{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L133","title":"Lesson 133","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 133: modernization, wars, restoration, feudal reform and politics words · word list 1 of 3, negotiation, war.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/131","lines":58},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/130","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/132","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Modernization, unequal treaties and militarization · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From feudal institutions to industry","paragraphs":["*一八六七年の 王政復古と 同時に 日本は、封建時代の 衣を ぬぎ、資本主義的国家の 基礎を きずいた* says Japan cast off the feudal age and laid the foundations of a capitalist state.","In less than fifty years, Japan reformed feudal institutions and rapidly developed its industries.","*ペリー 提督の 来朝当時、先進国諸国と 結んだ 通商条約は 日本に とっては 非常に 不利な ものだった* says the commercial treaties were very unfavorable to Japan."]},{"title":"National strength and Meiji changes","paragraphs":["*それ以来 日本は どんなに 正当な 要求であっても、武力の 背景が なければ 認められないと 考え、一ずに 富国強兵と、そのための 殖産興業に 全力を そそいだ* says Japan thought legitimate demands needed military backing.","It devoted all its strength to national wealth, military strength, and industrial promotion.","The Meiji Era established a modern cabinet in 1885 and completed the Japanese Constitution in 1888.","Victories over China and Russia raised Japan's international standing and accelerated its capitalist development."]},{"title":"Kanji: 衣","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 資","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 義","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 制","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 育","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.001","source":"一八六七年の 王政復古と 同時に 日本は、封建時代の 衣を ぬぎ、資本主義的国家の 基礎を きずいた。","translation":"With the restoration of imperial rule in 1867, Japan cast off the garb of the feudal age and laid the foundations of a capitalist nation.","reading":"せんはっぴゃくろくじゅうしちねんのおうせいふっことどうじににほんは、ほうけんじだいのころもをぬぎ、しほんしゅぎてきこっかのきそをきずいた。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"王政","gloss":"imperial restoration"},{"text":"復古","gloss":"imperial restoration"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"封建","gloss":"feudal age"},{"text":"時代","gloss":"feudal age"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"衣","gloss":"garb"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬぎ、","gloss":"cast off"},{"text":"資本","gloss":"capitalist"},{"text":"主義","gloss":"capitalist"},{"text":"的","gloss":"capitalist"},{"text":"国家","gloss":"nation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"基礎","gloss":"foundations"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きずい","gloss":"laid"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"laid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.002","source":"そして 五十年 足らずで 封建的制度を 改革し、おくれた 産業を 急速に 育て上げて行った。","translation":"Then, in less than fifty years, it reformed the feudal system and rapidly developed its backward industries.","reading":"そしてごじゅうねんたらずでほうけんてきせいどをかいかくし、おくれたさんぎょうをきゅうそくにそだてあげていった。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years"},{"text":"足ら","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"封建","gloss":"feudal"},{"text":"的","gloss":"feudal"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"system"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"改革","gloss":"reformed","reading":"かいかく"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"reformed"},{"text":"おくれ","gloss":"backward"},{"text":"た","gloss":"backward"},{"text":"産業","gloss":"industries","reading":"さんぎょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"急速","gloss":"rapidly","reading":"きゅうそく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"rapidly"},{"text":"育て上げ","gloss":"developed","reading":"そだてあげ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"developed"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"developed","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"developed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.003","source":"世界の 人々が おどろいたのも 無理では なかった。","translation":"It was no wonder that people around the world were amazed.","reading":"せかいのひとびとがおどろいたのもむりではなかった。","words":[{"text":"世界","gloss":"world","reading":"せかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おどろい","gloss":"were amazed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were amazed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"無理","gloss":"no wonder","reading":"むり"},{"text":"で","gloss":"was"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.004","source":"ペリー 提督の 来朝当時、先進国諸国と 結んだ 通商条約は 日本に とっては 非常に 不利な ものだった。","translation":"At the time of Commodore Perry’s arrival in Japan, the commercial treaties Japan concluded with the advanced nations were very unfavorable to Japan.","reading":"ペリーていとくのらいちょうとうじ、せんしんこくしょこくとむすんだつうしょうじょうやくはにほんにとってはひじょうにふりなものだった。","words":[{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"Commodore","reading":"ていとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"来朝","gloss":"arrival in Japan"},{"text":"当時、","gloss":"at the time"},{"text":"先進","gloss":"advanced nations"},{"text":"国","gloss":"advanced nations"},{"text":"諸国","gloss":"advanced nations"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"結ん","gloss":"concluded","reading":"むすん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"concluded"},{"text":"通商","gloss":"commercial treaty","reading":"つうしょう"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"commercial treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"とっ","gloss":"for"},{"text":"て","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"very","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"very"},{"text":"不利","gloss":"unfavorable","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"な","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"were"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"were"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.005","source":"それ以来 日本は どんなに 正当な 要求であっても、武力の 背景が なければ 認められないと 考え、一ずに 富国強兵と、そのための 殖産興業に 全力を そそいだ。","translation":"From then on, Japan believed that even the most legitimate demand would not be recognized unless backed by military power, and devoted all its strength single-mindedly to enriching the country and strengthening the military, and to promoting industry for that purpose.","reading":"それいらいにほんはどんなにせいとうなようきゅうであっても、ぶりょくのはいけいがなければみとめられないとかんがえ、いちずにふこくきょうへいと、そのためのしょくさんこうぎょうにぜんりょくをそそいだ。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that time"},{"text":"以来","gloss":"since","reading":"いらい"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"however"},{"text":"に","gloss":"however"},{"text":"正当","gloss":"legitimate","reading":"せいとう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"legitimate"},{"text":"要求","gloss":"demand","reading":"ようきゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"being"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"being"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"武力","gloss":"military power","reading":"ぶりょく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"背景","gloss":"backing","reading":"はいけい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"unless there is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"unless there is"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"not be recognized","reading":"みとめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"not be recognized"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not be recognized"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"考え、","gloss":"believed","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"一ず","gloss":"single-mindedly","reading":"いちず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"single-mindedly"},{"text":"富国","gloss":"enrich the country","reading":"ふこく"},{"text":"強兵","gloss":"strengthen military","reading":"きょうへい"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"殖産","gloss":"promote industry","reading":"しょくさん"},{"text":"興業","gloss":"promote industry","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"全力","gloss":"all its strength","reading":"ぜんりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そそい","gloss":"devoted"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"devoted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"The Meiji Era (1868-1912)\n\nIn 1885 the modern cabinet system was put into practice.\n\nIto, Hirobumi was appointed the first Prime Minister of Japan.\n\nThen, the year 1888 saw the completion of the Japanese Constitution.\n\nChief among important events in the Meiji Era were the two wars Japan fought--one with China and the other with Russia, and Japan emerged victorious in both wars.\n\nThe fact that Japan emerged victorious from these two wars was instrumental in elevating her international standing and in accelerating the development of her capitalistic structure.\n\nIn the earlier decades of the Meiji Era, the nation was busy acquiring new knowledge and skill from Occidental countries in the different fields of politics, economics, and science.\n\nIn due time there appeared many who proceeded to assimilate the imported knowledge with their unique national temperament and needs, and to carry on researches along original or creative lines of their own.\n\nBrilliant discoveries in medicine and surgery, notable inventions in the manufacture of arms and ammunitions, and other triumphs were achieved.\n\nThe study of Japanese and Chinese classics, which had for a time suffered sad neglect, was revived with energy."},{"section":2,"text":"The Taishoo and Shoowa Era (1912- )\n\nIn July 1912 Emperor Meiji passed away and Emperor Taishoo ascended the throne.\n\nUnder the reign of the new emperor, Japan’s influence was further expanded.\n\nThe year 1914 saw the outbreak of World War I.\n\nAs an ally of Great Britain, Japan sided with the Allied Powers.\n\nThe international position of Japan as one of the victor nations went up higher; Japan was now among the “Big Five” of the world.\n\nAfter the war, conferences were held and treaties signed with a view of securing peace in the world.\n\nAt the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919 a new peace instrument was set up.\n\nThis was the League of Nations.\n\nJapan became a member of the Council of the League.\n\nIn 1921 a conference was held in Washington and two treaties were concluded on that occasion--the Four-Power Pact pertaining to the Pacific Islands and the Nine-Power Treaty in regard to China.\n\nEmperor Taishoo passed away in 1926 and the present emperor acceded to the throne; Japan was now in the era of Shoowa.\n\nThe Anti-War Pact was signed in Paris in 1928.\n\nTwo years later the Naval Disarmament Conference was held in London.\n\nThen in 1932 another armament limitation conference took place--this time in Geneva.\n\nJapan took part in all these conferences, and signed all the treaties involved.\n\nPrior to the Geneva Conference Japan had had a clash with China.\n\nIn 1932 Japan helped Manchuria gain its independence, thereby extending her influence in that part of Asia.\n\nIn 1937 the clash of interests developed into a definite armed conflict between Japan and China.\n\nThis was a unilateral action on the part of Japan.\n\nNaturally enough, it provoked the opposition of the United States and Great Britain and ultimately led to the Pacific War.\n\nThe war ended in a crushing defeat of Japan and landed the nation in a very sorry plight."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"時代","gloss":"era, period"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"国家","gloss":"country, nation; a state"},{"word":"基礎","gloss":"basis; foundation"},{"word":"五十","gloss":"50"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"産業","gloss":"industry"},{"word":"人々","gloss":"people"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"提督","gloss":"commodore"},{"word":"来朝","gloss":"arrival in Japan"},{"word":"当時、","gloss":"at that time; then"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"通商","gloss":"commerce; trade"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"武力","gloss":"military force; armed force"},{"word":"殖産","gloss":"increase in production"},{"word":"興業","gloss":"industrial enterprise"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wars, industry and military rule · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Industrial growth and military government","paragraphs":["*第一次世界大戦には、連合国に 加って 参戦すると 同時に 工業的に 二大発展を とげた* says Japan joined the Allies and achieved two major industrial advances during World War I.","Party politics developed around this time, but governments supported by the military formed from around 1932.","*そして 遂に 第二次世界大戦の 惨禍を 招き、歴史 始まって 以来 日本は 初めて 外国の 武力に 屈した* says that Japan yielded to foreign armed force in World War II."]},{"title":"From alliance to defeat","paragraphs":["During the Taishoo and Shoowa eras, Japan joined the Allied Powers in World War I and gained international standing.","Japan joined the League of Nations and took part in peace and disarmament conferences.","The 1937 armed conflict with China led to the Pacific War and Japan's crushing defeat."]},{"title":"Kanji: 加","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 参","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.006","source":"一八九四年から 五年に かけて 日清戦争で 支那を 破り、一九〇四年から 五年に かけては、ロシアを 満州の 野に 破り、世界の 人々を あっと 言わせた。","translation":"Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, and defeated Russia on the plains of Manchuria in 1904–05, astonishing people around the world.","reading":"せんはっぴゃくきゅうじゅうよねんからごねんにかけてにっしんせんそうでしなをやぶり、せんきゅうひゃくよねんからごねんにかけては、ロシアをまんしゅうののにやぶり、せかいのひとびとをあっといわせた。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"日清","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"支那","gloss":"China"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"破り、","gloss":"defeated"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"〇","gloss":"zero"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ロシア","gloss":"Russia"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"満州","gloss":"Manchuria"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"野","gloss":"plains"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"破り、","gloss":"defeated"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"world"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"astonished"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言わ","gloss":"astonished"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"astonished"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"astonished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.007","source":"第一次世界大戦には、連合国に 加って 参戦すると 同時に 工業的に 二大発展を とげた。","translation":"In World War I, Japan entered the war on the side of the Allies and at the same time achieved two major industrial advances.","reading":"だいいちじせかいたいせんには、れんごうこくにくわってさんせんするとどうじにこうぎょうてきににだいはってんをとげた。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"一","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"次","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"大戦","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allies","reading":"れんごう"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Allies","reading":"こく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"加っ","gloss":"joined","reading":"くわっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"joined"},{"text":"参戦","gloss":"entered the war","reading":"さんせん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"entered the war"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"工業","gloss":"industrially","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"的","gloss":"industrially","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"industrially"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"大","gloss":"major"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"advances"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とげ","gloss":"achieved"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"achieved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.008","source":"この頃から 政党政治が 発達したが、あまり 長く 続かず、一九三二年頃から 軍部の 支持する 政府が つくられた。","translation":"Party politics developed from around this time, but did not last very long, and from around 1932 governments supported by the military were formed.","reading":"このころからせいとうせいじがはったつしたが、あまりながくつづかず、せんきゅうひゃくさんじゅうにねんころからぐんぶのしじするせいふがつくられた。","words":[{"text":"この頃","gloss":"around this time"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"政党","gloss":"party politics","reading":"せいとう"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"party politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"developed","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"developed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"developed"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"not very"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"long","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"続か","gloss":"did not last","reading":"つづか"},{"text":"ず、","gloss":"did not last"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"軍部","gloss":"military"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"支持","gloss":"supported"},{"text":"する","gloss":"supported"},{"text":"政府","gloss":"government"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つくら","gloss":"were formed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were formed"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"were formed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L133.rd.009","source":"そして 遂に 第二次世界大戦の 惨禍を 招き、歴史 始まって 以来 日本は 初めて 外国の 武力に 屈した。","translation":"This eventually brought about the calamity of World War II, and for the first time in its history Japan yielded to the armed force of foreign countries.","reading":"そしてついにだいにじせかいたいせんのさんかをまねき、れきしはじまっていらいにほんははじめてがいこくのぶりょくにくっした。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"遂に","gloss":"finally"},{"text":"第","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"二","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"次","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"大戦","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"惨禍","gloss":"calamity","reading":"さんか"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"招き、","gloss":"brought about","reading":"まねき"},{"text":"歴史","gloss":"history","reading":"れきし"},{"text":"始まっ","gloss":"began","reading":"はじまっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"began"},{"text":"以来","gloss":"since","reading":"いらい"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんは"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"初めて","gloss":"first time","reading":"じめて"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign countries","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"武力","gloss":"armed force","reading":"ぶりょく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"屈し","gloss":"yielded","reading":"くっし"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"yielded"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.rd.009.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"支那","gloss":"China"},{"word":"満州","gloss":"Marchuria"},{"word":"野","gloss":"field"},{"word":"せ","gloss":"height (of man)"},{"word":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing industry"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"この頃","gloss":"these days, nowadays"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"軍部","gloss":"military"},{"word":"遂に","gloss":"finally"},{"word":"惨禍","gloss":"terrible disaster; cirushing calamity"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Restoration, treaties and national power · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Restoration, treaties and national power","paragraphs":["The questions ask when imperial rule returned, what Japan changed, and why it pursued national strength.","*日本は なぜ 富国強兵に 全力を そそぎましたか* means \"Why did Japan devote all its strength to enriching the country and strengthening the military?\"","An answer states that Japan believed a legitimate demand needed military power behind it.","Other answers give a year, describe the commercial treaties, or state the dates of the Sino-Japanese War."]}],"lines":[{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.001","source":"日本歴史（三）","translation":"(1867-1945)","reading":"にほんれきし（さん）","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"歴史","gloss":"history"},{"text":"（三）","gloss":"part three"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.001.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.002","source":"王政復古は 何年に ありましたか。","translation":"In what year did the restoration of imperial rule take place?","reading":"おうせいふっこはなんねんにありましたか。","words":[{"text":"王政","gloss":"imperial restoration","reading":"おうせい"},{"text":"復古","gloss":"imperial restoration","reading":"ふっこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"た","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.002.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.003","source":"王政復古と 同時に 日本は どうしましたか。","translation":"What did Japan do at the time of the restoration of imperial rule?","reading":"おうせいふっことどうじににほんはどうしましたか。","words":[{"text":"王政","gloss":"imperial restoration","reading":"おうせい"},{"text":"復古","gloss":"imperial restoration","reading":"ふっこ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.003.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.004","source":"ペリー 提督の 来朝当時 日本が 外国と 結んだ 通商条約は どうでしたか。","translation":"What were the commercial treaties that Japan concluded with foreign countries like at the time of Commodore Perry’s arrival?","reading":"ペリーていとくのらいちょうとうじにほんががいこくとむすんだつうしょうじょうやくはどうでしたか。","words":[{"text":"ペリー","gloss":"Perry"},{"text":"提督","gloss":"Commodore","reading":"ていとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"来朝","gloss":"arrival in Japan"},{"text":"当時","gloss":"at the time"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign countries","reading":"いこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"結ん","gloss":"concluded","reading":"むすん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"concluded"},{"text":"通商","gloss":"commercial treaties","reading":"つうしょう"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"commercial treaties","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what like"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"were"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.004.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.005","source":"そのため 日本は どうしましたか。","translation":"What did Japan do because of that?","reading":"そのためにほんはどうしましたか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.005.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.006","source":"日本は なぜ 富国強兵に 全力を そそぎましたか。","translation":"Why did Japan devote all its strength to enriching the country and strengthening the military?","reading":"にほんはなぜふこくきょうへいにぜんりょくをそそぎましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"富国","gloss":"enrich the country","reading":"ふこく"},{"text":"強兵","gloss":"strengthen military","reading":"きょうへい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"全力","gloss":"all its strength","reading":"ぜんりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そそぎ","gloss":"devoted"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"devoted"},{"text":"た","gloss":"devoted"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.006.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.007","source":"日清戦争は 何年から 何年に かけて ありましたか。","translation":"From what year to what year did the Sino-Japanese War take place?","reading":"にっしんせんそうはなんねんからなんねんにかけてありましたか。","words":[{"text":"日清","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"にっしん"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"せんそう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"た","gloss":"took place"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（三）","gloss":"three"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"当時","gloss":"at that time; then"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wars, party politics and defeat · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Wars, governments and defeat","paragraphs":["The questions ask whom Japan fought, when its governments changed, and what happened in World War II.","*軍部の 支持する 政府が つくられたのは 何年頃ですか* means \"Around what year was a government supported by the military formed?\"","An answer gives the approximate year 1932.","Other answers name a country, describe Japan's actions in World War I, or state that Japan yielded to foreign armed force."]}],"lines":[{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.008","source":"日清戦争で 日本は どの国を 破りましたか。","translation":"What country did Japan defeat in the Sino-Japanese War?","reading":"にっしんせんそうでにほんはどのくにをやぶりましたか。","words":[{"text":"日清","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"にっしん"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"せんそう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"破り","gloss":"defeated","reading":"やぶり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"defeated"},{"text":"た","gloss":"defeated"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.008.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.009","source":"一九〇四年から五年にかけて、日本は どこと 戦いましたか。","translation":"Whom did Japan fight in 1904–05?","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくよねんからごねんにかけて、にほんはどことたたかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"〇","gloss":"zero"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かけ","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"spanning"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"whom"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"戦い","gloss":"fought","reading":"たたかい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"fought"},{"text":"た","gloss":"fought"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.009.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.010","source":"第一次世界大戦に 日本は どうしましたか。","translation":"What did Japan do in World War I?","reading":"だいいちじせかいたいせんににほんはどうしましたか。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"一","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"次","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"大戦","gloss":"World War I"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.010.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.011","source":"日本の 政党政治は いつから 始まりましたか。","translation":"When did party politics begin in Japan?","reading":"にほんのせいとうせいじはいつからはじまりましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"政党","gloss":"party politics","reading":"せいとう"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"party politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"began","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"began"},{"text":"た","gloss":"began"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.011.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.012","source":"軍部の 支持する 政府が つくられたのは 何年頃ですか。","translation":"Around what year was a government supported by the military formed?","reading":"ぐんぶのしじするせいふがつくられたのはなんねんころですか。","words":[{"text":"軍部","gloss":"military","reading":"ぐんぶ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"支持","gloss":"supported","reading":"しじ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"supported"},{"text":"政府","gloss":"government","reading":"せいふ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つくら","gloss":"was formed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was formed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was formed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around","reading":"ころ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.012.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L133.q.013","source":"第二次世界大戦で 日本は どうなりましたか。","translation":"What happened to Japan in World War II?","reading":"だいにじせかいたいせんでにほんはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"二","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"次","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"大戦","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"た","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.q.013.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Feudal reform and politics words · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Institutions and modernization","paragraphs":["These words cover feudal institutions, capitalist development, treaties, and party politics.","*封建時代* means \"feudal age\", while *資本主義的* means \"capitalistic\".","*通商条約* means \"commercial treaty\" and names the foreign agreements in the reading."]}],"lines":[{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.001","source":"--と 同時に","translation":"at the same time; simultaneously with","reading":"--とどうじに","words":[{"text":"--と同時に","gloss":"at the same time","reading":"--とどうじに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.001.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.002","source":"封建時代","translation":"feudal age","reading":"ほうけんじだい","words":[{"text":"封建時代","gloss":"feudal age","reading":"ほうけんじだい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.002.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.003","source":"衣を ぬぐ","translation":"take the robe off; change from ----","reading":"ころもをぬぐ","words":[{"text":"衣をぬぐ","gloss":"cast off the garb","reading":"ころもをぬぐ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.003.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.004","source":"資本主義的","translation":"capitalistic","reading":"しほんしゅぎてき","words":[{"text":"資本主義的","gloss":"capitalistic","reading":"しほんしゅぎてき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.004.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.005","source":"政党政治","translation":"party politics","reading":"せいとうせいじ","words":[{"text":"政党政治","gloss":"party politics","reading":"せいとうせいじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.005.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.006","source":"きづく","translation":"build","reading":"きづく","words":[{"text":"きづく","gloss":"build"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.006.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.007","source":"改革する","translation":"reform","reading":"かいかくする","words":[{"text":"改革する","gloss":"reform","reading":"かいかくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.007.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.008","source":"急速に","translation":"rapidly; swiftly","reading":"きゅうそくに","words":[{"text":"急速に","gloss":"rapidly","reading":"きゅうそくに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.008.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.009","source":"育て上げる","translation":"bring up; train; educate","reading":"そだてあげる","words":[{"text":"育て上げる","gloss":"bring up","reading":"そだてあげる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.009.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.010","source":"来朝","translation":"arrival in Japan","reading":"らいちょう","words":[{"text":"来朝","gloss":"arrival in Japan","reading":"らいちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.010.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.011","source":"先進国","translation":"advanced nations","reading":"せんしんこく","words":[{"text":"先進国","gloss":"advanced nations","reading":"せんしんこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.011.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.012","source":"通商条約","translation":"commercial treaty","reading":"つうしょうじょうやく","words":[{"text":"通商条約","gloss":"commercial treaty","reading":"つうしょうじょうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--と同時に","gloss":"at the same time; simultaneously with"},{"word":"封建時代","gloss":"feudal age"},{"word":"衣をぬぐ","gloss":"take the robe off; change from ----"},{"word":"資本主義的","gloss":"capitalistic"},{"word":"政党政治","gloss":"party politics"},{"word":"きづく","gloss":"build"},{"word":"改革する","gloss":"reform"},{"word":"急速に","gloss":"rapidly; swiftly"},{"word":"育て上げる","gloss":"bring up; train; educate"},{"word":"先進国","gloss":"advanced nations"},{"word":"通商条約","gloss":"commercial treaty"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Negotiation, war and production words · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Negotiation, strength and production","paragraphs":["These words cover negotiation and revision, entering war, national strength, and industrial production.","*交渉* means \"negotiation\", and *富国強兵* means \"wealth and military strength of a state\".","*殖産* means \"increase in production\" and names the economic aim paired with national strength."]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.013","source":"不利な","translation":"disadvantageous","reading":"ふりな","words":[{"text":"不利な","gloss":"disadvantageous","reading":"ふりな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.013.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.014","source":"しばしば","translation":"often","reading":"しばしば","words":[{"text":"しばしば","gloss":"often"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.014.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.015","source":"交渉","translation":"negotiation","reading":"こうしょう","words":[{"text":"交渉","gloss":"negotiation","reading":"こうしょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.015.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.016","source":"改正","translation":"revision; amendment","reading":"かいせい","words":[{"text":"改正","gloss":"revision","reading":"かいせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.016.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.017","source":"受け入れる","translation":"accept; comply with","reading":"うけいれる","words":[{"text":"受け入れる","gloss":"accept","reading":"うけいれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.017.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.018","source":"正当な","translation":"justifiable; fair","reading":"せいとうな","words":[{"text":"正当な","gloss":"fair","reading":"せいとうな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.018.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.019","source":"参戦する","translation":"participate in war","reading":"さんせんする","words":[{"text":"参戦する","gloss":"join the war","reading":"さんせんする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.019.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.020","source":"一ずに","translation":"with all one’s heart; whole-heartedly","reading":"いちずに","words":[{"text":"一ずに","gloss":"wholeheartedly","reading":"いちずに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.020.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.021","source":"富国強兵","translation":"wealth and military strength of a state","reading":"ふこくきょうへい","words":[{"text":"富国強兵","gloss":"national wealth and strength","reading":"ふこくきょうへい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.021.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.022","source":"殖産","translation":"increase in production","reading":"しょくさん","words":[{"text":"殖産","gloss":"increased production","reading":"しょくさん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.022.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.023","source":"興業","translation":"industrial enterprise","reading":"こうぎょう","words":[{"text":"興業","gloss":"industrial enterprise","reading":"こうぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.023.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.024","source":"全力を そそぐ","translation":"do one’s best","reading":"ぜんりょくをそそぐ","words":[{"text":"全力をそそぐ","gloss":"do one's best","reading":"ぜんりょくをそそぐ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"不利な","gloss":"disadvantageous"},{"word":"しばしば","gloss":"often"},{"word":"交渉","gloss":"negotiation"},{"word":"改正","gloss":"revision; amendment"},{"word":"受け入れる","gloss":"accept; comply with"},{"word":"正当な","gloss":"justifiable; fair"},{"word":"参戦する","gloss":"participate in war"},{"word":"一ずに","gloss":"with all one’s heart; whole-heartedly"},{"word":"富国強兵","gloss":"wealth and military strength of a state"},{"word":"全力をそそぐ","gloss":"do one’s best"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"War, alliances and military words · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"War, alliance and defeat","paragraphs":["These words cover wars, alliances, military support, calamity, and defeat.","*日清戦争* means \"Sino-Japanese War\", and *連合国* means \"allied nations\".","*屈する* means \"yield\", \"submit to\", or \"bow to\", the result stated at the end of the reading."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.025","source":"日清戦争","translation":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"にっしんせんそう","words":[{"text":"日清戦争","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War","reading":"にっしんせんそう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.025.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.026","source":"支那","translation":"China","reading":"しな","words":[{"text":"支那","gloss":"China","reading":"しな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.026.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.027","source":"破る","translation":"beat; defeat","reading":"やぶる","words":[{"text":"破る","gloss":"defeat","reading":"やぶる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.027.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.028","source":"満州","translation":"Marchuria","reading":"まんしゅう","words":[{"text":"満州","gloss":"Manchuria","reading":"まんしゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.028.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.029","source":"野","translation":"field","reading":"の","words":[{"text":"野","gloss":"field","reading":"の"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.029.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.030","source":"あっと 言わせる","translation":"astonish","reading":"あっといわせる","words":[{"text":"あっと言わせる","gloss":"astonish","reading":"あっといわせる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.030.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.031","source":"連合国","translation":"allied nations","reading":"れんごうこく","words":[{"text":"連合国","gloss":"allied nations","reading":"れんごうこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.031.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.032","source":"加わる","translation":"join","reading":"くわわる","words":[{"text":"加わる","gloss":"join","reading":"くわわる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.032.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.033","source":"軍部","translation":"military","reading":"ぐんぶ","words":[{"text":"軍部","gloss":"military","reading":"ぐんぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.033.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.034","source":"支持する","translation":"support","reading":"しじする","words":[{"text":"支持する","gloss":"support","reading":"しじする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.034.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.035","source":"惨禍","translation":"terrible disaster; cirushing calamity","reading":"さんか","words":[{"text":"惨禍","gloss":"terrible disaster","reading":"さんか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.035.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L133.w.036","source":"屈する","translation":"yield; submit to; bow to","reading":"くっする","words":[{"text":"屈する","gloss":"yield","reading":"くっする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L133.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Converse with your classmate on the following topics in Japanese.\n\n(1) Restoration of Imperial rule.\n\n(2) Why Japan took the measure of wealth and military strength of a state.\n\n2 Exercise:\n\na 次の 文章を 日本語に 訳してください。\n\n(1) With the restoration of Imperial rule, Japan built the foundation of a capitalistic nation.\n\n(2) No matter how justifiable your demand may be, if you have no military backing it won’t be recognized.\n\n(3) The commercial treaties that Japan concluded with advanced nations were very disadvantageous for Japan."},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"日清戦争","gloss":"Sino-Japanese War"},{"word":"破る","gloss":"beat; defeat"},{"word":"あっと言わせる","gloss":"astonish"},{"word":"連合国","gloss":"allied nations"},{"word":"加わる","gloss":"join"},{"word":"支持する","gloss":"support"},{"word":"屈する","gloss":"yield; submit to; bow to"}],"paradigms":[]}]}