{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L122","title":"Lesson 122","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 122: japan's monsoons and rainfall · narration 1 of 2, warm and cold currents · narration 2 of 2, climate and winter snowfall · questions 1 of 3, rainfall, currents and their fish · questions 3 of 3, monsoon and rainfall words · word list 1 of 3, seas, ocean currents and nutrients · word list 3 of 3.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/120","lines":73},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/119","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/121","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Japan's monsoons and rainfall · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Snow from the winter monsoon","paragraphs":["*アジア大陸から 太平洋に 向って 吹く 冬の 季節風の ため、日本海側は 雪が 大変深い*","The winter monsoon blows from the Asian continent toward the Pacific Ocean. It causes deep snow on the Sea of Japan side.","*これと 反対に 太平洋方面から 大陸に 向って 吹く 夏の 季節風は 太平洋沿岸の 地方に 大雨を もたらす*","The summer monsoon moves in the opposite direction and brings heavy rain to the Pacific coast."]},{"title":"Rain through the year","paragraphs":["*こんな 関係で、日本では 年に 四十インチから 百インチぐらいの 降雨が あるのである*","It means \"Because of these conditions, Japan receives about forty to one hundred inches of rainfall a year.\"","The rainy season arrives around June, and long spells of rain continue during it."]},{"title":"Kanji: / 候","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: / 向","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: / 続","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: / 囲","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: / 差","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 降","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 結","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.001","source":"日本の 気候には 二つの 特色が ある。","translation":"Japan’s climate has two distinctive features.","reading":"にっぽんのこうにはにつのときいしょくがある。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"気候","gloss":"climate","reading":"こうには"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"two"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特色","gloss":"distinctive feature"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exists"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.002","source":"その 一つは 前にも のべた様に 温帯性の 気候が ある事で、もう一つは その気候が アジアの 季節風帯の 気候で、夏 冬の 差を 一そう 独特なものにするという事である。","translation":"One, as mentioned earlier, is that Japan has a temperate climate, and the other is that its climate belongs to Asia’s monsoon zone, making the difference between summer and winter even more distinctive.","reading":"そのいちつはまえにものべたようにおんたいせいのきこうがあることで、もういちつはそのきこうがあじあのきせつふうたいのきこうで、なつふゆのさをいっそおどくとくなものにするということである。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"前","gloss":"earlier","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"のべ","gloss":"mentioned"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"様","gloss":"as","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"温帯","gloss":"temperate","reading":"おんたい"},{"text":"性","gloss":"temperate","reading":"せい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"気候","gloss":"climate","reading":"きこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"other"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"気候","gloss":"climate","reading":"きこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"季節","gloss":"monsoon zone"},{"text":"風","gloss":"monsoon zone"},{"text":"帯","gloss":"monsoon zone"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"気候","gloss":"climate","reading":"きこう"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"差","gloss":"difference","reading":"さ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"一そう","gloss":"even more","reading":"いっそお"},{"text":"独特","gloss":"distinctive","reading":"どくとく"},{"text":"な","gloss":"distinctive"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"quality"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"する","gloss":"make"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exists"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.003","source":"アジア大陸から 太平洋に 向って 吹く 冬の 季節風の ため、日本海側は 雪が 大変深い。","translation":"Because of the winter monsoon that blows from the Asian continent toward the Pacific Ocean, the snow is very deep on the Sea of Japan side.","reading":"あじあたいりくからたいへいようにむかってふくふゆのきせつふうのため、にっぽんうみがわはゆきがたいへんぶかい。","words":[{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"text":"大陸","gloss":"continent","reading":"たいりく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"太平","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"たいへい"},{"text":"洋","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向っ","gloss":"toward","reading":"むかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"吹く","gloss":"blows","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"季節","gloss":"monsoon","reading":"きせつ"},{"text":"風","gloss":"monsoon","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"側","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"深い。","gloss":"deep","reading":"ぶかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.004","source":"これと 反対に 太平洋方面から 大陸に 向って 吹く 夏の 季節風は 太平洋沿岸の 地方に 大雨を もたらす。","translation":"In contrast, the summer monsoon that blows from the Pacific Ocean toward the continent brings heavy rain to the Pacific coastal regions.","reading":"これとはんたいにたいへいようほうめんからたいりくにむかってふくなつのきせつふうはたいへいようえんgあんのちほおにおおあねをもたらす。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"反対","gloss":"contrast","reading":"はんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"太平","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"たいへい"},{"text":"洋","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"よう"},{"text":"方面","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほうめん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"大陸","gloss":"continent","reading":"たいりく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向っ","gloss":"toward","reading":"むかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"吹く","gloss":"blows","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"季節","gloss":"monsoon","reading":"きせつ"},{"text":"風","gloss":"monsoon","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"太平","gloss":"Pacific Ocean"},{"text":"洋","gloss":"Pacific Ocean"},{"text":"沿岸","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"regions","reading":"ちほお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"大雨","gloss":"heavy rain","reading":"おおあね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もたらす。","gloss":"brings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.005","source":"又 毎年 六月頃 おとずれる 梅雨は 日本特有のもので、その 期間中は 長雨が 続く。","translation":"Also, the rainy season that arrives around June every year is peculiar to Japan, and long spells of rain continue throughout that period.","reading":"またまいねんろくがつごろおとずれるばいうはにっぽんとくゆうのもので、そのきかんちゅうはちょおうがつづく。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also"},{"text":"毎年","gloss":"every year"},{"text":"六","gloss":"June"},{"text":"月","gloss":"June"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"おとずれる","gloss":"arrives"},{"text":"梅雨","gloss":"rainy season","reading":"ばいう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"特有","gloss":"peculiar","reading":"とくゆう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"期間","gloss":"period","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"中","gloss":"throughout","reading":"ちゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"長雨","gloss":"long rain","reading":"ちょおう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"続く。","gloss":"continues","reading":"つづく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.006","source":"こんな 関係で、日本では 年に 四十インチから 百インチぐらいの 降雨が あるのである。","translation":"Because of these conditions, Japan receives about forty to one hundred inches of rainfall a year.","reading":"こんなかんけいで、にっぽんではねんによんじゅういんちからひゃくいんちぐらいのこおうがあるのである。","words":[{"text":"こんな","gloss":"these"},{"text":"関係","gloss":"conditions","reading":"かんけい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inches"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"百","gloss":"one hundred","reading":"ひゃく"},{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inches"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"降雨","gloss":"rainfall","reading":"こおう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"occurs"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"indeed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.007","source":"日本は 山国であると 共に 島国でもあり、海に 囲まれた 日本は 早くから 海と 結びついている。","translation":"Japan is both a mountainous country and an island country, and, being surrounded by the sea, it has been closely connected with the sea since early times.","reading":"にっぽんはやまぐにであるとともにしまぐにでもあり、うみにかこまれたにっぽんははやくからうみとむすびついている。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山国","gloss":"mountainous country","reading":"やまぐに"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"共","gloss":"together","reading":"とも"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"島国","gloss":"island country","reading":"しまぐに"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"囲ま","gloss":"surrounded","reading":"かこま"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"surrounded"},{"text":"た","gloss":"surrounded"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early times","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"結びつい","gloss":"has been connected","reading":"むすびつい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been connected"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"has been connected"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.008","source":"日本を めぐる 海には 東南部に 太平洋、北側に 日本海、西側に 東支那海が ある。","translation":"The seas around Japan are the Pacific Ocean to the southeast, the Sea of Japan to the north, and the East China Sea to the west.","reading":"にっぽんをめぐるうみにはとおなんぶにたいへいよう、きたがわににっぽんうみ、にしがわにひがししなうみがある。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"めぐる","gloss":"surrounding"},{"text":"海","gloss":"seas","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東南","gloss":"southeast","reading":"とおなん"},{"text":"部","gloss":"part","reading":"ぶ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"太平","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"たいへい"},{"text":"洋、","gloss":"Pacific Ocean","reading":"よう"},{"text":"北側","gloss":"north side","reading":"きたがわ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Sea","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海、","gloss":"Japan Sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"西側","gloss":"west side","reading":"にしがわ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"東","gloss":"East China Sea","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"支那","gloss":"East China Sea","reading":"しな"},{"text":"海","gloss":"East China Sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"1 Climatic conditions: Japan extends over many degrees of latitude, and consequently, there is a great range in the climate and temperature. Central and western Japan have mild winters and hot, humid summers, in the south Japan becomes sub-tropical. To the north, winters become cooler and seasonal contrasts greater. Heavy snows fall on the Sea of Japan’s coast, sometimes reaching a depth of 16 feet. Hokkaidoo is cold, but rarely has deep snows. The greatest contrasts are between the extremes of north and south and between the lowlands and the adjacent uplands. The position of the islands in the path of winter and summer monsoons is a major importance in accounting for the annual climatic cycle. Cold winds blow out of Siberia southwestward across Japan in winter, absorbing moisture over the Sea of Japan and bringing rain and snow to the west coast, as well as to the mountains of central Honshu and Hokkaido. Moving in the opposite direction, the summer monsoon brings masses of warm, moist air, which are drawn from the Pacific by low pressure areas to the Asian mainland. Rainfall is abundant, ranging from 40 to 100 inches a year. Summer temperatures are much the same throughout the country, being warm and humid everywhere, in winter, the variation is much greater. Along the Asahi River in central Hokkaidoo, the mean August temperature is 68.5°F; in Kagoshima, on southern Kyuushuu, it is 80°F. The January mean temperatures in these same places are 14.5°F. and 45°F. respectively."},{"section":2,"text":"2 Ocean Current; Two ocean currents affect Japanese weather, the Okhotsk Current and the Kuroshio (or Japan) current. The latter is far the most important. Its warm waters flow northward and diverge at Kyuushuu, the greater flow continuing along the Pacific side of the islands to approximately the latitude of Tokyo, where the current turns out to sea. A lesser branch bathes the southern portion of the Sea of Japan coast. The cold Okhotsk current flows southward from the Bering Sea and splits to follow along the eastern and western shores of Hokkaidoo."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"特色","gloss":"characteristic; feattxre"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"温帯","gloss":"temperate zone"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"word":"風","gloss":"manner; way; appear-ance; kind; sort"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"差","gloss":"difference; variation"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"一そう","gloss":"all the more"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"大陸","gloss":"continent"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"側","gloss":"side"},{"word":"雪","gloss":"snow"},{"word":"沿岸","gloss":"coast; shore"},{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"大雨","gloss":"heavy rain"},{"word":"もたらす。","gloss":"to bring"},{"word":"毎年","gloss":"every year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"おとずれる","gloss":"to visit"},{"word":"梅雨","gloss":"rainy season"},{"word":"期間","gloss":"period; duration"},{"word":"長雨","gloss":"long rain"},{"word":"関係","gloss":"relationship"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"インチ","gloss":"inch"},{"word":"百","gloss":"100"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"降雨","gloss":"rainfall"},{"word":"山国","gloss":"mountainous country"},{"word":"島国","gloss":"island country"},{"word":"いる。","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"めぐる","gloss":"to siarround"},{"word":"東南","gloss":"southeast"},{"word":"北側","gloss":"north side"},{"word":"東","gloss":"east"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Warm and cold currents · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Warm water from the south","paragraphs":["*暖流である 日本海流は 南の 方から 東に 向って 流れ、潮岬沖で 本州に 一番 近づき、三陸海岸沖で 北東に 向きを 変えて 行く*","The warm Japan Current flows east from the south. It comes closest to Honshu off Cape Shiono, then turns northeast off Sanriku.","A branch becomes the Tsushima Current and flows northeast along the Sea of Japan coast."]},{"title":"Cold water from the north","paragraphs":["*寒流である 千島海流は 千島列島に そって 南下し、三陸沖付近で 黒潮に 接している*","The cold Chishima Current flows south along the Chishima Islands and meets the Black Current near Sanriku.","Bonito and tuna live in the Black Current. Herring, cod, and trout live in the Parent Current."]},{"title":"Kanji: 寒","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 千","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.009","source":"海水の 方から見ると 暖流と 寒流が ある。","translation":"In terms of ocean water, there are warm currents and cold currents.","reading":"かいすいのほうからみるとだんりゅうとかんryっつがある。","words":[{"text":"海水","gloss":"ocean water","reading":"かいすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"standpoint","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"view","reading":"みる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"暖流","gloss":"warm current","reading":"だんりゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"寒流","gloss":"cold current","reading":"かんっつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.010","source":"暖流である 日本海流は 南の 方から 東に 向って 流れ、潮岬沖で 本州に 一番 近づき、三陸海岸沖で 北東に 向きを 変えて 行く。","translation":"The Japan Current, a warm current, flows eastward from the south, comes closest to Honshu off Cape Shiono, and turns northeast off the Sanriku coast.","reading":"だんりゅうであるにっぽんかいりゅうはみなみのほうからひがしにむかってながれ、しおのみさきおきでほんしゅうにいちばんちかづき、さんりくかいがんおきでほくとおにむきをかえていく。","words":[{"text":"暖流","gloss":"warm current","reading":"だんりゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"南","gloss":"south","reading":"みなみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向っ","gloss":"toward","reading":"むかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"流れ、","gloss":"flows","reading":"ながれ"},{"text":"潮岬","gloss":"Cape Shiono","reading":"しおのみさき"},{"text":"沖","gloss":"offshore","reading":"おき"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"本州","gloss":"Honshu","reading":"ほんしゅう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"closest","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"近づき、","gloss":"approaches","reading":"ちかづき"},{"text":"三陸","gloss":"Sanriku","reading":"さんりく"},{"text":"海岸","gloss":"coast","reading":"かいがん"},{"text":"沖","gloss":"offshore","reading":"おき"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"北東","gloss":"northeast","reading":"ほくとお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向き","gloss":"direction","reading":"むき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"変え","gloss":"turns","reading":"かえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"turns"},{"text":"行く。","gloss":"turns","reading":"いく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.011","source":"日本海流は 又 九州の 南側で 分流を 出し、これが 対馬海流となって 裏日本の 沿岸を 北東に 流れる。","translation":"The Japan Current also sends off a branch south of Kyushu, which becomes the Tsushima Current and flows northeast along the coast of the Sea of Japan side.","reading":"にっぽんかいりゅうはまたきゅうしゅうのみなみがわでぶんりゅうをだし、これがつしまかいりゅうとなってうらにっぽんのえんgあんをほくとおにながれる。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"九州","gloss":"Kyushu","reading":"きゅうしゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"南側","gloss":"south side","reading":"みなみがわ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"分流","gloss":"branch current","reading":"ぶんりゅう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し、","gloss":"sends out","reading":"だし"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"対馬","gloss":"Tsushima Current","reading":"つしま"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Tsushima Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"て","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"裏","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"うら"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"沿岸","gloss":"coast","reading":"えんあん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"北東","gloss":"northeast","reading":"ほくとお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"流れる。","gloss":"flows","reading":"ながれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.012","source":"日本海流は こい 藍色を しているので、黒潮と 呼ばれている。","translation":"Because the Japan Current is a deep indigo color, it is called the Black Current.","reading":"にっぽんかいりゅうはこいあいいろをしているので、くろしおとよばれている。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こい","gloss":"deep"},{"text":"藍色","gloss":"indigo","reading":"あいいろ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"呼ば","gloss":"is called","reading":"よば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"is called"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.013","source":"この 黒潮には かつお、まぐろ などの 魚が 多く 住んでいる。","translation":"Many fish, such as bonito and tuna, live in this Black Current.","reading":"このくろしおにはかつお、まぐろなどのさかながおおくすんでいる。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かつお、","gloss":"bonito"},{"text":"まぐろ","gloss":"tuna"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"live","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"live"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"live"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.014","source":"寒流である 千島海流は 千島列島に そって 南下し、三陸沖付近で 黒潮に 接している。","translation":"The Chishima Current, a cold current, flows south along the Chishima Islands and meets the Black Current near the waters off Sanriku.","reading":"かんryっつであるちしまかいりゅうはちしまれっとおにそってなんかし、さんりくおきふきんでくろしおにせっしている。","words":[{"text":"寒流","gloss":"cold current","reading":"かんっつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"千島","gloss":"Chishima Current","reading":"ちしま"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Chishima Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千島","gloss":"Chishima Islands","reading":"ちしま"},{"text":"列島","gloss":"Chishima Islands","reading":"れっとお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"along"},{"text":"そっ","gloss":"along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"along"},{"text":"南下","gloss":"flows south","reading":"なんか"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"flows south"},{"text":"三陸","gloss":"Sanriku","reading":"さんりく"},{"text":"沖","gloss":"offshore","reading":"おき"},{"text":"付近","gloss":"near","reading":"ふきん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"接し","gloss":"meets","reading":"せっし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"meets"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"meets"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.015","source":"この 寒流は 緑色で、プランクトンや 栄養分に 富んでいるので、親潮の 名がついている。","translation":"This cold current is green and rich in plankton and nutrients, so it has been given the name Parent Current.","reading":"このかんryっつはみどりいろで、ぷらんくとんやえいようふんにとんでいるので、おやしおのながついている。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"寒流","gloss":"cold current","reading":"かんっつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"緑色","gloss":"green","reading":"みどりいろ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"プランクトン","gloss":"plankton"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"栄養","gloss":"nutrients","reading":"えいよう"},{"text":"分","gloss":"nutrients","reading":"ふん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"富ん","gloss":"rich","reading":"とん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"親潮","gloss":"Parent Current","reading":"おやしお"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"名","gloss":"name","reading":"な"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"has been given"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been given"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"has been given"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L122.rd.016","source":"親潮には にしん、たら、ます などの 魚が 多くいる。","translation":"Many fish, such as herring, cod, and trout, live in the Parent Current.","reading":"おやしおにはにしん、たら、ますなどのさかながおおくいる。","words":[{"text":"親潮","gloss":"Parent Current","reading":"おやしお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にしん、","gloss":"herring"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"cod"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"live"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.rd.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"海水","gloss":"ocean water"},{"word":"暖流","gloss":"warm current"},{"word":"寒流","gloss":"cold current"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"南","gloss":"south"},{"word":"流れ、","gloss":"current; flow"},{"word":"沖","gloss":"open sea"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"海岸","gloss":"coast, shore"},{"word":"北東","gloss":"northeast"},{"word":"分流","gloss":"tributary; branch ocean current"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"黒潮","gloss":"the Black Current (Japan Current)"},{"word":"かつお、","gloss":"bonito"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"多く","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"列島","gloss":"an archipelago"},{"word":"付近","gloss":"vicinity, neighborhood"},{"word":"プランクトン","gloss":"plankton"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"親潮","gloss":"the Kturile Current"},{"word":"名","gloss":"name"},{"word":"つい","gloss":"just; only"},{"word":"にしん、","gloss":"herring"},{"word":"たら、","gloss":"cod"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Climate and winter snowfall · Questions 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Climate and deep snow","paragraphs":["These questions ask for Japan's two climatic features and the cause of deep winter snow.","*なぜ 日本海側は 冬に 雪が 深いのですか* means \"Why is the snow deep on the Sea of Japan side in winter?\"","An answer gives the winter monsoon as the cause. The other answers name the temperate climate and the Asian monsoon zone."]}],"lines":[{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.001","source":"日本地理―総説（二）","translation":"Geography of Japan—General Overview (2)","reading":"にっぽんちり―そおせつ（に）","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"地理―","gloss":"geography"},{"text":"総説","gloss":"general overview"},{"text":"（二）","gloss":"two"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.001.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.002","source":"かわいた風","translation":"dry wind","reading":"かわいたふう","words":[{"text":"かわい","gloss":"dry"},{"text":"た","gloss":"dry"},{"text":"風","gloss":"wind","reading":"ふう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.002.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.003","source":"しめった風","translation":"damp wind","reading":"しめったふう","words":[{"text":"しめっ","gloss":"damp"},{"text":"た","gloss":"damp"},{"text":"風","gloss":"wind","reading":"ふう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.003.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.004","source":"日本語で 次の 質問に 答えてください。","translation":"Please answer the following questions in Japanese.","reading":"にっぽんごでつぎのしつもんにこたえてください。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"次","gloss":"following","reading":"つぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"質問","gloss":"questions","reading":"しつもん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"答え","gloss":"please answer","reading":"こたえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please answer"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.004.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.005","source":"日本の 気候には 二つの 特色が ありますが、その 一つは 何ですか。","translation":"Japan’s climate has two distinctive features; what is one of them?","reading":"にっぽんのきこうにはにつのときいしょくがありますが、そのいちつはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"気候","gloss":"climate","reading":"きこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"two"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"特色","gloss":"distinctive features","reading":"ときいしょく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.005.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.006","source":"もう一つは 何ですか。","translation":"What is the other one?","reading":"もういちつはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"other"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.006.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.007","source":"なぜ 日本海側は 冬に 雪が 深いのですか。","translation":"Why is the snow deep on the Sea of Japan side in winter?","reading":"なぜにっぽんうみがわはふゆにゆきがふかいのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"側","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"深い","gloss":"deep","reading":"ふかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"地理―","gloss":"geography"},{"word":"総説","gloss":"general remarks; introduction"},{"word":"（二）","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Rainfall, seas and currents · Questions 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Rain, seas, and currents","paragraphs":["These questions ask about summer rain, the rainy season, annual rainfall, the seas around Japan, and types of ocean currents.","*海水には どんなのが ありますか* means \"What kinds of ocean currents are there?\"","Other answers explain summer rain and the rainy season, give an annual amount, or name a sea."]}],"lines":[{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.008","source":"なぜ 太平洋沿岸地方は 夏に 大雨が 降りますか。","translation":"Why does the Pacific coastal region get heavy rain in summer?","reading":"なぜたいへいようえんgあんちほおはなつにおおあねがふりますか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"太平","gloss":"Pacific Ocean"},{"text":"洋","gloss":"Pacific Ocean"},{"text":"沿岸","gloss":"coastal"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"大雨","gloss":"heavy rain","reading":"おおあね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"falls","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"falls"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.008.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.009","source":"梅雨というのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is the rainy season?","reading":"ばいうというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"梅雨","gloss":"rainy season","reading":"ばいう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.009.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.010","source":"日本では 年に どのくらいの 降雨が ありますか。","translation":"How much rainfall does Japan receive in a year?","reading":"にっぽんではねんにどのくらいのこおうがありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"降雨","gloss":"rainfall","reading":"こおう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.010.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.011","source":"日本の 東南部に 何という海が ありますか。","translation":"What sea lies southeast of Japan?","reading":"にっぽんのとおなんぶになんといううみがありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"東南","gloss":"southeast","reading":"とおなん"},{"text":"部","gloss":"southeast","reading":"ぶ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"lies"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"lies"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.011.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.012","source":"北側には？","translation":"What about to the north?","reading":"きたがわには？","words":[{"text":"北側","gloss":"north side","reading":"きたがわ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は？","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.012.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.013","source":"西側には？","translation":"What about to the west?","reading":"にしがわには？","words":[{"text":"西側","gloss":"west side","reading":"にしがわ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は？","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.013.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.014","source":"海水には どんなのが ありますか。","translation":"What kinds of ocean currents are there?","reading":"かいすいにはどんなのがありますか。","words":[{"text":"海水","gloss":"ocean currents","reading":"かいすい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Currents and their fish · Questions 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Two currents and their fish","paragraphs":["These questions ask about each current's route, branch, name, features, and fish.","*寒流は なぜ 親潮と 呼ばれていますか* means \"Why is the cold current called the Parent Current?\"","An answer gives its green color and abundance of plankton and nutrients. Route answers state a starting place and direction."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.015","source":"暖流は どこから、どの方に 向って 流れて 行きますか。","translation":"From where and in which direction does the warm current flow?","reading":"だんりゅうはどこから、どのかたにむかってながれていきますか。","words":[{"text":"暖流","gloss":"warm current","reading":"だんりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"かた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向っ","gloss":"heading","reading":"むかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"heading"},{"text":"流れ","gloss":"flow","reading":"ながれ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"flow"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"flow","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"flow"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.015.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.016","source":"日本海流は 九州の 南側で、どんな 分流に なりますか。","translation":"What branch current does the Japan Current become south of Kyushu?","reading":"にっぽんかいりゅうはきゅうしゅうのみなみがわで、どんなぶんりゅうになりますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"にっぽん"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"九州","gloss":"Kyushu","reading":"きゅうしゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"南側","gloss":"south side","reading":"みなみがわ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"分流","gloss":"branch current","reading":"ぶんりゅう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.016.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.017","source":"黒潮というのは どんな 海流ですか。","translation":"What kind of current is the Black Current?","reading":"くろしおというのはどんなかいりゅうですか。","words":[{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.017.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.018","source":"黒潮には どんな 魚が 住んでいますか。","translation":"What kinds of fish live in the Black Current?","reading":"くろしおにはどんなさかながすんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"live","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"live"},{"text":"い","gloss":"live"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"live"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.018.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.019","source":"千島海流は どこから、どの方に 向って 流れますか。","translation":"From where and in which direction does the Chishima Current flow?","reading":"ちしまかいりゅうはどこから、どのかたにむかってながれますか。","words":[{"text":"千島","gloss":"Chishima Current","reading":"ちしま"},{"text":"海流","gloss":"Chishima Current","reading":"かいりゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"かた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"向っ","gloss":"heading","reading":"むかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"heading"},{"text":"流れ","gloss":"flow","reading":"ながれ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"flow"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.019.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.020","source":"寒流は なぜ 親潮と 呼ばれていますか。","translation":"Why is the cold current called the Parent Current?","reading":"かんryっつはなぜおやしおとよばれていますか。","words":[{"text":"寒流","gloss":"cold current","reading":"かんっつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"親潮","gloss":"Parent Current","reading":"おやしお"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"呼ば","gloss":"is called","reading":"よば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.020.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L122.q.021","source":"親潮には どんな 魚が 住んでいますか。","translation":"What kinds of fish live in the Parent Current?","reading":"おやしおにはどんなさかながすんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"親潮","gloss":"Parent Current","reading":"おやしお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"live","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"live"},{"text":"い","gloss":"live"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"live"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.q.021.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"流れ","gloss":"current; flow"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Monsoon and rainfall words · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Wind and rain","paragraphs":["These words cover monsoons, coasts, and rain.","*季節風* means \"monsoon\". *梅雨* means \"rainy season\".","*長雨* means \"long rain\". It names prolonged rain, not the season itself."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.001","source":"特色","translation":"characteristic; feattxre","reading":"ときいしょく","words":[{"text":"特色","gloss":"characteristic","reading":"ときいしょく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.001.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.002","source":"のべる","translation":"to relate","reading":"のべる","words":[{"text":"のべる","gloss":"relate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.002.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.003","source":"差","translation":"difference; variation","reading":"さ","words":[{"text":"差","gloss":"difference","reading":"さ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.003.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.004","source":"季節風","translation":"monsoon; seasonal wind","reading":"きせつふう","words":[{"text":"季節風","gloss":"seasonal wind","reading":"きせつふう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.004.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.005","source":"沿岸","translation":"coast; shore","reading":"えんgあん","words":[{"text":"沿岸","gloss":"coast","reading":"えんgあん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.005.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.006","source":"大雨","translation":"heavy rain","reading":"おおあね","words":[{"text":"大雨","gloss":"heavy rain","reading":"おおあね"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.006.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.007","source":"もたらす","translation":"to bring","reading":"もたらす","words":[{"text":"もたらす","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.007.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.008","source":"おとずれる","translation":"to visit","reading":"おとずれる","words":[{"text":"おとずれる","gloss":"visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.008.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.009","source":"梅雨","translation":"rainy season","reading":"ばいう","words":[{"text":"梅雨","gloss":"rainy season","reading":"ばいう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.009.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.010","source":"特有の","translation":"peculiar to; charac-teristic of","reading":"とくゆうの","words":[{"text":"特有の","gloss":"characteristic of","reading":"とくゆうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.010.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.011","source":"---中","translation":"during","reading":"---ちゅう","words":[{"text":"---中","gloss":"during","reading":"---ちゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.011.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.012","source":"長雨","translation":"long rain","reading":"ちょおう","words":[{"text":"長雨","gloss":"long rain","reading":"ちょおう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"のべる","gloss":"to relate"},{"word":"季節風","gloss":"monsoon; seasonal wind"},{"word":"もたらす","gloss":"to bring"},{"word":"特有の","gloss":"peculiar to; charac-teristic of"},{"word":"---中","gloss":"throughout (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Seas, rainfall and currents · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Water and direction","paragraphs":["These words cover Japan's surrounding geography, rainfall, ocean currents, and directions of flow.","*暖流* means \"warm current\". *寒流* means \"cold current\".","The pair separates currents by temperature. *北東* means \"northeast\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.013","source":"山国","translation":"mountainous country","reading":"やまぐに","words":[{"text":"山国","gloss":"mountainous country","reading":"やまぐに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.013.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.014","source":"囲む","translation":"to enclose; to surround","reading":"かこむ","words":[{"text":"囲む","gloss":"surround","reading":"かこむ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.014.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.015","source":"結びつく","translation":"to join; to link","reading":"むすびつく","words":[{"text":"結びつく","gloss":"link","reading":"むすびつく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.015.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.016","source":"めぐる","translation":"to siarround","reading":"めぐる","words":[{"text":"めぐる","gloss":"surround"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.016.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.017","source":"海水","translation":"ocean water","reading":"かいすい","words":[{"text":"海水","gloss":"ocean water","reading":"かいすい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.017.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.018","source":"降雨","translation":"rainfall","reading":"こおう","words":[{"text":"降雨","gloss":"rainfall","reading":"こおう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.018.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.019","source":"暖流","translation":"warm current","reading":"だんりゅう","words":[{"text":"暖流","gloss":"warm current","reading":"だんりゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.019.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.020","source":"寒流","translation":"cold current","reading":"かんryっつ","words":[{"text":"寒流","gloss":"cold current","reading":"かんryっつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.020.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.021","source":"日本海流","translation":"the japan current","reading":"にっぽんかいりゅう","words":[{"text":"日本海流","gloss":"Japan Current","reading":"にっぽんかいりゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.021.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.022","source":"近づく","translation":"approach; draw near","reading":"ちかずく","words":[{"text":"近づく","gloss":"approach","reading":"ちかずく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.022.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.023","source":"向きをかえる","translation":"change direction","reading":"むきをかえる","words":[{"text":"向きをかえる","gloss":"change direction","reading":"むきをかえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.023.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.024","source":"北東","translation":"northeast","reading":"ほくとお","words":[{"text":"北東","gloss":"northeast","reading":"ほくとお"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"囲む","gloss":"to enclose; to surround"},{"word":"結びつく","gloss":"to join; to link"},{"word":"日本海流","gloss":"the japan current"},{"word":"近づく","gloss":"to approach, draw near"},{"word":"向きをかえる","gloss":"change direction"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ocean currents and nutrients · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Current names and nutrients","paragraphs":["These words cover current branches, colors, movement, nutrients, names, and fish.","*黒潮* means \"the Black Current\". *親潮* means \"the Kurile Current\".","*栄養分* means \"nutritive substance\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.025","source":"分流","translation":"tributary; branch ocean current","reading":"ぶんりゅう","words":[{"text":"分流","gloss":"branch current","reading":"ぶんりゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.025.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.026","source":"こい藍色","translation":"deep blue; mazarine","reading":"こいあいいろ","words":[{"text":"こい藍色","gloss":"deep blue","reading":"こいあいいろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.026.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.027","source":"黒潮","translation":"the Black Current (Japan Current)","reading":"くろしお","words":[{"text":"黒潮","gloss":"Black Current","reading":"くろしお"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.027.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.028","source":"かつお","translation":"bonito","reading":"かつお","words":[{"text":"かつお","gloss":"bonito"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.028.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.029","source":"千島列島","translation":"the Kurile islands","reading":"ちしまれっとう","words":[{"text":"千島列島","gloss":"Kurile Islands","reading":"ちしまれっとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.029.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.030","source":"南下する","translation":"to go southward","reading":"なんかする","words":[{"text":"南下する","gloss":"go southward","reading":"なんかする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.030.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.031","source":"接する","translation":"touch; come in contact with","reading":"せっする","words":[{"text":"接する","gloss":"come into contact","reading":"せっする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.031.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.032","source":"プランクトン","translation":"plankton","reading":"プランクトン","words":[{"text":"プランクトン","gloss":"plankton"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.032.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.033","source":"栄養分","translation":"nutritive substance","reading":"えいようぶん","words":[{"text":"栄養分","gloss":"nutritive substance","reading":"えいようぶん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.033.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.034","source":"親潮","translation":"the Kturile Current","reading":"おやしお","words":[{"text":"親潮","gloss":"Kurile Current","reading":"おやしお"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.034.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.035","source":"にしん","translation":"herring","reading":"にしん","words":[{"text":"にしん","gloss":"herring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.035.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L122.w.036","source":"たら","translation":"cod","reading":"たら","words":[{"text":"たら","gloss":"cod"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L122.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\na. Topics:\n\n1 Talk about the peculiarities of the Japanese climate.\n\n2 Talk about the currents surrounding Japan,\n\nb. Exercise:\n\nTranslate the following into Japanese.\n\n1 The climate in Japan has two peculiarities.\n\n2 The winter monsoon blows toward the Pacific Ocean from the continent of Asia,\n\n3 The summer monsoon brings heavy rain to the Pacific coast region.\n\n4 Since the cold current contains a wealth of plankton and nutritive substance, it is given the name of parent tide (the Kurile current)."},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write new Kanji,\n\n4 Read the Explanatory Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こい藍色","gloss":"deep blue; mazarine"},{"word":"かつお","gloss":"bonito"},{"word":"千島列島","gloss":"the Kurile islands"},{"word":"南下する","gloss":"to go southward"},{"word":"接する","gloss":"touch; come in contact with"},{"word":"栄養分","gloss":"nutritive substance"},{"word":"にしん","gloss":"herring"},{"word":"たら","gloss":"cod"}],"paradigms":[]}]}