{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L134","title":"Lesson 134","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 134: occupation, recovery, occupation directives and constitutional change · questions 1 of 2, sovereignty, occupation and militarism words · word list 1 of 4, democracy, peace and independence words · word list 3 of 4, social reform and emancipation words · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/132","lines":75},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/131","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/133","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Occupation, reforms and new constitution · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Directives for reform","paragraphs":["*連合国最高司令官は、ポツダム 宣言に 基ずいて、華族制度の 廃止、財閥の 解体、農地改革、教育制度の 改革、司法制度の 改革、婦人の 解放などの 指令を 次々と 日本政府に 出し、間接に 政治を 行なった*. The Supreme Commander issued the Japanese government directives under the Potsdam Declaration.","The directives abolished the peerage system and dissolved the financial combines. They also reformed land, education, and the judicial system.","The directives emancipated women. The Supreme Commander governed indirectly through the Japanese government."]},{"title":"Sovereignty passes to the people","paragraphs":["*又 一九四七年に 発布された 新憲法によって、天皇は 日本国の 象徴とされ、主権は 国民の 手に わたされた* describes the constitutional change in 1947.","The Emperor became the symbol of Japan. Sovereignty passed to the people."]},{"title":"Kanji: 領","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 基","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 他","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 指","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 連","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 去","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 思","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 失","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.001","source":"一九四五年 九月 終戦と 同時に、日本は 連合軍の 占領下に おかれた。","translation":"In September 1945, with the end of the war, Japan was placed under Allied occupation.","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくよんじゅうごねんくがつしゅうせんとどうじに、にほんはれんごうぐんのせんりょうかにおかれた。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month"},{"text":"終戦","gloss":"end of war"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"forces"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"占領","gloss":"occupation"},{"text":"下","gloss":"under"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"おか","gloss":"was placed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was placed"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was placed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.002","source":"連合国最高司令官は、ポツダム 宣言に 基ずいて、華族制度の 廃止、財閥の 解体、農地改革、教育制度の 改革、司法制度の 改革、婦人の 解放などの 指令を 次々と 日本政府に 出し、間接に 政治を 行なった。","translation":"Under the Potsdam Declaration, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers issued the Japanese government a series of directives, including the abolition of the peerage system, the dissolution of the zaibatsu, land reform, reform of the educational system, reform of the judicial system, and the liberation of women, and governed indirectly.","reading":"れんごうこくさいこうしれいかんは、ポツダムせんげんにもとずいて、かぞくせいどのはいし、ざいばつのかいたい、のうちかいかく、きょういくせいどのかいかく、しほうせいどのかいかく、ふじんのかいほうなどのしれいをつぎつぎとにほんせいふにだし、かんせつにせいじをおこなった。","words":[{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"司令","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"官","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ポツダム","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"text":"宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration","reading":"せんげん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"under"},{"text":"基ずい","gloss":"based on","reading":"もとずい"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"based on"},{"text":"華族","gloss":"peerage system","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"peerage system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"廃止、","gloss":"abolition","reading":"はいし"},{"text":"財閥","gloss":"zaibatsu","reading":"ざいばつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"解体、","gloss":"dissolution","reading":"かいたい"},{"text":"農地","gloss":"farmland","reading":"のうち"},{"text":"改革、","gloss":"reform","reading":"かいかく"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"educational system","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"educational system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"改革、","gloss":"reform","reading":"かいかく"},{"text":"司法","gloss":"judicial system","reading":"しほう"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"judicial system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"改革、","gloss":"reform","reading":"かいかく"},{"text":"婦人","gloss":"women","reading":"ふじん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"解放","gloss":"liberation","reading":"かいほう"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"指令","gloss":"directives","reading":"しれい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"次々","gloss":"one after another","reading":"つぎつぎ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"one after another"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese government","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"政府","gloss":"Japanese government","reading":"せいふ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出し、","gloss":"issued","reading":"だし"},{"text":"間接","gloss":"indirectly","reading":"かんせつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"indirectly"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"government","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なっ","gloss":"governed","reading":"おこなっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"governed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.003","source":"ポツダム 宣言と 言うのは、簡単に 言えば、日本に おいて、一、軍国主義の 除去 二、戦争犯罪人の 処罰 三、民主主義の 確立、そのための 思想と 言論の 自由 ならびに 基本的人権の そんちょう、四、これらの 改革を 保証するための 日本占領と いう事である。","translation":"In simple terms, the Potsdam Declaration called for the following in Japan: first, the removal of militarism; second, the punishment of war criminals; third, the establishment of democracy, and for that purpose freedom of thought and speech and respect for fundamental human rights; and fourth, the occupation of Japan to guarantee these reforms.","reading":"ポツダムせんげんというのは、かんたんにいえば、にほんにおいて、いち、ぐんこくしゅぎのじょきょに、せんそうはんざいにんのしょばつさん、みんしゅしゅぎのかくりつ、そのためのしそうとげんろんのじゆうならびにきほんてきじんけんのそんちょう、し、これらのかいかくをほしょうするためのにほんせんりょうということである。","words":[{"text":"ポツダム","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"text":"宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration","reading":"せんげん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"簡単","gloss":"simply","reading":"かんたん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"simply"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"put it","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"put it"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"in"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一、","gloss":"first","reading":"いち"},{"text":"軍国","gloss":"militarism","reading":"ぐんこく"},{"text":"主義","gloss":"militarism","reading":"しゅぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"除去","gloss":"removal"},{"text":"二、","gloss":"second"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"war criminals"},{"text":"犯罪","gloss":"war criminals"},{"text":"人","gloss":"war criminals"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"処罰","gloss":"punishment","reading":"しょばつ"},{"text":"三、","gloss":"third","reading":"さん"},{"text":"民主","gloss":"democracy","reading":"みんしゅ"},{"text":"主義","gloss":"democracy","reading":"しゅぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"確立、","gloss":"establishment","reading":"かくりつ"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"思想","gloss":"thought","reading":"しそう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"言論","gloss":"speech","reading":"げんろん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"自由","gloss":"freedom","reading":"じゆう"},{"text":"ならび","gloss":"and"},{"text":"に","gloss":"and"},{"text":"基本","gloss":"fundamental human rights"},{"text":"的","gloss":"fundamental human rights"},{"text":"人権","gloss":"fundamental human rights"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そん","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"ちょう、","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"四、","gloss":"fourth","reading":"し"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"改革","gloss":"reforms","reading":"かいかく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"保証","gloss":"guarantee","reading":"ほしょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"guarantee"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"occupation of Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"占領","gloss":"occupation of Japan","reading":"せんりょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matter","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.004","source":"又 一九四七年に 発布された 新憲法によって、天皇は 日本国の 象徴とされ、主権は 国民の 手に わたされた。","translation":"Furthermore, under the new Constitution promulgated in 1947, the Emperor was made the symbol of the Japanese nation, and sovereignty was transferred to the people.","reading":"またせんきゅうひゃくよんじゅうしちねんにはっぷされたしんけんぽうによって、てんのうはにほんこくのしょうちょうとされ、しゅけんはこくみんのてにわたされた。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"furthermore"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"発布","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"新","gloss":"new"},{"text":"憲法","gloss":"Constitution"},{"text":"に","gloss":"under"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"under"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"under"},{"text":"天皇","gloss":"Emperor"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese nation"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Japanese nation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"象徴","gloss":"symbol"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was made"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"was made"},{"text":"主権","gloss":"sovereignty"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hands"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"わたさ","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was transferred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.005","source":"日本は 終戦と 同時に 朝鮮、台湾、その他の 領地を 失ない、北海道、本州、四国、九州と、それらに 付ぞくする 小さな 島々だけに なってしまった。","translation":"At the end of the war, Japan lost Korea, Taiwan, and its other territories, leaving it with only Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the small islands belonging to them.","reading":"にほんはしゅうせんとどうじにちょうせん、たいわん、そのたのりょうちをうしない、ほっかいどう、ほんしゅう、しこく、きゅうしゅうと、それらにふぞくするちいさなしまじまだけになってしまった。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"終戦","gloss":"end of war","reading":"しゅうせん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"朝鮮、","gloss":"Korea","reading":"ちょうせん"},{"text":"台湾、","gloss":"Taiwan","reading":"たいわん"},{"text":"その","gloss":"other"},{"text":"他","gloss":"other","reading":"た"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"領地","gloss":"territories","reading":"りょうち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"失ない、","gloss":"lost","reading":"うしない"},{"text":"北海道、","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"本州、","gloss":"Honshu","reading":"ほんしゅう"},{"text":"四国、","gloss":"Shikoku","reading":"しこく"},{"text":"九州","gloss":"Kyushu","reading":"きゅうしゅう"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"them"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"them"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"付","gloss":"belonging","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"ぞくする","gloss":"belonging"},{"text":"小さな","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさな"},{"text":"島々","gloss":"islands","reading":"しまじま"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became"},{"text":"しまっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"became"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Occupation of Japan (1945-1952)\n\nGeneral MacArthur, who, as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, had the primary responsibility for carrying out the terms of surrender, adopted a more moderate and less primitive policy than some of the Allies, especially the Soviet Union, favored.\n\nIn the administration of the country he preferred to act through the Japanese civil authorities, and he introduced reforms gradually.\n\nIn the exercise of his authority, General MacArthur was advised by the Allied Council for Japan in Tokyo composed of the United States, Great Britain, Nationalist China, and the Soviet Union, and he acted under nominal supervision of Eleven-nation Far Eastern Commission in Washington, D.C.\n\nThe demobilization of the Imperial Army, Navy, and Air Force under the supervision of the Allied troops was completed by early 1946.\n\nPolitical reform began in late 1945.\n\nIn October SCAP issued the directive on civil liberties which came to be known as the ”Bill of Rights.”\n\nIt abolished the central police system, released political prisoners, and removed restrictions on civil liberties.\n\nThe directive was followed by a revival of political parties, among them the Communist Party, now legal for the first time.\n\nThe new constitution became effective on May 3, 1947.\n\nThe 1947 Constitution established a parliamentary system of government, the highest organ of which was a popularly elected bicameral Diet.\n\nThe Emperor was retained as titular head of the State, but sovereignty was transferred from him to the people.\n\nTwo land reform bills were passed by the Diet in October 1946.\n\nThey required large landowners to sell land to the government, which redistributed it to tenants at moderate prices.\n\nMore than three million farmers obtained some five million acres of land.\n\nPolice and educational reforms were introduced in 1947.\n\nThe punishment of those responsible for leading the country into war was called for by the Potsdam Declaration, and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, composed of representatives of the Eleven Allied States, was established in Tokyo in Jan. 1946.\n\nIt tried and sentenced to death or imprisonment 28 high Japanese officials--among them, General Tojo--for having plotted the war.\n\nThe Communist takeover in China in 1949 impressed the United States with the need to hasten Japan’s economic recovery and to encourage the consolidation of a stable political order.\n\nThe Communist invasion of the Republic of Korea in 1950 heightened the sense of urgency, and the United States increased its economic assistance and formally included Japan in its northwestern Pacific defense perimeter.\n\nJapan was helped in 1950 to organize a police reserve of 75,000, as an auxiliary to the regular police, which became the nucleus of the National Self-Defense Force with sea and air as well as land units.\n\nThe peace treaty was signed at San Francisco on September 8, 1951 by 48 allied nations and Japan over the objections of the Soviet bloc nations, which refused to sign it.\n\nUnder the Treaty, which came into effect on April 28, 1952, Japan was restored to the exercise of its sovereignty; it renounced claims to its overseas possessions inclusive of the Kurile Islands and southern Sakhalin (occupied by the Soviet Union since 1945), and it agreed to the United States trusteeship over the Ryuukyuu and Bonin islands.\n\nThe Treaty was followed by Japan’s signing the Security Treaty with the United States on September 8, 1951, which authorized American bases in Japan and the stationing of American troops there."},{"section":2,"text":"After 1952\n\nIn the nine years since the signing of the Peace Treaty, Japan has resumed its place as one of the great industrial nations of the world.\n\nIts people enjoy a higher income than they have ever known and for the first time are themselves buying in significant quantity the consumers’ goods their factories once made almost solely for export.\n\nThe country remains closely allied to the United States and committed to the free world.\n\nAt every point, however, there are qualifying factors.\n\nJapan’s burgeoning industry must depend for its raw materials on foreign sources, and it must export to survive.\n\nThis dependence is perilous in a world in which market fluctuations are unpredictable and trade barriers are used as political weapons.\n\nThe rise in income has not brought any general sense of economic security, and relatively few people seem to feel that they can rely on today’s prosperity.\n\nThe dominant conservative party must contend with a hypercritical and often hostile press and a determined Leftist opposition which has shown its ability to organize massive and violent public protest against fundamental conservative policies.\n\nOne such policy has been the military arrangements with the United States.\n\nThere is, moreover, widespread neutralist sentiment and an increasing desire to establish closer economic and political relations with Communist China and the Soviet Union.\n\nWhatever the future may bring, Japan may be expected to assert itself more and more actively in the international area."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"軍","gloss":"army, military"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"おか","gloss":"hill; knoll"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"廃止、","gloss":"abolition"},{"word":"財閥","gloss":"financial combines"},{"word":"解体、","gloss":"dissolution"},{"word":"婦人","gloss":"women"},{"word":"解放","gloss":"emancipation"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"指令","gloss":"directive"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"おい","gloss":"nephew"},{"word":"除去","gloss":"removal; elimination"},{"word":"二、","gloss":"two"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"処罰","gloss":"punishment; penalty"},{"word":"三、","gloss":"three"},{"word":"確立、","gloss":"establishment"},{"word":"思想","gloss":"thoughts"},{"word":"自由","gloss":"freedom"},{"word":"ちょう、","gloss":"intestines"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"憲法","gloss":"constitution"},{"word":"天皇","gloss":"emperor"},{"word":"象徴","gloss":"symbol"},{"word":"主権","gloss":"sovereignty"},{"word":"台湾、","gloss":"Formosa"},{"word":"ぞくする","gloss":"belong (vi)"},{"word":"小さな","gloss":"small (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Recovery, independence and world peace · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Industry and living standards","paragraphs":["*そのため 経済的にも 一時は 苦しんだが、軍事費が ほとんど いらない事、アジア地域内の 事変の ぼっぱつなどのため 産業、特に 工業が 非常に 盛んに なって、国民の 生活程度も 大いに 向上して 来た* describes economic recovery after a period of hardship.","Almost no military spending was needed. Conflicts in Asia also helped industry, especially manufacturing, become very active.","The people's standard of living improved greatly."]},{"title":"Independent and international","paragraphs":["*一九五一年 サンフランシスコで 平和条約が 結ばれて、日本も 独立国として 認められ、国連にも 参加した* describes Japan's international status in 1951.","A peace treaty was concluded in San Francisco. Japan was recognized as an independent nation and joined the United Nations.","*日本は これからも なお、民主主義国家の 完成に 努力すると 同時に、世界平和のために つくそうとしている* states its aims of democracy and world peace."]},{"title":"Kanji: 費","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.006","source":"そのため 経済的にも 一時は 苦しんだが、軍事費が ほとんど いらない事、アジア地域内の 事変の ぼっぱつなどのため 産業、特に 工業が 非常に 盛んに なって、国民の 生活程度も 大いに 向上して 来た。","translation":"As a result, Japan suffered economically for a time, but because almost no military expenditures were needed and because of the outbreak of conflicts within Asia, industry, especially manufacturing, became very active, and the people’s standard of living improved greatly.","reading":"そのためけいざいてきにもいちじはくるしんだが、ぐんじひがほとんどいらないこと、アジアちいきないのじへんのぼっぱつなどのためさんぎょう、とくにこうぎょうがひじょうにさかんになって、こくみんのせいかつていどもおおいにこうじょうしてきた。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"result"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"economically","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"的","gloss":"economically","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"economically"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"一時","gloss":"for a time","reading":"いちじ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"苦しん","gloss":"suffered","reading":"くるしん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"軍事","gloss":"military expenditures","reading":"ぐんじ"},{"text":"費","gloss":"military expenditures","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"いら","gloss":"were not needed"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"were not needed"},{"text":"事、","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"text":"地域","gloss":"region","reading":"ちいき"},{"text":"内","gloss":"within","reading":"ない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事変","gloss":"conflicts","reading":"じへん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ぼっ","gloss":"outbreak"},{"text":"ぱつ","gloss":"outbreak"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"because"},{"text":"産業、","gloss":"industry","reading":"さんぎょう"},{"text":"特に","gloss":"especially","reading":"とくに"},{"text":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"very","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"very"},{"text":"盛ん","gloss":"active","reading":"さかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"became"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"people","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living standard","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"living standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大いに","gloss":"greatly","reading":"おおいに"},{"text":"向上","gloss":"improved","reading":"こうじょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"improved"},{"text":"て","gloss":"improved"},{"text":"来","gloss":"improved","reading":"き"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"improved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.007","source":"一九五一年 サンフランシスコで 平和条約が 結ばれて、日本も 独立国として 認められ、国連にも 参加した。","translation":"In 1951, a peace treaty was concluded in San Francisco, Japan was recognized as an independent nation, and it also joined the United Nations.","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくごじゅういちねんサンフランシスコでへいわじょうやくがむすばれて、にほんもどくりつこくとしてみとめられ、こくれんにもさんかした。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"結ば","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"独立","gloss":"independent nation"},{"text":"国","gloss":"independent nation"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"was recognized"},{"text":"られ、","gloss":"was recognized"},{"text":"国連","gloss":"United Nations"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"参加","gloss":"joined"},{"text":"し","gloss":"joined"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"joined"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.008","source":"ソ連とは まだ 平和条約は 結ばれていないが、事実上は ソ連は 日本を 独立国と 認めている。","translation":"A peace treaty has still not been concluded with the Soviet Union, but in practice the Soviet Union recognizes Japan as an independent nation.","reading":"ソれんとはまだへいわじょうやくはむすばれていないが、じじつじょうはソれんはにほんをどくりつこくとみとめている。","words":[{"text":"ソ連","gloss":"Soviet Union"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"結ば","gloss":"has not been concluded","reading":"むすば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"has not been concluded"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has not been concluded"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has not been concluded"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"has not been concluded"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"事実","gloss":"in practice","reading":"じじつ"},{"text":"上","gloss":"in practice","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ソ連","gloss":"Soviet Union"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"独立","gloss":"independent nation","reading":"どくりつ"},{"text":"国","gloss":"independent nation","reading":"こく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"recognizes","reading":"みとめ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"recognizes"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"recognizes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L134.rd.009","source":"日本は これからも なお、民主主義国家の 完成に 努力すると 同時に、世界平和のために つくそうとしている。","translation":"Japan intends to continue striving to perfect itself as a democratic nation while also working for world peace.","reading":"にほんはこれからもなお、みんしゅしゅぎこっかのかんせいにどりょくするとどうじに、せかいへいわのためにつくそうとしている。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"from now on"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from now on"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"なお、","gloss":"still"},{"text":"民主","gloss":"democratic nation","reading":"みんしゅ"},{"text":"主義","gloss":"democratic nation","reading":"しゅぎ"},{"text":"国家","gloss":"democratic nation","reading":"こっか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"完成","gloss":"perfection","reading":"かんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"努力","gloss":"strive","reading":"どりょく"},{"text":"する","gloss":"strive"},{"text":"と","gloss":"at same time"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"at same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"at same time"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"world peace","reading":"せかい"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"world peace","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"つくそう","gloss":"intends to work"},{"text":"と","gloss":"intends to work"},{"text":"し","gloss":"intends to work"},{"text":"て","gloss":"intends to work"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"intends to work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.rd.009.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"一時","gloss":"for a time"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"word":"事変","gloss":"incident"},{"word":"産業、","gloss":"industry"},{"word":"工業","gloss":"manufacturing industry"},{"word":"程度","gloss":"degree, standard"},{"word":"大いに","gloss":"greatly"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"word":"平和","gloss":"peace"},{"word":"国連","gloss":"United Nations"},{"word":"ソ連","gloss":"Soviet"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"いる。","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"国家","gloss":"country, nation; a state"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Occupation directives and constitutional change · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Changes under occupation","paragraphs":["The questions ask about the occupation directives, the Potsdam Declaration, and the new Constitution.","*どんな 指令が 出されましたか* means \"What kinds of directives were issued?\" An answer names reforms such as abolishing the peerage system or dissolving the financial combines.","*新憲法は いつ 発布されましたか* means \"When was the new Constitution promulgated?\" Its answer gives the year."]}],"lines":[{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.001","source":"日本歴史（四）","translation":"(1945-1965)","reading":"にほんれきし（し）","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"歴史","gloss":"history"},{"text":"（四）","gloss":"1945–1965"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.001.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.002","source":"第二次世界大戦は 何年に 終りましたか。","translation":"In what year did World War II end?","reading":"だいにじせかいたいせんはなんねんにおわりましたか。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"second"},{"text":"二","gloss":"second"},{"text":"次","gloss":"second"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"World War"},{"text":"大戦","gloss":"World War"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"終り","gloss":"ended","reading":"おわり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"ended"},{"text":"た","gloss":"ended"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.002.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.003","source":"終戦と 同時に 日本は どうなりましたか。","translation":"What happened to Japan when the war ended?","reading":"しゅうせんとどうじににほんはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"終戦","gloss":"end of war","reading":"しゅうせん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"た","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.003.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.004","source":"連合国 最高司令官は どんな事を しましたか。","translation":"What did the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers do?","reading":"れんごうこくさいこうしれいかんはどんなことをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"司令","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"官","gloss":"Supreme Commander"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.004.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.005","source":"どんな 指令が 出されましたか。","translation":"What kinds of directives were issued?","reading":"どんなしれいがだされましたか。","words":[{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"指令","gloss":"directives","reading":"しれい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"were issued","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were issued"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"were issued"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were issued"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.005.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.006","source":"華族制度は どうなりましたか。","translation":"What happened to the peerage system?","reading":"かぞくせいどはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"華族","gloss":"peerage system","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"peerage system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"た","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.006.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.007","source":"財閥は どうなりましたか。","translation":"What happened to the zaibatsu?","reading":"ざいばつはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"財閥","gloss":"zaibatsu","reading":"ざいばつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"た","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.007.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.008","source":"その 外 どんなに 変りましたか。","translation":"What other changes were made?","reading":"そのほかどんなにかわりましたか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"besides that"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides that","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"how"},{"text":"に","gloss":"how"},{"text":"変り","gloss":"changed","reading":"かわり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"changed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"changed"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.008.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.009","source":"ポツダム宣言というのは 簡単に 言えば どんな事ですか。","translation":"In simple terms, what was the Potsdam Declaration?","reading":"ポツダムせんげんというのはかんたんにいえばどんなことですか。","words":[{"text":"ポツダム","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"text":"宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration","reading":"せんげん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"簡単","gloss":"simply","reading":"かんたん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"simply"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"put it","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"put it"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.009.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.010","source":"新憲法は いつ 発布されましたか。","translation":"When was the new Constitution promulgated?","reading":"しんけんぽうはいつはっぷされましたか。","words":[{"text":"新","gloss":"new Constitution","reading":"しん"},{"text":"憲法","gloss":"new Constitution","reading":"けんぽう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"発布","gloss":"was promulgated","reading":"はっぷ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was promulgated"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（四）","gloss":"four"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sovereignty, recovery and foreign relations · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Japan after the war","paragraphs":["The questions cover constitutional change, territorial loss, economic recovery, independence, and relations with the Soviet Union.","*主権は 国民の 手に わたされたのですか* means \"Was sovereignty transferred to the people?\" Its answer confirms or denies the stated change.","*平和条約は いつ、どこで 結ばれましたか* means \"When and where was the peace treaty concluded?\" Its answer gives a year and a place."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.011","source":"新憲法によって 天皇の 地位は どうなりましたか。","translation":"How did the new Constitution change the Emperor’s position?","reading":"しんけんぽうによっててんのうのちいはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"新","gloss":"new Constitution","reading":"しん"},{"text":"憲法","gloss":"new Constitution","reading":"けんぽう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by"},{"text":"て","gloss":"by"},{"text":"天皇","gloss":"Emperor","reading":"てんのう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"地位","gloss":"position","reading":"ちい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.011.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.012","source":"主権は 国民の 手に わたされたのですか。","translation":"Was sovereignty transferred to the people?","reading":"しゅけんはこくみんのてにわたされたのですか。","words":[{"text":"主権","gloss":"sovereignty","reading":"しゅけん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"the people","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hands","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"わたさ","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.012.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.013","source":"日本は 終戦と 同時に どんな 領地を 失いましたか。","translation":"What territories did Japan lose when the war ended?","reading":"にほんはしゅうせんとどうじにどんなりょうちをうしないましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"終戦","gloss":"war's end","reading":"しゅうせん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what"},{"text":"領地","gloss":"territories","reading":"りょうち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"失い","gloss":"lost"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"lost"},{"text":"た","gloss":"lost"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.013.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.014","source":"経済的には どうでしたか。","translation":"How was the economy?","reading":"けいざいてきにはどうでしたか。","words":[{"text":"経済","gloss":"economically","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"的","gloss":"economically","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"regarding"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.014.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.015","source":"今日では どうですか。","translation":"How is it today?","reading":"こんにちではどうですか。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"as of"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.015.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.016","source":"なぜ 国民の 生活程度が 向上して 来ましたか。","translation":"Why has the people’s standard of living improved?","reading":"なぜこくみんのせいかつていどがこうじょうしてきましたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"the people","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living standard","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"living standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"向上","gloss":"has improved","reading":"こうじょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has improved","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.016.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.017","source":"平和条約は いつ、どこで 結ばれましたか。","translation":"When and where was the peace treaty concluded?","reading":"へいわじょうやくはいつ、どこでむすばれましたか。","words":[{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"結ば","gloss":"was concluded","reading":"むすば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was concluded"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.017.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.018","source":"日本は 今日 独立国と 認められていますか。","translation":"Is Japan recognized as an independent nation today?","reading":"にほんはこんにちどくりつこくとみとめられていますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"text":"独立","gloss":"independent nation"},{"text":"国","gloss":"independent nation"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"is recognized","reading":"みとめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"is recognized"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is recognized"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is recognized"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is recognized"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.018.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L134.q.019","source":"ソ連と 平和条約を 結びましたか。","translation":"Did Japan conclude a peace treaty with the Soviet Union?","reading":"ソれんとへいわじょうやくをむすびましたか。","words":[{"text":"ソ連","gloss":"Soviet Union"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"結び","gloss":"concluded","reading":"むすび"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"concluded"},{"text":"た","gloss":"concluded"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.q.019.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"地位","gloss":"position"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"いつ、","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Occupation and militarism words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Occupation and its directives","paragraphs":["These words name the occupation, its Allied command, its directives, and their political purposes.","*占領下に おかれる* means \"be placed under occupation.\" *指令* means \"directive,\" and *軍国主義* means \"militarism.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.001","source":"連合軍","translation":"allied troops","reading":"れんごうぐん","words":[{"text":"連合軍","gloss":"allied troops","reading":"れんごうぐん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.001.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.002","source":"占領下に おかれる","translation":"be placed under occupation","reading":"せんりょうかにおかれる","words":[{"text":"占領下におかれる","gloss":"be placed under occupation","reading":"せんりょうかにおかれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.002.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.003","source":"最高司令官","translation":"supreme commander","reading":"さいこうしれいかん","words":[{"text":"最高司令官","gloss":"supreme commander","reading":"さいこうしれいかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.003.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.004","source":"ポツダム 宣言","translation":"Potsdam Declaration","reading":"ポツダムせんげん","words":[{"text":"ポツダム宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration","reading":"ポツダムせんげん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.004.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.005","source":"基ずく","translation":"be based on","reading":"もとずく","words":[{"text":"基ずく","gloss":"be based on","reading":"もとずく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.005.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.006","source":"指令","translation":"directive","reading":"しれい","words":[{"text":"指令","gloss":"directive","reading":"しれい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.006.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.007","source":"間接に","translation":"indirectly","reading":"かんせつに","words":[{"text":"間接に","gloss":"indirectly","reading":"かんせつに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.007.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.008","source":"軍国主義","translation":"militarism","reading":"ぐんこくしゅぎ","words":[{"text":"軍国主義","gloss":"militarism","reading":"ぐんこくしゅぎ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.008.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.009","source":"除去","translation":"removal; elimination","reading":"じょきょ","words":[{"text":"除去","gloss":"removal","reading":"じょきょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.009.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.010","source":"戦争犯罪人","translation":"war criminal","reading":"せんそうはんざいにん","words":[{"text":"戦争犯罪人","gloss":"war criminal","reading":"せんそうはんざいにん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.010.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.011","source":"処罰","translation":"punishment; penalty","reading":"しょばつ","words":[{"text":"処罰","gloss":"punishment","reading":"しょばつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.011.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.012","source":"確立","translation":"establishment","reading":"かくりつ","words":[{"text":"確立","gloss":"establishment","reading":"かくりつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"連合軍","gloss":"allied troops"},{"word":"占領下におかれる","gloss":"be placed under occupation"},{"word":"最高司令官","gloss":"supreme commander"},{"word":"ポツダム宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"word":"基ずく","gloss":"be based on"},{"word":"間接に","gloss":"indirectly"},{"word":"軍国主義","gloss":"militarism"},{"word":"戦争犯罪人","gloss":"war criminal"},{"word":"確立","gloss":"establishment"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Democracy, rights and sovereignty words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Rights and constitutional government","paragraphs":["These words cover democratic rights, the Constitution, sovereignty, territory, and military spending.","*基本的人権* means \"fundamental human rights.\" *憲法* means \"constitution,\" and *主権* means \"sovereignty.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.013","source":"民主主義","translation":"democracy","reading":"みんしゅしゅぎ","words":[{"text":"民主主義","gloss":"democracy","reading":"みんしゅしゅぎ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.013.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.014","source":"思想","translation":"thoughts","reading":"しそう","words":[{"text":"思想","gloss":"thoughts","reading":"しそう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.014.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.015","source":"基本的人権","translation":"fundamental human rights","reading":"きほんてきじんけん","words":[{"text":"基本的人権","gloss":"fundamental human rights","reading":"きほんてきじんけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.015.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.016","source":"そんちょう","translation":"respect; esteem","reading":"そんちょう","words":[{"text":"そんちょう","gloss":"respect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.016.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.017","source":"保証する","translation":"guarantee","reading":"ほしょうする","words":[{"text":"保証する","gloss":"guarantee","reading":"ほしょうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.017.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.018","source":"発布する","translation":"promulgate; publish","reading":"はっぷする","words":[{"text":"発布する","gloss":"promulgate","reading":"はっぷする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.018.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.019","source":"憲法","translation":"constitution","reading":"けんぽう","words":[{"text":"憲法","gloss":"constitution","reading":"けんぽう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.019.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.020","source":"主権","translation":"sovereignty","reading":"しゅけん","words":[{"text":"主権","gloss":"sovereignty","reading":"しゅけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.020.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.021","source":"占領地","translation":"occupied territory","reading":"せんりょうち","words":[{"text":"占領地","gloss":"occupied territory","reading":"せんりょうち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.021.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.022","source":"失なう","translation":"lose","reading":"うしなう","words":[{"text":"失なう","gloss":"lose","reading":"うしなう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.022.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.023","source":"軍事費","translation":"military expense","reading":"ぐんじひ","words":[{"text":"軍事費","gloss":"military expense","reading":"ぐんじひ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.023.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.024","source":"象徴","translation":"symbol","reading":"しょうちょう","words":[{"text":"象徴","gloss":"symbol","reading":"しょうちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"民主主義","gloss":"democracy"},{"word":"基本的人権","gloss":"fundamental human rights"},{"word":"そんちょう","gloss":"respect; esteem"},{"word":"保証する","gloss":"guarantee"},{"word":"発布する","gloss":"promulgate; publish"},{"word":"占領地","gloss":"occupied territory"},{"word":"失なう","gloss":"lose"},{"word":"軍事費","gloss":"military expense"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Peace and independence words · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Peace and recognition","paragraphs":["These words cover the peace treaty, independence, international recognition, the United Nations, and the Soviet Union.","*平和条約* means \"peace treaty.\" *独立国* means \"independent nation,\" and *国連* means \"United Nations.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.025","source":"台湾","translation":"Formosa","reading":"たいわん","words":[{"text":"台湾","gloss":"Formosa","reading":"たいわん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.025.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.026","source":"その他の","translation":"other","reading":"そのたの","words":[{"text":"その他の","gloss":"other","reading":"そのたの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.026.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.027","source":"事変","translation":"incident","reading":"じへん","words":[{"text":"事変","gloss":"incident","reading":"じへん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.027.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.028","source":"ぼっぱつ","translation":"outbreak","reading":"ぼっぱつ","words":[{"text":"ぼっぱつ","gloss":"outbreak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.028.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.029","source":"平和条約","translation":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわじょうやく","words":[{"text":"平和条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわじょうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.029.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.030","source":"独立国","translation":"independent nation","reading":"どくりつこく","words":[{"text":"独立国","gloss":"independent nation","reading":"どくりつこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.030.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.031","source":"認める","translation":"recognize","reading":"みとめる","words":[{"text":"認める","gloss":"recognize","reading":"みとめる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.031.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.032","source":"国連","translation":"United Nations","reading":"こくれん","words":[{"text":"国連","gloss":"United Nations","reading":"こくれん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.032.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.033","source":"ソ連","translation":"Soviet","reading":"ソれん","words":[{"text":"ソ連","gloss":"Soviet","reading":"ソれん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.033.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.034","source":"事実上（は）","translation":"actually; in reality","reading":"じじつじょう（は）","words":[{"text":"事実上（は）","gloss":"in reality","reading":"じじつじょう（は）"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.034.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.035","source":"努力する","translation":"endeavor","reading":"どりょくする","words":[{"text":"努力する","gloss":"endeavor","reading":"どりょくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.035.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.036","source":"平和","translation":"peace","reading":"へいわ","words":[{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace","reading":"へいわ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"台湾","gloss":"Formosa"},{"word":"その他の","gloss":"other"},{"word":"ぼっぱつ","gloss":"outbreak"},{"word":"平和条約","gloss":"peace treaty"},{"word":"独立国","gloss":"independent nation"},{"word":"認める","gloss":"recognize"},{"word":"事実上（は）","gloss":"actually; in reality"},{"word":"努力する","gloss":"endeavor"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Social reform and emancipation words · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Institutions changed by reform","paragraphs":["These words cover the social and institutional reforms carried out during the occupation.","*農地改革* means \"farm-land reform\" or \"agrarian reform.\" *解体* means \"dissolution,\" and *解放* means \"emancipation.\"","The list pairs the peerage system with abolition, the financial combines with dissolution, and women with emancipation."]}],"lines":[{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.037","source":"つくす","translation":"serve; endeavor; made efforts","reading":"つくす","words":[{"text":"つくす","gloss":"make every effort"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.037.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.038","source":"付ぞくする","translation":"be annexed to, belong to","reading":"ふぞくする","words":[{"text":"付ぞくする","gloss":"be annexed to","reading":"ふぞくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.038.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.039","source":"華族制度","translation":"peerage system","reading":"かぞくせいど","words":[{"text":"華族制度","gloss":"peerage system","reading":"かぞくせいど"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.039.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.040","source":"廃止","translation":"abolition","reading":"はいし","words":[{"text":"廃止","gloss":"abolition","reading":"はいし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.040.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.041","source":"財閥","translation":"financial combines","reading":"ざいばつ","words":[{"text":"財閥","gloss":"financial combines","reading":"ざいばつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.041.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.042","source":"解体","translation":"dissolution","reading":"かいたい","words":[{"text":"解体","gloss":"dissolution","reading":"かいたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.042.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.043","source":"農地改革","translation":"farm-land reform; agrarian reform","reading":"のうちかいかく","words":[{"text":"農地改革","gloss":"agrarian reform","reading":"のうちかいかく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.043.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.044","source":"司法制度","translation":"judicial system","reading":"しほうせいど","words":[{"text":"司法制度","gloss":"judicial system","reading":"しほうせいど"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.044.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.045","source":"婦人","translation":"women","reading":"ふじん","words":[{"text":"婦人","gloss":"women","reading":"ふじん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.045.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.046","source":"解放","translation":"emancipation","reading":"かいほう","words":[{"text":"解放","gloss":"emancipation","reading":"かいほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.046.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L134.w.047","source":"次々と","translation":"one after another","reading":"つぎつぎと","words":[{"text":"次々と","gloss":"one after another","reading":"つぎつぎと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L134.w.047.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Converse with your classmates on the following suggested topics in Japanese.\n\n(1) The Potsdam Declaration.\n\n(2) Social change as declared by the Supreme Commander.\n\n(3) New Constitution.\n\n(4) Post-war Economic Conditions.\n\n2 Exercise:\n\n(a) Match the words in Column (A) with those of Column (B) and insert the letters of Column (B) in the proper spaces provided in Column (A).\n\n1 軍国主義\n\n2 戦争 犯罪人\n\n3 民主主義\n\n4 財閥\n\n5 農地改革\n\n6 基本的人権\n\n7 華族制度\n\na agrarian reform\n\nb democracy\n\nc independent nation\n\nd peerage system\n\ne peace treaty\n\nf militarism\n\ng sovereignty\n\n8 平和条約\n\n9 主権\n\n10 独立国\n\nh financial combines\n\ni basic human rights\n\nj war criminal"},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つくす","gloss":"serve; endeavor; made efforts"},{"word":"付ぞくする","gloss":"be annexed to, belong to"},{"word":"華族制度","gloss":"peerage system"},{"word":"廃止","gloss":"abolition"},{"word":"解体","gloss":"dissolution"},{"word":"農地改革","gloss":"farm-land reform; agrarian reform"},{"word":"司法制度","gloss":"judicial system"},{"word":"次々と","gloss":"one after another"}],"paradigms":[]}]}