{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L112","title":"Lesson 112","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 112: taking the train to osaka · dialogue 1 of 5, osaka past and present · dialogue 2 of 5, osaka streets and entertainment districts · dialogue 3 of 5, wholesalers and satellite cities · dialogue 4 of 5, terminal stores and business districts · dialogue 5 of 5, the water capital sounds romantic · perception drill, how statements create impressions · perception drill, how people and places sound · pattern 1 1 of 3, comparing impressions with reality · pattern 1 2 of 3, how actions and qualities sound · pattern 1 3 of 3, osaka commerce and transport · questions 1 of 2, osaka districts and commercial features · questions 2 of 2, railways and names for osaka · word list 1 of 4, industry, entertainment districts and pedestrians · word list 3 of 4, wholesalers.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/110","lines":117},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/109","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/111","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Taking the train to Osaka · Dialogue 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Osaka during a sightseeing trip","paragraphs":["One speaker asks Mr. Sakamoto about Osaka. He has been there about twice.","The traveler says, *京都や 奈良を 見物する ついでに 大阪にも 行きたいと 思うんです*. He hopes to include Osaka while sightseeing in Kyoto and Nara."]},{"title":"The convenient route","paragraphs":["The traveler asks for the most convenient way from Kyoto. Mr. Sakamoto recommends the electric train.","He says, *電車でしょうね*. The trains are fast, clean inside and frequent, with one leaving about every five minutes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 京, 神","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.001","source":"坂本さん、あなたは 大阪に 行かれた事が ありますか。","translation":"Say, Mr. Sakamoto, have you ever been to Osaka?","reading":"さかもとさん、あなたはおおさかにいかれたことがありますか。","words":[{"text":"坂本","gloss":"Sakamoto","reading":"さかもと"},{"text":"さん、","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"have been","reading":"いか"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"た","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"事","gloss":"ever","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.002","source":"ええ、二度ほど あります。","translation":"Yes, I have been there about twice.","reading":"ええ、にどほどあります。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twice","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"twice","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have been"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.003","source":"京都や 奈良を 見物する ついでに 大阪にも 行きたいと 思うんです。","translation":"I am going sightseeing of Kyoto and Nara and I am hoping to go to Osaka at the same time.","reading":"きょうとやならをけんぶつするついでにおおさかにもいきたいとおもうんです。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara","reading":"なら"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見物","gloss":"sightseeing","reading":"けんぶつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ついで","gloss":"same time"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思う","gloss":"hope","reading":"おもう"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.004","source":"時間の よゆうさえ あれば 行ったら いいですね。どうせ すぐ近くまで 行くんですから。","translation":"You should go as long as you have the time to spare, since you are going to go right by it anyway.","reading":"じかんのよゆうさえあればいったらいいですね。どうせすぐちかくまでいくんですから。","words":[{"text":"時間","gloss":"time","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"よゆう","gloss":"time to spare"},{"text":"さえ","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"たら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"should"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"どうせ","gloss":"anyway"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.005","source":"京都から 何で行くのが 一番 便利ですか。","translation":"What’s the most convenient way to go from Kyoto?","reading":"きょうとからなんでいくのがいちばんべんりですか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"way"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.006","source":"電車でしょうね。早くて、車内も きれいだし、ダイヤも ひんぱんですから。京阪神急行 電鉄（普通、阪急と 言う）ですと、五分 置きぐらいに 電車が 出ます。","translation":"Probably it’s the electric train because it is fast and the inside of the train is clean, and furthermore, the schedule is very frequent. If it’s by HANKYUU Railway Line, the train leaves about every five minutes.","reading":"でんしゃでしょうね。はやくて、しゃないもきれいだし、ダイヤもひんぱんですから。けいはんしんきゅうこうでんてつ（ふつう、はんきゅうという）ですと、ごふんおきぐらいにでんしゃがでます。","words":[{"text":"電車","gloss":"electric train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"fast","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"車内","gloss":"train interior","reading":"しゃない"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and furthermore"},{"text":"ダイヤ","gloss":"schedule"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"},{"text":"京阪神","gloss":"Hankyu Railway","reading":"けいはんしん"},{"text":"急行","gloss":"Hankyu Railway","reading":"きゅうこう"},{"text":"電鉄","gloss":"Hankyu Railway","reading":"でんてつ"},{"text":"（普通、","gloss":"usually","reading":"ふつう"},{"text":"阪急","gloss":"Hankyu","reading":"はんきゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う）","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"five minutes"},{"text":"置き","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leaves","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"leaves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---YOO NI KIKOERU Following the basic form of verbs and adjectives (both i-adjectives and na-adjectives) and noun plus NO, YOO NI KIKOERU expresses the meaning of ”It sounds like ----,” ”It seems ----.”\n\nExamples:\n\nOSAKA WA OMOSHIROI TOKORO NO YOO NI KIKOEMASU. ”It sounds like Osaka is an interesting place.”\n\nANO SEITO WA BENKYOO SHINAI YOO NI KIKOEMASU. ”It sounds like that student doesn’t study.”\n\nNIHONGO WA MUZUKASHII YOO NI KIKOEMASU GA,---- ”It sounds like Japanese is difficult, but ----”\n\nTAMURA-SAN WA SHINSETSU NA HITO NO YOO NI KIKOEMASU NE. ”It sounds like Mr. Tamura is a kind person, doesn’t it?”\n\nMIZU NO MIYAKO TO IU TO, NANDAKA ROOMANCHIKKU NA TOKORO NO YOO NI KIKOEMASU. ”If you say ‘the water capital,’ somehow it sounds like a romantic place.”"},{"section":2,"text":"Osaka Osaka, the industrial metropolis of Japan, is situated at the mouth of the Yodo River, which runs into Osaka Bay and which, with the innumerable canals connected with it, forms the great watercourse of the city. Osaka has often been described as the Venice of Japan owing to the number of its canals and bridges. The modernization of Osaka has proceeded at a pace during the past 50 years notwithstanding the heavy damage suffered during the Pacific War. Today it has an area of 72.4 square miles and a population of three and a half million, making it the second largest city in Japan. With its thousands of factory chimneys and its ever increasing street traffic, it has largely lost its Oriental character."},{"section":3,"text":"DOOTOMBORI and SENNICHIMAE DOOTOMBORI and SENNICHIMAE are the pleasure quarters of Osaka. They are crowded with theaters, picture halls, restaurants, cabarets, etc. In sharp contrast to the former use of this section, 85 years ago, SENNICHIMAE was a lonely burial ground for the bodies of executed criminals."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"奈良","gloss":"P.N."},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"ついで","gloss":"opportunity"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"思う","gloss":"to think"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"よゆう","gloss":"excess; margin; time to spare"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"どうせ","gloss":"at any rate; anyway"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"近く","gloss":"vicinity"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"電車","gloss":"streetcar, electric train"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"車内","gloss":"inside a vehicle; inside a train"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"ダイヤ","gloss":"diagram for running trains"},{"word":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent, busy"},{"word":"急行","gloss":"express train"},{"word":"言う）","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Osaka past and present · Dialogue 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"The water capital and the smoke capital","paragraphs":["The speakers compare Osaka's former and present character.","*昔は 水の 都、今日では けむりの 都* contrasts the former water capital with today's smoke capital.","*水の 都と 言うと、何だか ヴェニスの 様な ローマンチックな 所の 様に 聞こえますね* says the name sounds like a romantic place such as Venice."]},{"title":"Waterways and industry","paragraphs":["The name *水の 都* reflects Osaka's many canals and bridges near the mouth of the Yodo River.","The modern city is Japan's industrial metropolis. Its factory chimneys and increasing street traffic changed its former character."]},{"title":"Kanji: 商","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.007","source":"電車で どのくらい かかりますか。","translation":"How long does it take by an electric train?","reading":"でんしゃでどのくらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"電車","gloss":"electric train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"long"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"take"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.008","source":"特急で 四十分 そこそこ、急行なら 五十分、普通列車なら一時間ちょっとです。","translation":"It only takes about 40 minutes by a special express, 50 minutes if it’s by express and a little over one hour if it’s an ordinary train.","reading":"とっきゅうでよんじゅっぷんそこそこ、きゅうこうならごじゅっぷん、ふつうれっしゃならいちじかんちょっとです。","words":[{"text":"特急","gloss":"special express","reading":"とっきゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"forty minutes"},{"text":"そこそこ、","gloss":"about"},{"text":"急行","gloss":"express","reading":"きゅうこう"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty minutes"},{"text":"分、","gloss":"fifty minutes"},{"text":"普通","gloss":"ordinary"},{"text":"列車","gloss":"train"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one hour","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"one hour","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"little over"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.009","source":"大阪は どんな 市ですか。","translation":"What kind of a city is Osaka?","reading":"おおさかはどんなしですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.010","source":"昔は 水の 都、今日では けむりの 都、工業都市、商業 都市、日本の 台所などと、色々な 名前で 呼ばれています。","translation":"In the olden days it was called by the name of ”water capital,” and now it is called by the name of ”smoke capital,” ”a city of manufacturing industry,” ”a commercial city,” ”the Japan’s kitchen,” and so forth.","reading":"むかしはみずのみやこ、きょうではけむりのみやこ、こうぎょうとし、しょうぎょうとし、にほんのだいどころなどと、いろいろななまえでよばれています。","words":[{"text":"昔","gloss":"olden days","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"水","gloss":"water","reading":"みず"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"都、","gloss":"capital","reading":"みやこ"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"けむり","gloss":"smoke"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"都、","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"工業","gloss":"industrial city"},{"text":"都市、","gloss":"industrial city"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"commercial"},{"text":"都市、","gloss":"city"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"台所","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"だいどころ"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"various"},{"text":"名前","gloss":"names","reading":"なまえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"呼ば","gloss":"are called","reading":"よば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are called"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.011","source":"水の 都と 言うと、何だか ヴェニスの 様な ローマンチックな 所の 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"When you say ”water capital,” somehow it sounds like a romantic place like Venice, doesn’t it?","reading":"みずのみやこというと、なんだかヴェニスのようなローマンチックなところのようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"水","gloss":"water","reading":"みず"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"何","gloss":"somehow","reading":"なん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"somehow"},{"text":"か","gloss":"somehow"},{"text":"ヴェニス","gloss":"Venice"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"ローマン","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"チック","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"な","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"sounds"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.012","source":"昔は そうだったんですが、今では 違います。米国の ピッツバーグ みたい ですよ。","translation":"It was like that in the olden days, but now it is different. It’s like Pittsburgh in the United States.","reading":"むかしはそうだったんですが、いまではちがいます。べいこくのピッツバーグみたいですよ。","words":[{"text":"昔","gloss":"olden days","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"like that"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"違い","gloss":"different","reading":"ちがい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"different"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ピッツバーグ","gloss":"Pittsburgh"},{"text":"みたい","gloss":"like"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"特急","gloss":"special express (train)"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"そこそこ、","gloss":"only about"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"五十","gloss":"50"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"水","gloss":"water"},{"word":"都、","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"けむり","gloss":"smoke"},{"word":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing industry"},{"word":"都市、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"台所","gloss":"kitchen"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"ヴェニス","gloss":"Venice (Italy)"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ピッツバーグ","gloss":"Pittsburgh (Pa.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Osaka streets and entertainment districts · Dialogue 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Industry and city streets","paragraphs":["The speakers describe modern Osaka through its industry, polluted sky and streets.","*御堂筋は 広い なみ木路* describes Mido-suji as a wide, tree-lined street. Shinsaibashi-suji has narrow streets that admit no vehicles."]},{"title":"The entertainment districts","paragraphs":["*どうとんぼり、千日前 あたりは 歓楽街です* identifies Dotonbori and Sennichimae as Osaka's entertainment districts.","The districts contain many theaters, picture halls, restaurants and cabarets."]},{"title":"Kanji: 相, 歓, 楽, 街","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.013","source":"日本 第二の 大都会で、商業や 工業が さかんだ そうですね。","translation":"I understand it is the second largest city in Japan and commerce and manufacturing industry flourish, isn’t that so?","reading":"にほんだいにのだいとかいで、しょうぎょうやこうぎょうがさかんだそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"第","gloss":"second"},{"text":"二","gloss":"second"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大","gloss":"large city","reading":"だい"},{"text":"都会","gloss":"large city","reading":"とかい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is and"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"commerce","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"flourishing"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.014","source":"そうです。そのため ひどい ばいえんで 空は 一日中 曇っている 様です。洗たく物を ほすと、白い 物が 黒くなる くらいです。","translation":"Yes, you are right. Because of that it has terrible soot and smoke and the sky seems cloudy all day long. It is such that if you dry laundry, white things become black.","reading":"そうです。そのためひどいばいえんでそらはいちにちじゅうくもっているようです。せんたくものをほすと、しろいものがくろくなるくらいです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"ひどい","gloss":"terrible"},{"text":"ばい","gloss":"soot and smoke"},{"text":"え","gloss":"soot and smoke"},{"text":"んで","gloss":"soot and smoke"},{"text":"空","gloss":"sky","reading":"そら"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"日","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"中","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"曇っ","gloss":"is cloudy"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is cloudy"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is cloudy"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"洗たく","gloss":"laundry","reading":"せんたく"},{"text":"物","gloss":"laundry","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ほす","gloss":"dry"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"白い","gloss":"white","reading":"しろい"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"黒く","gloss":"black","reading":"くろく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.015","source":"大阪で 一番 にぎやかなのは 御堂筋ですか。","translation":"Is the most bustling place in Osaka, MIDOO-SUJI?","reading":"おおさかでいちばんにぎやかなのはみどうすじですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"にぎやか","gloss":"bustling"},{"text":"な","gloss":"bustling"},{"text":"の","gloss":"place"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"御堂","gloss":"Midosuji","reading":"みどう"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Midosuji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.016","source":"いいえ、御堂筋は 広い なみ木路で、いんきな 大阪に 緑を そえて 美しいですよ。","translation":"No, MIDOO-SUJI is a wide street bordered with trees and it is beautiful adding green to a gloomy Osaka.","reading":"いいえ、みどうすじはひろいなみきじで、いんきなおおさかにみどりをそえてうつくしいですよ。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"御堂","gloss":"Midosuji","reading":"みどう"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Midosuji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"広い","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"なみ木","gloss":"tree-lined street"},{"text":"路","gloss":"tree-lined street"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いんき","gloss":"gloomy"},{"text":"な","gloss":"gloomy"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"緑","gloss":"greenery","reading":"みどり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そえ","gloss":"adding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"adding"},{"text":"美しい","gloss":"beautiful","reading":"うつくしい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.017","source":"では、東京の 銀座に 相当するのは どこですか。","translation":"Then, where is the place that corresponds to the Ginza in Tokyo?","reading":"では、とうきょうのぎんざにそうとうするのはどこですか。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"銀座","gloss":"Ginza","reading":"ぎんざ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"相当","gloss":"corresponds","reading":"そうとう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"corresponds"},{"text":"の","gloss":"place"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.018","source":"そうですね。心さい橋筋でしょうね。それから、どうとんぼり、千日前 あたりは 歓楽街です。銀座と 違うところは 心さい橋筋の 様な さかり場は 通りが せまくて、乗物は 一さい 通さない 事です。","translation":"Well, probably SHINSAIBASHI-SUJI, DOOTOMBORI, and SENNICHIMAE areas are the pleasure quarters of Osaka. They are different from the Ginza because the streets are narrow and no vehicles whatsoever are allowed to pass in a flourishing district like SHINSAIBASHI-SUJI.","reading":"そうですね。しんさいばしすじでしょうね。それから、どうとんぼり、せんにちまえあたりはかんらくがいです。ぎんざとちがうところはしんさいばしすじのようなさかりばはとおりがせまくて、のりものはいっさいとおさないことです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"well"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"心","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji"},{"text":"橋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"ばし"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"と","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"ぼり、","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"千日前","gloss":"Sennichimae","reading":"せんにちまえ"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"areas"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"歓楽","gloss":"pleasure quarters","reading":"かんらく"},{"text":"街","gloss":"pleasure quarters","reading":"がい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"銀座","gloss":"Ginza","reading":"ぎんざ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"from"},{"text":"違う","gloss":"differ","reading":"ちがう"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"ways"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"心","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji"},{"text":"橋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"ばし"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"さかり場","gloss":"flourishing district"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"streets","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"せまく","gloss":"narrow"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"乗物","gloss":"vehicles","reading":"のりもの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"whatsoever","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"whatsoever"},{"text":"通さ","gloss":"allow through","reading":"とおさ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"都会","gloss":"city; metropolis"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ほす","gloss":"dry (v.t.)"},{"word":"にぎやか","gloss":"merry; crowded; flourishing; gay"},{"word":"橋","gloss":"bridge"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"千日前","gloss":"P.N.; a gay district in Osaka"},{"word":"あたり","gloss":"vicinity, neighborhood"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さかり場","gloss":"gay, flourishing district"},{"word":"通り","gloss":"street"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wholesalers and satellite cities · Dialogue 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Wholesalers and satellite cities","paragraphs":["The speakers name two features of Osaka as a commercial city.","*卸売商が 全商店の 二十四パーセントを しめている 事です* says wholesalers account for 24 percent of all merchants.","Osaka also built satellite cities around itself. Their residents spend money in Osaka."]},{"title":"Kanji: 卸","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.019","source":"通行人は 皆、徒歩ですか。","translation":"Do all the passers-by walk?","reading":"つうこうにんはみな、とほですか。","words":[{"text":"通行","gloss":"passers-by","reading":"つうこう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"passers-by","reading":"にん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆、","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"徒歩","gloss":"on foot","reading":"とほ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.020","source":"そうです。","translation":"That’s right.","reading":"そうです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"that's right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.021","source":"商業都市としての 特ちょうは。","translation":"What are the characteristics of it (Osaka) as a commercial city?","reading":"しょうぎょうとしとしてのとくちょうは。","words":[{"text":"商業","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"characteristics","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.022","source":"卸売商が 全商店の 二十四パーセントを しめている 事です。","translation":"It is a fact that the wholesalers account for 24% of all the merchants.","reading":"おろしうりしょうがぜんしょうてんのにじゅうよんパーセントをしめていることです。","words":[{"text":"卸売","gloss":"wholesalers","reading":"おろしうり"},{"text":"商","gloss":"wholesalers","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"全","gloss":"all","reading":"ぜん"},{"text":"商店","gloss":"merchants","reading":"しょうてん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty-four","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"四","gloss":"twenty-four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"て","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.023","source":"それは 珍らしいですね。","translation":"That’s very unusual, isn’t it?","reading":"それはめずらしいですね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"珍らしい","gloss":"unusual","reading":"めずらしい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.024","source":"もう一つの 特ちょうは 大阪市の まわりに いわゆる えいせい都市を つくって、それらに 住んでいる人たちの お金を 大阪に 落させる 様に している事です。","translation":"Another characteristic is that they built so-called satellite cities around the city of Osaka and have the people who live in these cities spend their money in Osaka.","reading":"もうひとつのとくちょうはおおさかしのまわりにいわゆるえいせいとしをつくって、それらにすんでいるひとたちのおかねをおおさかにおとさせるようにしていることです。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"characteristic","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka City","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"市","gloss":"Osaka City","reading":"し"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まわり","gloss":"around"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"いわゆる","gloss":"so-called"},{"text":"えいせい","gloss":"satellite city"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"satellite city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つくっ","gloss":"built"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"built"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"live","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"live"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"live"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"落さ","gloss":"make spend","reading":"おとさ"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"make spend"},{"text":"様","gloss":"so that","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"し","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"て","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"徒歩","gloss":"walking; on foot"},{"word":"都市","gloss":"city"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"特ちょう","gloss":"characteristics; special feature"},{"word":"商店","gloss":"merchant; store"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まわり","gloss":"circumference; environment"},{"word":"いわゆる","gloss":"so called"},{"word":"えいせい","gloss":"sanitation, health"},{"word":"金","gloss":"gold"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Terminal stores and business districts · Dialogue 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Business around the terminals","paragraphs":["The discussion ends with another result of Osaka's commercial character.","*大阪には ターミナル・デパートと 言うのが あって* introduces its terminal department stores. The areas around them developed as business districts."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.025","source":"なるほど。","translation":"I see.","reading":"なるほど。","words":[{"text":"なるほど。","gloss":"I see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.025.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L112.dlg.026","source":"それですから、大阪には ターミナル・デパートと 言うのが あって、その あたりが 商業区いきとして 発達しているのです。","translation":"For that reason, there are so-called terminal department stores in Osaka and that section has developed as a business district.","reading":"それですから、おおさかにはターミナル・デパートというのがあって、そのあたりがしょうぎょうくいきとしてはったつしているのです。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"です","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ターミナル・","gloss":"terminal department store"},{"text":"デパート","gloss":"terminal department store"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"area"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"business district","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"区","gloss":"business district","reading":"く"},{"text":"いき","gloss":"business district"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"has developed","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.dlg.026.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なるほど。","gloss":"I see, indeed, to be sure"},{"word":"区","gloss":"ward (See Cultural Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The water capital sounds romantic · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"It sounds like","paragraphs":["*水の 都と 言うと、ローマンチックな 所の 様に 聞こえます* means \"If you say the water capital, it sounds like a romantic place.\"","*様に 聞こえます* means \"it sounds like\" or \"it seems.\" It follows a basic-form verb or adjective, or a noun plus *の*.","Here, *ローマンチックな 所の* is the noun description before *様に 聞こえます*."]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp1.01","source":"水の 都と 言うと、ローマンチックな 所の 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"If you say ”the water capital”, it sounds like a romantic place.","reading":"みずのみやこというと、ローマンチックなところのようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"水","gloss":"water capital","reading":"みず"},{"text":"の","gloss":"water capital"},{"text":"都","gloss":"water capital"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ローマン","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"チック","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"な","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp1.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How statements create impressions · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Impressions from what someone says","paragraphs":["*あの 生徒は 勉強しない 様に 聞こえます* means \"It sounds as if that student does not study.\"","The description before *様に 聞こえます* can concern an action, a quality, a person or a situation.","*君の 話では、田中先生は とても 親切な 人の 様に 聞こえるね* reports an impression of Professor Tanaka from what someone says."]}],"lines":[{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.01","source":"あの 生徒は 勉強しない 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"It sounds as if that student doesn’t study.","reading":"あのせいとはべんきょうしないようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"様","gloss":"as if","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.02","source":"あなたの 話では、日本語は とても むずかしい 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"According to you, Japanese sounds very difficult.","reading":"あなたのはなしでは、にほんごはとてもむずかしいようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.03","source":"ええ、新聞が 読める 様に なろうと 思えば とても むずかしい ですよ。","translation":"Yes, if you wish to become able to read newspapers, it is very difficult.","reading":"ええ、しんぶんがよめるようになろうとおもえばとてもむずかしいですよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspapers","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読める","gloss":"can read","reading":"よめる"},{"text":"様","gloss":"able to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なろう","gloss":"become"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思え","gloss":"wish","reading":"おもえ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.04","source":"自動車を 持っていると 言えば 金持ちの 様に 聞こえますが、本当は そうでは ないのですね。","translation":"If you say you have a car, it sounds like you are rich, but the fact is that you are not, are you?","reading":"じどうしゃをもっているといえばかねもちのようにきこえますが、ほんとうはそうではないのですね。","words":[{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"have","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"金持ち","gloss":"rich person","reading":"かねもち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"truth","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.05","source":"そうです。米国では 自動車を 持っていない人は ほとんど ない くらいですから。","translation":"You are right, because there is hardly anyone who doesn’t have a car in America.","reading":"そうです。べいこくではじどうしゃをもっていないひとはほとんどないくらいですから。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"have","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"hardly"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"to the extent"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.06","source":"あなたの 家から 学校まで 二十分しか かからないと 言うと 近い 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"If you say it only takes twenty minutes from your home to school, it sounds like it’s very close, doesn’t it?","reading":"あなたのいえからがっこうまでにじゅっぷんしかかからないというとちかいようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"twenty minutes"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"かから","gloss":"takes"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.07","source":"ええ、三十二キロぐらい ありますから、米国だったら 近いのですが、日本でしたら 遠い 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"Yes, it is about 32 kilometers, so it’s close if it’s in America, but it sounds very far if it’s in Japan.","reading":"ええ、さんじゅうにキロぐらいありますから、べいこくだったらちかいのですが、にほんでしたらとおいようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty-two","reading":"さんじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"thirty-two","reading":"に"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"were"},{"text":"たら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"were"},{"text":"たら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.08","source":"君の 話では、田中先生は とても 親切な 人の 様に 聞こえるね。","translation":"According to you, it sounds like Professor Tanaka is a very kind person.","reading":"きみのはなしでは、たなかせんせいはとてもしんせつなひとのようにきこえるね。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"professor","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"親切","gloss":"kind","reading":"しんせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえる","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえる"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.09","source":"うん、とても 親切だ よ。","translation":"Yes, he is very kind.","reading":"うん、とてもしんせつだよ。","words":[{"text":"うん、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"親切","gloss":"kind","reading":"しんせつ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.10","source":"医者の 話では、田中さんは よくなる 見こみは ない 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"According to the doctor, it sounds like Mr. Tanaka has no hope of getting well, does it?","reading":"いしゃのはなしでは、たなかさんはよくなるみこみはないようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"医者","gloss":"doctor","reading":"いしゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"get"},{"text":"見こみ","gloss":"hope","reading":"みこみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.10.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L112.gp2.11","source":"ええ、はいの がんらしいですから ね。だめでしょう よ。","translation":"No, it seems he has lung cancer, so there probably is no hope.","reading":"ええ、はいのがんらしいですからね。だめでしょうよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"lung"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"cancer"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you know"},{"text":"だめ","gloss":"hopeless"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.gp2.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"しか","gloss":"deer"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"三十","gloss":"30"},{"word":"キロ","gloss":"kilometer"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"君","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"},{"word":"先生","gloss":"refers to doctors, educators, etc. (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"聞こえる","gloss":"to be audible, can hear (v.i.)"},{"word":"うん、","gloss":"Yes, all right."},{"word":"医者","gloss":"medical doctor"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"がん","gloss":"cancer (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"だめ","gloss":"no good, useless,\nhopeless"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How people and places sound · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Descriptions before an impression","paragraphs":["*大村さんは 親切な人の 様に 聞こえます* means \"Mr. Omura sounds like a kind person.\" The noun description ends in *の*.","A verb description uses its plain form. *スミスさんは 家では あまり 勉強しない 様に 聞こえます* means \"It sounds as though Mr. Smith does not study much at home.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.m1","source":"工業都市と 言うと きたない 所の 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"When you say it is an industrial city, it sounds like a dirty place.","reading":"こうぎょうとしというときたないところのようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"工業","gloss":"industrial city","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"industrial city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"きたない","gloss":"dirty"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.m2","source":"先生の 話では、日本語は やさしい 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"From what the teacher says, Japanese sounds easy.","reading":"せんせいのはなしでは、にほんごはやさしいようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.m2.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.01","source":"ベトナムと 言うと ぶっそうな所の 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"When you say Vietnam, it sounds like a dangerous place.","reading":"ベトナムというとぶっそうなところのようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"ベトナム","gloss":"Vietnam"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ぶっそう","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"な","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.02","source":"大村さんは 親切な人の 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"Mr. Omura sounds like a kind person.","reading":"おおむらさんはしんせつなひとのようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"大村","gloss":"Omura","reading":"おおむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"親切","gloss":"kind","reading":"しんせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.03","source":"田中先生の 話では かん字は あまり大切で ない 様に 聞こえました。","translation":"From what Mr. Tanaka said, kanji did not sound very important.","reading":"たなかせんせいのはなしではかんじはあまりたいせつでないようにきこえました。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"not very"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounded","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.04","source":"あなたの 話では モンテレーは とても よい 所の 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"From what you say, Monterey sounds like a very nice place.","reading":"あなたのはなしではモンテレーはとてもよいところのようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.05","source":"スミスさんは 家では あまり 勉強しない 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"It sounds as though Mr. Smith does not study much at home.","reading":"スミスさんはいえではあまりべんきょうしないようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"not much"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.06","source":"浜田さんは 感心しなかった 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"It sounds as though Mr. Hamada was not impressed.","reading":"はまださんはかんしんしなかったようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"浜田","gloss":"Hamada","reading":"はまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"感心","gloss":"impressed","reading":"かんしん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"was impressed"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.07","source":"生徒は この 本で 満足している 様に 聞こえます。","translation":"It sounds as though the students are satisfied with this book.","reading":"せいとはこのほんでまんぞくしているようにきこえます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"満足","gloss":"satisfied","reading":"まんぞく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is satisfied"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is satisfied"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is satisfied"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"きたない","gloss":"dirty; filthy"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing impressions with reality · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An impression and the facts","paragraphs":["*田中さんの 話では あの 人の 家まで ずい分 近い 様に 聞こえますが、実は かなり 遠いですね* contrasts an impression of closeness with the actual distance.","The clause before *が* states how something sounds. The clause after *が* can give the actual situation.","A price of one thousand yen sounds expensive, but its value of about three dollars changes that impression."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.08","source":"田中さんの 話では あの 人の 家まで ずい分 近い 様に 聞こえますが、実は かなり 遠いですね。","translation":"From what Mr. Tanaka says, it sounds quite close to that person's house, but it is actually fairly far away.","reading":"たなかさんのはなしではあのひとのいえまでずいぶんちかいようにきこえますが、じつはかなりとおいですね。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"quite","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"実","gloss":"actually","reading":"じつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.09","source":"私は 今年 五十に なるのですが、五十と 言うと ずい分 年よりの 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"I am turning fifty this year, but when you say fifty, it sounds quite old.","reading":"わたくしはことしごじゅうになるのですが、ごじゅうというとずいぶんとしよりのようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty","reading":"ごじゅう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"turn"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty","reading":"ごじゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"quite","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"年より","gloss":"old","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.10","source":"この ごろでは 五十と 言えば まだ 若いですよ。","translation":"These days, fifty is still young.","reading":"このごろではごじゅうといえばまだわかいですよ。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"days"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty","reading":"ごじゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.11","source":"ビフテキが 一千円と 言うと、ずい分 高いですね。","translation":"When you say a steak is one thousand yen, it sounds very expensive.","reading":"ビフテキがいっせんえんというと、ずいぶんたかいですね。","words":[{"text":"ビフテキ","gloss":"steak"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一千","gloss":"one thousand yen","reading":"いっせん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"one thousand yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.12","source":"一千円と 言うと 高い様に 聞こえますが、ドルに すれば 三ドルぐらいですから、高くないですよ。","translation":"One thousand yen sounds expensive, but that is only about three dollars, so it is not expensive.","reading":"いっせんえんというとたかいようにきこえますが、ドルにすればさんドルぐらいですから、たかくないですよ。","words":[{"text":"一千","gloss":"one thousand yen","reading":"いっせん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"one thousand yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"convert"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.13","source":"山本先生の 話では、かん字は 大変 大切な 様に 聞こえますが、本当に 大切ですか。","translation":"From what Mr. Yamamoto says, kanji sounds very important, but is it really important?","reading":"やまもとせんせいのはなしでは、かんじはたいへんたいせつなようにきこえますが、ほんとうにたいせつですか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"important"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"really","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.14","source":"大切ですね。","translation":"Yes, it is important.","reading":"たいせつですね。","words":[{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.15","source":"米国人の 男の人は ずい分 女に 親切な 様に 聞こえますが、本当ですか。","translation":"It sounds as though American men are very kind to women, but is that true?","reading":"べいこくじんのおとこのひとはずいぶんおんなにしんせつなようにきこえますが、ほんとうですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"American","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"American","reading":"じん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"男","gloss":"men","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"men"},{"text":"人","gloss":"men","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"親切","gloss":"kind","reading":"しんせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"true","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.16","source":"まあ、ある 程度までは 本当ですね。","translation":"Well, it is true to some extent.","reading":"まあ、あるていどまではほんとうですね。","words":[{"text":"まあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"extent","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"true","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"今年","gloss":"this year"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beef steak"},{"word":"円","gloss":"yen (unit of money)"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"まあ、","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"程度","gloss":"degree, standard"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How actions and qualities sound · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"What a statement makes sound true","paragraphs":["*あなたの 話では 日本語を 教えるのは 訳は ない 様に 聞こえますね* means \"From what you say, teaching Japanese sounds easy.\"","The description before *様に 聞こえます* can be an action such as *酒を 沢山 飲む* or a quality such as *若い*.","A noun such as *なまけ者* takes *の* before the impression pattern."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.17","source":"あなたの 話では 日本語を 教えるのは 訳は ない 様に 聞こえますね。","translation":"From what you say, teaching Japanese sounds easy.","reading":"あなたのはなしではにほんごをおしえるのはわけはないようにきこえますね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"teach","reading":"しえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"訳","gloss":"difficulty","reading":"わけ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sounds","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.18","source":"ええ、そうですよ。もちろん、私たちは もう長い 間 教えていますからね。","translation":"Yes, it is; of course, we have been teaching it for a long time.","reading":"ええ、そうですよ。もちろん、わたくしたちはもうながいあいだおしえていますからね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"もちろん、","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"have taught"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have taught"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have taught"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.19","source":"やさしい","translation":"Easy.","reading":"やさしい","words":[{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.20","source":"酒を 沢山 飲む","translation":"Drink a lot of sake.","reading":"さけをたくさんのむ","words":[{"text":"酒","gloss":"sake","reading":"さけ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"飲む","gloss":"drink","reading":"のむ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.21","source":"じょうぶな","translation":"Strong and healthy.","reading":"じょうぶな","words":[{"text":"じょうぶ","gloss":"strong and healthy"},{"text":"な","gloss":"strong and healthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.22","source":"なまけ者","translation":"A lazy person.","reading":"なまけもの","words":[{"text":"なまけ者","gloss":"lazy person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.23","source":"若い","translation":"Young.","reading":"わかい","words":[{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L112.pt1.24","source":"親切な","translation":"Kind.","reading":"しんせつな","words":[{"text":"親切","gloss":"kind","reading":"しんせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.pt1.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もちろん、","gloss":"of course, to be sure"},{"word":"間","gloss":"between"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"酒","gloss":"Sake, rice wine"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Osaka commerce and transport · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Facts about Osaka","paragraphs":["The questions ask for facts about Osaka's population, industry, transport and names.","*大阪は 昔は 何と 呼ばれていましたか* means \"What was Osaka called in the past?\" An answer gives its former name, the water capital.","Other answers give a number, travel time, name or commercial feature from the description."]}],"lines":[{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.001","source":"大阪で 一番 にぎやかな 所は 心さい橋筋で、東京の 銀座に 相当する 所です。それから どうとんぼり、千日前 あたりは 歓楽街で、映画館、キャバレー、料理屋などが 沢山 あります。一つ 面白い事は 心さい橋筋の 様な さかり場では 通りが せまくて、乗物は 一さい 通さない事です。商業都市としての 大阪の 特ちょうは、まず 第一に 卸売商が 全商店の 二十四パーセントを しめている 事です。もう一つの 特ちょうは 大阪市の まわりに いわゆる えいせい都市を つくって、それらに 住んでいる 人たちの お金を","translation":"Osaka's busiest place is Shinsaibashi-suji, which corresponds to the Ginza in Tokyo; the Dotonbori and Sennichimae areas are entertainment districts with many movie theaters, cabarets, restaurants, and the like; one interesting thing is that in busy shopping areas like Shinsaibashi-suji, the streets are narrow and no vehicles are allowed at all; Osaka's first distinguishing feature as a commercial city is that wholesalers account for twenty-four percent of all its stores; another feature is that so-called satellite cities have been built around Osaka City so that the money of the people living in them is","reading":"おおさかでいちばんにぎやかなところはしんさいばしすじで、とうきょうのぎんざにそうとうするところです。それからどうとんぼり、せんにちまえあたりはかんらくがいで、えいがかん、キャバレー、りょうりやなどがたくさんあります。ひとつおもしろいことはしんさいばしすじのようなさかりばではとおりがせまくて、のりものはいっさいとおさないことです。しょうぎょうとしとしてのおおさかのとくちょうは、まずだいいちにおろしうりしょうがぜんしょうてんのにじゅうよんパーセントをしめていることです。もうひとつのとくちょうはおおさかしのまわりにいわゆるえいせいとしをつくって、それらにすんでいるひとたちのおかねを","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"にぎやか","gloss":"bustling"},{"text":"な","gloss":"bustling"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"心","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji"},{"text":"橋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"ばし"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"銀座","gloss":"Ginza","reading":"ぎんざ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"相当","gloss":"corresponds","reading":"そうとう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"does"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"then"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"と","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"ぼり、","gloss":"Dotonbori"},{"text":"千日前","gloss":"Sennichimae","reading":"せんにちまえ"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"areas"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"歓楽","gloss":"entertainment district","reading":"かんらく"},{"text":"街","gloss":"entertainment district","reading":"がい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie theaters","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"館、","gloss":"movie theaters","reading":"かん"},{"text":"キャバレー、","gloss":"cabarets"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"restaurants","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"屋","gloss":"restaurants","reading":"や"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"面白い","gloss":"interesting","reading":"おもしろい"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"心","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji"},{"text":"橋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"ばし"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"さかり場","gloss":"busy shopping district"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"streets","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"せまく","gloss":"narrow"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"乗物","gloss":"vehicles","reading":"のりもの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"whatsoever","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"whatsoever"},{"text":"通さ","gloss":"allow through","reading":"とおさ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"feature","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まず","gloss":"first"},{"text":"第","gloss":"number","reading":"だい"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"卸売","gloss":"wholesalers","reading":"おろしうり"},{"text":"商","gloss":"wholesalers","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"全","gloss":"all","reading":"ぜん"},{"text":"商店","gloss":"stores","reading":"しょうてん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty-four","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"四","gloss":"twenty-four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"て","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"account for"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"feature","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka City","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"市","gloss":"Osaka City","reading":"し"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まわり","gloss":"around"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"いわゆる","gloss":"so-called"},{"text":"えいせい","gloss":"satellite city"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"satellite city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つくっ","gloss":"built"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"built"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"live","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"live"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"live"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.001.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.002","source":"大阪に 落させる 様に している 事です。それですから、大阪には ターミナル・デパートと 言うのが あって、その あたりが 商業区いきとして 発達しているのです。","translation":"spent in Osaka; for this reason, Osaka has what are called terminal department stores, and the areas around them have developed into commercial districts.","reading":"おおさかにおとさせるようにしていることです。それですから、おおさかにはターミナル・デパートというのがあって、そのあたりがしょうぎょうくいきとしてはったつしているのです。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"落さ","gloss":"make spend","reading":"おとさ"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"make spend"},{"text":"様","gloss":"so that","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"し","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"て","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"arrange"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"です","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"for that reason"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ターミナル・","gloss":"terminal department store"},{"text":"デパート","gloss":"terminal department store"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"area"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"business district","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"区","gloss":"business district","reading":"く"},{"text":"いき","gloss":"business district"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"has developed","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has developed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.002.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.003","source":"大阪の 人口は どのくらいですか。","translation":"What is the population of Osaka?","reading":"おおさかのじんこうはどのくらいですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.003.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.004","source":"大阪は 何の 中心地ですか。","translation":"What is Osaka a center of?","reading":"おおさかはなんのちゅうしんちですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中心","gloss":"center","reading":"ちゅうしん"},{"text":"地","gloss":"center","reading":"ち"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.004.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.005","source":"京都から 特急で どのくらい かかりますか。","translation":"How long does it take from Kyoto by special express?","reading":"きょうとからとっきゅうでどのくらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"特急","gloss":"special express","reading":"とっきゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"long"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.005.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.006","source":"大阪は 昔は 何と 呼ばれていましたか。","translation":"What was Osaka called in the past?","reading":"おおさかはむかしはなんとよばれていましたか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昔","gloss":"the past","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"呼ば","gloss":"was called","reading":"よば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was called"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was called"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was called"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was called"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.006.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.007","source":"今日では 何と 呼ばれていますか。","translation":"What is it called today?","reading":"こんにちではなんとよばれていますか。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"呼ば","gloss":"is called","reading":"よば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"まず","gloss":"first, first of all"},{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Osaka districts and commercial features · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Districts and commercial features","paragraphs":["The questions ask about Osaka's sky, busiest place, entertainment districts and commercial features.","*歓楽街は どこですか* means \"Where are the entertainment districts?\" An answer names Dotonbori and Sennichimae.","The commercial answers identify the large share of wholesalers and the satellite cities around Osaka."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.008","source":"大阪の 空は どんなですか。","translation":"What is the sky over Osaka like?","reading":"おおさかのそらはどんなですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"空","gloss":"sky","reading":"そら"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what like"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.008.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.009","source":"大阪で 一番 にぎやかな 所は どこですか。","translation":"Where is the busiest place in Osaka?","reading":"おおさかでいちばんにぎやかなところはどこですか。","words":[{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"にぎやか","gloss":"busiest"},{"text":"な","gloss":"busiest"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.009.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.010","source":"歓楽街は どこですか。","translation":"Where are the entertainment districts?","reading":"かんらくがいはどこですか。","words":[{"text":"歓楽","gloss":"entertainment district","reading":"かんらく"},{"text":"街","gloss":"entertainment district","reading":"がい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.010.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.011","source":"ここには どんな 物が 沢山 ありますか。","translation":"What kinds of things are there many of here?","reading":"ここにはどんなものがたくさんありますか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kinds of"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.011.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.012","source":"心さい橋筋などが 銀座と 違っている ところは どんな事ですか。","translation":"How is Shinsaibashi-suji and similar places different from the Ginza?","reading":"しんさいばしすじなどがぎんざとちがっているところはどんなことですか。","words":[{"text":"心","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji"},{"text":"橋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"ばし"},{"text":"筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"すじ"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and similar places"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"銀座","gloss":"Ginza","reading":"ぎんざ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"違っ","gloss":"are different","reading":"ちがっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are different"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are different"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"way"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.012.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.013","source":"商業都市としての 大阪の 特ちょうは、まず 第一に 何ですか。","translation":"What is Osaka's first distinguishing feature as a commercial city?","reading":"しょうぎょうとしとしてのおおさかのとくちょうは、まずだいいちになんですか。","words":[{"text":"商業","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"とし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"distinguishing feature","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まず","gloss":"first"},{"text":"第","gloss":"first","reading":"だい"},{"text":"一","gloss":"first","reading":"いち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.013.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L112.q.014","source":"もう一つの 特ちょうは 何ですか。","translation":"What is the other distinguishing feature?","reading":"もうひとつのとくちょうはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"another","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"another"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"distinguishing feature","reading":"とくちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.q.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Railways and names for Osaka · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Rail travel and names for Osaka","paragraphs":["These words cover rail travel and names that describe Osaka.","*京阪神急行電鉄* is a private interurban railway line in Osaka. *一時間 ちょっと* means \"a little over one hour.\"","*水の 都* means \"the water capital,\" while *けむりの 都* means \"the smoke capital.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.001","source":"よゆう","translation":"excess; margin; time to spare","reading":"よゆう","words":[{"text":"よゆう","gloss":"time to spare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.001.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.002","source":"すぐ近くまで","translation":"-- to right by it","reading":"すぐちかくまで","words":[{"text":"すぐ近くまで","gloss":"right up to it","reading":"すぐちかくまで"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.002.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.003","source":"車内","translation":"inside a vehicle; inside a train","reading":"しゃない","words":[{"text":"車内","gloss":"inside a vehicle","reading":"しゃない"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.003.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.004","source":"京阪神急行電鉄","translation":"P.N.; a private interurban railway line in Osaka","reading":"けいはんしんきゅうこうでんてつ","words":[{"text":"京阪神急行電鉄","gloss":"Keihanshin Express Railway","reading":"けいはんしんきゅうこうでんてつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.004.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.005","source":"一時間 ちょっと","translation":"a little over one hour","reading":"いちじかんちょっと","words":[{"text":"一時間ちょっと","gloss":"little over one hour","reading":"いちじかんちょっと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.005.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.006","source":"けむりの 都","translation":"the smoke capital","reading":"けむりのみやこ","words":[{"text":"けむりの都","gloss":"smoke capital","reading":"けむりのみやこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.006.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.007","source":"水の 都","translation":"the water capital","reading":"みずのみやこ","words":[{"text":"水の都","gloss":"water capital","reading":"みずのみやこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.007.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.008","source":"工業都市","translation":"a city of manufacturing industry","reading":"こうぎょうとし","words":[{"text":"工業都市","gloss":"manufacturing city","reading":"こうぎょうとし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.008.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.009","source":"商業都市","translation":"a commercial city","reading":"しょうぎょうとし","words":[{"text":"商業都市","gloss":"commercial city","reading":"しょうぎょうとし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.009.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.010","source":"日本の 台所","translation":"Japan’s kitchen","reading":"にほんのだいどころ","words":[{"text":"日本の台所","gloss":"Japan's kitchen","reading":"にほんのだいどころ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"すぐ近くまで","gloss":"-- to right by it"},{"word":"京阪神急行電鉄","gloss":"P.N.; a private interurban railway line in Osaka"},{"word":"一時間ちょっと","gloss":"a little over one hour"},{"word":"けむりの都","gloss":"the smoke capital"},{"word":"水の都","gloss":"the water capital"},{"word":"工業都市","gloss":"a city of manufacturing industry"},{"word":"商業都市","gloss":"a commercial city"},{"word":"日本の台所","gloss":"Japan’s kitchen"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Industry, streets and city atmosphere · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Industry, atmosphere and streets","paragraphs":["These words describe Osaka through comparisons, industry, laundry and streets.","*ヴェニス* is Venice, while *ピッツバーグ* is Pittsburgh. The dialogue uses them to contrast Osaka's romantic past with its industrial present.","*洗たく物* means \"laundry,\" and *ほす* means \"dry.\" *なみ木路* is an avenue bordered with trees."]}],"lines":[{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.011","source":"ヴェニス","translation":"Venice (Italy)","reading":"ヴェニス","words":[{"text":"ヴェニス","gloss":"Venice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.011.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.012","source":"ローマンチックな","translation":"romantic","reading":"ローマンチックな","words":[{"text":"ローマンチックな","gloss":"romantic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.012.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.013","source":"ピッツバーグ","translation":"Pittsburgh (Pa.)","reading":"ピッツバーグ","words":[{"text":"ピッツバーグ","gloss":"Pittsburgh"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.013.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.014","source":"日本 第二","translation":"the second in Japan","reading":"にほんだいに","words":[{"text":"日本第二","gloss":"second in Japan","reading":"にほんだいに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.014.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.015","source":"工業","translation":"manufacturing industry","reading":"こうぎょう","words":[{"text":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing industry","reading":"こうぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.015.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.016","source":"洗たく物","translation":"washing; laundry (thing)","reading":"せんたくもの","words":[{"text":"洗たく物","gloss":"laundry","reading":"せんたくもの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.016.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.017","source":"ほす","translation":"dry (v.t.)","reading":"ほす","words":[{"text":"ほす","gloss":"dry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.017.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.018","source":"御堂筋","translation":"P.N.; a street in Osaka","reading":"みどうすじ","words":[{"text":"御堂筋","gloss":"Midosuji Avenue","reading":"みどうすじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.018.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.019","source":"なみ木路","translation":"avenue (a street bordered with trees)","reading":"なみきじ","words":[{"text":"なみ木路","gloss":"tree-lined avenue","reading":"なみきじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.019.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.020","source":"いんきな","translation":"gloomy (copula noun)","reading":"いんきな","words":[{"text":"いんきな","gloss":"gloomy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ローマンチックな","gloss":"romantic"},{"word":"日本第二","gloss":"the second in Japan"},{"word":"洗たく物","gloss":"washing; laundry (thing)"},{"word":"御堂筋","gloss":"P.N.; a street in Osaka"},{"word":"なみ木路","gloss":"avenue (a street bordered with trees)"},{"word":"いんきな","gloss":"gloomy (copula noun)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Entertainment districts and pedestrians · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Entertainment districts and street traffic","paragraphs":["These words cover Osaka's entertainment districts, busy streets, vehicles and pedestrians.","*どうとんぼり* and *千日前* name entertainment districts. *さかり場* means \"a flourishing district.\"","*乗り物* means \"vehicles,\" while *通行人* means \"passer-by.\" *徒歩* means \"walking\" or \"on foot.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.021","source":"そえる","translation":"add; append; attach (v.t.)","reading":"そえる","words":[{"text":"そえる","gloss":"add"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.021.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.022","source":"心さい橋筋","translation":"P.N.; a street in Osaka","reading":"しんさいばしすじ","words":[{"text":"心さい橋筋","gloss":"Shinsaibashi-suji","reading":"しんさいばしすじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.022.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.023","source":"どうとんぼり","translation":"P.N.; a gay district in Osaka","reading":"どうとんぼり","words":[{"text":"どうとんぼり","gloss":"Dotonbori"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.023.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.024","source":"千日前","translation":"P.N.; a gay district in Osaka","reading":"せんにちまえ","words":[{"text":"千日前","gloss":"Sennichimae","reading":"せんにちまえ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.024.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.025","source":"さかり場","translation":"gay, flourishing district","reading":"さかりば","words":[{"text":"さかり場","gloss":"flourishing district","reading":"さかりば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.025.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.026","source":"乗り物","translation":"vehicles","reading":"のりもの","words":[{"text":"乗り物","gloss":"vehicles","reading":"のりもの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.026.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.027","source":"一さい","translation":"altogether; all","reading":"いっさい","words":[{"text":"一さい","gloss":"all","reading":"いっさい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.027.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.028","source":"通す","translation":"let pass; allow to pass (v.t.)","reading":"とおす","words":[{"text":"通す","gloss":"let pass","reading":"とおす"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.028.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.029","source":"通行人","translation":"passer-by","reading":"つうこうにん","words":[{"text":"通行人","gloss":"passerby","reading":"つうこうにん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.029.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.030","source":"徒歩","translation":"walking; on foot","reading":"とほ","words":[{"text":"徒歩","gloss":"on foot","reading":"とほ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.030.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そえる","gloss":"add; append; attach (v.t.)"},{"word":"心さい橋筋","gloss":"P.N.; a street in Osaka"},{"word":"どうとんぼり","gloss":"P.N.; a gay district in Osaka"},{"word":"乗り物","gloss":"vehicles"},{"word":"一さい","gloss":"everything, the whole"},{"word":"通す","gloss":"let pass; allow to pass (v.t.)"},{"word":"通行人","gloss":"passer-by"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wholesalers, stores and business areas · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Stores and business areas","paragraphs":["These words cover wholesalers, stores, satellite cities and business districts.","*卸売り商* means \"wholesaler,\" and *全商店* means \"all merchants.\" *しめる* can mean \"to account for.\"","*えいせい都市* means \"satellite city.\" *ターミナル・デパート* means \"terminal department store.\" *商業 区いき* means \"business district.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.031","source":"特ちょう","translation":"characteristics; special feature","reading":"とくちょう","words":[{"text":"特ちょう","gloss":"distinguishing feature","reading":"とくちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.031.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.032","source":"卸売り商","translation":"wholesaler","reading":"おろしうりしょう","words":[{"text":"卸売り商","gloss":"wholesaler","reading":"おろしうりしょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.032.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.033","source":"しめる","translation":"to account for; occupy; hold; take up","reading":"しめる","words":[{"text":"しめる","gloss":"account for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.033.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.034","source":"商店","translation":"merchant; store","reading":"しょうてん","words":[{"text":"商店","gloss":"store","reading":"しょうてん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.034.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.035","source":"全商店","translation":"all merchants","reading":"ぜんしょうてん","words":[{"text":"全商店","gloss":"all merchants","reading":"ぜんしょうてん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.035.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.036","source":"全---","translation":"prefix meaning “all","reading":"ぜん---","words":[{"text":"全---","gloss":"all","reading":"ぜん---"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.036.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.037","source":"えいせい都市","translation":"satellite city","reading":"えいせいとし","words":[{"text":"えいせい都市","gloss":"satellite city","reading":"えいせいとし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.037.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.038","source":"ターミナル・デパート","translation":"terminal department store","reading":"ターミナル・デパート","words":[{"text":"ターミナル・デパート","gloss":"terminal department store"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.038.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L112.w.039","source":"商業 区いき","translation":"business district","reading":"しょうぎょうくいき","words":[{"text":"商業区いき","gloss":"business district","reading":"しょうぎょうくいき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L112.w.039.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":4,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Topic titles:\n\na You want to make a trip to Osaka from Kyoto, so ask your friend:\n\n(1) How to get there?\n\n(2) What kind of a city is Osaka?\n\n(3) Points of interest?\n\n(4) Gay districts of Osaka?\n\n(5) How SHINSAIBASHI-SUJI differs from Ginza?\n\n(6) Characteristics of Osaka as a commercial city?\n\n2 Visual Cues:\n\na Look at the pictures on page 56 to 58 and describe them."},{"section":5,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study the Pattern Practice and do the exercise given.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercise given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"卸売り商","gloss":"wholesaler"},{"word":"しめる","gloss":"to account for; occupy; hold; take up"},{"word":"全商店","gloss":"all merchants"},{"word":"全---","gloss":"prefix meaning “all”"},{"word":"えいせい都市","gloss":"satellite city"},{"word":"ターミナル・デパート","gloss":"terminal department store"},{"word":"商業区いき","gloss":"business district"}],"paradigms":[]}]}