{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L141","title":"Lesson 141","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 141: court levels and supreme court · narration 1 of 2, appeals, people in criminal trials · questions 1 of 4, judicial authority and family courts · questions 2 of 4, supreme court judges and duties · questions 3 of 4, lower courts and litigants · questions 4 of 4, court hierarchy and family courts · word list 1 of 3, crimes.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/139","lines":79},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/138","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/140","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Court levels and Supreme Court · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Four levels of courts","paragraphs":["*裁判所には最高裁判所（東京に一つ）、高等裁判所、地方裁判所 及び簡易裁判所の四段階がある* names the Supreme Court, high courts, district courts, and summary courts as four levels.","*又 地方裁判所とならんで家庭内の問題や少年の保護などを取りあつかう家庭裁判所がある* adds family courts alongside district courts. They handle family problems and juvenile protection."]},{"title":"The final court","paragraphs":["*最高裁判所は終審裁判所で、裁判所全体の規則を* identifies the Supreme Court as the court of final appeal and begins its duties.","*つくったり、国会でつくられた法律が憲法に反しているかどうかを調べたりする* completes the sentence. The court makes system-wide rules and reviews laws against the Constitution."]},{"title":"Kanji: 判","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 調","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 易","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.001","source":"司法というのは法律に基づいて裁判を行なう事で、司法権は裁判所にある。","translation":"The administration of justice means conducting trials based on the law, and judicial authority rests with the courts.","reading":"しほおというのはほおりつにもとづいてさいばんをおこなうことで、しほおけんはさいばんしょにある。","words":[{"text":"司法","gloss":"administration of justice","reading":"しほお"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"法律","gloss":"law","reading":"ほおりつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"基づい","gloss":"based on","reading":"もとづい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"based on"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"trials","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なう","gloss":"conducting","reading":"おこなう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is, and"},{"text":"司法","gloss":"judicial authority","reading":"しほお"},{"text":"権","gloss":"judicial authority","reading":"けん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"courts","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"所","gloss":"courts","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"rests"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.002","source":"裁判所には最高裁判所（東京に一つ）、高等裁判所、地方裁判所 及び簡易裁判所の四段階がある。","translation":"There are four levels of courts: the Supreme Court (one in Tokyo), high courts, district courts, and summary courts.","reading":"さいばんしょにはさいこうさいばんしょ（とうきょうにひとつ）、こうとうさいばんしょ、ちほおさいばんしょおよびかんいさいばんしょのよんだんかいがある。","words":[{"text":"裁判","gloss":"courts","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"所","gloss":"courts","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"（東京","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ）、","gloss":"one"},{"text":"高等","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"所、","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"及び","gloss":"and"},{"text":"簡易","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"段階","gloss":"levels"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.003","source":"又 地方裁判所とならんで家庭内の問題や少年の保護などを取りあつかう家庭裁判所がある。","translation":"There are also family courts alongside the district courts, which handle family problems, the protection of juveniles, and similar matters.","reading":"またちほおさいばんしょとならんでかていないのもんだいやしょおねんのほごなどをとりあつかうかていさいばんしょがある。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ならん","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"で","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"家庭","gloss":"within families","reading":"かてい"},{"text":"内","gloss":"within families","reading":"ない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problems","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"少年","gloss":"juveniles","reading":"しょおねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"保護","gloss":"protection","reading":"ほご"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and similar matters"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"取りあつかう","gloss":"handle"},{"text":"家庭","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.004","source":"最高裁判所の長官は内閣の指名によって天皇が任命され、その他十四人の裁判官は内閣が任命する。","translation":"The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Emperor upon nomination by the Cabinet, and the other fourteen justices are appointed by the Cabinet.","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょのちょおかんはないかくのしめいによっててんのおがにんめいされ、そのたじゅうよにんのさいばんかんはないかくがにんめいする。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長官","gloss":"Chief Justice","reading":"ちょおかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"内閣","gloss":"Cabinet","reading":"ないかく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"指名","gloss":"nomination","reading":"しめい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by means of"},{"text":"て","gloss":"by means of"},{"text":"天皇","gloss":"Emperor","reading":"てんのお"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"任命","gloss":"is appointed","reading":"にんめい"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"is appointed"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"is appointed"},{"text":"その","gloss":"other"},{"text":"他","gloss":"other"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"人","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"justices","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"justices","reading":"かん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"内閣","gloss":"Cabinet","reading":"ないかく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"任命","gloss":"appoints","reading":"にんめい"},{"text":"する。","gloss":"does"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.005","source":"最高裁判所は終審裁判所で、裁判所全体の規則を","translation":"The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal, and it","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょはしゅうしんさいばんしょで、さいばんしょぜんたいのきそくを","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"終審","gloss":"final appeal court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"final appeal court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"final appeal court"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is, and"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"courts"},{"text":"全体","gloss":"entire"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"規則","gloss":"rules","reading":"きそく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.006","source":"つくったり、国会でつくられた法律が憲法に反しているかどうかを調べたりする。","translation":"makes rules for the entire court system and examines whether laws made by the Diet violate the Constitution.","reading":"つくったり、こっかいでつくられたほおりつがけんぽおにはんしているかどうかをしらべたりする。","words":[{"text":"つくっ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"国会","gloss":"Diet","reading":"こっかい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"つくら","gloss":"were made"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were made"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were made"},{"text":"法律","gloss":"laws","reading":"ほおりつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"憲法","gloss":"Constitution","reading":"けんぽお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"against"},{"text":"反し","gloss":"violate","reading":"はんし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"violate"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"violate"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"調べ","gloss":"examines","reading":"しらべ"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"examines"},{"text":"する。","gloss":"examines"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.007","source":"高等裁判所は東京、名古屋、大阪、広島、福岡、仙台、高松、札幌に一つずつある。","translation":"There is one high court in each of the following cities: Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Sendai, Takamatsu, and Sapporo.","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょはとうきょう、なごや、おおさか、ひろしま、ふくおか、せんだい、たかまつ、さっぽろにひとつずつある。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京、","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"名古屋、","gloss":"Nagoya","reading":"なごや"},{"text":"大阪、","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"広島、","gloss":"Hiroshima","reading":"ひろしま"},{"text":"福岡、","gloss":"Fukuoka","reading":"ふくおか"},{"text":"仙台、","gloss":"Sendai","reading":"せんだい"},{"text":"高松、","gloss":"Takamatsu","reading":"たかまつ"},{"text":"札幌","gloss":"Sapporo","reading":"さっぽろ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"ずつ","gloss":"each"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exists"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"1 Structure of the Judiciary System in Japan\nThe Judicial hierarchy consists of the Supreme Court and four categories of inferior courts: high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts. Judicial power, including the power to interpret the Constitution, is vested in the Supreme Court and in inferior courts as established by law. The Supreme Court has extensive disciplinary powers over the inferior courts.\nSupreme Court justices, who must have reached the age of forty at appointment, must be “persons of broad vision and extensive knowledge of the law.” A majority of the members of the Court are required to have had ten years professional experience in the legal field. Appointments are permanent, with retirement compulsory at the age of seventy. The Supreme Court justice can be recalled, however, through a “review system” in which the people at the first general election of members of the House of Representatives following the justices' appointment can vote against the appointment. Thereafter, the Supreme Court justices must submit to this review process at the first general election after serving ten years on the bench. A court of impeachment may also be organized for this purpose within the Diet.\nThe High Courts generally function as courts of appeal but also have original jurisdiction over cases of armed revolt. Judges are appointed by the Cabinet but they must be selected from a list submitted by the Supreme Court. High courts consist of five judges each. Sittings are either as a full bench or in panels of three.\nEach of the District Courts, situated in forty-nine different cities, has original jurisdiction in all criminal and civil cases except petty offenses involving light fines and certain cases specifically placed under the jurisdiction of other courts.\nThe forty-nine Family Courts, which are on a level with the District Courts, have original jurisdiction in family disputes. Their work, which is associated with the drastic transformation in the legal position of women and children in Japan, may broadly be divided into two spheres; that of such domestic problems as inheritances, divorce, the rehabilitation of minors, appointment of legacies and similar matters formerly decided by the head of the family under Japan’s family system, and that of juvenile crimes and delinquency.\nSummary Courts are located in 570 cities and towns. These courts generally perform the functions of small courts and justices of peace in the United States. They have original jurisdiction over minor offenses and small civil claims.\nAll judges of District, Family, and Summary Courts are appointed by the Cabinet from a list of nominees prepared by the Supreme Court.\nThe jury system, first established in Japan in 1923 and suspended in 1943, did not take root in the country and has not been reestablished, although regulations governing court organization do not prohibit the selection of a jury for criminal cases. Various factors contributed to the abandonment of the system—lack of popular confidence, financial cost, incompatibility with the legal tradition, and the fact that most litigants preferred to rely upon the professional knowledge and integrity of the judges."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"司法","gloss":"judicial"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"法律","gloss":"law"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"裁判","gloss":"trial; judgment"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"段階","gloss":"steps; grade; rank"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"少年","gloss":"youth, boy, juvenile"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"長官","gloss":"chief; head"},{"word":"内閣","gloss":"cabinet"},{"word":"天皇","gloss":"emperor"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"全体","gloss":"the whole"},{"word":"国会","gloss":"Diet"},{"word":"憲法","gloss":"constitution"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"名古屋、","gloss":"P. N."},{"word":"仙台、","gloss":"P. N."},{"word":"ずつ","gloss":"each (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Appeals, lower courts and crimes · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"What each court handles","paragraphs":["*高等裁判所は普通下級裁判所の控訴裁判所であるが、叛乱なども裁く* says that high courts usually hear lower-court appeals and also try rebellion cases.","*地方裁判所は全国に四十九あり、民事事件、刑事事件はほとんど全部ここで裁かれる* says that forty-nine district courts try almost all civil and criminal cases."]},{"title":"Judges appointed by the Cabinet","paragraphs":["*地方裁判所、家庭裁判所、簡易裁判所の裁判官は内閣の任命による* states that the Cabinet appoints the judges of three lower courts.","The Cabinet appoints these district, family, and summary court judges. It also appoints the five judges of each high court."]},{"title":"Kanji: 件","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 罪","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 犯","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 強","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.008","source":"高等裁判所の五人の裁判官は内閣が任命する。","translation":"The five judges of each high court are appointed by the Cabinet.","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょのごにんのさいばんかんはないかくがにんめいする。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"人","gloss":"five","reading":"にん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"judges","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"judges","reading":"かん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"内閣","gloss":"Cabinet","reading":"ないかく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"任命","gloss":"appoints","reading":"にんめい"},{"text":"する。","gloss":"does"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.009","source":"高等裁判所は普通下級裁判所の控訴裁判所であるが、叛乱なども裁く。","translation":"A high court is ordinarily a court of appeal for the lower courts, but it also tries cases such as rebellion.","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょはふつうかきゅうさいばんしょのこうそさいばんしょであるが、はんらんなどもさばく。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"普通","gloss":"ordinarily"},{"text":"下級","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"控訴","gloss":"appeal court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"appeal court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"appeal court"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"叛乱","gloss":"rebellion","reading":"はんらん"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and similar cases"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"裁く。","gloss":"tries","reading":"さばく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.010","source":"地方裁判所は全国に四十九あり、民事事件、刑事事件はほとんど全部ここで裁かれる。","translation":"There are forty-nine district courts throughout the country, and almost all civil and criminal cases are tried there.","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょはぜんこくによんじゅうきゅうあり、みんじじけん、けいじじけんはほとんどぜんぶここでさばかれる。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty-nine","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"九","gloss":"forty-nine","reading":"きゅう"},{"text":"あり、","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"民事","gloss":"civil cases","reading":"みんじ"},{"text":"事件、","gloss":"civil cases","reading":"じけん"},{"text":"刑事","gloss":"criminal cases","reading":"けいじ"},{"text":"事件","gloss":"criminal cases","reading":"じけん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"全部","gloss":"all","reading":"ぜんぶ"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"裁か","gloss":"are tried","reading":"さばか"},{"text":"れる。","gloss":"are tried"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.011","source":"家庭裁判所も全国に四十九ある。","translation":"There are also forty-nine family courts throughout the country.","reading":"かていさいばんしょもぜんこくによんじゅうきゅうある。","words":[{"text":"家庭","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty-nine","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"九","gloss":"forty-nine","reading":"きゅう"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.012","source":"地方裁判所、家庭裁判所、簡易裁判所の裁判官は内閣の任命による。","translation":"The judges of the district courts, family courts, and summary courts are appointed by the Cabinet.","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょ、かていさいばんしょ、かんいさいばんしょのさいばんかんはないかくのにんめいによる。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所、","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"家庭","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"所、","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"簡易","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"summary courts"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"judges"},{"text":"官","gloss":"judges"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"内閣","gloss":"Cabinet"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"任命","gloss":"appointment"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よる。","gloss":"by"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L141.rd.013","source":"殺人、窃盗、放火、強盗、強姦などの罪を犯した者を裁く事。","translation":"Trying people who have committed crimes such as murder, theft, arson, robbery, and rape.","reading":"さつじん、せっとお、ほおか、ごおとお、ごおかんなどのつみをおかしたものをさばくこと。","words":[{"text":"殺人、","gloss":"murder"},{"text":"窃盗、","gloss":"theft"},{"text":"放火、","gloss":"arson"},{"text":"強盗、","gloss":"robbery"},{"text":"強姦","gloss":"rape"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and similar crimes"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"罪","gloss":"crimes","reading":"つみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"犯し","gloss":"committed","reading":"おかし"},{"text":"た","gloss":"committed"},{"text":"者","gloss":"people","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"裁く","gloss":"trying","reading":"さばく"},{"text":"事。","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.rd.013.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"叛乱","gloss":"rebellion; revolt"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"裁く。","gloss":"judge; pass judgment (v.t.)"},{"word":"全国","gloss":"entire country"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"れる。","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"殺人、","gloss":"murder"},{"word":"窃盗、","gloss":"theft"},{"word":"放火、","gloss":"arson"},{"word":"強盗、","gloss":"armed robbery"},{"word":"強姦","gloss":"rape"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"People in criminal trials · Questions 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"People in a trial","paragraphs":["The terms identify people in civil and criminal trials. *原告＝訴えた者* means \"Plaintiff = the person who brought the suit.\"","*被告＝訴えられた者* means \"Defendant = the person who was sued.\"","*判事*, *検事*, and *弁護士* name the judge, public prosecutor, and attorney."]}],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.001","source":"「司法」","translation":"“The administration of justice”","reading":"「しほお」","words":[{"text":"「司法」","gloss":"administration of justice","reading":"しほお"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.001.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.002","source":"裁判に関する言葉","translation":"Words related to trials","reading":"さいばんにかんすることば","words":[{"text":"裁判","gloss":"trials","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"関する","gloss":"related to","reading":"かんする"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.002.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.003","source":"原告＝訴えた者","translation":"Plaintiff = the person who brought the suit","reading":"げんこく＝うったえたもの","words":[{"text":"原告＝","gloss":"plaintiff","reading":"げんこく"},{"text":"訴え","gloss":"brought suit","reading":"うったえ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"brought suit"},{"text":"者","gloss":"person","reading":"もの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.003.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.004","source":"被告＝訴えられた者","translation":"Defendant = the person who was sued","reading":"ひこく＝うったえられたもの","words":[{"text":"被告＝","gloss":"defendant","reading":"ひこく"},{"text":"訴え","gloss":"was sued","reading":"うったえ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was sued"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was sued"},{"text":"者","gloss":"person","reading":"もの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.004.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.005","source":"刑事裁判","translation":"Criminal trial","reading":"けいじさいばん","words":[{"text":"刑事","gloss":"criminal","reading":"けいじ"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"trial","reading":"さいばん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.005.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.006","source":"判事","translation":"Judge","reading":"はんじ","words":[{"text":"判事","gloss":"judge","reading":"はんじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.006.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.007","source":"検事","translation":"Public prosecutor","reading":"けんじ","words":[{"text":"検事","gloss":"public prosecutor","reading":"けんじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.007.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.008","source":"弁護士","translation":"Attorney","reading":"べんごし","words":[{"text":"弁護","gloss":"attorney","reading":"べんご"},{"text":"士","gloss":"attorney","reading":"し"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"「司法」","gloss":"judicial"},{"word":"原告＝","gloss":"plaintiff; accuser"},{"word":"被告＝","gloss":"defendant; accused"},{"word":"判事","gloss":"a judge"},{"word":"検事","gloss":"public procurator"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Judicial authority and family courts · Questions 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Authority and court levels","paragraphs":["The questions ask what the administration of justice means, where judicial authority rests, and how the courts are organized.","*司法権はどこにありますか* means \"Where does judicial authority rest?\" An answer names the courts.","Other answers name the four court levels and state that family courts handle family problems and juvenile protection."]}],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.009","source":"証人・証拠・","translation":"Witness; evidence;","reading":"しょうにん・しょうこ・","words":[{"text":"証人・","gloss":"witness","reading":"しょうにん"},{"text":"証拠・","gloss":"evidence","reading":"しょうこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.009.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.010","source":"日本語で 次の質問に 答えてください。","translation":"Please answer the following questions in Japanese.","reading":"にほんごでつぎのしつもんにこたえてください。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"次","gloss":"following","reading":"つぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"質問","gloss":"questions","reading":"しつもん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"答え","gloss":"answer","reading":"こたえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.010.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.011","source":"司法というのは何ですか。","translation":"What does the administration of justice mean?","reading":"しほおというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"司法","gloss":"administration of justice","reading":"しほお"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.011.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.012","source":"司法権はどこにありますか。","translation":"Where does judicial authority rest?","reading":"しほおけんはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"司法","gloss":"judicial authority","reading":"しほお"},{"text":"権","gloss":"judicial authority","reading":"けん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.012.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.013","source":"裁判所には何段階ありますか。","translation":"How many levels of courts are there?","reading":"さいばんしょにはなんだんかいありますか。","words":[{"text":"裁判","gloss":"courts","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"所","gloss":"courts","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"段階","gloss":"levels","reading":"だんかい"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.013.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.014","source":"それは何と何と何と何ですか。","translation":"What are those four levels?","reading":"それはなんとなんとなんとなんですか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.014.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.015","source":"地方裁判所とならんで何という裁判所がありますか。","translation":"What kind of court is there alongside the district courts?","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょとならんでなんというさいばんしょがありますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"district court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district court"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ならん","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"で","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"court","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"所","gloss":"court","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.015.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.016","source":"家庭裁判所ではどんな事をしますか。","translation":"What kinds of matters do family courts handle?","reading":"かていさいばんしょではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"家庭","gloss":"family court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"family court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"family court"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matters","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"証人・","gloss":"witness"},{"word":"証拠・","gloss":"evidence"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Supreme Court judges and duties · Questions 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The Supreme Court and high courts","paragraphs":["The questions ask about the justices, appointment, location, status, and duties of the Supreme Court.","*最高裁判所ではどんな事をしますか* means \"What does the Supreme Court do?\" An answer names its rulemaking and constitutional review duties.","Other answers identify the Supreme Court as the final court in Tokyo and give the number and locations of the high courts."]}],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.017","source":"最高裁判所には裁判官が何人居ますか。","translation":"How many justices are there on the Supreme Court?","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょにはさいばんかんがなんにんいますか。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"justices","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"justices","reading":"かん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.017.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.018","source":"最高裁判所の長官はだれがえらびますか。","translation":"Who selects the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょのちょおかんはだれがえらびますか。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"長官","gloss":"Chief Justice","reading":"ちょおかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"えらび","gloss":"selects"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.018.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.019","source":"その他十四人の裁判官はだれがえらびますか。","translation":"Who selects the other fourteen justices?","reading":"そのたじゅうよにんのさいばんかんはだれがえらびますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"other"},{"text":"他","gloss":"other"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"justices","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"justices","reading":"かん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"えらび","gloss":"selects"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.019.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.020","source":"最高裁判所はどんな裁判所ですか。","translation":"What kind of court is the Supreme Court?","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょはどんなさいばんしょですか。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"court","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"所","gloss":"court","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.020.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.021","source":"最高裁判所ではどんな事をしますか。","translation":"What does the Supreme Court do?","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matters","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.021.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.022","source":"最高裁判所はどこにありますか。","translation":"Where is the Supreme Court?","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"最高","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"Supreme Court"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is located"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.022.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.023","source":"高等裁判所はいくつありますか。","translation":"How many high courts are there?","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょはいくつありますか。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.023.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.024","source":"それはどこにありますか。","translation":"Where are they?","reading":"それはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"they"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are located"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lower courts and litigants · Questions 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Lower courts and litigants","paragraphs":["The questions ask how many judges and courts there are, what the courts do, and who appoints their judges.","*高等裁判所ではどんな事をしますか* means \"What do the high courts do?\" An answer states that they hear appeals and try rebellion cases.","The final answers identify a plaintiff as the person who brought a suit and a defendant as the person sued."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.025","source":"高等裁判所には裁判官が何人居ますか。","translation":"How many judges are there in each high court?","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょにはさいばんかんがなんにんいますか。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high court"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"judges","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"judges","reading":"かん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.025.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.026","source":"高等裁判所ではどんな事をしますか。","translation":"What do the high courts do?","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"高等","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"high courts"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matters","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.026.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.027","source":"地方裁判所はいくつありますか。","translation":"How many district courts are there?","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょはいくつありますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.027.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.028","source":"地方裁判所ではどんな事をしますか。","translation":"What do the district courts do?","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"district courts"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matters","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.028.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.029","source":"家庭裁判所はいくつありますか。","translation":"How many family courts are there?","reading":"かていさいばんしょはいくつありますか。","words":[{"text":"家庭","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"family courts"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.029.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.030","source":"これらの下級裁判所の裁判官は、だれがえらびますか。","translation":"Who selects the judges of these lower courts?","reading":"これらのかきゅうさいばんしょのさいばんかんは、だれがえらびますか。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"下級","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"所","gloss":"lower courts"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"裁判","gloss":"judges","reading":"さいばん"},{"text":"官","gloss":"judges","reading":"かん"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"えらび","gloss":"selects"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.030.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.031","source":"原告というのはだれですか。","translation":"Who is a plaintiff?","reading":"げんこくというのはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"原告","gloss":"plaintiff","reading":"げんこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.031.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L141.q.032","source":"被告というのはだれですか。","translation":"Who is a defendant?","reading":"ひこくというのはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"被告","gloss":"defendant","reading":"ひこく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.q.032.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"原告","gloss":"plaintiff; accuser"},{"word":"被告","gloss":"defendant; accused"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Court hierarchy and family courts · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The court system","paragraphs":["These words name judicial authority, courts, their levels, and the people who lead or staff them.","*高等裁判所* means \"High Court,\" and *家庭裁判所* means \"Family court.\" *任命する* means \"appoint, nominate.\"","The court names share *裁判所*, the word for courts."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.001","source":"司法権","translation":"judicial power","reading":"しほおけん","words":[{"text":"司法権","gloss":"judicial power","reading":"しほおけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.001.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.002","source":"裁判所","translation":"courts","reading":"さいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"裁判所","gloss":"courts","reading":"さいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.002.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.003","source":"最高裁判所","translation":"Supreme Coiurt","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"最高裁判所","gloss":"Supreme Court","reading":"さいこうさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.003.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.004","source":"高等裁判所","translation":"High Court","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"高等裁判所","gloss":"High Court","reading":"こうとうさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.004.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.005","source":"地方裁判所","translation":"District Court","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"地方裁判所","gloss":"District Court","reading":"ちほおさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.005.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.006","source":"簡易裁判所","translation":"Summary Court","reading":"かんいさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"簡易裁判所","gloss":"Summary Court","reading":"かんいさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.006.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.007","source":"段階","translation":"steps; grade; rank","reading":"だんかい","words":[{"text":"段階","gloss":"level","reading":"だんかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.007.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.008","source":"家庭内の","translation":"within a family","reading":"かていないの","words":[{"text":"家庭内の","gloss":"within a family","reading":"かていないの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.008.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.009","source":"家庭裁判所","translation":"Family court","reading":"かていさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"家庭裁判所","gloss":"Family Court","reading":"かていさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.009.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.010","source":"長官","translation":"chief; head","reading":"ちょおかん","words":[{"text":"長官","gloss":"chief","reading":"ちょおかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.010.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.011","source":"任命する","translation":"appoint, nominate","reading":"にんめいする","words":[{"text":"任命する","gloss":"appoint","reading":"にんめいする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.011.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.012","source":"裁判官","translation":"judges","reading":"さいばんかん","words":[{"text":"裁判官","gloss":"judges","reading":"さいばんかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"司法権","gloss":"judicial power"},{"word":"裁判所","gloss":"courts"},{"word":"最高裁判所","gloss":"Supreme Coiurt"},{"word":"高等裁判所","gloss":"High Court"},{"word":"地方裁判所","gloss":"District Court"},{"word":"簡易裁判所","gloss":"Summary Court"},{"word":"家庭内の","gloss":"within a family"},{"word":"家庭裁判所","gloss":"Family court"},{"word":"任命する","gloss":"appoint, nominate"},{"word":"裁判官","gloss":"judges"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Appeals, cases and litigants · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Cases and litigants","paragraphs":["These words cover appeals, lower courts, civil and criminal cases, and the people on opposing sides of a lawsuit.","*終審裁判所* means \"court of last resort,\" and *民事事件* means \"civil case.\" *訴える* means \"sue.\"","*原告* names the plaintiff or accuser. *被告* names the defendant or accused."]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.013","source":"終審裁判所","translation":"court of last resort","reading":"しゅうしんさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"終審裁判所","gloss":"court of last resort","reading":"しゅうしんさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.013.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.014","source":"反する","translation":"violate; contrary to","reading":"はんする","words":[{"text":"反する","gloss":"violate","reading":"はんする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.014.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.015","source":"下級裁判所","translation":"lower courts","reading":"かきゅうさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"下級裁判所","gloss":"lower courts","reading":"かきゅうさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.015.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.016","source":"控訴裁判所","translation":"coxurt of appeal","reading":"こうそさいばんしょ","words":[{"text":"控訴裁判所","gloss":"court of appeal","reading":"こうそさいばんしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.016.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.017","source":"叛乱","translation":"rebellion; revolt","reading":"はんらん","words":[{"text":"叛乱","gloss":"rebellion","reading":"はんらん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.017.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.018","source":"裁く","translation":"judge; pass judgment (v.t.)","reading":"さばく","words":[{"text":"裁く","gloss":"pass judgment","reading":"さばく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.018.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.019","source":"民事事件","translation":"civil case","reading":"みんじじけん","words":[{"text":"民事事件","gloss":"civil case","reading":"みんじじけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.019.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.020","source":"刑事事件","translation":"criminal case","reading":"けいじじけん","words":[{"text":"刑事事件","gloss":"criminal case","reading":"けいじじけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.020.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.021","source":"原告","translation":"plaintiff; accuser","reading":"げんこく","words":[{"text":"原告","gloss":"plaintiff","reading":"げんこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.021.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.022","source":"被告","translation":"defendant; accused","reading":"ひこく","words":[{"text":"被告","gloss":"defendant","reading":"ひこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.022.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.023","source":"訴える","translation":"sue; bring a law suit","reading":"うったえる","words":[{"text":"訴える","gloss":"sue","reading":"うったえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.023.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.024","source":"殺人","translation":"murder","reading":"さつじん","words":[{"text":"殺人","gloss":"murder","reading":"さつじん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"終審裁判所","gloss":"court of last resort"},{"word":"反する","gloss":"violate; contrary to"},{"word":"下級裁判所","gloss":"lower courts"},{"word":"控訴裁判所","gloss":"coxurt of appeal"},{"word":"裁く","gloss":"judge; pass judgment (v.t.)"},{"word":"民事事件","gloss":"civil case"},{"word":"刑事事件","gloss":"criminal case"},{"word":"訴える","gloss":"sue; bring a law suit"},{"word":"殺人","gloss":"murder"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Crimes, lawyers and evidence · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Crimes and a trial","paragraphs":["These words name major crimes, committing a crime, legal professionals, witnesses, and evidence.","*窃盗* means \"theft,\" and *放火* means \"arson.\" *罪を犯す* means \"commit a crime.\"","*判事* means \"a judge,\" and *証拠* means \"evidence.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.025","source":"窃盗","translation":"theft","reading":"せっとう","words":[{"text":"窃盗","gloss":"theft","reading":"せっとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.025.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.026","source":"放火","translation":"arson","reading":"ほうか","words":[{"text":"放火","gloss":"arson","reading":"ほうか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.026.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.027","source":"強盗","translation":"armed robbery","reading":"ごうとう","words":[{"text":"強盗","gloss":"armed robbery","reading":"ごうとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.027.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.028","source":"強姦","translation":"rape","reading":"ごうかん","words":[{"text":"強姦","gloss":"rape","reading":"ごうかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.028.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.029","source":"罪を犯す","translation":"commit a crime","reading":"つみをおかす","words":[{"text":"罪を犯す","gloss":"commit a crime","reading":"つみをおかす"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.029.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.030","source":"判事","translation":"a judge","reading":"はんじ","words":[{"text":"判事","gloss":"judge","reading":"はんじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.030.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.031","source":"検事","translation":"public procurator","reading":"けんじ","words":[{"text":"検事","gloss":"public prosecutor","reading":"けんじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.031.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.032","source":"弁護士","translation":"lawyer; attorney","reading":"べんごし","words":[{"text":"弁護士","gloss":"lawyer","reading":"べんごし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.032.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.033","source":"証人","translation":"witness","reading":"しょうにん","words":[{"text":"証人","gloss":"witness","reading":"しょうにん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.033.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L141.w.034","source":"証拠","translation":"evidence","reading":"しょうこ","words":[{"text":"証拠","gloss":"evidence","reading":"しょうこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L141.w.034.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":2,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics;\n\na Talk about the following topics in Japanese with your classmates.\n\n(1) The Supreme Coixrt\n\n(2) The High Court\n\n(3) The District Court\n\n(4) The other Courts\n\n2 Exercises;\n\na Match the words in Column (A) with those of Column (B) and insert the letters of Column (B) in the spaces provided in Column (A).\n\n1 叛乱 （ ）\n\n2 原告 （ ）\n\n3 殺人 （ ）\n\n4 強盗 （ ）\n\n5 被告 （ ）\n\n6 窃盗 （ ）\n\n7 放火 （ ）\n\na defendant\n\nb arson\n\nc trial\n\nd civil case\n\ne rape\n\nf rebellion\n\ng plaintiff\n\n8 強姦 （ ）\n\n9 民事 （ ）\n\n10 裁判 （ ）\n\nh murder\n\ni armed robbery\n\nj theft"},{"section":3,"text":"Homewor k\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"窃盗","gloss":"theft"},{"word":"放火","gloss":"arson"},{"word":"強盗","gloss":"armed robbery"},{"word":"罪を犯す","gloss":"commit a crime"},{"word":"弁護士","gloss":"lawyer; attorney"},{"word":"証人","gloss":"witness"},{"word":"証拠","gloss":"evidence"}],"paradigms":[]}]}