former capital · reading selection 1 of 2, kyoto growth and palace access · reading selection 2 of 2, kyoto capital and palace history · questions, political change and directions · word list 1 of 3, city growth and official permission · word list 2 of 3, courtesy.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/107","lines":102},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/106","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/108","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Why the capital moved · Dialogue 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Five or six days in Kyoto","paragraphs":["A speaker describes Kyoto for tourists. *京都をゆっくり見物しようとすれば、五六日かかる* means \"it would take five or six days to see Kyoto leisurely.\"","*京都は千年以上も日本の都だった所* means \"Kyoto was the capital of Japan for more than a thousand years.\" Its long history explains the many sights.","Economic trouble, difficulty maintaining unity, and internal disorder led to the move from Nara. Kyoto was the capital from 794 to 1868."]},{"title":"Kanji: 統 to 起","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 一","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.001","source":"今度は観光客に教えるつもりで京都について話してください。","translation":"Please talk about Kyoto this time imagining that you are teaching the tourists.","reading":"こんどはかんこうきゃくにおしえるつもりできょうとについてはなしてください。","words":[{"text":"今度","gloss":"this time","reading":"こんど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourists","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourists","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえる"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intending"},{"text":"で","gloss":"as"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"talk"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.002","source":"よろしい。とにかく話にはいる前に、京都をゆっくり見物しようとすれば、五六日かかると言う事を頭においてもらいたいのです。","translation":"O.K. Well anyway, before I start talking I want you to bear this in mind, that it would take five or six days if you do the sights of Kyoto leisurely.","reading":"よろしい。とにかくはなしにはいるまえに、きょうとをゆっくりけんぶつしようとすれば、ごろくにちかかるということをあたまにおいてもらいたいのです。","words":[{"text":"よろしい。","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"とにかく","gloss":"anyway"},{"text":"話","gloss":"talking","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"は","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"before"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ゆっくり","gloss":"leisurely"},{"text":"見物","gloss":"see the sights","reading":"けんぶつ"},{"text":"しよう","gloss":"see the sights"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if you do"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if you do"},{"text":"五六","gloss":"five or six","reading":"ごろく"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"かかる","gloss":"takes"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"頭","gloss":"mind","reading":"あたま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"keep in mind"},{"text":"て","gloss":"keep in mind"},{"text":"もらい","gloss":"have you"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.003","source":"そうですか。","translation":"Is that right?","reading":"そうですか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.004","source":"何と言っても、京都は千年以上も日本の都だった所なので、見る物も多い訳です。","translation":"Anyway, Kyoto was the capital of Japan for more than a thousand years. That is the reason there are many things to see.","reading":"なんといっても、きょうとはせんねんいじょうもにほんのみやこだったところなので、みるものもおおいわけです。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"say"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"以上","gloss":"more than","reading":"いじょう"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"訳","gloss":"reason","reading":"わけ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.005","source":"そうでしょうね。で一体なぜ都を奈良から移す様になったのですか。","translation":"I suppose you are right. And, what in the world is the reason for the turn of events of moving the capital from Nara?","reading":"そうでしょうね。でいったいなぜみやこをならからうつすようになったのですか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"一体","gloss":"in the world","reading":"いったい"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"移す","gloss":"move","reading":"うつす"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.006","source":"経済的にうまく行かなくなって、統一がつきかねる状態になり、その上内乱が起きたりしたので、都が移される事になったんです。","translation":"Conditions became such that things didn’t go smoothly economically and it was difficult to keep unity. Furthermore, internal disorder broke out, so steps were taken to move the capital.","reading":"けいざいてきにうまくいかなくなって、とういつがつきかねるじょうたいになり、そのうえないらんがおきたりしたので、みやこがうつされることになったんです。","words":[{"text":"経済","gloss":"economically","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"的","gloss":"economically","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"economically"},{"text":"うまく","gloss":"smoothly"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"unity","reading":"とういつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つき","gloss":"maintain"},{"text":"かねる","gloss":"difficult to"},{"text":"状態","gloss":"condition","reading":"じょうたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり、","gloss":"became"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"上","gloss":"on top of","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"内乱","gloss":"civil disorder","reading":"ないらん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"broke out","reading":"おき"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"things like"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"移さ","gloss":"move","reading":"うつさ"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"be moved"},{"text":"事","gloss":"arrangement","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"--- DATTE\nFollowing nouns and pronouns, DATTE expresses the meaning of “even”, “also”, or “too”.\n\nExamples:\n\nWATASHI DATTE DEKIRU. “I can do it too” or “Even I can do it.”\n\nKIMI DATTE ONAJI JA NAI KA. “Even you are the same as I am.”\n\nSARU DATTE KI KARA OCHIRU SA. “Even a monkey sometimes falls down a tree.”\n\nBOKU GA BAKA NARA, KIMI DATTE BAKA DA. “If I am a fool, you are too.”\n\nThere are times when DATTE follows a particle when the verb involved requires it. For example:\n\nWATAKUSHI NI DEKIRU. “I can do it.”\n\nWATAKUSHI NI DATTE DEKIRU “Even I can do it.”\n\nKORE WA BOKU NI WA WAKARANAI. “I can’t understand this.”\n\nKORE WA BOKU NI DATTE WAKARANAI. “Even I can’t understand this.”\n\nBOKU WA NIHON E IKU. “I go to Japan.”\n\nBOKU WA NIHON E DATTE IKU. “I go even to Japan.”"},{"section":2,"text":"KYOTO\nSome visitors who dislike Tokyo for its bigness and its modernity will fall in love with Kyoto quickly. Others, who value progress, may think Kyoto is backward or old-fashioned. The truth is that Kyoto, while retaining nearly all its best features of the past, is one of Japan’s most progressive cities. It was in Kyoto that Japan’s first primary school system was opened, that Japan’s first streetcar operated, and Japan’s first electric generator started providing power. But, the past is very much a part of the present in contemporary Kyoto.\nThe capital of Japan from 794 to 1868, it became the center of Japanese culture, witnessed the influx of Chinese art, language and literature, and the successful blending which has resulted in the manners and customs of Japan as we know them today.\nKyoto has seen everything, but is patient, and exists for the present while treasuring the past. Its 1,327,000 inhabitants enjoy their unique heritage.\n\nCultural note, continued."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今度","gloss":"this time, next time"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"つい","gloss":"just; only"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よろしい。","gloss":"good!"},{"word":"とにかく","gloss":"at any rate; any how"},{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"ゆっくり","gloss":"slowly; deliberately; leisurely"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かかる","gloss":"to consult, to contract, to be attacked by"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"頭","gloss":"head, mind"},{"word":"おい","gloss":"nephew"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"も、","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"千","gloss":"1,000"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"奈良","gloss":"P.N."},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"移す","gloss":"to move, relocate, shift"},{"word":"統一","gloss":"unity; uniformity"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"状態","gloss":"condition; situation"},{"word":"内乱","gloss":"internal disorder; civil commotion"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing two planned capitals · Dialogue 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"A planned capital after Nagaoka","paragraphs":["A visitor asks about Kyoto's design, size, and earlier capital.","*京都も奈良と同じ様に計画都市でしたか* asks whether Kyoto was a planned city like Nara.","Kyoto was almost the same size as Nara but slightly longer. Its old broad streets have mostly disappeared.","*七百九十四年に京都に都を造ったのです* places the new capital in Kyoto in 794. Nagaoka served as capital for about ten years before that."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.007","source":"京都も奈良と同じ様に計画都市でしたか。","translation":"Was Kyoto a planned city just like Nara?","reading":"きょうともならとおなじようにけいかくとしでしたか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"と","gloss":"like"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"計画","gloss":"planned city","reading":"けいかく"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"planned city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.008","source":"そうです。大きさも奈良とほとんど同じぐらいでした。長さ四・九五キロ、はば四・二キロですから、奈良より少し長いです。","translation":"Yes, it was. The size, too, was just about the same as Nara. It is a little longer than Nara since the length is 4.95 kilometers and the width is 4.2 kilometers.","reading":"そうです。おおきさもならとほとんどおなじぐらいでした。ながさよん・きゅうごキロ、はばよん・にキロですから、ならよりすこしながいです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"},{"text":"長","gloss":"length","reading":"なが"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"length"},{"text":"四・","gloss":"four point","reading":"よん"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine","reading":"きゅう"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"キロ、","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"はば","gloss":"width"},{"text":"四・","gloss":"four point","reading":"よん"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"slightly","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"longer","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.009","source":"それで京都に移ったのは七百八十四年ですか。","translation":"Was it 784 A.D. when it was moved to Kyoto?","reading":"それできょうとにうつったのはななひゃくはちじゅうよねんですか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"移っ","gloss":"moved","reading":"うつっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"七百","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"text":"八十","gloss":"eighty"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.010","source":"いいえ、七百九十四年に京都に都を造ったのです。それまで、十年ほど京都の南方の長岡が都でした。","translation":"No, the capital was built in Kyoto in 794 A.D. So until then, for about ten years, Nagaoka which is to the south of Kyoto, was the capital.","reading":"いいえ、ななひゃくきゅうじゅうよねんにきょうとにみやこをつくったのです。それまで、じゅうねんほどきょうとのなんぽうのながおかがみやこでした。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"七百","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"text":"九十","gloss":"ninety"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"造っ","gloss":"built","reading":"つくっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"until"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"南方","gloss":"south","reading":"なんぽう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長岡","gloss":"Nagaoka","reading":"ながおか"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.011","source":"京都市は、それでは、当時の都がそのまま残っているのですね。","translation":"Then, as for the city of Kyoto, the capital of those days is remaining in tact, isn’t that right?","reading":"きょうとしは、それでは、とうじのみやこがそのままのこっているのですね。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"being"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"当時","gloss":"those days","reading":"とうじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"その","gloss":"just as it was"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"just as it was"},{"text":"残っ","gloss":"remains","reading":"のこっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remaining"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"remaining"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.012","source":"大体にそうです。けれども、昔の広い通りはほとんどなくなりました。","translation":"It is so for the most part. However, the wide streets of the olden days are practically gone.","reading":"だいたいにそうです。けれども、むかしのひろいとおりはほとんどなくなりました。","words":[{"text":"大体","gloss":"mostly","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"けれど","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"昔","gloss":"olden days","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"広い","gloss":"wide","reading":"ひろい"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"streets","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"なくなり","gloss":"disappeared"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"都市","gloss":"city"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"四・","gloss":"four"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"キロ、","gloss":"kilometer"},{"word":"はば","gloss":"width"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"七百","gloss":"700"},{"word":"八十","gloss":"80"},{"word":"九十","gloss":"90"},{"word":"まで、","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"南方","gloss":"in the southern direction; south"},{"word":"当時","gloss":"at that time; then"},{"word":"通り","gloss":"street"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How the city expanded · Dialogue 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Growth toward the north and east","paragraphs":["One speaker asks why Kyoto developed north and east. *土地が低くて、いけやぬまが多く* describes low land with many ponds and swamps.","The western and southern areas were unsuitable for settlement. Kyoto therefore expanded toward the north and east.","*かも川の東の方がにぎやかになった* means \"the east side of the Kamogawa River became bustling.\" The streets there are less orderly than those to the west."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.013","source":"昔の通りは広かったんですか。","translation":"Were the streets of the olden days wide?","reading":"むかしのとおりはひろかったんですか。","words":[{"text":"昔","gloss":"olden days","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"streets","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"広かっ","gloss":"wide","reading":"ひろかっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.014","source":"一番広いのははばが八十メートルぐらい、普通の大通りは二十四メートルぐらいでした。","translation":"The widest one was about 80 meters wide and the ordinary main streets were about 24 meters.","reading":"いちばんひろいのははばがはちじゅうメートルぐらい、ふつうのおおどおりはにじゅうよんメートルぐらいでした。","words":[{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"広い","gloss":"wide","reading":"ひろい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はば","gloss":"width"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"八十","gloss":"eighty","reading":"はちじゅう"},{"text":"メートル","gloss":"meters"},{"text":"ぐらい、","gloss":"about"},{"text":"普通","gloss":"ordinary","reading":"ふつう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大通り","gloss":"main streets","reading":"おおどおり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"メートル","gloss":"meters"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.015","source":"なぜ京都は北と東に発展していったのですか。","translation":"Why was Kyoto developed to the north and to the east?","reading":"なぜきょうとはきたとひがしにはってんしていったのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"北","gloss":"north","reading":"きた"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"develop","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いっ","gloss":"went"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.016","source":"それは平安京の西部と南部は土地が低くて、いけやぬまが多く、人が住むのにはてきしていなかったからです。","translation":"That’s because the western part and the southern part of the Heian Capital were lowlands and there were many ponds and swamps and they weren’t suitable for people to live.","reading":"それはへいあんきょうのせいぶとなんぶはとちがひくくて、いけやぬまがおおく、ひとがすむのにはてきしていなかったからです。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"平安","gloss":"Heian Capital","reading":"へいあん"},{"text":"京","gloss":"Heian Capital","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"西部","gloss":"western part","reading":"せいぶ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"南部","gloss":"southern part","reading":"なんぶ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"低く","gloss":"low","reading":"ひくく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"ponds"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ぬま","gloss":"swamps"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く、","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"住む","gloss":"live","reading":"すむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"てきし","gloss":"suitable"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.017","source":"なるほどね。","translation":"I see.","reading":"なるほどね。","words":[{"text":"なるほど","gloss":"I see"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.018","source":"それで東と北にのび、かも川の東の方がにぎやかになったのです。京都市の地図を見ると、かも川の東は通りがごたごたしているが、西はせいぜんとしているのに気がつくでしょう。これを御覧。","translation":"For that reason, it was expanded to the east and to the north, and the east side of the Kamogawa River became bustling. If you look at the map of Kyoto, you’ll notice that the streets are disorderly on the east of the Kamogawa River, but they are very orderly on the west side. Take a look at this.","reading":"それでひがしときたにのび、かもがわのひがしのほうがにぎやかになったのです。きょうとしのちずをみると、かもがわのひがしはとおりがごたごたしているが、にしはせいぜんとしているのにきがつくでしょう。これをごらん。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"北","gloss":"north","reading":"きた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"のび、","gloss":"expanded"},{"text":"か","gloss":"Kamo River"},{"text":"も","gloss":"Kamo River"},{"text":"川","gloss":"Kamo River","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"にぎやか","gloss":"bustling"},{"text":"に","gloss":"became"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"地図","gloss":"map","reading":"ちず"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"look","reading":"みる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"か","gloss":"Kamo River"},{"text":"も","gloss":"Kamo River"},{"text":"川","gloss":"Kamo River","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"streets","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ごたごた","gloss":"disorderly"},{"text":"し","gloss":"being"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"orderly"},{"text":"いぜん","gloss":"orderly"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"are"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"気","gloss":"notice","reading":"き"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つく","gloss":"notice"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"御覧。","gloss":"look","reading":"ごらん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"メートル","gloss":"meter"},{"word":"ぐらい、","gloss":"about"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"北","gloss":"north"},{"word":"東","gloss":"east"},{"word":"西部","gloss":"western part or portion"},{"word":"南部","gloss":"southern part or portion"},{"word":"土地","gloss":"land, lot"},{"word":"いけ","gloss":"pond, dam, reservoir"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ぬま","gloss":"swamp"},{"word":"多く、","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"住む","gloss":"to live, reside"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"なるほど","gloss":"I see, indeed, to be sure"},{"word":"川","gloss":"river"},{"word":"にぎやか","gloss":"merry; crowded; flourishing; gay"},{"word":"西","gloss":"west"},{"word":"せ","gloss":"height (of man)"},{"word":"いぜん","gloss":"before"},{"word":"つく","gloss":"to arrive, to reach (v.i.)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Visiting the Imperial Palace · Dialogue 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Two openings and special permission","paragraphs":["A visitor asks whether the Imperial Palace is always open. *一年に二度だけ一ぱん観光客にあけます* means \"It is opened to tourists only twice a year.\"","The openings run from April 6 through April 10 and from November 28 through December 2.","*特別にきょかをもらえば、いつでもはいる事が出来ます* means foreign visitors may enter at any time with special permission from the Imperial Household Agency."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.019","source":"そうですね。気が付きませんでした。御所はどこですか。","translation":"I see. I never noticed it before. Where is the Imperial Palace?","reading":"そうですね。きがつきませんでした。ごしょはどこですか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"I see"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right"},{"text":"気","gloss":"notice","reading":"き"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"付き","gloss":"noticed","reading":"つき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"},{"text":"御所","gloss":"Imperial Palace","reading":"ごしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.020","source":"ここです。","translation":"It is here.","reading":"ここです。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.021","source":"御所はいつでもはいって見物出来ますか。","translation":"Can you go into the Imperial palace any time and see it?","reading":"ごしょはいつでもはいってけんぶつできますか。","words":[{"text":"御所","gloss":"Imperial Palace","reading":"ごしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"で","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"も","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"はいっ","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"見物","gloss":"sightseeing","reading":"けんぶつ"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.022","source":"一年に二度だけ一ぱん観光客にあけます。四月六日から十日までと、十一月二十八日から十二月二日までの二かいです。","translation":"It is opened to the tourists only twice a year. They are open from the 6th of April to the 10th and from the 28th of November to the 2nd of December.","reading":"いちねんににどだけいっぱんかんこうきゃくにあけます。しがつむいかからとおかまでと、じゅういちがつにじゅうはちにちからじゅうにがつふつかまでのにかいです。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"一","gloss":"general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"general"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourists","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourists","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"六","gloss":"sixth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sixth"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"十","gloss":"tenth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"tenth"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"十","gloss":"November"},{"text":"一","gloss":"November"},{"text":"月","gloss":"November"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eighth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"eighth"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"second"},{"text":"日","gloss":"second"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"times"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.023","source":"では、その時以外は外から見るだけですね。","translation":"Then, other than those days, you only look at it from the outside, isn’t that right?","reading":"では、そのときいがいはそとからみるだけですね。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"時","gloss":"times","reading":"とき"},{"text":"以外","gloss":"other than","reading":"いがい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.024","source":"外国人の場合にはくないちょうから特別にきょかをもらえば、いつでもはいる事が出来ます。","translation":"In the case of foreigners, if they obtain a special permit from the Imperial Household Agency, they can go in any time.","reading":"がいこくじんのばあいにはくないちょうからとくべつにきょかをもらえば、いつでもはいることができます。","words":[{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"く","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"ちょう","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"特別","gloss":"special","reading":"とくべつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"specially"},{"text":"きょ","gloss":"permission"},{"text":"か","gloss":"permission"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もらえ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"で","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"も","gloss":"any time"},{"text":"はいる","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"御所","gloss":"an Imperial Palace"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"かい","gloss":"counter meaning ”time” (frequency)"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"ちょう","gloss":"intestines"},{"word":"はいる","gloss":"to enter, to go in"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Avoiding special treatment abroad · Dialogue 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Declining special treatment","paragraphs":["One speaker says *特別のあつかいはえんりょしたいのです*, meaning \"I want to decline the special treatment.\"","The reply describes visitors who demand such treatment or accept it without much gratitude. Their conduct gives Japanese people an unfavorable impression."]},{"title":"Even Japanese visitors","paragraphs":["*日本人だって、外国に行けば同じ様な間違いをやるんでしょう* means \"Even Japanese people probably make the same kind of mistake abroad.\"","In this line, *だって* follows *日本人* and includes Japanese people as another possible case. It means \"even.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 定, 求","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.025","source":"そうですか。でも、私は一二週間の予定で日本に来た観光客ではないし、特別のあつかいはえんりょしたいのです。","translation":"Is that right? But, since I am not a tourist who came to Japan for one or two weeks of scheduled stay, I want to decline the special treatment.","reading":"そうですか。でも、わたくしはいちにしゅうかんのていでにほんにきたかんこうきゃくではないし、とくべつのあつかいはえんりょしたいのです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"is that so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"予定","gloss":"planned stay","reading":"てい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"for"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourist","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourist","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"特別","gloss":"special","reading":"とくべつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"あつかい","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えんりょ","gloss":"decline"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.025.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.026","source":"そうですか。時々、あなたと反対に特別のあつかいやサービスを要求する外国人が居ます。また、そう言うたいぐうを受けるのをあたり前と考えて、それほどかんしゃしない人もあって、日本人に悪い感じをあたえています。","translation":"Is that so? On the contrary, at times there are foreigners who demand special treatment and service. And again, there are those that don’t appreciate it very much, thinking that it is natural for them to receive such treatment, and it gives an unfavorable impression to the Japanese people.","reading":"そうですか。ときどき、あなたとはんたいにとくべつのあつかいやサービスをきゅうするがいこくじんがいます。また、そういうたいぐうをうけるのをあたりまえとかんがえて、それほどかんしゃしないひともあって、にほんじんにわるいかんじをあたえています。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"is that so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"時々、","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"反対","gloss":"opposite","reading":"はんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"特別","gloss":"special","reading":"とくべつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"あつかい","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"サービス","gloss":"service"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"要求","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"また、","gloss":"also"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"such","reading":"いう"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"ぐう","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受ける","gloss":"receive","reading":"うける"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたり前","gloss":"natural"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"think","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"much"},{"text":"かんしゃ","gloss":"appreciate"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"感じ","gloss":"impression","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたえ","gloss":"give"},{"text":"て","gloss":"giving"},{"text":"い","gloss":"giving"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.026.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.027","source":"そうでしょう。気を付けなければなりませんね。","translation":"I suppose so. We must be careful, mustn’t we?","reading":"そうでしょう。きをつけなければなりませんね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"気","gloss":"care","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"付け","gloss":"take","reading":"つけ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.027.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L109.dlg.028","source":"日本人だって、外国に行けば同じ様な間違いをやるんでしょう。おたがいに気を付けなければなりませんね。","translation":"Even Japanese people, when they go abroad, probably will be doing the same type of blunder, so we all must be careful.","reading":"にほんじんだって、がいこくにいけばおなじようなまちがいをやるんでしょう。おたがいにきをつけなければなりませんね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign country","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行け","gloss":"go","reading":"いけ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"様","gloss":"kind","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間違い","gloss":"mistake","reading":"まちがい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"お","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"たがい","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"気","gloss":"care","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"付け","gloss":"take","reading":"つけ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.dlg.028.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"予定","gloss":"plan, prearrangement"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"時々、","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"サービス","gloss":"service"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"また、","gloss":"thigh"},{"word":"あたり前","gloss":"right; proper; deserving; normal; as a matter of course"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"やる","gloss":"to do"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Even teachers make mistakes · Perception drill","teaching":[{"title":"Even a teacher","paragraphs":["*先生だって時々書き間違える* means \"Even a teacher sometimes writes it wrong.\" The teacher is an unexpected case included in the statement.","After a noun or pronoun, *だって* means \"even,\" \"also,\" or \"too.\" *英語だって同じですよ* means \"Even in English, it is the same.\""]},{"title":"After a required particle","paragraphs":["*君に出来れば、僕にだって出来るさ* means \"If you can do it, I can do it too.\"","When the verb requires a particle, *だって* follows that particle. Here, *にだって* keeps the *に* required with *出来る*."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.01","source":"日本人 だって 外国へ行けば、同じ様な間違いをします。","translation":"Even the Japanese will make the same mistake if they go abroad.","reading":"にほんじんだってがいこくへいけば、おなじようなまちがいをします。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign country","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行け","gloss":"go","reading":"いけ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"様","gloss":"kind","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間違い","gloss":"mistake","reading":"まちがい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.02","source":"君、こんな仕事が出来るか。","translation":"Say, can you do work like this?","reading":"きみ、こんなしごとができるか。","words":[{"text":"君、","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.03","source":"君に出来れば、僕にだって出来るさ。","translation":"If you can do it, I can do it too.","reading":"きみにできれば、ぼくにだってできるさ。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"出来れ","gloss":"can do","reading":"できれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"さ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.04","source":"先生、又このかん字を書き間違えました。","translation":"Teacher, I wrote this Kanji wrong.","reading":"せんせい、またこのかんじをかきまちがえました。","words":[{"text":"先生、","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again","reading":"また"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書き","gloss":"write","reading":"かき"},{"text":"間違え","gloss":"mistakenly","reading":"まちがえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.05","source":"先生だって時々書き間違えるのだから、生徒が間違えるのはあたり前だよ。","translation":"Even a teacher sometimes writes it wrong, so it’s natural for students to write it wrong.","reading":"せんせいだってときどきかきまちがえるのだから、せいとがまちがえるのはあたりまえだよ。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"書き","gloss":"write","reading":"かき"},{"text":"間違える","gloss":"mistakenly","reading":"まちがえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"間違える","gloss":"make mistakes","reading":"まちがえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたり前","gloss":"natural"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.06","source":"日本語には同じ意味の言葉が多くて困りますね。","translation":"There are many words of the same meaning in Japanese and they are troublesome, aren’t they?","reading":"にほんごにはおなじいみのことばがおおくてこまりますね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"意味","gloss":"meaning","reading":"いみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"困り","gloss":"troubled","reading":"こまり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.07","source":"英語だって同じですよ。","translation":"Even in English, it’s the same.","reading":"えいごだっておなじですよ。","words":[{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.08","source":"田村君はうたはあまり上手じゃないね。","translation":"Mr. Tamura isn’t very good in singing, is he?","reading":"たむらくんはうたはあまりじょうずじゃないね。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"君","gloss":"Mr.","reading":"くん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うた","gloss":"singing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good at","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"じゃ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.09","source":"うん、あれくらいなら、僕だってうたえるよ。","translation":"No, even I can sing that much.","reading":"うん、あれくらいなら、ぼくだってうたえるよ。","words":[{"text":"うん、","gloss":"yeah"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"that much"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"that much"},{"text":"なら、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"うたえる","gloss":"can sing"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.10","source":"スミスさんはよく勉強するんだね。","translation":"Mr, Smith does study hard, doesn’t he?","reading":"スミスさんはよくべんきょうするんだね。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L109.gp1.11","source":"ええ、日曜日だって二三時間勉強するんだそうですよ。","translation":"Yes, as I understand it, he studies two or three hours even on Sunday.","reading":"ええ、にちようびだってにさんじかんべんきょうするんだそうですよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"日曜","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"にちよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"び"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"二三","gloss":"two or three","reading":"にさん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.gp1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"君、","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"僕","gloss":"I (see notes)"},{"word":"先生、","gloss":"refers to doctors, educators, etc. (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"多く","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"うた","gloss":"song"},{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"うん、","gloss":"Yes, all right."},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"なら、","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Even I can do it · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Even I can read it","paragraphs":["*これなら僕 だって 読める* means \"If it is this, even I can read it.\" The *だって* after *僕* includes the speaker.","The same *だって* follows a required particle in *普通の日本人にだってわかりにくい*. The Japanese is hard even for an ordinary Japanese person."]}],"lines":[{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.m1","source":"これなら僕 だって 読める。","translation":"If it is this, even I can read it.","reading":"これならぼくだってよめる。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"読める。","gloss":"can read","reading":"よめる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.01","source":"すきやきなら僕だって料理出来る。","translation":"If it is sukiyaki, even I can cook it.","reading":"すきやきならぼくだってりょうりできる。","words":[{"text":"すきやき","gloss":"sukiyaki"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"cook","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"出来る。","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.02","source":"君に出来れば、僕にだって出来る。","translation":"If you can do it, I can do it too.","reading":"きみにできれば、ぼくにだってできる。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"出来れ","gloss":"can do","reading":"できれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来る。","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.03","source":"ビールなら僕だって飲めるよ。","translation":"If it is beer, even I can drink it.","reading":"ビールならぼくだってのめるよ。","words":[{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"飲める","gloss":"can drink","reading":"のめる"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.04","source":"この日本語は普通の日本人にだってわかりにくいよ。","translation":"This Japanese is hard to understand even for an ordinary Japanese person.","reading":"このにほんごはふつうのにほんじんにだってわかりにくいよ。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"普通","gloss":"ordinary","reading":"ふつう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese person"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese person"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.05","source":"少しぐらいの雨だってゴルフをやるよ。","translation":"Even if it rains a little, I will play golf.","reading":"すこしぐらいのあめだってゴルフをやるよ。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"play"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.06","source":"犬だってこんなまずい物は食べませんよ。","translation":"Even a dog would not eat anything this bad.","reading":"いぬだってこんなまずいものはたべませんよ。","words":[{"text":"犬","gloss":"dog","reading":"いぬ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"まずい","gloss":"bad-tasting"},{"text":"物","gloss":"thing","reading":"もの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.07","source":"米国にだって背のひくい人が居ますよ。","translation":"There are short people even in the United States.","reading":"べいこくにだってせのひくいひとがいますよ。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"背","gloss":"height","reading":"せ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ひくい","gloss":"short"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"すきやき","gloss":"SUKIYAKI"},{"word":"出来る。","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"君","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"word":"まずい","gloss":"poor, tasteless"},{"word":"背","gloss":"back"},{"word":"ひくい","gloss":"low"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Even children can do it · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Summer and winter too","paragraphs":["*夏だって、冬だってあまりちがわないのです* means \"There is not much difference between summer and winter.\" Both seasons are included with *だって*.","*子供にだって出来る* means \"even a child can do it.\" Here, *にだって* presents a child as the unlikely case."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.08","source":"日本人だって背の高い人が居ます。","translation":"There are tall people even among the Japanese.","reading":"にほんじんだってせのたかいひとがいます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"背","gloss":"height","reading":"せ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"tall","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.09","source":"モンテレーは夏だってすずしいそうですね。","translation":"I hear Monterey is cool even in summer.","reading":"モンテレーはなつだってすずしいそうですね。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.10","source":"ええ、夏だって、冬だってあまりちがわないのです。","translation":"Yes, there is not much difference between summer and winter.","reading":"ええ、なつだって、ふゆだってあまりちがわないのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"ちがわ","gloss":"differ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.11","source":"このごろは米国人だって日本の事をよく知っている人が居ますね。","translation":"These days, even among Americans there are people who know a great deal about Japan.","reading":"このごろはべいこくじんだってにほんのことをよくしっているひとがいますね。","words":[{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"Americans","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Americans","reading":"じん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"about"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"knowing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"knowing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.12","source":"ええ、このごろは日本の事にきょうみを持っている人がずい分多いです。","translation":"Yes, these days there are quite a few people who are interested in Japan.","reading":"ええ、このごろはにほんのことにきょうみをもっているひとがずいぶんおおいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"about"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"きょうみ","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"have","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"having"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"having"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"quite","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.13","source":"これが出来ますか。","translation":"Can you do this?","reading":"これができますか。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.14","source":"子供にだって出来るのだから、私に出来ないはずはないでしょう。","translation":"Since even a child can do it, there is no reason I should not be able to, is there?","reading":"こどもにだってできるのだから、わたくしにできないはずはないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"はず","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.15","source":"日本への観光客は春が一番多いでしょうね。","translation":"There are probably more tourists to Japan in spring than in any other season.","reading":"にほんへのかんこうきゃくははるがいちばんおおいでしょうね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"の","gloss":"bound for"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourist","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourist","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"the most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"numerous","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"きょうみ","gloss":"interest"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"春","gloss":"spring"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Even in rain or summer · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Autumn too","paragraphs":["*秋だってずい分多いですよ* means \"There are quite a few in autumn too.\" The *だって* includes autumn with spring.","*さるだって木から落ちる* means \"Even a monkey falls from a tree.\" The statement includes an unexpected example."]},{"title":"Related questions with でも","paragraphs":["The related questions use *でも*. *モンテレーは夏でもすずしいですか* asks \"Is Monterey cool even in summer?\"","*米国人でも日本語が話せる人がありますか* asks whether any Americans can speak Japanese."]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.16","source":"ええ、そうです。だが秋だってずい分多いですよ。","translation":"Yes, that is right.\nBut there are quite a few in autumn too.","reading":"ええ、そうです。だがあきだってずいぶんおおいですよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"秋","gloss":"autumn","reading":"あき"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even in"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even in"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"quite","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.17","source":"君だって、こんな間違いをするんかね。","translation":"Even you make this kind of mistake?","reading":"きみだって、こんなまちがいをするんかね。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"間違い","gloss":"mistake","reading":"まちがい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"really"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.18","source":"もちろんさ。さるだって木から落ちると言うからね。","translation":"Of course.\nThey say even a monkey falls from a tree.","reading":"もちろんさ。さるだってきからおちるというからね。","words":[{"text":"もちろん","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"さ。","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"さる","gloss":"monkey"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"って","gloss":"even"},{"text":"木","gloss":"tree","reading":"き"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"落ちる","gloss":"falls","reading":"おちる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"they say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.19","source":"明日は雨でもゴルフをやるのかね。","translation":"Will you play golf tomorrow even if it rains?","reading":"あしたはあめでもゴルフをやるのかね。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"play"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.20","source":"モンテレーは夏でもすずしいですか。","translation":"Is Monterey cool even in summer?","reading":"モンテレーはなつでもすずしいですか。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even in"},{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.21","source":"米国人でも日本語が話せる人がありますか。","translation":"Are there any Americans who can speak Japanese?","reading":"べいこくじんでもにほんごがはなせるひとがありますか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"American","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"American","reading":"じん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even among"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even among"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"話せる","gloss":"can speak","reading":"はなせる"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.22","source":"日本人でも背の高い人が居ますか。","translation":"Are there any tall people among the Japanese?","reading":"にほんじんでもせのたかいひとがいますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even among"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even among"},{"text":"背","gloss":"height","reading":"せ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"tall","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"there are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L109.pt1.23","source":"米国では女は働きませんか。","translation":"Do women not work in the United States?","reading":"べいこくではおんなははたらきませんか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"do not work","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not work"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not work"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.pt1.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"秋","gloss":"autumn, fall"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もちろん","gloss":"of course, to be sure"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"落ちる","gloss":"to fall"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"話せる","gloss":"to be able to speak"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Kyoto history and former capital · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Kyoto as capital","paragraphs":["The questions review Kyoto's history as Japan's capital. *京都は何年ぐらい日本の都でしたか* asks about the length of that history.","Other questions ask how long leisurely sightseeing takes and when the capital moved from Nara to Kyoto."]},{"title":"Three reasons for the move","paragraphs":["*移された理由は何ですか* asks \"What was the reason it was moved?\" The answer gives economic trouble, difficulty maintaining unity, and internal disorder.","The final question asks for the name of the capital at that time."]}],"lines":[{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.001","source":"京都は何年ぐらい日本の都でしたか。","translation":"About how many years was Kyoto the capital of Japan?","reading":"きょうとはなんねんぐらいにほんのみやこでしたか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.002","source":"京都をゆっくり見物しようとすれば、どのぐらいかかりますか。","translation":"How long does it take if you try to see the sights of Kyoto at a leisurely pace?","reading":"きょうとをゆっくりけんぶつしようとすれば、どのぐらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ゆっくり","gloss":"leisurely"},{"text":"見物","gloss":"see the sights","reading":"けんぶつ"},{"text":"しよう","gloss":"try to see"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"try"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"long"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"takes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.003","source":"都が奈良から京都に移されたのは、西れき何年ごろですか。","translation":"About what year A.D. was the capital moved from Nara to Kyoto?","reading":"みやこがならからきょうとにうつされたのは、せいれきなんねんごろですか。","words":[{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"移さ","gloss":"was moved","reading":"うつさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"西れき","gloss":"A.D.","reading":"せいれき"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.004","source":"移された理由は何ですか。","translation":"What was the reason it was moved?","reading":"うつされたりゆうはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"移さ","gloss":"was moved","reading":"うつさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"理由","gloss":"reason","reading":"りゆう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.005","source":"理由を三つ言ってください。","translation":"Please give three reasons.","reading":"りゆうをみっついってください。","words":[{"text":"理由","gloss":"reasons","reading":"りゆう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"みっ"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"three"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please say"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.006","source":"当時の都だったところを何と言いますか。","translation":"What was the place that served as the capital at that time called?","reading":"とうじのみやこだったところをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"当時","gloss":"that time","reading":"とうじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"西れき","gloss":"Christian era: A.D."},{"word":"理由","gloss":"reason"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Kyoto growth and palace access · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Growth and palace access","paragraphs":["*なぜ平安京の西部と南部に発展していませんか* asks why Kyoto did not expand into the western and southern parts of the Heian Capital.","The next questions contrast ordinary tourists with foreign visitors who receive special permission to enter the Imperial Palace."]},{"title":"The impression visitors make","paragraphs":["*そんな事は日本人にどんな感じをあたえますか* asks what impression such conduct gives Japanese people.","A connected answer links demands for special treatment with an unfavorable impression."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.007","source":"今日の京都市は平安京のどっちに向けて発展していますか。","translation":"In which directions from Heian-kyo is the present-day city of Kyoto expanding?","reading":"こんにちのきょうとしはへいあんきょうのどっちにむけてはってんしていますか。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"present day","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"平安","gloss":"Heian","reading":"へいあん"},{"text":"京","gloss":"capital","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which directions"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向け","gloss":"toward","reading":"むけ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"expanding","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"expanding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"expanding"},{"text":"い","gloss":"expanding"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"expanding"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.008","source":"なぜ平安京の西部と南部に発展していませんか。","translation":"Why has it not expanded into the western and southern parts of Heian-kyo?","reading":"なぜへいあんきょうのせいぶとなんぶにはってんしていませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"平安","gloss":"Heian","reading":"へいあん"},{"text":"京","gloss":"capital","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"西部","gloss":"western part","reading":"せいぶ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"南部","gloss":"southern part","reading":"なんぶ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"has not expanded","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has not expanded"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has not expanded"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has not expanded"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"has not expanded"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"has not expanded"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.009","source":"京都の御所は一ぱんの観光客は一年中はいる事が出来ますか。","translation":"Can ordinary tourists enter the Kyoto Imperial Palace throughout the year?","reading":"きょうとのごしょはいっぱんのかんこうきゃくはいちねんじゅうはいることができますか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"御所","gloss":"Imperial Palace","reading":"ごしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"ordinary","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"ordinary"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourists","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourists","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"all"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"中","gloss":"round"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"entering"},{"text":"事","gloss":"the act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"can"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.010","source":"外国人の場合はどうですか。","translation":"What about foreigners?","reading":"がいこくじんのばあいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.011","source":"ある外国人の中にはそういうたいぐうを受けるのをあたり前と思っている者がありますか。","translation":"Are there some foreigners who take such treatment for granted?","reading":"あるがいこくじんのなかにはそういうたいぐうをうけるのをあたりまえとおもっているものがありますか。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"中","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"ぐう","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受ける","gloss":"receive","reading":"うける"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたり前","gloss":"for granted"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"regard","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"regard"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"regard"},{"text":"者","gloss":"people","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L109.rd.012","source":"そんな事は日本人にどんな感じをあたえますか。","translation":"What kind of impression does that make on the Japanese?","reading":"そんなことはにほんじんにどんなかんじをあたえますか。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"感じ","gloss":"impression","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたえ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"どっち","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Kyoto capital and palace history · Questions","teaching":[{"title":"Two connected answers","paragraphs":["*京都は千年以上も日本の都だったので* begins an account of Kyoto. It covers the sights, relocation, and later growth.","The account gives three reasons for leaving Nara. It links northern and eastern growth to the low, marshy land elsewhere.","*京都の御所は一年に二度だけ一ぱんの観光客にあける事になっています* begins the answer about palace access. Special permission and visitor conduct complete it."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L109.q.001","source":"京都は千年以上も日本の都だったので、見る所が多く、ゆっくり見物しようとすれば、五六日かかると思います。都が奈良から京都に移されたのは西れき七百九十四年で、移された理由は奈良が経済的にうまく行かなくなった事、統一がつきかねる状態になった事、たび〴〵内乱が起きた事などです。今日の京都市は当時の都であった平安京の北と東の方に向けて発展して行っています。平安京の西部と南部は土地が低くて、いけやぬまが多く、人が住むのにはてきしていないのがおもな原因でした。","translation":"Because Kyoto was the capital of Japan for more than a thousand years, there are many places to see, and I think it takes five or six days to see the sights at a leisurely pace.\nThe capital was moved from Nara to Kyoto in 794 A.D., and the reasons for the move included the fact that things were no longer going well economically in Nara, that it had become difficult to maintain unity, and that internal disorders occurred repeatedly.\nThe present-day city of Kyoto has been expanding toward the north and east of Heian-kyo, the capital at that time.\nThe main reason it did not expand into the western and southern parts of Heian-kyo was that the land was low, with many ponds and marshes, and was not suitable for people to live on.","reading":"きょうとはせんねんいじょうもにほんのみやこだったので、みるところがおおく、ゆっくりけんぶつしようとすれば、ごろくにちかかるとおもいます。みやこがならからきょうとにうつされたのはせいれきななひゃくきゅうじゅうよねんで、うつされたりゆうはならがけいざいてきにうまくいかなくなったこと、とういつがつきかねるじょうたいになったこと、たびたびないらんがおきたことなどです。こんにちのきょうとしはとうじのみやこであったへいあんきょうのきたとひがしのほうにむけてはってんしていっています。へいあんきょうのせいぶとなんぶはとちがひくくて、いけやぬまがおおく、ひとがすむのにはてきしていないのがおもなげんいんでした。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"以上","gloss":"more than","reading":"いじょう"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"所","gloss":"places","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く、","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"ゆっくり","gloss":"leisurely"},{"text":"見物","gloss":"see the sights","reading":"けんぶつ"},{"text":"しよう","gloss":"try to see"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"try"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"五六","gloss":"five or six","reading":"ごろく"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"かかる","gloss":"takes"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"think"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"移さ","gloss":"was moved","reading":"うつさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"西れき","gloss":"A.D."},{"text":"七百","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"text":"九十","gloss":"ninety"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"in"},{"text":"移さ","gloss":"was moved","reading":"うつさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was moved"},{"text":"理由","gloss":"reasons","reading":"りゆう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"economically","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"的","gloss":"economically","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"economically"},{"text":"うまく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"no longer"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事、","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"unity","reading":"とういつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つき","gloss":"maintain"},{"text":"かねる","gloss":"difficult to"},{"text":"状態","gloss":"condition","reading":"じょうたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事、","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"text":"〴〵","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"text":"内乱","gloss":"internal disorders"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"occurred","reading":"おき"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"present day","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"当時","gloss":"that time","reading":"とうじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"で","gloss":"was"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"平安","gloss":"Heian","reading":"へいあん"},{"text":"京","gloss":"capital","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"北","gloss":"north","reading":"きた"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向け","gloss":"toward","reading":"むけ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"has been expanding","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has been expanding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been expanding"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"has been expanding","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been expanding"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has been expanding"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has been expanding"},{"text":"平安","gloss":"Heian","reading":"へいあん"},{"text":"京","gloss":"capital","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"西部","gloss":"western part","reading":"せいぶ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"南部","gloss":"southern part","reading":"なんぶ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"低く","gloss":"low","reading":"ひくく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"ponds"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ぬま","gloss":"marshes"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く、","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"住む","gloss":"live","reading":"すむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"てきし","gloss":"not suitable"},{"text":"て","gloss":"not suitable"},{"text":"い","gloss":"not suitable"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not suitable"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"main"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"reason","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.q.001.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L109.q.002","source":"京都の御所は一年に二度だけ一ぱんの観光客にあける事になっています。しかし外国人の場合にはくないちょうから特別にきょかをもらえばいつでもはいる事が出来るそうです。ある外国人の中にはそういうたいぐうを受けるのをあたり前と考えて、特別のやっかいやサービスを要求する者が居るそうですが、そんな事をすると、日本人に悪い感じをあたえますから、気を付けなければなりません。","translation":"The Kyoto Imperial Palace is open to ordinary tourists only twice a year.\nHowever, foreigners can apparently enter at any time if they receive special permission from the Imperial Household Agency.\nIt is said that some foreigners take such treatment for granted and demand special favors and service, but doing so gives the Japanese a bad impression, so one must be careful.","reading":"きょうとのごしょはいちねんににどだけいっぱんのかんこうきゃくにあけることになっています。しかしがいこくじんのばあいにはくないちょうからとくべつにきょかをもらえばいつでもはいることができるそうです。あるがいこくじんのなかにはそういうたいぐうをうけるのをあたりまえとかんがえて、とくべつのやっかいやサービスをようきゅうするものがいるそうですが、そんなことをすると、にほんじんにわるいかんじをあたえますから、きをつけなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"御所","gloss":"Imperial Palace","reading":"ごしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"一","gloss":"ordinary","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"ordinary"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"観光","gloss":"tourists","reading":"かんこう"},{"text":"客","gloss":"tourists","reading":"きゃく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"る","gloss":"open"},{"text":"事","gloss":"arrangement","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"is arranged"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is arranged"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is arranged"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is arranged"},{"text":"しかし","gloss":"however"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"く","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"ちょう","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"特別","gloss":"special","reading":"とくべつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"specially"},{"text":"きょ","gloss":"permission"},{"text":"か","gloss":"permission"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もらえ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"any"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"any"},{"text":"はいる","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"事","gloss":"the act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"中","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"ぐう","gloss":"treatment"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受ける","gloss":"receive","reading":"うける"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたり前","gloss":"for granted"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"regard","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"regard"},{"text":"特別","gloss":"special","reading":"とくべつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"やっかい","gloss":"favors"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"サービス","gloss":"service"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"要求","gloss":"demand","reading":"ようきゅう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"者","gloss":"people","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"there are","reading":"いる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"感じ","gloss":"impression","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたえ","gloss":"gives"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"gives"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"気","gloss":"care","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"付け","gloss":"take","reading":"つけ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.q.002.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"原因","gloss":"cause"},{"word":"しかし","gloss":"however, but"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Political change and directions · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Conditions behind a capital move","paragraphs":["These words cover the conditions behind a capital move and southern direction.","*経済的に* means \"economically,\" *内乱* means \"internal disorder\" or \"civil commotion,\" and *南方* means \"south\" or \"southern direction.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.001","source":"頭におく","translation":"to keep in mind","reading":"あたまにおく","words":[{"text":"頭におく","gloss":"keep in mind","reading":"あたまにおく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.001.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.002","source":"何と言っても","translation":"anyway","reading":"なんといっても","words":[{"text":"何と言っても","gloss":"anyway","reading":"なんといっても"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.002.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.003","source":"経済的に","translation":"economically","reading":"けいざいてきに","words":[{"text":"経済的に","gloss":"economically","reading":"けいざいてきに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.003.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.004","source":"統一","translation":"unity; uniformity","reading":"とういつ","words":[{"text":"統一","gloss":"unity","reading":"とういつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.004.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.005","source":"統一がつく","translation":"to keep unity","reading":"とういつがつく","words":[{"text":"統一がつく","gloss":"maintain unity","reading":"とういつがつく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.005.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.006","source":"状態","translation":"condition; situation","reading":"じょうたい","words":[{"text":"状態","gloss":"condition","reading":"じょうたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.006.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.007","source":"内乱","translation":"internal disorder; civil commotion","reading":"ないらん","words":[{"text":"内乱","gloss":"internal disorder","reading":"ないらん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.007.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.008","source":"起きる","translation":"occur; happen; get up (v.i.)","reading":"おきる","words":[{"text":"起きる","gloss":"occur","reading":"おきる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.008.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.009","source":"南方","translation":"south; southern direction","reading":"なんぽう","words":[{"text":"南方","gloss":"south","reading":"なんぽう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.009.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"頭におく","gloss":"to keep in mind"},{"word":"何と言っても","gloss":"anyway"},{"word":"経済的に","gloss":"economically"},{"word":"統一がつく","gloss":"to keep unity"},{"word":"起きる","gloss":"occur; happen; get up (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"City growth and official permission · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"City growth and official access","paragraphs":["These words cover Kyoto's districts and growth, official permission, and plans.","*平安京* means \"Heian Capital,\" *のびる* means \"expand,\" \"grow,\" or \"extend,\" and *きょか（する）* means \"permit.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.010","source":"平安京","translation":"Heian Capital","reading":"へいあんきょう","words":[{"text":"平安京","gloss":"Heian Capital","reading":"へいあんきょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.010.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.011","source":"西部","translation":"western part or portion","reading":"せいぶ","words":[{"text":"西部","gloss":"western part","reading":"せいぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.011.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.012","source":"南部","translation":"southern part or portion","reading":"なんぶ","words":[{"text":"南部","gloss":"southern part","reading":"なんぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.012.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.013","source":"ぬま","translation":"swamp","reading":"ぬま","words":[{"text":"ぬま","gloss":"swamp"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.013.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.014","source":"のびる","translation":"expand; grow; extend (v.i.)","reading":"のびる","words":[{"text":"のびる","gloss":"expand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.014.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.015","source":"ごたごたする","translation":"be in confusion; be in disorder; be jumbled","reading":"ごたごたする","words":[{"text":"ごたごたする","gloss":"be in confusion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.015.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.016","source":"くないちょう","translation":"Imperial Household Agency","reading":"くないちょう","words":[{"text":"くないちょう","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.016.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.017","source":"きょか（する）","translation":"permit (permit(v.t.))","reading":"きょか（する）","words":[{"text":"きょか（する）","gloss":"permit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.017.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.018","source":"予定","translation":"plan, prearrangement","reading":"よてい","words":[{"text":"予定","gloss":"plan","reading":"よてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"平安京","gloss":"Heian Capital"},{"word":"のびる","gloss":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch"},{"word":"ごたごたする","gloss":"be in confusion; be in disorder; be jumbled"},{"word":"くないちょう","gloss":"Imperial Household Agency"},{"word":"きょか（する）","gloss":"permit (permit(v.t.))"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Courtesy, demands and gratitude · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Declining and demanding","paragraphs":["These words cover special treatment, demands, and gratitude.","*えんりょしたい* means \"want to decline\" or \"want to be excluded.\" *要求（する）* means \"demand,\" while *だって* means \"even.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.019","source":"えんりょしたい","translation":"want to decline; want to be excluded","reading":"えんりょしたい","words":[{"text":"えんりょしたい","gloss":"want to decline"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.019.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.020","source":"えんりょする","translation":"refrain from; decline; stand at ceremony; be conservative (v.t.)","reading":"えんりょする","words":[{"text":"えんりょする","gloss":"decline"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.020.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.021","source":"要求（する）","translation":"demand (demand (v.t.))","reading":"ようきゅう（する）","words":[{"text":"要求（する）","gloss":"demand","reading":"ようきゅう（する）"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.021.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.022","source":"たいぐう","translation":"treatment; reception","reading":"たいぐう","words":[{"text":"たいぐう","gloss":"treatment"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.022.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.023","source":"あたり前","translation":"right; proper; deserving; normal; as a matter of course","reading":"あたりまえ","words":[{"text":"あたり前","gloss":"taken for granted","reading":"あたりまえ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.023.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.024","source":"かんしゃ（する）","translation":"appreciation; thanks; gratitude (appreciate; thank)(v.i.)","reading":"かんしゃ（する）","words":[{"text":"かんしゃ（する）","gloss":"gratitude"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.024.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L109.w.025","source":"だって","translation":"even (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"だって","words":[{"text":"だって","gloss":"even"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L109.w.025.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Topic titles:\n\n1(a) Plan a trip to Kyoto with a friend. Have your conversation cover the following points.\n\n1(a)(1) How long you will stay.\n\n1(a)(2) How you will go.\n\n1(a)(3) Where you will stay.\n\n1(a)(4) What you want to see.\n\n1(b) Transform the following conversation piece into a more intimate or abrupt form:\n\n1(b) 法隆寺ってお寺御ぞんじですか。\n\n1(b) 一度日本人の友だちにつれて行ってもらった事があるんですが、ずい分りっぱな物だと思ったんです。\n\n1(b) わたしはもう五六度行ったんですが、見れば見るほどすばらしいと思って、又すぐ行って見たくなるんですよ。\n\n1(b) わたしはあんまりよく見なかったから、ぜひ又行きたいんです。いつか一緒に連れて行ってくださいませんか。\n\n1(b) ああ、いいですとも。一緒に行きましょう。\n\n2 Visual cues: Look at the map on Page 202 and describe.\n\n2(a) Why the west and the south of Heiankyoo was not developed.\n\n2(b) The streets on the east side of the Kamogawa River.\n\n2(c) The streets on the west side of the Kamogawa River."},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study the Pattern Practice and do the exercise given.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercise given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"えんりょしたい","gloss":"want to decline; want to be excluded"},{"word":"えんりょする","gloss":"refrain from; decline; stand at ceremony; be conservative (v.t.)"},{"word":"要求（する）","gloss":"demand (demand (v.t.))"},{"word":"たいぐう","gloss":"treatment; reception"},{"word":"かんしゃ（する）","gloss":"appreciation; thanks; gratitude (appreciate; thank)(v.i.)"},{"word":"だって","gloss":"but"}],"paradigms":[]}]}