{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L132","title":"Lesson 132","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 132: isolation, warrior rule and national isolation · questions 1 of 2, foreign pressure and imperial restoration · questions 2 of 2, government, trade, negotiation and restoration words · word list 3 of 3.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/130","lines":49},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/129","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/131","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Isolation, foreign pressure and restoration · Narration","teaching":[{"title":"Two centuries of isolation","paragraphs":["*徳川幕府だけでも 二百六十年 続き、その間 鎖国政策が とられた* means \"The Tokugawa shogunate alone lasted 260 years, and during that time a policy of national isolation was followed.\"","The Tokugawa period lasted until the Meiji Restoration. The isolation policy closed ports and restricted overseas travel, entry, and trade."]},{"title":"Rule returns to the Emperor","paragraphs":["Perry pressed Japan to open its ports in 1853. His visit had a great influence on Japanese politics.","*幕府は 政権を 天皇に かえさなければ ならなくなった* means \"the shogunate had to return political power to the Emperor.\"","The Restoration of 1868 returned government to the Emperor and led to the abolition of the feudal system."]},{"title":"Kanji: 総","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 策","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 勝","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 保","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.001","source":"武家政治の 期間を 総合すると、源頼朝の 鎌倉幕府に 続いて、室町幕府、徳川幕府と 六百七十年も 続いた。","translation":"Taken together, warrior government continued for as long as 670 years, from Minamoto no Yoritomo’s Kamakura shogunate through the Muromachi shogunate and the Tokugawa shogunate.","reading":"ぶけせいじのきかんをそうごうすると、みなもとのよりとものかまくらばくふにつづいて、むろまちばくふ、とくがわばくふとろっぴゃくななじゅうねんもつづいた。","words":[{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior government","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"warrior government","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"期間","gloss":"period","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"総合","gloss":"taken together","reading":"そうごう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"taken together"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"源","gloss":"Minamoto no","reading":"みなもとの"},{"text":"頼朝","gloss":"Yoritomo","reading":"よりとも"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"鎌倉","gloss":"Kamakura","reading":"かまくら"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"続い","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづい"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"室町","gloss":"Muromachi","reading":"むろまち"},{"text":"幕府、","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"徳川","gloss":"Tokugawa","reading":"とくがわ"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"六百","gloss":"six hundred","reading":"ろっぴゃく"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"続い","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづい"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.002","source":"徳川幕府だけでも 二百六十年 続き、その間 鎖国政策が とられた。","translation":"The Tokugawa shogunate alone lasted 260 years, and during that time a policy of national isolation was followed.","reading":"とくがわばくふだけでもにひゃくろくじゅうねんつづき、そのあいださこくせいさくがとられた。","words":[{"text":"徳川","gloss":"Tokugawa","reading":"とくがわ"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"で","gloss":"being"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"二百","gloss":"two hundred","reading":"にひゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"続き、","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづき"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation"},{"text":"政策","gloss":"policy"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"とら","gloss":"followed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was followed"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.003","source":"つまり 徳川は 法律によって 港を 閉じて、日本人の 海外渡航も、又 外国人の 入国や 貿易も 自由勝手に 許さなかった。","translation":"In other words, the Tokugawa closed the ports by law and did not freely permit Japanese people to travel overseas or foreigners to enter the country and trade.","reading":"つまりとくがわはほうりつによってみなとをとじて、にほんじんのかいがいとこうも、またがいこくじんのにゅうこくやぼうえきもじゆうかってにゆるさなかった。","words":[{"text":"つまり","gloss":"in other words"},{"text":"徳川","gloss":"Tokugawa","reading":"とくがわ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"法律","gloss":"law","reading":"ほうりつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by"},{"text":"て","gloss":"by"},{"text":"港","gloss":"ports","reading":"みなと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"閉じ","gloss":"closed","reading":"とじ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"海外","gloss":"overseas","reading":"かいがい"},{"text":"渡航","gloss":"travel","reading":"とこう"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"also"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"入国","gloss":"entry","reading":"にゅうこく"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"貿易","gloss":"trade","reading":"ぼうえき"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"自由","gloss":"freely","reading":"じゆう"},{"text":"勝手","gloss":"freely","reading":"かって"},{"text":"に","gloss":"freely"},{"text":"許さ","gloss":"permit","reading":"ゆるさ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.004","source":"この 政策の ため、日本は 西洋文明に たちおくれ、日本の 発展に 害をしたと 言う人も あるし、又 鎖国によって 日本は 自国 独特の 文化を 保つ事が 出来て よかったと 言う人も ある。","translation":"Some people say that because of this policy Japan fell behind Western civilization and its development was harmed, while others say that national isolation was good because it enabled Japan to preserve its own distinctive culture.","reading":"このせいさくのため、にほんはせいようぶんめいにたちおくれ、にほんのはってんにがいをしたというひともあるし、またさこくによってにほんはじこくどくとくのぶんかをたもつことができてよかったというひともある。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"政策","gloss":"policy","reading":"せいさく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ため、","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilization","reading":"ぶんめい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"fell behind"},{"text":"お","gloss":"fell behind"},{"text":"くれ、","gloss":"fell behind"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"development","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"害","gloss":"harm","reading":"がい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"while"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation","reading":"さこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"て","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自国","gloss":"own country","reading":"じこく"},{"text":"独特","gloss":"distinctive","reading":"どくとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"文化","gloss":"culture","reading":"ぶんか"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"保つ","gloss":"preserve","reading":"たもつ"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"was able","reading":"でき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"よかっ","gloss":"good"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.005","source":"一八五三年、米国の 海軍 提督 ペリー氏は、日本の 君主に あてられた 米国大統領の 通商、友好の 書翰を 持って 日本を たずね、開港を せまった。","translation":"In 1853, Commodore Perry of the United States Navy came to Japan carrying a letter about trade and friendship from the President of the United States addressed to Japan’s ruler, and pressed Japan to open its ports.","reading":"せんはっぴゃくごじゅうさんねん、べいこくのかいぐんていとくペリーしは、にほんのくんしゅにあてられたべいこくだいとうりょうのつうしょう、ゆうこうのしょかんをもってにほんをたずね、かいこうをせまった。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"年、","gloss":"year"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"海軍","gloss":"navy"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"commodore"},{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"氏","gloss":"Mr"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"君主","gloss":"ruler"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あて","gloss":"addressed"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was addressed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"大統領","gloss":"president"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"通商、","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"友好","gloss":"friendship"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"書翰","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"carrying"},{"text":"て","gloss":"carrying"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たずね、","gloss":"visited"},{"text":"開港","gloss":"open ports"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"せまっ","gloss":"pressed"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.006","source":"ペリー提督の 日本訪問は、日本の 政治に 大きな 影響を 与えた。","translation":"Commodore Perry’s visit to Japan had a great influence on Japanese politics.","reading":"ペリーていとくのにほんほうもんは、にほんのせいじにおおきなえいきょうをあたえた。","words":[{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"commodore","reading":"ていとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"訪問","gloss":"visit","reading":"ほうもん"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"great","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"影響","gloss":"influence","reading":"えいきょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"与え","gloss":"gave","reading":"あたえ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L132.rd.007","source":"日本は もう 武家政権では、西洋の 文明諸国と 対等に 交渉する事が 出来なくなり、幕府は 政権を 天皇に かえさなければ ならなくなった。","translation":"Japan could no longer negotiate on equal terms with the civilized nations of the West under warrior rule, and the shogunate had to return political power to the Emperor.","reading":"にほんはもうぶけせいけんでは、せいようのぶんめいしょこくとたいとうにこうしょうすることができなくなり、ばくふはせいけんをてんのうにかえさなければならなくなった。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"no longer"},{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"政権","gloss":"rule","reading":"せいけん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"under"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"under"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilized","reading":"ぶんめい"},{"text":"諸国","gloss":"nations","reading":"しょこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"対等","gloss":"equal terms","reading":"たいとう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"交渉","gloss":"negotiate","reading":"こうしょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"able","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なり、","gloss":"became"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"政権","gloss":"political power","reading":"せいけん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"天皇","gloss":"emperor","reading":"てんのう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえさ","gloss":"return"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Edo Period (1615-1868)\n\nTokugawa Ieyasu was the most influential man in the country at this time.\n\nAfter Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, Ishida Mitsunari plotted to oust Ieyasu, and in 1600, he rose in arms against him.\n\nIn the famous battle of Sekigahara, Mitsunari was defeated by Ieyasu, and three years later, Ieyasu was appointed Sei-i-Taishoogun (Generalissimo) and established his Bakufu in Edo.\n\nIn two more battles, one in the 19th year of Keichoo (1614) and the other in the first year of Genna (1615), he annihilated the Toyotomi and their adherents, who made their last stand at Osaka Castle.\n\nEfforts were then directed towards the readjustment and consolidation of the various administrative system and institutions, with the result that the Bakufu was placed on foundations as secure as could be wished for.\n\nThe social structure of the Edo Period may be defined as consisting of strata called Kuge (court nobles), buke (warriors), farmers, and choonin (townsmen).\n\nThe nobles occupied the most exalted social ranks, but had little political power and economic influence.\n\nThe warriors, on the contrary, wielded real power and great influence in political and economic affairs; and with the Bakufu as their central authority, there were altogether about two hundred and seventy daimyoo, or feudal lords, with their families, who divided the whole country among themselves as their domains or fiefs, which they governed with the assistance of their retainers or subordinates.\n\nSubject to the rule of this military class, the townspeople engaged in trade and industry, and the farmers in agriculture.\n\nThus, the feudal system of Japan was founded and organized.\n\nThe period of Tokugawa Shoogun prevailed for two hundred and sixty years until the Meiji Restoration."},{"section":2,"text":"Meiji Restoration\n\nThe Meiji Restoration ushered in the dawn of modernization of Japan; it paved the way for Japan’s entry into the family of modern nations.\n\nIn other words, the Restoration of 1868 forms a most conspicuous landmark in the long history of the country.\n\nBut the government innovations consequent upon the Meiji Restoration were simply along the lines of restoration of the time-honored government by the Emperor.\n\nIn March 1868, the Emperor Meiji issued the administrative Oath of Five Articles.\n\nThe general policy of the government was thus firmly established.\n\nIn July of the same year, the Emperor visited Edo and changed its name to Tokyo.\n\nHe returned to Kyoto for a while, but in the spring of the following year settled in Tokyo, which became the capital of the country.\n\nShortly after this, the feudal barons throughout the country returned their status and fiefs to the Emperor’s government.\n\nThereupon, the government officially abolished the feudal system and set up a new form of administrative government.\n\nFeudalism gave place to centralization of power.\n\nReform after reform was instituted, including the adoption of educational and military systems."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"武家","gloss":"military family; warrior"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"期間","gloss":"period; duration"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"幕府","gloss":"Shoogunate; military government"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"六百","gloss":"600"},{"word":"七十","gloss":"70"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"二百","gloss":"200"},{"word":"六十","gloss":"60"},{"word":"間","gloss":"between"},{"word":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation; exclusion of foreigners"},{"word":"政策","gloss":"policy"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"つまり","gloss":"in short, in another word"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"法律","gloss":"law"},{"word":"港","gloss":"port, harbor"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"入国","gloss":"entry, entrance into a country"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"自由","gloss":"freedom"},{"word":"西洋","gloss":"occident, the West"},{"word":"文明","gloss":"civilization"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"自国","gloss":"one’s own country"},{"word":"文化","gloss":"culture"},{"word":"保つ","gloss":"maintain; keep"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"提督","gloss":"commodore"},{"word":"君主","gloss":"ruler; sovereign"},{"word":"通商、","gloss":"commerce; trade"},{"word":"友好","gloss":"friendly relations"},{"word":"書翰","gloss":"letter; correspondence"},{"word":"開港","gloss":"the opening of a port"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"政権","gloss":"political power; administrative power"},{"word":"天皇","gloss":"emperor"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Warrior rule and national isolation · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The effects of national isolation","paragraphs":["The questions ask how long warrior government lasted, what national isolation restricted, and why Perry came to Japan.","*鎖国と 言うのは どんな 事ですか* means \"What does national isolation mean?\" An answer describes the restrictions on ports, foreign travel, entry, and trade.","Another answer states that isolation enabled Japan to preserve its distinctive culture."]}],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.001","source":"日本歴史（二）","translation":"(1200-1867)","reading":"にほんれきし（に）","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"歴史","gloss":"history"},{"text":"（二）","gloss":"part two"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.001.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.002","source":"武家政治は 何年ぐらい 続きましたか。","translation":"About how many years did warrior government continue?","reading":"ぶけせいじはなんねんぐらいつづきましたか。","words":[{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior government","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"warrior government","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"続き","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.002.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.003","source":"徳川幕府は どのぐらい 続きましたか。","translation":"How long did the Tokugawa shogunate continue?","reading":"とくがわばくふはどのぐらいつづきましたか。","words":[{"text":"徳川","gloss":"Tokugawa","reading":"とくがわ"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"long"},{"text":"続き","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.003.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.004","source":"その 間 どんな 政策が とられましたか。","translation":"What kind of policy was followed during that time?","reading":"そのあいだどんなせいさくがとられましたか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"政策","gloss":"policy","reading":"せいさく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"とら","gloss":"followed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was followed"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.004.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.005","source":"鎖国と 言うのは どんな 事ですか。","translation":"What does national isolation mean?","reading":"さこくというのはどんなことですか。","words":[{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation","reading":"さこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.005.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.006","source":"鎖国によって どんな いい 事が ありましたか。","translation":"What good came from national isolation?","reading":"さこくによってどんないいことがありましたか。","words":[{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation","reading":"さこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"from"},{"text":"て","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.006.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.007","source":"米国海軍提督の ペリー氏は 何のために 日本に 来ましたか。","translation":"Why did Commodore Perry of the United States Navy come to Japan?","reading":"べいこくかいぐんていとくのペリーしはなんのためににほんにきましたか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"海軍","gloss":"navy","reading":"かいぐん"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"commodore","reading":"ていとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"氏","gloss":"Mr","reading":"し"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（二）","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Foreign pressure and imperial restoration · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From foreign pressure to imperial rule","paragraphs":["The questions connect Perry's visit with the end of warrior government and the Meiji Restoration.","*それで 幕府は どうしなければ ならなくなりましたか* means \"So what did the shogunate have to do?\" The answer states that it had to return power to the Emperor.","The final questions ask when the Restoration occurred and what government began with it. An answer names administration by constitutional monarchy."]},{"title":"Kanji: 位","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.008","source":"鎖国によって どんな 害を しましたか。","translation":"What harm came from national isolation?","reading":"さこくによってどんながいをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation","reading":"さこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"from"},{"text":"て","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"害","gloss":"harm","reading":"がい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.008.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.009","source":"ペリー 提督の 日本訪問は 日本の 政治に 大きな 影響を 与えましたか。","translation":"Did Commodore Perry’s visit to Japan have a great influence on Japanese politics?","reading":"ペリーていとくのにほんほうもんはにほんのせいじにおおきなえいきょうをあたえましたか。","words":[{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"commodore","reading":"ていとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"訪問","gloss":"visit","reading":"ほうもん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"great","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"影響","gloss":"influence","reading":"えいきょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"与え","gloss":"gave","reading":"あたえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.009.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.010","source":"日本は 武家政権では、西洋の 文明諸国と 対等に 交渉する事が 出来なくなりましたか。","translation":"Was Japan no longer able to negotiate on equal terms with the civilized nations of the West under warrior rule?","reading":"にほんはぶけせいけんでは、せいようのぶんめいしょこくとたいとうにこうしょうすることができなくなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"政権","gloss":"rule","reading":"せいけん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"under"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"under"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilized","reading":"ぶんめい"},{"text":"諸国","gloss":"nations","reading":"しょこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"対等","gloss":"equal terms","reading":"たいとう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"交渉","gloss":"negotiate","reading":"こうしょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"able","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.010.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.011","source":"それで 幕府は どうしなければ ならなくなりましたか。","translation":"So what did the shogunate have to do?","reading":"それでばくふはどうしなければならなくなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"幕府","gloss":"shogunate","reading":"ばくふ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.011.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.012","source":"明治天皇が 位に つかれて、どんな 運動が ますます 盛んに なりましたか。","translation":"When Emperor Meiji ascended the throne, what movement became increasingly active?","reading":"めいじてんのうがくらいにつかれて、どんなうんどうがますますさかんになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"明治","gloss":"Meiji","reading":"めいじ"},{"text":"天皇","gloss":"emperor","reading":"てんのう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"位","gloss":"throne","reading":"くらい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"つか","gloss":"ascended"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"ascended"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"運動","gloss":"movement","reading":"うんどう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ますます","gloss":"increasingly"},{"text":"盛ん","gloss":"active","reading":"さかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.012.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.013","source":"明治維新は いつですか。","translation":"When was the Meiji Restoration?","reading":"めいじいしんはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"明治","gloss":"Meiji","reading":"めいじ"},{"text":"維新","gloss":"Restoration","reading":"いしん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.013.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L132.q.014","source":"明治維新より どんな 政治が 始まりましたか。","translation":"What kind of government began with the Meiji Restoration?","reading":"めいじいしんよりどんなせいじがはじまりましたか。","words":[{"text":"明治","gloss":"Meiji","reading":"めいじ"},{"text":"維新","gloss":"Restoration","reading":"いしん"},{"text":"より","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"government","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"began","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.q.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"運動","gloss":"movement"},{"word":"ますます","gloss":"more and more"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Government, isolation and travel words · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Government and closed borders","paragraphs":["These words name warrior government, national isolation, travel, and civilization.","*武家政治* means \"military government\" and *鎖国* means \"national isolation\" or \"exclusion of foreigners.\"","*海外渡航* means \"travel abroad\" or \"foreign tour.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.001","source":"武家政治","translation":"military government","reading":"ぶけせいじ","words":[{"text":"武家政治","gloss":"military government","reading":"ぶけせいじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.001.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.002","source":"総合する","translation":"combine; total","reading":"そうごうする","words":[{"text":"総合する","gloss":"combine","reading":"そうごうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.002.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.003","source":"鎖国","translation":"national isolation; exclusion of foreigners","reading":"さこく","words":[{"text":"鎖国","gloss":"national isolation","reading":"さこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.003.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.004","source":"政策","translation":"policy","reading":"せいさく","words":[{"text":"政策","gloss":"policy","reading":"せいさく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.004.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.005","source":"つまり","translation":"in short; to sum up","reading":"つまり","words":[{"text":"つまり","gloss":"in short"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.005.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.006","source":"海外渡航","translation":"travel abroad; foreign tour","reading":"かいがいとこう","words":[{"text":"海外渡航","gloss":"travel abroad","reading":"かいがいとこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.006.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.007","source":"入国","translation":"entry, entrance into a country","reading":"にゅうこく","words":[{"text":"入国","gloss":"entry into country","reading":"にゅうこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.007.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.008","source":"自由勝手に","translation":"freely; at will","reading":"じゆうかってに","words":[{"text":"自由勝手に","gloss":"freely","reading":"じゆうかってに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.008.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.009","source":"文明","translation":"civilization","reading":"ぶんめい","words":[{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilization","reading":"ぶんめい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.009.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.010","source":"たちおくれる","translation":"lag behind","reading":"たちおくれる","words":[{"text":"たちおくれる","gloss":"lag behind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"武家政治","gloss":"military government"},{"word":"総合する","gloss":"combine; total"},{"word":"海外渡航","gloss":"travel abroad; foreign tour"},{"word":"自由勝手に","gloss":"freely; at will"},{"word":"たちおくれる","gloss":"lag behind"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Trade, diplomacy and commerce words · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A letter about trade and friendship","paragraphs":["These words cover harm, national identity, diplomacy, trade, correspondence, and opening a port.","*通商* means \"commerce\" or \"trade,\" and *友好* means \"friendly relations.\"","*開港* means \"the opening of a port.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.011","source":"害を する","translation":"harm","reading":"がいをする","words":[{"text":"害をする","gloss":"harm","reading":"がいをする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.011.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.012","source":"自国","translation":"one’s own country","reading":"じこく","words":[{"text":"自国","gloss":"one’s own country","reading":"じこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.012.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.013","source":"保つ","translation":"maintain; keep","reading":"たもつ","words":[{"text":"保つ","gloss":"maintain","reading":"たもつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.013.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.014","source":"提督","translation":"commodore","reading":"ていとく","words":[{"text":"提督","gloss":"commodore","reading":"ていとく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.014.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.015","source":"君主","translation":"ruler; sovereign","reading":"くんしゅ","words":[{"text":"君主","gloss":"sovereign","reading":"くんしゅ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.015.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.016","source":"あてる","translation":"address; direct","reading":"あてる","words":[{"text":"あてる","gloss":"address"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.016.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.017","source":"通商","translation":"commerce; trade","reading":"つうしょう","words":[{"text":"通商","gloss":"commerce","reading":"つうしょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.017.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.018","source":"友好","translation":"friendly relations","reading":"ゆうこう","words":[{"text":"友好","gloss":"friendly relations","reading":"ゆうこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.018.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.019","source":"書翰","translation":"letter; correspondence","reading":"しょかん","words":[{"text":"書翰","gloss":"letter","reading":"しょかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.019.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.020","source":"開港","translation":"the opening of a port","reading":"かいこう","words":[{"text":"開港","gloss":"opening a port","reading":"かいこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"害をする","gloss":"harm"},{"word":"あてる","gloss":"address; direct"},{"word":"通商","gloss":"commerce; trade"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Negotiation and restoration words · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Negotiation and restored imperial rule","paragraphs":["These words cover political pressure, negotiation, imperial restoration, movements, and constitutional monarchy.","*王政復古* means \"restoration of Imperial Rule.\" *立憲君主政治* means \"administration by constitutional monarchy.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 王","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 憲","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.021","source":"--を せまる","translation":"press for; urge","reading":"--をせまる","words":[{"text":"--をせまる","gloss":"press for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.021.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.022","source":"対等に","translation":"on equal terms","reading":"たいとうに","words":[{"text":"対等に","gloss":"on equal terms","reading":"たいとうに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.022.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.023","source":"交渉する","translation":"negotiate","reading":"こうしょうする","words":[{"text":"交渉する","gloss":"negotiate","reading":"こうしょうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.023.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.024","source":"位に つく","translation":"to ascend the throne","reading":"くらいにつく","words":[{"text":"位につく","gloss":"ascend the throne","reading":"くらいにつく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.024.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.025","source":"王政復古","translation":"restoration of Imperial Rule","reading":"おうせいふっこ","words":[{"text":"王政復古","gloss":"imperial restoration","reading":"おうせいふっこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.025.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.026","source":"運動","translation":"movement","reading":"うんどう","words":[{"text":"運動","gloss":"movement","reading":"うんどう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.026.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.027","source":"ますます","translation":"more and more","reading":"ますます","words":[{"text":"ますます","gloss":"more and more"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.027.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L132.w.028","source":"立憲君主政治","translation":"administration by constitutional monarchy","reading":"りっけんくんしゅせいじ","words":[{"text":"立憲君主政治","gloss":"constitutional monarchy","reading":"りっけんくんしゅせいじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L132.w.028.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics;\n\na Discuss the following topics with your classmates in Japanese.\n\n(1) Period of military government.\n\n(2) Policy of Tokugawa Shogunate.\n\n(3) Visit of Commodore Perry to Japan.\n\n(4) Meiji Restoration\n\n2 Exercise;\n\na Match the words in Column (A) with those of Column (B) and insert the letters of Column (B) in the spaces provided in Column (A).\n\n1 鎖国\n\n2 幕府\n\n3 提督\n\n4 開港\n\n5 通商\n\n6 王政復古\n\na commerce\n\nb policy\n\nc military government\n\nd restoration of Imperial rule\n\ne letter\n\nf commodore\n\n7 明治維新\n\n8 軍政\n\n9 書翰\n\n10 政策\n\ng Shogunate\n\nh national isolation\n\ni Meiji Restoration\n\nj opening of the port"},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--をせまる","gloss":"press for; urge"},{"word":"対等に","gloss":"on equal terms"},{"word":"交渉する","gloss":"negotiate"},{"word":"位につく","gloss":"to ascend the throne"},{"word":"王政復古","gloss":"restoration of Imperial Rule"},{"word":"立憲君主政治","gloss":"administration by constitutional monarchy"}],"paradigms":[]}]}