{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L135","title":"Lesson 135","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 135: nature worship and early religion · narration 1 of 2, pilgrimages, worship, deities, religion, ancestors, native and blended religion words · word list 3 of 5, religious sects and harvest prayers · word list 4 of 5, faith.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/133","lines":76},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/132","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/134","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Nature worship and early religion · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From nature worship to Shinto","paragraphs":["*日本も 遠い 昔は 原始的な 宗教で、太陽や 月、山や川、木や石、その外 動物や 作物を 対象とした 自然崇拝、精霊崇拝などが 行なわれた* describes early worship of nature and spirits. Its objects included the sun, moon, mountains, rivers, trees, stones, animals, and crops.","*しかし、部落の共同生活が 進むにつれて、共同の 祖先を 神として 祭る 祖先崇拝が 行なわれる様になった* means \"As village life developed, people came to honor their common ancestors as gods.\"","The passage then describes common deities, shrines, and rituals. *神道* is the name given to this organized religion."]},{"title":"The deities called KAMI","paragraphs":["*これが天照大神である* means \"This was the Sun Goddess Amaterasu.\" The passage identifies her as the deity common to the Japanese people.","The character *神* represents *KAMI*, usually translated as \"god\" or \"deity\". In compounds, *神* can be pronounced *SHIN* or *JIN*.","*SHINTOO*, written *神道*, means the *KAMI* Way. Amaterasu was commonly regarded as the supreme *KAMI*. Shinto had no absolute creator and ruler."]},{"title":"Kanji: 共 to 治","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.001","source":"日本も 遠い 昔は 原始的な 宗教で、太陽や 月、山や川、木や石、その外 動物や 作物を 対象とした 自然崇拝、精霊崇拝などが 行なわれた。","translation":"In the distant past, Japan too had primitive religions, including nature worship and spirit worship, directed toward the sun and moon, mountains and rivers, trees and stones, as well as animals and crops.","reading":"にほんもとおいむかしはげんしてきなしゅうきょうで、たいようやつき、やまやかわ、きやいし、そのほかどうぶつやさくもつをたいしょうとしたしぜんすうはい、せいれいすうはいなどがおこなわれた。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"distant","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"昔","gloss":"past","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"原始","gloss":"primitive","reading":"げんし"},{"text":"的","gloss":"primitive","reading":"てき"},{"text":"な","gloss":"primitive"},{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religions","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"太陽","gloss":"sun","reading":"たいよう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"moon","reading":"つき"},{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"川、","gloss":"rivers","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"石、","gloss":"stones","reading":"いし"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"動物","gloss":"animals","reading":"どうぶつ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"作物","gloss":"crops","reading":"さくもつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"対象","gloss":"objects","reading":"たいしょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"directed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"自然","gloss":"nature","reading":"しぜん"},{"text":"崇拝、","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"},{"text":"精霊","gloss":"spirit","reading":"せいれい"},{"text":"崇拝","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行なわ","gloss":"were practiced","reading":"おこなわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were practiced"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"were practiced"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.002","source":"しかし、部落の共同生活が 進むにつれて、共同の 祖先を 神として 祭る 祖先崇拝が 行なわれる様になった。","translation":"However, as communal life in the villages developed, people came to practice ancestor worship, honoring their common ancestors as gods.","reading":"しかし、ぶらくのきょうどうせいかつがすすむにつれて、きょうどうのそせんをかみとしてまつるそせんすうはいがおこなわれるようになった。","words":[{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"部落","gloss":"villages","reading":"ぶらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"共同","gloss":"community","reading":"きょうどう"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"life","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"進む","gloss":"developed","reading":"すすむ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"共同","gloss":"common","reading":"きょうどう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"祖先","gloss":"ancestors","reading":"そせん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"祭る","gloss":"honor","reading":"まつる"},{"text":"祖先","gloss":"ancestor","reading":"そせん"},{"text":"崇拝","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行なわ","gloss":"was practiced","reading":"おこなわ"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"came to"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"came to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.003","source":"祭は 部落のかしらが つかさどる事になり、神を祭る事が 部落民を 治める 政治の役目をしていた。","translation":"The village head came to preside over the festivals, and worshiping the gods served the political function of governing the villagers.","reading":"まつりはぶらくのかしらがつかさどることになり、かみをまつることがぶらくみんをおさめるせいじのやくめをしていた。","words":[{"text":"祭","gloss":"festivals","reading":"まつり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"部落","gloss":"village","reading":"ぶらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"かしら","gloss":"head"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つかさどる","gloss":"preside over"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり、","gloss":"came to"},{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"祭る","gloss":"worship","reading":"まつる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"部落","gloss":"village","reading":"ぶらく"},{"text":"民","gloss":"villagers","reading":"みん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"治める","gloss":"govern","reading":"おさめる"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"political","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"役目","gloss":"function","reading":"やくめ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"served"},{"text":"て","gloss":"served"},{"text":"い","gloss":"served"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"served"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.004","source":"各部落が 国家として 統一されてくると、各部隊の 多くの 神々も 統一されて、日本民族の 共通の 神様も 生れた。","translation":"As the various villages were unified into a nation, their many gods were also unified, and a god common to the Japanese people arose.","reading":"かくぶらくがこっかとしてとういつされてくると、かくぶたいのおおくのかみがみもとういつされて、にほんみんぞくのきょうつうのかみさまもうまれた。","words":[{"text":"各","gloss":"various","reading":"かく"},{"text":"部落","gloss":"villages","reading":"ぶらく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"国家","gloss":"nation","reading":"こっか"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"became unified","reading":"とういつ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"became unified"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"became unified"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became unified"},{"text":"くる","gloss":"became unified"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"各","gloss":"each","reading":"かく"},{"text":"部隊","gloss":"village group","reading":"ぶたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"神々","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみがみ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"were unified","reading":"とういつ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were unified"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were unified"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"were unified"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"民族","gloss":"people","reading":"みんぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"共通","gloss":"common","reading":"きょうつう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"神","gloss":"god","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"様","gloss":"god","reading":"さま"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"生れ","gloss":"arose","reading":"うまれ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"arose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.005","source":"これが天照大神である。","translation":"This was the Sun Goddess Amaterasu.","reading":"これがあまてらすおおみかみである。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"天照","gloss":"Sun Goddess Amaterasu","reading":"あまてらす"},{"text":"大神","gloss":"Sun Goddess Amaterasu","reading":"おおみかみ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.006","source":"この様な発展とともに、次第に神社や儀式も整えられて、「神道」と名づけられる様な宗教になっていった。","translation":"Along with this development, shrines and rituals were gradually established, and it became a religion known as Shinto.","reading":"このようなはってんとともに、しだいにじんじゃやぎしきもととのえられて、「しんとう」となづけられるようなしゅうきょうになっていった。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"様","gloss":"kind","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"development","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"とも","gloss":"together"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"with"},{"text":"次第","gloss":"gradually","reading":"しだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"神社","gloss":"shrines","reading":"じんじゃ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"儀式","gloss":"rituals","reading":"ぎしき"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"整え","gloss":"were established","reading":"ととのえ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"were established"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"were established"},{"text":"「神道」","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"名づけ","gloss":"was named","reading":"なづけ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"was named"},{"text":"様","gloss":"kind","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religion","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became"},{"text":"いっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"became"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.007","source":"奈良時代になると、日本固有の神道と仏教とを習合する神仏習合宗教思想が起り、明治初年まで続いた。","translation":"In the Nara period, a religious belief arose that combined Japan's native Shinto with Buddhism, and it continued until the early Meiji era.","reading":"ならじだいになると、にほんこゆうのしんとうとぶっきょうとをしゅうごうするしんぶつしゅうごうしゅうきょうしそうがおこり、めいじしょねんまでつづいた。","words":[{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara period","reading":"なら"},{"text":"時代","gloss":"Nara period","reading":"じだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"became"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"固有","gloss":"native","reading":"こゆう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"仏教","gloss":"Buddhism","reading":"ぶっきょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習合","gloss":"combine","reading":"しゅうごう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"combine"},{"text":"神仏","gloss":"Shinto-Buddhism","reading":"しんぶつ"},{"text":"習合","gloss":"syncretic","reading":"しゅうごう"},{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religious","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"思想","gloss":"belief","reading":"しそう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起り、","gloss":"arose","reading":"おこり"},{"text":"明治","gloss":"Meiji","reading":"めいじ"},{"text":"初年","gloss":"early years","reading":"しょねん"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"続い","gloss":"continued","reading":"つづい"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"continued"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"1 Shintoo; Shintoo developed from the native worship of nature and natural phenomena. Objects of worship were referred to as ’’Kami,” which means ’’above” or ’’superior.” Chief among them were the sun, moon, mountain peaks, and various unusual natural objects. The ’’Kami” concept passed through three stages—from a pre-animistic worship of an object for its own sake, to typical animism wherein certain objects or phenomena are regarded as controlled by indwelling spirits, to a higher level on which innumerable nature spirits are regarded increasingly as having the characteristics of man. On this level there appeared the early deification of legendary or historical heroes and the related ancestor worship. It is not definitely established that the latter was attributable to Chinese influence although it is common to both peoples.\n\n1 The worship of the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu Oomikami, in the early historical period, was converted to worship of her direct descendants—the members of the Imperial Family, The several clans or tribes also had their local and\n\nparticular deities who were worshipped as the fore-fathers of their respective clan chieftains. The Jinja which belonged to the state Shintoo were maintained at the expense of the central or prefectural governments, city, town or village authorities, or other public bodies. With the promulgation of the Religion Corporation Ordinance in December 1945, however, official support of these shrines was abolished, and all the shrines are now maintained chiefly by their respective believers. As of December 1949, there were 87,802 jinja belonging to the non-sectarian Shintoo, with 14,874 priests. The Sectarian Shintoo consists of about 160 sects. Some of the oldest of these are Fusookyoo, Izumo-taishakyoo, Konkookyoo, Tenrikyoo, etc. Worship in Shintoo consists of obeisances, offerings, and prayers. Obeisance takes the form of a humble bow which lasts for a minute or two. The offerings presented before the altar are primarily food and drink. Formerly cloth was added to these, but eventually a symbolic offering known as gohei came into use, consisting of strips\n\nof paper. These symbolic offerings are attached to a wand or twig of the evergreen sakaki tree and placed before the altar."},{"section":2,"text":"KAMI The word KAMI is an indigenous Japanese term which is written with the Chinese character 神. In combination with other characters, this is pronounced SHIN or JIN. Thus we have the word SHINTOO (神道) that is KAMI Way and JINJA (神社) that is KAMI Dwelling. It is generally customary to translate the ideograph with the words GOD or DEITY in the singular or plural form. However, at times such translation as \"divine\" or \"sacred\" is more appropriate. Among the objects or phenomena designated as KAMI are the qualities of growth, fertility, and production; natural phenomena such as wind, thunder; natural objects such as the sun, mountains, rivers, trees and rocks; some animals; and ancestral spirits of the land, occupations, skills; the spirit of national heroes, men of outstanding deeds or virtues and those who have contributed to\n\ncivilization, culture, and human welfare, those who have died for the state or the community, and the pitiable dead. Not only spirits superior to man, but even some that are regarded as pitiable and weak have, nonetheless, been considered to be KAMI in some instances, in modern Shintoo, however, all KAMI are conceived in a refined sense to be spirits with nobility and authority, it includes the idea of justice, order, and divine favor (blessing) and implies the basic principle that the KAMI function harmoniously in cooperation with one another and rejoice in the evidence of harmony and cooperation in this world. In Shintoo there is no absolute deity that is the creator and ruler of all. The creative function of the world is realized through the harmonious cooperation of the KAMI in the performance of their respective missions. Even the progenitor of the imperial Family, the Sun Goddess, who brightens the world with the virtue of the sun and is commonly regarded as the supreme KAMI of Shintoo, consults the opinion of the other KAMI, calls upon them for help,\n\nand at times makes concessions to them. There are many points about the KAMI concept that cannot be fully understood, and there is some disagreement even among modern scholars on this subject. The Japanese people themselves do not have a clear concept of KAMI. They are aware of KAMI intuitively at the depth of their consciousness and communicate with the KAMI directly without having formed more definite KAMI-idea conceptually or theologically. The Japanese Shintoo has no founder and has no scripture for the people to read and follow."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"宗教","gloss":"religion"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"太陽","gloss":"sun"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"月、","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"},{"word":"川、","gloss":"river"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"石、","gloss":"rock, stone"},{"word":"作物","gloss":"farm products; crops"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"対象","gloss":"object; subject"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"崇拝、","gloss":"worship"},{"word":"精霊","gloss":"spirit; soul"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"部落","gloss":"village; settlement"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"祖先","gloss":"ancestor"},{"word":"神","gloss":"god"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"かしら","gloss":"chief; leader"},{"word":"つかさどる","gloss":"preside over; take charge of; manage"},{"word":"治める","gloss":"rule over; govern"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"国家","gloss":"country, nation; a state"},{"word":"統一","gloss":"unity; uniformity"},{"word":"多く","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"民族","gloss":"race, people"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"神社","gloss":"shrine"},{"word":"儀式","gloss":"ceremony"},{"word":"「神道」","gloss":"Shintoism"},{"word":"奈良","gloss":"P.N."},{"word":"時代","gloss":"era, period"},{"word":"仏教","gloss":"Buddhism"},{"word":"思想","gloss":"thoughts"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pilgrimages, prayers and shrine symbols · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Blended faith and local prayers","paragraphs":["*つまり、神の本身は仏であり、その反対に仏の本身は神であると考えられた* means \"Gods were thought to be Buddhas in their true form, and conversely, Buddhas were thought to be gods.\"","*又 農村では、氏神に 家内安全、豊作などを 祈るという様に、村人の生活は 氏神、鎮守の神の 信仰と深く結びついていた* describes village faith in local deities.","People prayed to *氏神* for *家内安全*, \"family safety\", and *豊作*, \"a good harvest\"."]},{"title":"Pilgrimage and the shrine gate","paragraphs":["*伊勢参宮* is \"a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine\". People wished to complete it once during their lives.","*鳥居は 神社の 象徴で、各神社には 一つ又は それ以上の 鳥居がある* means \"The torii is the symbol of a Shinto shrine. Each shrine has one or more.\"","The *JIN* in *神社* is another reading of *神*. The word means a *KAMI* dwelling."]},{"title":"Kanji: 氏","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.008","source":"つまり、神の本身は仏であり、その反対に仏の本身は神であると考えられた。","translation":"In other words, gods were thought to be Buddhas in their true form, and conversely, Buddhas were thought to be gods in their true form.","reading":"つまり、かみのほんしんはほとけであり、そのはんたいにほとけのほんしんはかみであるとかんがえられた。","words":[{"text":"つまり、","gloss":"in other words"},{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"本身","gloss":"true form","reading":"ほんしん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"仏","gloss":"Buddhas","reading":"ほとけ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"were"},{"text":"あり、","gloss":"were"},{"text":"その","gloss":"the"},{"text":"反対","gloss":"reverse","reading":"はんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"仏","gloss":"Buddhas","reading":"ほとけ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"本身","gloss":"true form","reading":"ほんしん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"were"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"were"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"were thought","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"were thought"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"were thought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.009","source":"明治維新の初め頃、神儒仏三教一致の教えである金光教、天理教、大社教などの教派神道が起った。","translation":"Around the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, sects of Shinto arose, such as Konkokyo, Tenrikyo, and Taishakyo, whose teachings combined the three faiths of Shinto, Confucianism, and Buddhism.","reading":"めいじいしんのはじめごろ、しんじゅぶつさんきょういっちのおしえであるこんこうきょう、てんりきょう、たいしゃきょうなどのきょうはしんとうがおこった。","words":[{"text":"明治","gloss":"Meiji","reading":"めいじ"},{"text":"維新","gloss":"Restoration","reading":"いしん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"初め頃、","gloss":"around the beginning"},{"text":"神儒","gloss":"Shinto and Confucianism"},{"text":"仏","gloss":"Buddhism"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three faiths"},{"text":"教","gloss":"three faiths"},{"text":"一致","gloss":"combined"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teachings","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"金光","gloss":"Konkokyo"},{"text":"教、","gloss":"Konkokyo"},{"text":"天理","gloss":"Tenrikyo"},{"text":"教、","gloss":"Tenrikyo"},{"text":"大社","gloss":"Taishakyo"},{"text":"教","gloss":"Taishakyo"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"教派","gloss":"sectarian","reading":"きょうは"},{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起っ","gloss":"arose","reading":"おこっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"arose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.010","source":"又有名な社寺への参拝も盛んになり、ことに伊勢参宮は最も盛んで、国民は皆一生のうち一度は","translation":"Pilgrimages to famous shrines and temples also became popular, especially the pilgrimage to Ise, and everyone hoped that at least once in their lifetime they could","reading":"またゆうめいなしゃじへのさんぱいもさかんになり、ことにいせさんぐうはもっともさかんで、こくみんはみないっしょうのうちいちどは","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"有名","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめい"},{"text":"な","gloss":"famous"},{"text":"社寺","gloss":"shrines and temples","reading":"しゃじ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"参拝","gloss":"pilgrimages","reading":"さんぱい"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"盛ん","gloss":"popular","reading":"さかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり、","gloss":"became"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"に","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"伊勢","gloss":"Ise pilgrimage","reading":"いせ"},{"text":"参宮","gloss":"Ise pilgrimage","reading":"さんぐう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"最も","gloss":"most","reading":"もっとも"},{"text":"盛ん","gloss":"popular","reading":"さかん"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"people","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"一生","gloss":"lifetime","reading":"いっしょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"during"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"at least"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.011","source":"参宮を 遂げたいと 念願した。","translation":"make the pilgrimage.","reading":"さんぐうをとげたいとねんがんした。","words":[{"text":"参宮","gloss":"pilgrimage","reading":"さんぐう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"遂げ","gloss":"complete","reading":"とげ"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"念願","gloss":"hoped","reading":"ねんがん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"hoped"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"hoped"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.012","source":"又 農村では、氏神に 家内安全、豊作などを 祈るという様に、村人の生活は 氏神、鎮守の神の 信仰と深く結びついていた。","translation":"In farming villages, people prayed to their clan deity for such things as the safety of their families and a good harvest, and the villagers' lives were deeply connected with their faith in the clan deity and the guardian deity.","reading":"またのうそんでは、うじがみにかないあんぜん、ほうさくなどをいのるというように、むらびとのせいかつはうじがみ、ちんじゅのかみのしんこうとふかくむすびついていた。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"農村","gloss":"farming villages","reading":"のうそん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"氏神","gloss":"clan deity","reading":"うじがみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"家内","gloss":"family safety","reading":"かない"},{"text":"安全、","gloss":"family safety","reading":"あんぜん"},{"text":"豊作","gloss":"good harvest","reading":"ほうさく"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"祈る","gloss":"pray","reading":"いのる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"say"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"村人","gloss":"villagers","reading":"むらびと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"lives","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"氏神、","gloss":"clan deity","reading":"うじがみ"},{"text":"鎮守","gloss":"guardian","reading":"ちんじゅ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"神","gloss":"deity","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"in"},{"text":"信仰","gloss":"faith","reading":"しんこう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"深く","gloss":"deeply","reading":"ふかく"},{"text":"結びつい","gloss":"were connected","reading":"むすびつい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"were connected"},{"text":"い","gloss":"were connected"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"were connected"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.013","source":"今日でも 氏神の 祭礼は 全国的に 行なわれている。","translation":"Even today, festivals for clan deities are held throughout the country.","reading":"こんにちでもうじがみのさいれいはぜんこくてきにおこなわれている。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"氏神","gloss":"clan deity","reading":"うじがみ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"祭礼","gloss":"festivals","reading":"さいれい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"的","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"てき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"nationwide"},{"text":"行なわ","gloss":"are held","reading":"おこなわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are held"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are held"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"are held"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L135.rd.014","source":"鳥居は 神社の 象徴で、各神社には 一つ又は それ以上の 鳥居がある。","translation":"The torii is the symbol of a Shinto shrine, and every shrine has one or more torii.","reading":"とりいはじんじゃのしょうちょうで、かくじんじゃにはひとつまたはそれいじょうのとりいがある。","words":[{"text":"鳥居","gloss":"torii","reading":"とりい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"神社","gloss":"shrine","reading":"じんじゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"象徴","gloss":"symbol","reading":"しょうちょう"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"各","gloss":"every","reading":"かく"},{"text":"神社","gloss":"shrine","reading":"じんじゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"又","gloss":"or","reading":"また"},{"text":"は","gloss":"or"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"以上","gloss":"or more","reading":"いじょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"鳥居","gloss":"torii","reading":"とりい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"has"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.rd.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つまり、","gloss":"in short, in another word"},{"word":"本身","gloss":"true body"},{"word":"仏","gloss":"Buddha"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"神道","gloss":"Shintoism"},{"word":"社寺","gloss":"shrines and temples"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"参拝","gloss":"worship; visit"},{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"氏神","gloss":"tutelary deity"},{"word":"豊作","gloss":"good harvest; abundant crop"},{"word":"祈る","gloss":"to pray"},{"word":"信仰","gloss":"faith; belief"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"祭礼","gloss":"festival, rituals"},{"word":"全国","gloss":"entire country"},{"word":"いる。","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"鳥居","gloss":"the gate of a Shinto shrine"},{"word":"象徴","gloss":"symbol"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Worship, ancestors and village leadership · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From worship to village government","paragraphs":["*自然崇拝、精霊崇拝では、どんな物が 対象とされましたか* asks \"What things were objects of nature worship and spirit worship?\"","An answer names the sun, moon, mountains, rivers, trees, stones, animals, and crops. Other answers identify ancestor worship and the village head.","*神を 祭る事は、どんな 役目をしていましたか* asks for the function of worshiping the gods. It served to govern the villagers."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.001","source":"宗教（一）——神道","translation":"Religion (1)—Shinto","reading":"しゅうきょう（いち）——しんとう","words":[{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religion","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"（一）——","gloss":"part one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.001.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.002","source":"日本では 遠い 昔は、どんな 宗教が 行なわれていましたか。","translation":"What kind of religion was practiced in Japan in the distant past?","reading":"にほんではとおいむかしは、どんなしゅうきょうがおこなわれていましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"distant","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"昔","gloss":"past","reading":"むかし"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religion","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行なわ","gloss":"was practiced","reading":"おこなわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was practiced"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.002.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.003","source":"自然崇拝、精霊崇拝では、どんな物が 対象とされましたか。","translation":"What things were objects of worship in nature worship and spirit worship?","reading":"しぜんすうはい、せいれいすうはいでは、どんなものがたいしょうとされましたか。","words":[{"text":"自然","gloss":"nature","reading":"しぜん"},{"text":"崇拝、","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"},{"text":"精霊","gloss":"spirit","reading":"せいれい"},{"text":"崇拝","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"対象","gloss":"objects","reading":"たいしょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were regarded"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were regarded"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"were regarded"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were regarded"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.003.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.004","source":"部落の 共同生活が 進むにつれて、どんな事が 行なわれる様に なりましたか。","translation":"As communal life in the villages developed, what practice arose?","reading":"ぶらくのきょうどうせいかつがすすむにつれて、どんなことがおこなわれるようになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"部落","gloss":"villages","reading":"ぶらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"共同","gloss":"community","reading":"きょうどう"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"life","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"進む","gloss":"developed","reading":"すすむ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"practice","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行なわ","gloss":"came to be practiced","reading":"おこなわ"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"came to be practiced"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.004.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.005","source":"祭は だれが つかさどる様に なりましたか。","translation":"Who came to preside over the festivals?","reading":"まつりはだれがつかさどるようになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"祭","gloss":"festivals","reading":"まつり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つかさどる","gloss":"preside over"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"came to"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"came to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"came to"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.005.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.006","source":"神を 祭る事は、どんな 役目をしていましたか。","translation":"What function did worshiping the gods serve?","reading":"かみをまつることは、どんなやくめをしていましたか。","words":[{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"祭る","gloss":"worship","reading":"まつる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"役目","gloss":"function","reading":"やくめ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"served"},{"text":"て","gloss":"served"},{"text":"い","gloss":"served"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"served"},{"text":"た","gloss":"served"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（一）——","gloss":"one"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Deities, blended faiths and prayers · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Deities, prayers, and symbols","paragraphs":["*氏神には どんな 事を 祈りますか* asks \"What do people pray to the clan deity for?\" An answer gives family safety and a good harvest.","The other answers identify Amaterasu, the blending of Shinto and Buddhism, and sectarian Shinto. *鳥居* is \"the gate of a Shinto shrine\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.007","source":"日本民族の 共通の 祖先神は、だれでしたか。","translation":"Who was the common ancestral deity of the Japanese people?","reading":"にほんみんぞくのきょうつうのそせんしんは、だれでしたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"民族","gloss":"people","reading":"みんぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"共通","gloss":"common","reading":"きょうつう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"祖先","gloss":"ancestral","reading":"そせん"},{"text":"神","gloss":"deity","reading":"しん"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.007.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.008","source":"奈良時代になると、どんな 宗教思想が起りましたか。","translation":"What religious belief arose in the Nara period?","reading":"ならじだいになると、どんなしゅうきょうしそうがおこりましたか。","words":[{"text":"奈良","gloss":"Nara period","reading":"なら"},{"text":"時代","gloss":"Nara period","reading":"じだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"became"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religious","reading":"しゅうきょう"},{"text":"思想","gloss":"belief","reading":"しそう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起り","gloss":"arose","reading":"おこり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"arose"},{"text":"た","gloss":"arose"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.008.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.009","source":"この 思想によると、神と仏の 関係は どうですか。","translation":"According to this belief, what is the relationship between gods and Buddhas?","reading":"このしそうによると、かみとほとけのかんけいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"思想","gloss":"belief","reading":"しそう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"神","gloss":"gods","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"仏","gloss":"Buddhas","reading":"ほとけ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"関係","gloss":"relationship","reading":"かんけい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.009.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.010","source":"教派神道とは、どんな 神道ですか。","translation":"What kind of Shinto is Sect Shinto?","reading":"きょうはしんとうとは、どんなしんとうですか。","words":[{"text":"教派","gloss":"sectarian","reading":"きょうは"},{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.010.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.011","source":"氏神には どんな 事を 祈りますか。","translation":"What do people pray to the clan deity for?","reading":"うじがみにはどんなことをいのりますか。","words":[{"text":"氏神","gloss":"clan deity","reading":"うじがみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"祈り","gloss":"pray","reading":"いのり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.011.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L135.q.012","source":"鳥居というのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is a torii?","reading":"とりいというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"鳥居","gloss":"torii","reading":"とりい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.q.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"関係","gloss":"relationship"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Religion, spirits and community words · Word list 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Religion and community","paragraphs":["This set moves from religion to its objects and its community. *神道* means \"Shintoism\", while *精霊* means \"spirit\" or \"soul\".","*共同生活* means \"community life\". It names the shared village life in which common forms of worship developed."]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.001","source":"宗教","translation":"religion","reading":"しゅうきょう","words":[{"text":"宗教","gloss":"religion","reading":"しゅうきょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.001.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.002","source":"神道","translation":"Shintoism","reading":"しんとう","words":[{"text":"神道","gloss":"Shinto","reading":"しんとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.002.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.003","source":"原始的な","translation":"primitive","reading":"げんしてきな","words":[{"text":"原始的な","gloss":"primitive","reading":"げんしてきな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.003.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.004","source":"太陽","translation":"sun","reading":"たいよう","words":[{"text":"太陽","gloss":"sun","reading":"たいよう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.004.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.005","source":"対象","translation":"object; subject","reading":"たいしょう","words":[{"text":"対象","gloss":"object or subject","reading":"たいしょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.005.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.006","source":"崇拝","translation":"worship","reading":"すうはい","words":[{"text":"崇拝","gloss":"worship","reading":"すうはい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.006.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.007","source":"精霊","translation":"spirit; soul","reading":"せいれい","words":[{"text":"精霊","gloss":"spirit or soul","reading":"せいれい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.007.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.008","source":"部落","translation":"village; settlement","reading":"ぶらく","words":[{"text":"部落","gloss":"village or settlement","reading":"ぶらく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.008.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.009","source":"共同生活","translation":"collective life; community life","reading":"きょうどうせいかつ","words":[{"text":"共同生活","gloss":"community life","reading":"きょうどうせいかつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.009.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.010","source":"共同の","translation":"common; joint","reading":"きょうどうの","words":[{"text":"共同の","gloss":"common or joint","reading":"きょうどうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"原始的な","gloss":"primitive"},{"word":"崇拝","gloss":"worship"},{"word":"共同生活","gloss":"collective life; community life"},{"word":"共同の","gloss":"common; joint"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ancestors, ceremonies and government words · Word list 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Worship and village leadership","paragraphs":["This set connects worship with leadership and government. *神を祭る* means \"to enshrine God\" or \"deify\", and *つかさどる* means \"preside over\".","*鳥居* means \"the gate of a Shinto shrine\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.011","source":"祖先","translation":"ancestor","reading":"そせん","words":[{"text":"祖先","gloss":"ancestor","reading":"そせん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.011.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.012","source":"神を祭る","translation":"to enshrine God; deify","reading":"かみをまつる","words":[{"text":"神を祭る","gloss":"worship a god","reading":"かみをまつる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.012.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.013","source":"かしら","translation":"chief; leader","reading":"かしら","words":[{"text":"かしら","gloss":"chief or leader"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.013.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.014","source":"つかさどる","translation":"preside over; take charge of; manage","reading":"つかさどる","words":[{"text":"つかさどる","gloss":"preside over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.014.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.015","source":"治める","translation":"rule over; govern","reading":"おさめる","words":[{"text":"治める","gloss":"govern","reading":"おさめる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.015.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.016","source":"役目をする","translation":"perform a duty; serve for","reading":"やくめをする","words":[{"text":"役目をする","gloss":"perform a duty","reading":"やくめをする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.016.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.017","source":"政治","translation":"affairs of the state","reading":"せいじ","words":[{"text":"政治","gloss":"state affairs","reading":"せいじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.017.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.018","source":"鳥居","translation":"the gate of a Shinto shrine","reading":"とりい","words":[{"text":"鳥居","gloss":"Shinto shrine gate","reading":"とりい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.018.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.019","source":"共通の","translation":"common","reading":"きょうつうの","words":[{"text":"共通の","gloss":"common","reading":"きょうつうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.019.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.020","source":"儀式","translation":"ceremony","reading":"ぎしき","words":[{"text":"儀式","gloss":"ceremony","reading":"ぎしき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"神を祭る","gloss":"to enshrine God; deify"},{"word":"役目をする","gloss":"perform a duty; serve for"},{"word":"共通の","gloss":"common"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Native and blended religion words · Word list 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Local deities and blended faiths","paragraphs":["*氏神* and *鎮守の神* both mean \"tutelary deity\". These words name deities connected with a local community.","*神仏習合* means \"the blending of Buddhism and Shintoism\". The set also names *天照大神*, \"the Sun Goddess\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.021","source":"整える","translation":"put things in order","reading":"ととのえる","words":[{"text":"整える","gloss":"put in order","reading":"ととのえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.021.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.022","source":"部落民","translation":"village people","reading":"ぶらくみん","words":[{"text":"部落民","gloss":"village people","reading":"ぶらくみん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.022.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.023","source":"儒教","translation":"Confucianism","reading":"じゅきょう","words":[{"text":"儒教","gloss":"Confucianism","reading":"じゅきょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.023.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.024","source":"生じる","translation":"create; come about","reading":"しょうじる","words":[{"text":"生じる","gloss":"come about","reading":"しょうじる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.024.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.025","source":"氏神","translation":"tutelary deity","reading":"うじがみ","words":[{"text":"氏神","gloss":"guardian deity","reading":"うじがみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.025.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.026","source":"鎮守の神","translation":"tutelary deity","reading":"ちんじゅのかみ","words":[{"text":"鎮守の神","gloss":"guardian deity","reading":"ちんじゅのかみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.026.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.027","source":"天照大神","translation":"the Sun Goddess","reading":"あまてらすおおみかみ","words":[{"text":"天照大神","gloss":"Sun Goddess","reading":"あまてらすおおみかみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.027.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.028","source":"日本固有の","translation":"native to Japan","reading":"にほんこゆうの","words":[{"text":"日本固有の","gloss":"native to Japan","reading":"にほんこゆうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.028.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.029","source":"習合する","translation":"to blend and harmonize","reading":"しゅうごうする","words":[{"text":"習合する","gloss":"blend and harmonize","reading":"しゅうごうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.029.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.030","source":"神仏習合","translation":"blending and harmonizing of the teaching of Buddhism and Shintoism","reading":"しんぶつしゅうごう","words":[{"text":"神仏習合","gloss":"Shinto-Buddhist syncretism","reading":"しんぶつしゅうごう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.030.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"整える","gloss":"put things in order"},{"word":"部落民","gloss":"village people"},{"word":"儒教","gloss":"Confucianism"},{"word":"生じる","gloss":"create; come about"},{"word":"鎮守の神","gloss":"tutelary deity"},{"word":"天照大神","gloss":"the Sun Goddess"},{"word":"日本固有の","gloss":"native to Japan"},{"word":"習合する","gloss":"to blend and harmonize"},{"word":"神仏習合","gloss":"blending and harmonizing of the teaching of Buddhism and Shintoism"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Religious sects and harvest prayers · Word list 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Sects and prayers","paragraphs":["This set joins religious ideas with the aims of prayer. *教派神道* means \"sectarian Shinto\".","*家内安全* names \"the well-being of one's family\". *豊作* means \"a good harvest\" or \"an abundant crop\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.031","source":"宗教思想","translation":"religious ideas","reading":"しゅうきょうしそう","words":[{"text":"宗教思想","gloss":"religious ideas","reading":"しゅうきょうしそう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.031.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.032","source":"起る","translation":"to come about","reading":"おこる","words":[{"text":"起る","gloss":"come about","reading":"おこる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.032.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.033","source":"明治初年","translation":"early years of Meiji","reading":"めいじしょねん","words":[{"text":"明治初年","gloss":"early Meiji years","reading":"めいじしょねん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.033.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.034","source":"本身","translation":"true body","reading":"ほんしん","words":[{"text":"本身","gloss":"true body","reading":"ほんしん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.034.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.035","source":"民族","translation":"race, people","reading":"みんぞく","words":[{"text":"民族","gloss":"people","reading":"みんぞく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.035.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.036","source":"仏","translation":"Buddha","reading":"ほとけ","words":[{"text":"仏","gloss":"Buddha","reading":"ほとけ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.036.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.037","source":"神儒仏三教一致の","translation":"conformity of three teachings of Shintoi Confucianism, and Buddhism","reading":"しんじゅぶつさんきょういっちの","words":[{"text":"神儒仏三教一致の","gloss":"three-teaching unity","reading":"しんじゅぶつさんきょういっちの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.037.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.038","source":"教派神道","translation":"Kyooha Shinto; sectarian Shinto","reading":"きょうはしんとう","words":[{"text":"教派神道","gloss":"sectarian Shinto","reading":"きょうはしんとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.038.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.039","source":"家内安全","translation":"•well being of one’s f amily","reading":"かないあんぜん","words":[{"text":"家内安全","gloss":"family well-being","reading":"かないあんぜん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.039.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.040","source":"豊作","translation":"good harvest; abundant crop","reading":"ほうさく","words":[{"text":"豊作","gloss":"abundant harvest","reading":"ほうさく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.040.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"宗教思想","gloss":"religious ideas"},{"word":"起る","gloss":"to come about"},{"word":"明治初年","gloss":"early years of Meiji"},{"word":"神儒仏三教一致の","gloss":"conformity of three teachings of Shintoi Confucianism, and Buddhism"},{"word":"教派神道","gloss":"Kyooha Shinto; sectarian Shinto"},{"word":"家内安全","gloss":"•well being of one’s f amily"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Faith, festivals and pilgrimage words · Word list 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Faith and pilgrimage","paragraphs":["This set covers worship at shrines and temples. *参拝* means \"worship\" or \"visit\", while *伊勢参宮* means \"pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine\".","*参宮を遂げる* means \"to make a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine\". *念願する* means \"to desire\" or \"wish for\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.041","source":"祈る","translation":"to pray","reading":"いのる","words":[{"text":"祈る","gloss":"pray","reading":"いのる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.041.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.042","source":"信仰","translation":"faith; belief","reading":"しんこう","words":[{"text":"信仰","gloss":"faith","reading":"しんこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.042.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.043","source":"祭礼","translation":"festival, rituals","reading":"さいれい","words":[{"text":"祭礼","gloss":"festival rituals","reading":"さいれい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.043.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.044","source":"全国的に","translation":"throughout the land","reading":"ぜんこくてきに","words":[{"text":"全国的に","gloss":"throughout the land","reading":"ぜんこくてきに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.044.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.045","source":"社寺","translation":"shrines and temples","reading":"しゃじ","words":[{"text":"社寺","gloss":"shrines and temples","reading":"しゃじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.045.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.046","source":"参拝","translation":"worship; visit","reading":"さんぱい","words":[{"text":"参拝","gloss":"worship visit","reading":"さんぱい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.046.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.047","source":"伊勢参宮","translation":"pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine","reading":"いせさんぐう","words":[{"text":"伊勢参宮","gloss":"Ise Shrine pilgrimage","reading":"いせさんぐう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.047.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.048","source":"一生のうち","translation":"during one’s lifetiir","reading":"いっしょうのうち","words":[{"text":"一生のうち","gloss":"during one's lifetime","reading":"いっしょうのうち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.048.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.049","source":"参宮を遂げる","translation":"to make a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine","reading":"さんぐうをとげる","words":[{"text":"参宮を遂げる","gloss":"make an Ise pilgrimage","reading":"さんぐうをとげる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.049.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L135.w.050","source":"念願する","translation":"to desire; wish for","reading":"ねんがんする","words":[{"text":"念願する","gloss":"earnestly wish for","reading":"ねんがんする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L135.w.050.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics;\n\na Talk about the following topics in Japanese with your classmates.\n\n(1) Objects of worship in Shintoism.\n\n(2) Different types of shrines.\n\n(3) Different types of Shintoism and their origin.\n\n2 Exercise;\n\na Interpretation Exercise; Person A (American) asks questions in English, Person B (Interpreter) translates it into Japanese, Person C (Japanese) answers in Japanese, and Person B again translates it back into English.\n\n(1) In the olden days what kind of worship was practiced?\n\n(1) 自然崇拝や 精霊崇拝が 行なわれていました。\n\n(2) What were the objects of worship?\n\n(2) 太陽や月、山や川、木や石、その他、動物や作物を 対象とした 崇拝が 行なわれていました。\n\n(3) What was the common god of the Japanese race?\n\n(3) 天照大神でした。\n\n(4) What is a torii?\n\n(4) 神社の 象徴です。各神社には 一つ または それ以上の 鳥居があります。\n\n(5) What is the most developed Shintoism?\n\n(5) 氏神を 中心とする 神社神道が 最も 発展しています。"},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given,\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"全国的に","gloss":"throughout the land"},{"word":"伊勢参宮","gloss":"pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine"},{"word":"一生のうち","gloss":"during one’s lifetiir"},{"word":"参宮を遂げる","gloss":"to make a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine"},{"word":"念願する","gloss":"to desire; wish for"}],"paradigms":[]}]}