{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L013","title":"Lesson 13","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 13: following classroom commands · dialogue 1 of 5, writing and returning to seat · dialogue 2 of 5, describing completed classroom actions · dialogue 3 of 5, sequencing completed actions · dialogue 4 of 5, confirming the final action · dialogue 5 of 5, giving basic commands · pattern 1 1 of 2, commands and willing responses · pattern 1 2 of 2, movement toward destinations · pattern 2 1 of 2, answering movement commands · pattern 2 2 of 2, actions and direct objects · pattern 3 1 of 2, asking about intended actions · pattern 3 2 of 2, stating completed actions · pattern 4 1 of 2, asking about completed actions · pattern 4 2 of 2, classroom command words · word list 1 of 3, willing action expressions · word list 2 of 3, sequence.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/13","lines":112},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/12","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/14","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Following classroom commands · Dialogue 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"At the blackboard","paragraphs":["A teacher directs SGT Green through a classroom task. *こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい* means \"Go to the blackboard, please.\"","Green answers each command with the action he will take. *はい、 こくばんの ところへ 行きます* means \"Yes, I'll go to the blackboard.\""]},{"title":"Movement and objects","paragraphs":["In *こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい*, the particle *へ* follows the destination of the movement.","In *はくぼくを おとりなさい*, the particle *を* follows *はくぼく*, the object that Green takes.","The command *おとりなさい* requests the action. The answer *とります* states the action Green will take."]},{"title":"Kanji: 行","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.001","source":"グリーンぐんそう、 おたちなさい。","translation":"SGT Green, stand up, please.","reading":"グリーンぐんそう、おたちなさい。","words":[{"text":"グリーン","gloss":"Green"},{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"そう、","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.002","source":"はい、 たちます。","translation":"Yes, I'll stand up.","reading":"はい、たちます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.003","source":"こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Go to the blackboard, please.","reading":"こくばんのところへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"go"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.004","source":"はい、 こくばんの ところへ 行きます。","translation":"Yes, I'll go to the blackboard.","reading":"はい、こくばんのところへいきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.005","source":"はくぼくを おとりなさい。","translation":"Pick up the chalk, please.","reading":"はくぼくをおとりなさい。","words":[{"text":"はく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"ぼく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おとり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.006","source":"はい、 はくぼくを とります。","translation":"Yes, I'll pick up the chalk.","reading":"はい、はくぼくをとります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"はく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"ぼく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Verbs\n\nJapanese verbs are inflected or their endings are changed according to certain uses. The part that does not inflect is called the 'root' which usually furnishes the basic meaning. That which is placed before the root is called 'prefix' that gives a particular modification to the root meaning. That which immediately follows the root is called 'ending.'\n\nVerbs fall into three main classes according to these conjugations:\n\nConsonant verbs\n\nVowel verbs\n\nIrregular verbs\n\nConsonant verbs are those whose roots end in one of the following nine consonants: --K, -G, -S, -T, -N, -B, -M, -R, and -(W).\n\nVowel verbs are those (with some exceptions) whose roots end in the vowel -I or -E.\n\nThere are only two verbs which have slight irregularities of inflection. They are the verbs KURU(KIMASU),\n\n'come' and SURU(SHIMASU), 'do.'\n\nConjugations of modern colloquial Japanese verbs show eight endings:\n\n| Name 'ending' | Example of consonant verb 'write' | Example of vowel verb 'open' | Irregular verbs 'come' | Irregular verbs 'do'\n1. | Negative ending | KAKA | AKE** | KO | SHI, SE\n2. | Conjunctive ending | KAKI | AKE** | KI | SHI\n3. | Basic ending | KAKU | AKERU | KURU | SURU\n4. | Conditional ending | KAKEBA | AKEREBA | KUREBA | SUREBA\n5. | Imperative ending | KAKE | AKERO | KOI | SHIRO\n6. | Conjectural ending | KAKOO | AKEYOO | KOYOO | SHIYOO\n7. | TE-ending | *KAITE | AKETE | KITE | SHITE\n8. | TA-ending | *KAITA | AKETA | KITA | SHITA\n\n* Euphonic changes in time changed KAKITE and KAKITA to KAITE and KAITA respectively.\n\n** Note that the negative and conjunctive endings of vowel verbs have no shape at all or are synonymous with the root. It is customary to refer to verbs by their basic endings, and these are the forms under which verbs are entered in dictionaries. Note also that the basic endings are in the vowel U.\n\nEach underlined part in the above table is the root represented in terms of ROMAJI. For example, KAK and I of KAKI are the root and conjunctive ending of the verb KAKU, 'write.' However, the root of this type cannot be written completely in terms of the conventional writing system (KANJI and KANA). Therefore, for the sake of convenience, the final consonant of the consonant verbs is separated from the root and combined with the ending so as to make it possible to discuss the conjugation in terms of the conventional writing system or in terms of syllables. For example, KAKI becomes KAKI or かき; and in terms of KANA, か is the root and き is the conjunctive ending of the verb KAKU, 'write.' The sounds and uses of the eight endings will be dealt with as they are introduced in the course.\n\na. The particle E (へ) indicates direction or place toward which an action moves. It also denotes the destination or point of arrival of an action. It corresponds to the English preposition 'to.'"},{"section":2,"text":"Conjunctive ending\n\nThe conjunctive ending is normally followed immediately by certain inflected suffixes:\n\n--MASU:\n\nThe conjunctive ending may be followed by the inflected suffix MASU not only to yield compounded forms of present tense or definite future tense meaning but also to add a degree of politeness.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA KAKIMASU. \"I'll write,\" \"I am going to write,\" or \"I write.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA TACHIMASU. \"I'll stand up,\" \"I am going to stand up,\" or \"I stand up.\"\n\n--NASAI:\n\nThe conjunctive ending may also be followed by certain other verbs, e.g.,\n\nKAKINASAI Write, please.\n\nTACHINASAI Stand up, please.\n\nKINASAI Come, please.\n\nNASAI is from the polite verb NASARU, 'do,' and it is its imperative ending. It follows not only the conjunctive ending of verbs but also certain nouns and adverbs to express polite command.\n\nO is the honorific prefix as was explained in Lesson 9. Therefore, the pattern O + conjunctive (verb) ending + NASAI is politer than the pattern without the honorific prefix O."},{"section":3,"text":"Particle E\n\nThe particle E (へ) indicates direction or place toward which an action moves. It also denotes the destination or point of arrival of an action. It corresponds to the English preposition 'to.'\n\nGAKKOO E IKIMASU. \"I'll go to school.\"\n\nKOKO E OIDENASAI. \"Come here, please.\"\n\nTOKORO 'place'\n\nThe noun TOKORO means 'place.' In Japanese one does not say he goes or comes to an object or to a person. Instead, he says he goes or comes to the place where an\n\nobject is or to the place where someone is.\n\nMADO NO TOKORO E IKIMASU. \"I'll go to the window.\"\n\nKOKUBAN NO TOKORO E OIDENASAI. \"Please go to the blackboard.\""},{"section":4,"text":"Particle O\n\nThe particle O (を) in this lesson indicates that the substantive (noun and pronoun) that precedes it is the direct object of a verb. The direct object is the receiver (thing or person) of the direct action indicated by the verb. In Japanese the direct object is normally placed before the verb.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA NAMAE O KAKIMASU. \"I'll write (my) name.\"\n\nMADO O AKEMASU. \"I'll open the window.\"\n\nHON O TOJIMASU. \"I'll close the book.\""},{"section":5,"text":"Past Tense MASHITA\n\nThe compounded forms of polite present tense or definite future tense are formed by the conjunctive ending plus MASU. Polite past tense is formed by adding MASHITA to the conjunctive ending.\n\n| \nAKE-MASU | AKEMASHITA\n\"I'll open.\" | \"I opened.\"\nKAKIMASU | KAKIMASHITA\n\"I'll write.\" | \"I wrote.\"\nIKIMASU | IKIMASHITA\n\"I'll go.\" | \"I went.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Writing and returning to seat · Dialogue 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Write, then return","paragraphs":["The classroom task continues with writing and movement. *あなたの おなまえを おかきなさい* means \"Write your name, please.\"","After praise and thanks, *あなたの せきへ おかえりなさい* means \"Go back to your seat, please.\"","The replies *かきます* and *かえります* state the actions the speaker will take."]},{"title":"Kanji: 私","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.007","source":"あなたの おなまえを おかきなさい。","translation":"Write your name, please.","reading":"あなたのおなまえをおかきなさい。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.008","source":"はい、 私の なまえを かきます。","translation":"Yes, I'll write my name.","reading":"はい、わたくしのなまえをかきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.009","source":"よろしい。 よく できました。","translation":"Good ! Well done !","reading":"よろしい。よくできました。","words":[{"text":"よろしい。","gloss":"good"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.010","source":"ありがとう ございます。","translation":"Thank you.","reading":"ありがとうございます。","words":[{"text":"ありがとう","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"ござい","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.011","source":"あなたの せきへ おかえりなさい。","translation":"Go back to your seat, please.","reading":"あなたのせきへおかえりなさい。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go back"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.012","source":"はい、 せきへ かえります。","translation":"Yes, I'll go back to (my) seat.","reading":"はい、せきへかえります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go back"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"word":"よろしい。","gloss":"good!"},{"word":"せき","gloss":"seat"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing completed classroom actions · Dialogue 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"What Green did","paragraphs":["After Green sits down, Mr. Smith reports his actions. *グリーンぐんそうは たちました* means \"SGT Green stood up.\"","The account continues with *それから、 こくばんの ところへ 行きました*, \"After that, he went to the blackboard.\""]},{"title":"Completed actions","paragraphs":["The ending *ました* marks each reported action as completed. It appears in *たちました* and *行きました*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 何","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.013","source":"おかけなさい。","translation":"Sit down, please.","reading":"おかけなさい。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.014","source":"はい、 かけます。","translation":"Yes, I'll sit down.","reading":"はい、かけます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.015","source":"スミスさん、 グリーンぐんそうは いま 何を しましたか。","translation":"Mr. Smith, what did SGT Green do just now?","reading":"スミスさん、グリーンぐんそうはいまなにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん、","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"グリーン","gloss":"Green"},{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いま","gloss":"just now"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.016","source":"グリーンぐんそうは たちました。","translation":"SGT Green stood up.","reading":"グリーンぐんそうはたちました。","words":[{"text":"グリーン","gloss":"Green"},{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.017","source":"それから、 何を しましたか。","translation":"Then, what did he do?","reading":"それから、なにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.018","source":"それから、 こくばんの ところへ 行きました。","translation":"After that, he went to the blackboard.","reading":"それから、こくばんのところへいきました。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いま","gloss":"now, just now"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sequencing completed actions · Dialogue 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"One action after another","paragraphs":["Mr. Smith continues the account of Green's actions. *それから、 はくぼくを とりました* means \"Then, he picked up the chalk.\"","*それから* introduces each next action. The verbs *とりました*, *かきました*, and *かえりました* report completed actions.","*それから、 グリーンぐんそうは せきへ かえりました* ends the sequence with Green's return to his seat."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.019","source":"それから。","translation":"And then?","reading":"それから。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"and then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.020","source":"それから、 はくぼくを とりました。","translation":"Then, he picked up the chalk.","reading":"それから、はくぼくをとりました。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"はく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"ぼく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.021","source":"それから、 なまえを かきましたね。","translation":"After that, he wrote his name, didn't he?","reading":"それから、なまえをかきましたね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.022","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that's right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.023","source":"それから どう しましたか。","translation":"What did he do after that?","reading":"それからどうしましたか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.024","source":"それから、 グリーンぐんそうは せきへ かえりました。","translation":"After that, SGT Green returned to his seat.","reading":"それから、グリーンぐんそうはせきへかえりました。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after that"},{"text":"グリーン","gloss":"Green"},{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Confirming the final action · Dialogue 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"The final action","paragraphs":["The speakers confirm how Green's sequence ended. *それから、 こしかけましたね* means \"Then, he sat down, didn't he?\"","The final *ね* asks for confirmation of the completed action. *はい、 そうです* confirms it with \"Yes, that's right.\"","The exchange closes with *よく できました* and *ありがとう ございます*, praise followed by thanks."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.025","source":"それから、 こしかけましたね。","translation":"Then, he sat down, didn't he?","reading":"それから、こしかけましたね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.025.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.026","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that's right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.026.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.027","source":"よく できました。","translation":"You did well.","reading":"よくできました。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.027.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L013.dlg.028","source":"ありがとう ございます。","translation":"Thank you.","reading":"ありがとうございます。","words":[{"text":"ありがとう","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"ござい","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.dlg.028.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Giving basic commands · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A verb changes for its use","paragraphs":["*おかきなさい* means \"Write, please.\" The response *かきます* means \"I'll write.\"","Japanese verbs change their endings according to their use. These endings distinguish a command from a willing action."]},{"title":"Commands and willing actions","paragraphs":["In *おかきなさい*, *なさい* follows the verb's conjunctive ending and makes a polite command.","In *かきます*, *ます* follows the same ending and makes a polite present or future form.","The honorific *お* makes *おかきなさい* politer."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.m1","source":"おかきなさい。","translation":"Write, please.","reading":"おかきなさい。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.01","source":"はい、 かきます。","translation":"Yes, I'll write.","reading":"はい、かきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.02","source":"おたちなさい。","translation":"Stand up, please.","reading":"おたちなさい。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.03","source":"おしめなさい。","translation":"Close it, please.","reading":"おしめなさい。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.04","source":"おかえりなさい。","translation":"Go back, please.","reading":"おかえりなさい。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go back"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.05","source":"たちます。","translation":"I'll stand up.","reading":"たちます。","words":[{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.06","source":"かきます。","translation":"I'll write.","reading":"かきます。","words":[{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Commands and willing responses · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A command and its response","paragraphs":["*アダムスさん、 おたちなさい* means \"Mr. Adams, stand up, please.\" The answer is *はい、 たちます*, \"Yes, I'll stand up.\"","The answer to *おかえりなさい* is *かえります*. The answer to *おかけなさい* is *かけます*."]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.07","source":"あけます。","translation":"I'll open.","reading":"あけます。","words":[{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.08","source":"アダムスさん、 おたちなさい。","translation":"Mr. Adams, stand up, please.","reading":"アダムスさん、おたちなさい。","words":[{"text":"アダムス","gloss":"Adams"},{"text":"さん、","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.09","source":"はい、 たちます。","translation":"Yes, I'll stand up.","reading":"はい、たちます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.10","source":"グリーンさん、 おかえりなさい。","translation":"Mr. Green, go back, please.","reading":"グリーンさん、おかえりなさい。","words":[{"text":"グリーン","gloss":"Green"},{"text":"さん、","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go back"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.11","source":"はい、 かえります。","translation":"Yes, I'll return.","reading":"はい、かえります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.12","source":"たなかさん、 おかけなさい。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka, sit down, please","reading":"たなかさん、おかけなさい。","words":[{"text":"たなか","gloss":"Tanaka"},{"text":"さん、","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt1.13","source":"はい、 かけます。","translation":"Yes, I'll sit down.","reading":"はい、かけます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Movement toward destinations · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The destination of movement","paragraphs":["*私は にっぽんへ 行きます* means \"I'll go to Japan.\" The particle *へ* follows the destination and means \"to\".","*ところ* means \"place\". Movement toward an object is expressed as movement toward the place where that object is.","*こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい* means \"Please go to the blackboard.\" Here *へ* follows *こくばんの ところ*."]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.m1","source":"私は にっぽんへ 行きます。","translation":"I'll go to Japan.","reading":"わたくしはにっぽんへいきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にっぽん","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.01","source":"いすの ところへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Please go to the chair.","reading":"いすのところへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"いす","gloss":"chair"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"go"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.02","source":"子どもたちは がっこうへ 行きます。","translation":"The children go to school.","reading":"こどもたちはがっこうへいきます。","words":[{"text":"子ども","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.03","source":"せいとは サンフランシスコへ 行きます。","translation":"Students will go to San Francisco.","reading":"せいとはサンフランシスコへいきます。","words":[{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.04","source":"ここへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Please come here.","reading":"ここへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"come"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.05","source":"こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Please go to the blackboard.","reading":"こくばんのところへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"go"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.06","source":"まどの ところへ 行きます。","translation":"I'll go to the window.","reading":"まどのところへいきます。","words":[{"text":"ま","gloss":"of the window"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"of the window"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"子ども","gloss":"child, children"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Answering movement commands · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The destination in the answer","paragraphs":["*こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい* means \"Please go to the blackboard.\" The answer repeats the destination before *行きます*.","*はい、 こくばんの ところへ 行きます* means \"Yes, I'll go to the blackboard.\" The particle *へ* follows the destination.","A question follows the same order. *あなたは にっぽんへ 行きますか* asks whether the listener is going to Japan."]}],"lines":[{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.07","source":"いすの ところへ 行きます。","translation":"I will go to the chair.","reading":"いすのところへいきます。","words":[{"text":"いす","gloss":"chair"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.08","source":"あなたは にっぽんへ 行きますか。","translation":"Are you going to Japan?","reading":"あなたはにっぽんへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にっぽん","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.09","source":"はい、 にっぽんへ 行きます。","translation":"Yes, I'll go to Japan.","reading":"はい、にっぽんへいきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"にっぽん","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.10","source":"こくばんの ところへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Please go to the blackboard.","reading":"こくばんのところへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"go"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.11","source":"はい、 こくばんの ところへ 行きます。","translation":"Yes, I'll go to the blackboard.","reading":"はい、こくばんのところへいきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.12","source":"ここへ おいでなさい。","translation":"Please come here.","reading":"ここへおいでなさい。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"いで","gloss":"come"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt2.13","source":"はい、 そこへ 行きます。","translation":"Yes, I'll go there.","reading":"はい、そこへいきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt2.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Actions and direct objects · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The thing the action affects","paragraphs":["*私は なまえを かきます* means \"I'll write my name.\" The particle *を* follows the direct object *なまえ*.","The particle *を* follows the direct object. Japanese normally places that object before the verb.","*私は まどを あけます* places *を* after *まど*, the window that the speaker will open."]},{"title":"Kanji: 本","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.m1","source":"私は なまえを かきます。","translation":"I'll write my name. (direct object)","reading":"わたくしはなまえをかきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.01","source":"私は まどを あけます。","translation":"I'll open the window.","reading":"わたくしはまどをあけます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.02","source":"私は 本を とじます。","translation":"I'll close the book.","reading":"わたくしはほんをとじます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.03","source":"私は まどを しめます。","translation":"I'll close the window.","reading":"わたくしはまどをしめます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.04","source":"あなたは 何を しますか。","translation":"What are you going to do?","reading":"あなたはなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.05","source":"私は ぼうしを とります。","translation":"I'll take the hat.","reading":"わたくしはぼうしをとります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about intended actions · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Asking which object","paragraphs":["*あなたは 何を あけますか* means \"What are you going to open?\" The phrase *何を* asks for the direct object.","The answer replaces *何* with the object. *私は とを あけます* means \"I'll open the door.\"","The same form asks *何を とじますか*. The answer *私は めを とじます* names the eyes as the object."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.06","source":"あなたは 何を しますか。","translation":"What are you going to do?","reading":"あなたはなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.07","source":"私は 私の なまえを かきます。","translation":"I'll write my name.","reading":"わたくしはわたくしのなまえをかきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.08","source":"あなたは 何を あけますか。","translation":"What are you going to open?","reading":"あなたはなにをあけますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.09","source":"私は とを あけます。","translation":"I'll open the door.","reading":"わたくしはとをあけます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"と","gloss":"door"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.10","source":"あなたは 何を とじますか。","translation":"What are you going to close?","reading":"あなたはなにをとじますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt3.11","source":"私は めを とじます。","translation":"I'll close my eyes.","reading":"わたくしはめをとじます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"め","gloss":"eyes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt3.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stating completed actions · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The polite past","paragraphs":["*私は なまえを かきました* means \"I wrote my name.\" The form *ました* follows the conjunctive ending to make the polite past.","*かきます* means \"I'll write.\" Replacing *ます* with *ました* gives *かきました*, \"I wrote.\"","*たむらさんは にっぽんへ 行きました* uses the same past form for \"Mr. Tamura went to Japan.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 来","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.m1","source":"私は なまえを かきました。","translation":"I wrote my name.","reading":"わたくしはなまえをかきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.m1.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.01","source":"あのかたは がっこうへ 来ました。","translation":"He came to school.","reading":"あのかたはがっこうへきました。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.02","source":"たむらさんは にっぽんへ 行きました。","translation":"Mr. Tamura went to Japan.","reading":"たむらさんはにっぽんへいきました。","words":[{"text":"たむら","gloss":"Tamura"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にっぽん","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.03","source":"ヤングごちょうは せきへ かえりました。","translation":"Corporal Young returned to his seat.","reading":"ヤングごちょうはせきへかえりました。","words":[{"text":"ヤング","gloss":"Young"},{"text":"ご","gloss":"corporal"},{"text":"ちょう","gloss":"corporal"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.04","source":"私は 本を あけました。","translation":"I opened my book.","reading":"わたくしはほんをあけました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.05","source":"やまださんは えんぴつを とりました。","translation":"Mr. Yamada took his pencil.","reading":"やまださんはえんぴつをとりました。","words":[{"text":"やまだ","gloss":"Yamada"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about completed actions · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"What someone did","paragraphs":["*たむらさんは 何を しましたか* means \"What did Mr. Tamura do?\" An answer names the object and the completed action.","*まどを あけました* answers with \"He opened the window.\" The particle *を* follows the object *まど*.","A destination question also keeps *ました*. *ええ、 せきへ かえりました* confirms that he returned to his seat."]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.06","source":"たむらさんは 何を しましたか。","translation":"What did Mr. Tamura do?","reading":"たむらさんはなにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"たむら","gloss":"Tamura"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.07","source":"まどを あけました。","translation":"He opened the window.","reading":"まどをあけました。","words":[{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.08","source":"やまださんは 何を しましたか。","translation":"What did Mr. Yamada do?","reading":"やまださんはなにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"やまだ","gloss":"Yamada"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.09","source":"えんぴつを とりました。","translation":"He took his pencil.","reading":"えんぴつをとりました。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.10","source":"あのかたは せきへ かえりましたか。","translation":"Did he return to his seat?","reading":"あのかたはせきへかえりましたか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L013.pt4.11","source":"ええ、 せきへ かえりました。","translation":"Yes, he returned to his seat.","reading":"ええ、せきへかえりました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.pt4.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Classroom command words · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Commands in the classroom","paragraphs":["These words cover classroom places and polite commands. *ところ* means \"place\", and *せき* means \"seat\".","The commands include *おたちなさい*, \"Stand up, please.\", and *おかきなさい*, \"Please write.\"","Each action command places the honorific *お* before the verb form and ends in *なさい*."]}],"lines":[{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.001","source":"ところ","translation":"place (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ところ","words":[{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.001.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.002","source":"せき","translation":"seat","reading":"せき","words":[{"text":"せき","gloss":"seat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.002.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.003","source":"おたちなさい","translation":"Stand up, please. (See Notes)","reading":"おたちなさい","words":[{"text":"おたちなさい","gloss":"please stand up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.003.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.004","source":"おいでなさい","translation":"Please come; please go; please be","reading":"おいでなさい","words":[{"text":"おいでなさい","gloss":"please come, go, be"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.004.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.005","source":"おとりなさい","translation":"Please take, pick up","reading":"おとりなさい","words":[{"text":"おとりなさい","gloss":"please take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.005.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.006","source":"おかきなさい","translation":"Please write.","reading":"おかきなさい","words":[{"text":"おかきなさい","gloss":"please write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.006.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.007","source":"おかえりなさい","translation":"Please return; go back","reading":"おかえりなさい","words":[{"text":"おかえりなさい","gloss":"please go back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.007.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.008","source":"おかけなさい","translation":"Please sit down.","reading":"おかけなさい","words":[{"text":"おかけなさい","gloss":"please sit down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.008.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.009","source":"おあけなさい","translation":"Please open.","reading":"おあけなさい","words":[{"text":"おあけなさい","gloss":"please open"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.009.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.010","source":"おとじなさい","translation":"Please close.","reading":"おとじなさい","words":[{"text":"おとじなさい","gloss":"please close"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.010.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.011","source":"おしめなさい","translation":"Please close; shut","reading":"おしめなさい","words":[{"text":"おしめなさい","gloss":"please shut"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"おたちなさい","gloss":"Stand up, please. (See Notes)"},{"word":"おいでなさい","gloss":"Please come; please go; please be"},{"word":"おとりなさい","gloss":"Please take, pick up"},{"word":"おかきなさい","gloss":"Please write."},{"word":"おかえりなさい","gloss":"Please return; go back"},{"word":"おかけなさい","gloss":"Please sit down."},{"word":"おあけなさい","gloss":"Please open."},{"word":"おとじなさい","gloss":"Please close."},{"word":"おしめなさい","gloss":"Please close; shut"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Willing action expressions · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Actions the speaker will take","paragraphs":["These words state polite willing actions. *たちます* means \"I'll stand.\", and *行きます* means \"I'll go.\"","Classroom actions include *かきます*, \"I'll write.\", and *あけます*, \"I'll open.\"","The command *来なさい*, \"Please come.\", pairs with *来ます*, \"I'll come.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.012","source":"来なさい","translation":"Please come.","reading":"きなさい","words":[{"text":"来なさい","gloss":"please come","reading":"きなさい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.012.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.013","source":"たちます","translation":"I'll stand. (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"たちます","words":[{"text":"たちます","gloss":"I'll stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.013.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.014","source":"行きます","translation":"I'll go.","reading":"いきます","words":[{"text":"行きます","gloss":"I'll go","reading":"いきます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.014.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.015","source":"とります","translation":"I'll take.","reading":"とります","words":[{"text":"とります","gloss":"I'll take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.015.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.016","source":"かきます","translation":"I'll write.","reading":"かきます","words":[{"text":"かきます","gloss":"I'll write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.016.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.017","source":"かえります","translation":"I'll go back.","reading":"かえります","words":[{"text":"かえります","gloss":"I'll go back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.017.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.018","source":"かけます","translation":"I'll sit down.","reading":"かけます","words":[{"text":"かけます","gloss":"I'll sit down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.018.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.019","source":"来ます","translation":"I'll come.","reading":"きます","words":[{"text":"来ます","gloss":"I'll come","reading":"きます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.019.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.020","source":"あけます","translation":"I'll open.","reading":"あけます","words":[{"text":"あけます","gloss":"I'll open"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.020.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.021","source":"とじます","translation":"I'll close.","reading":"とじます","words":[{"text":"とじます","gloss":"I'll close"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.021.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.022","source":"しめます","translation":"I'll close.","reading":"しめます","words":[{"text":"しめます","gloss":"I'll close"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"来なさい","gloss":"Please come."},{"word":"たちます","gloss":"I'll stand. (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"行きます","gloss":"I'll go."},{"word":"とります","gloss":"I'll take."},{"word":"かきます","gloss":"I'll write."},{"word":"かえります","gloss":"I'll go back."},{"word":"かけます","gloss":"I'll sit down."},{"word":"来ます","gloss":"I'll come."},{"word":"あけます","gloss":"I'll open."},{"word":"とじます","gloss":"I'll close."},{"word":"しめます","gloss":"I'll close."}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sequence, thanks and past expressions · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"How the account is built","paragraphs":["This set supplies words for movement, objects, and completed actions. *へ* means \"to\", while *を* marks a direct object.","The ending *---ました* marks the polite past. *それから* means \"after that, and then\" and links completed actions.","The exchange can close with *よくできました*, \"You did well.\", and *ありがとう ございます*, \"Thank you.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.023","source":"こしかけます","translation":"I'll sit down.","reading":"こしかけます","words":[{"text":"こしかけます","gloss":"I'll sit down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.023.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.024","source":"へ","translation":"to (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"へ","words":[{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.024.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.025","source":"を","translation":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)","reading":"を","words":[{"text":"を","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.025.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.026","source":"よろしい","translation":"good!","reading":"よろしい","words":[{"text":"よろしい","gloss":"good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.026.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.027","source":"よくできました","translation":"You did well; well done.","reading":"よくできました","words":[{"text":"よくできました","gloss":"well done"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.027.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.028","source":"ありがとう ございます","translation":"Thank you.","reading":"ありがとうございます","words":[{"text":"ありがとうございます","gloss":"thank you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.028.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.029","source":"---ました","translation":"past tense of MASU (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"---ました","words":[{"text":"---ました","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.029.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.030","source":"それから","translation":"after that, and then","reading":"それから","words":[{"text":"それから","gloss":"and then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.030.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.031","source":"いま","translation":"now, just now","reading":"いま","words":[{"text":"いま","gloss":"now"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.031.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L013.w.032","source":"どうしましたか","translation":"What did he do?","reading":"どうしましたか","words":[{"text":"どうしましたか","gloss":"what did he do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L013.w.032.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":6,"text":"Homework Assignment\n\n1. Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.\n\n2. Memorize the Dialogue.\n\n3. Read the Grammar Notes.\n\n4. Practice reading and writing of Kanji."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こしかけます","gloss":"I'll sit down."},{"word":"よろしい","gloss":"good!"},{"word":"よくできました","gloss":"You did well; well done."},{"word":"ありがとうございます","gloss":"Thank you."},{"word":"---ました","gloss":"past tense of MASU (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"それから","gloss":"after that, and then"},{"word":"どうしましたか","gloss":"What did he do?"}],"paradigms":[]}]}