{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L142","title":"Lesson 142","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 142: local leaders and elections · narration 1 of 2, local assemblies and public offices · narration 2 of 2, local government bodies and leaders · questions 1 of 2, local assemblies and executive bodies · questions 2 of 2, residents, mayors, budgets.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/140","lines":54},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/139","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/141","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Local leaders and elections · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Residents govern their locality","paragraphs":["The passage explains local self-government through residents, representatives, and local public entities.","*地方 議会 に 代表者 を 送って* means residents \"send representatives to the local assembly.\" Their views then influence local politics."]},{"title":"Local residents elect their leaders","paragraphs":["*それぞれ の 地方 の 住民 の 中 から 選挙 される* says the leaders are elected from among each locality's residents.","This applies to governors, municipal leaders, and Tokyo ward heads. Mayors appoint ward heads in other cities."]},{"title":"Kanji: 村, 選","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.001","source":"地方 の 住民 が 自分 たち の 意見 を 地方 の 政治 に 反映 させる ため に、地方 議会 に 代表者 を 送って、自分 たち の ため の 政治 を 行なう 事 を 地方 自治 と 言う。","translation":"Local self-government means that local residents send representatives to the local assembly to carry out government for them, so that their own opinions will be reflected in local politics.","reading":"ちほうのじゅうみんがじぶんたちのいけんをちほうのせいじにはんえいさせるために、ちほうぎかいにだいひょうしゃをおくって、じぶんたちのためのせいじをおこなうことをちほうじちという。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"住民","gloss":"residents","reading":"じゅうみん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"自分","gloss":"their own","reading":"じぶん"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"their own"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"意見","gloss":"opinions","reading":"いけん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"反映","gloss":"be reflected","reading":"はんえい"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"be reflected"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"be reflected"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"代表","gloss":"representative","reading":"だいひょう"},{"text":"者","gloss":"representative","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"送っ","gloss":"send","reading":"おくっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"send"},{"text":"自分","gloss":"their own","reading":"じぶん"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"their own"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"government","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なう","gloss":"carry out","reading":"おこなう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"じち"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う。","gloss":"means","reading":"いう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.002","source":"地方 自治 を 行なう 団体 を「地方 公共 団体」と 言って、東京都、北海道、大阪府、京都府 の 二府 と 四十二県 ある。","translation":"The bodies that carry out local self-government are called local public entities, and there are Tokyo Metropolis, Hokkaido, the two urban prefectures of Osaka and Kyoto, and forty-two prefectures.","reading":"ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいを「ちほうこうきょうだんたい」といって、とうきょうと、ほっかいどう、おおさかふ、きょうとふのにふとよんじゅうにけんある。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"じち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なう","gloss":"carry out","reading":"おこなう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"bodies","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"「地方","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"公共","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"こうきょう"},{"text":"団体」","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"are called","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"都、","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"と"},{"text":"北海道、","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka Prefecture","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"府、","gloss":"Osaka Prefecture","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto Prefecture","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"府","gloss":"Kyoto Prefecture","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"府","gloss":"urban prefectures","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"県","gloss":"prefectures","reading":"けん"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.003","source":"そして その 下 に 市町村 が ある。","translation":"Below them are cities, towns, and villages.","reading":"そしてそのしたにしちょうそんがある。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"下","gloss":"below","reading":"した"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"村","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.004","source":"都道府県 には、知事 が あり、市町村 には 市長、町長、村長 が あり、東京都 の 区 には 区長 が あって、それぞれ の 地方 の 住民 の 中 から 選挙 される。","translation":"Prefectures have governors, cities, towns, and villages have mayors, town heads, and village heads, and the wards of Tokyo have ward heads, all of whom are elected from among the residents of their respective localities.","reading":"とどうふけんには、ちじがあり、しちょうそんにはしちょう、ちょうちょう、そんちょうがあり、とうきょうとのくにはくちょうがあって、それぞれのちほうのじゅうみんのなかからせんきょされる。","words":[{"text":"都","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"道","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"府","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"県","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"知事","gloss":"governors","reading":"ちじ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり、","gloss":"have"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"村","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city mayor"},{"text":"長、","gloss":"city mayor"},{"text":"町長、","gloss":"town heads"},{"text":"村長","gloss":"village heads"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり、","gloss":"have"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"都","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"と"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"区","gloss":"wards","reading":"く"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward heads","reading":"くちょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"have"},{"text":"それぞれ","gloss":"respective"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"住民","gloss":"residents","reading":"じゅうみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"選挙","gloss":"are elected","reading":"せんきょ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"are elected"},{"text":"れる。","gloss":"are elected"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.005","source":"他 の 市 に ある 区 の 区長 は 市長 が 任命 し、区長 は 助役 の 様 な もの で ある。","translation":"The heads of wards in other cities are appointed by the mayor, and a ward head is something like an assistant mayor.","reading":"ほかのしにあるくのくちょうはしちょうがにんめいし、くちょうはじょやくのようなものである。","words":[{"text":"他","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities","reading":"し"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"located"},{"text":"区","gloss":"wards","reading":"く"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward heads","reading":"くちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"市長","gloss":"mayor","reading":"しちょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"任命","gloss":"are appointed","reading":"にんめい"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"are appointed"},{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward head","reading":"くちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"助役","gloss":"assistant mayor","reading":"じょやく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"like"},{"text":"様","gloss":"kind","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"something"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Local Self-Government\n\nIn contrast to prewar days, local government has been greatly strengthened by the provisions of the New Constitution. Article 92 provides that regulations concerning the organization and operation of local public entities shall be fixed by law in accordance with the principle of local autonomy. Article 93 provides that the chief executive officers of all local public entities as well as members of their assemblies shall be elected by direct popular vote within their communities. Moreover, local public entities have been granted far greater autonomy with respect to the management of their administrative and legislative activities.\n\nThe local public entities are divided into TO, DOO, FU, and KEN, being further divided into city, town, and village. There are one TO (Tokyo-to), one DOO (Hokkaidoo), two FU (Kyoto and Osaka), and 42 KEN. Contained in the above are 504 cities, 1920 towns, and 1310 villages (as of March 1958).\n\nThe chief executive officers of all public entities and the members of the assemblies are elected directly by the local inhabitants. The local assembly has one chamber and is invested with authority for the enactment and abolition of regulations.\n\nThe inhabitants have the right to demand directly the enactment or abolition of regulations, supervision of business, dissolution of the assembly, and the dismissal from office of the members, head, and any other officer of the assembly, and the showing of recognition of the Institutions of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall.\n\n議会\n\n議員\n\n条例制定改廃請求\n\n解散要求\n\n選挙・リコール\n\n知事（市町村長）\n\n副知事（助役）\n\n出納長（収入役）\n\n選挙・リコール\n\n都道府県庁\n\n教育委員会\n\n教育長\n\n公安委員会\n\n府県警察本部\n\n選挙管理委員会\n\nリコール\n\n人事委員会\n\nリコール\n\n地方公共団体のしくみ"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"住民","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"自分","gloss":"self"},{"word":"意見","gloss":"opinion"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"言う。","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"都、","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"県","gloss":"prefecture (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"村","gloss":"village"},{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"知事","gloss":"governor"},{"word":"町長、","gloss":"town mayor"},{"word":"村長","gloss":"village headman"},{"word":"区","gloss":"ward (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"区長","gloss":"headman of a ward"},{"word":"それぞれ","gloss":"respectively"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"れる。","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"市長","gloss":"city mayor"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"助役","gloss":"assistant; deputy"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Local assemblies and public offices · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Two parts of local government","paragraphs":["The passage separates local decision-making bodies from executive bodies.","*地方 議会* means \"local assembly.\" *県庁 や 役場* names the prefectural and local government offices."]},{"title":"Decisions and execution","paragraphs":["*条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止したり* says the assembly enacts and abolishes ordinances and regulations.","The assembly also decides budgets and approves financial reports. Public offices carry out work under the policies that the assembly decides."]},{"title":"Kanji: 認, 算, 決","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 定","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.006","source":"都道府県 や 市町村 など の 地方 公共 団体 にも 国会 と 同じ 様 に 議決 機関 で ある 地方 議会 と、執行機関 で ある 県庁 や 役場 の 二つ の しくみ が ある。","translation":"Like the National Diet, local public entities such as prefectures, cities, towns, and villages have two parts: local assemblies, which are decision-making bodies, and prefectural offices and local government offices, which are executive bodies.","reading":"とどうふけんやしちょうそんなどのちほうこうきょうだんたいにもこっかいとおなじようにぎけつきかんであるちほうぎかいと、しっこうきかんであるけんちょうややくばのふたつのしくみがある。","words":[{"text":"都","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"道","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"府","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"県","gloss":"prefectures"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"村","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"公共","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"こうきょう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"国会","gloss":"National Diet","reading":"こっかい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"議決","gloss":"decision-making body","reading":"ぎけつ"},{"text":"機関","gloss":"decision-making body","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"執行","gloss":"executive body","reading":"しっこう"},{"text":"機関","gloss":"executive body","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"県庁","gloss":"prefectural offices","reading":"けんちょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"役場","gloss":"government offices","reading":"やくば"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"ふた"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"two"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しくみ","gloss":"parts"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.007","source":"地方 議会 の 議員 は 住民 の 選挙 に よって 選ばれ、その 数 は 人口 に よって 決められて いる。","translation":"The members of local assemblies are chosen by the residents in elections, and their number is determined by the population.","reading":"ちほうぎかいのぎいんはじゅうみんのせんきょによってえらばれ、そのかずはじんこうによってきめられている。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"議員","gloss":"members","reading":"ぎいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"住民","gloss":"residents","reading":"じゅうみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"選挙","gloss":"elections","reading":"せんきょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by"},{"text":"て","gloss":"by"},{"text":"選ば","gloss":"are chosen","reading":"えらば"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"are chosen"},{"text":"その","gloss":"their"},{"text":"数","gloss":"number","reading":"かず"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by"},{"text":"て","gloss":"by"},{"text":"決め","gloss":"is determined","reading":"きめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"is determined"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is determined"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"is determined"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.008","source":"議員 の 任期 は 四年 である。","translation":"Assembly members serve four-year terms.","reading":"ぎいんのにんきはよねんである。","words":[{"text":"議員","gloss":"assembly members","reading":"ぎいん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"任期","gloss":"term","reading":"にんき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よ"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.009","source":"地方 議会 では、その 地方 だけ に 通用 する 条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止したり、また 歳入 歳出 の 予算 を 決めたり、決算 報告 を 認めたり する ので ある。","translation":"Local assemblies enact and abolish ordinances and regulations that apply only in that locality, decide revenue and expenditure budgets, and approve financial reports.","reading":"ちほうぎかいでは、そのちほうだけにつうようするじょうれいやきそくをさだめたり、はいししたり、またさいにゅうさいしゅつのよさんをきめたり、けっさんほうこくをみとめたりするのである。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"locality","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"通用","gloss":"apply","reading":"つうよう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"apply"},{"text":"条例","gloss":"ordinances","reading":"じょうれい"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"規則","gloss":"regulations","reading":"きそく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"定め","gloss":"enact","reading":"さだめ"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"廃止","gloss":"abolish","reading":"はいし"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"また","gloss":"also"},{"text":"歳入","gloss":"revenue","reading":"さいにゅう"},{"text":"歳出","gloss":"expenditure","reading":"さいしゅつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"予算","gloss":"budget","reading":"よさん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"決め","gloss":"decide","reading":"きめ"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"決算","gloss":"financial","reading":"けっさん"},{"text":"報告","gloss":"reports","reading":"ほうこく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"approve","reading":"みとめ"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L142.rd.010","source":"この 地方 議会 で 決まった 方針 に 基づいて、実際 の 仕事 を 行なう のが 都道府県庁 や 市（区）役所 や 町村役場 など の 執行機関 で ある。","translation":"The executive bodies that carry out the actual work based on the policies decided by the local assembly are the prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices.","reading":"このちほうぎかいできまったほうしんにもとづいて、じっさいのしごとをおこなうのがとどうふけんちょうやし（く）やくしょやちょうそんやくばなどのしっこうきかんである。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"決まっ","gloss":"decided","reading":"きまっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"方針","gloss":"policies","reading":"ほうしん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"基づい","gloss":"based on","reading":"もとづい"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"based on"},{"text":"実際","gloss":"actual","reading":"じっさい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なう","gloss":"carry out","reading":"おこなう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"都道府県庁","gloss":"prefectural offices","reading":"とどうふけんちょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"（区）","gloss":"ward","reading":"く"},{"text":"役所","gloss":"offices","reading":"やくしょ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town"},{"text":"村","gloss":"village"},{"text":"役場","gloss":"offices"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"執行","gloss":"executive bodies","reading":"しっこう"},{"text":"機関","gloss":"executive bodies","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.rd.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"国会","gloss":"Diet"},{"word":"議決","gloss":"decision; resolution"},{"word":"機関","gloss":"agency; organ; machine"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"県庁","gloss":"prefectural office"},{"word":"役場","gloss":"public office; office"},{"word":"議員","gloss":"members of the Diet"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"数","gloss":"number"},{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"},{"word":"いる。","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"任期","gloss":"term of office"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"条例","gloss":"rules; regulations; laws and ordinances"},{"word":"廃止","gloss":"abolition"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"また","gloss":"thigh"},{"word":"歳入","gloss":"annual revenue"},{"word":"歳出","gloss":"annual expenditure"},{"word":"予算","gloss":"budget"},{"word":"方針","gloss":"policy"},{"word":"（区）","gloss":"ward (See Cultural Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Local government bodies and leaders · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Local entities and their leaders","paragraphs":["These questions ask what local self-government is, which public entities conduct it, and what their leaders are called.","*地方 公共 団体 には どんな のが ありますか* means \"What kinds of local public entities are there?\"","An answer names prefectures, cities, towns, and villages. Other answers name their leaders or explain how local residents elect them."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.001","source":"地方 自治","translation":"Local self-government","reading":"ちほうじち","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"じち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.001.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.002","source":"地方 自治 と いう のは どんな 事 ですか。","translation":"What is local self-government?","reading":"ちほうじちというのはどんなことですか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"じち"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.002.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.003","source":"地方 自治 を 行なう 団体 を 何 と 言いますか。","translation":"What are the bodies that carry out local self-government called?","reading":"ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"じち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"行なう","gloss":"carry out","reading":"おこなう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"bodies","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"are called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.003.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.004","source":"地方 公共 団体 には どんな のが ありますか。","translation":"What kinds of local public entities are there?","reading":"ちほうこうきょうだんたいにはどんなのがありますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"公共","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"こうきょう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kinds"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.004.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.005","source":"都道府県 の 長官 を 何 と 言いますか。","translation":"What is the head of a prefecture called?","reading":"とどうふけんのちょうかんをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"都","gloss":"prefecture"},{"text":"道","gloss":"prefecture"},{"text":"府","gloss":"prefecture"},{"text":"県","gloss":"prefecture"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長官","gloss":"head","reading":"ちょうかん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"is called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.005.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.006","source":"市町村 の 長 を 何 と 言いますか。","translation":"What are the heads of cities, towns, and villages called?","reading":"しちょうそんのちょうをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"市","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"村","gloss":"cities towns villages"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長","gloss":"heads","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"are called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are called"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.006.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.007","source":"区 の 場合 は どうですか。","translation":"What about wards?","reading":"くのばあいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"区","gloss":"wards","reading":"く"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.007.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.008","source":"これら の 長官 は どんな 風 に 選ばれますか。","translation":"How are these heads chosen?","reading":"これらのちょうかんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長官","gloss":"heads","reading":"ちょうかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"風","gloss":"way","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"選ば","gloss":"are chosen","reading":"えらば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are chosen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are chosen"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"長官","gloss":"chief; head"},{"word":"風","gloss":"manner; way; appear-ance; kind; sort"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Local assemblies and executive bodies · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Who decides and who executes","paragraphs":["These questions ask how local assemblies are formed, what they decide, and what public offices do.","*地方 公共 団体 の 議決 機関 は 何 ですか* means \"What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?\"","An answer names the local assembly. Other answers give its election method, number of members, term, duties, or the work of executive offices."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.009","source":"東京都 の 区長 と 外 の 市 の 区長 は どう ちがいますか。","translation":"How are the ward heads in Tokyo different from those in other cities?","reading":"とうきょうとのくちょうとほかのしのくちょうはどうちがいますか。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"都","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"と"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward heads","reading":"くちょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities","reading":"し"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward heads","reading":"くちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ちがい","gloss":"are different"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are different"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.009.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.010","source":"地方 公共 団体 の 議決 機関 は 何 ですか。","translation":"What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?","reading":"ちほうこうきょうだんたいのぎけつきかんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"公共","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"こうきょう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"議決","gloss":"decision-making body","reading":"ぎけつ"},{"text":"機関","gloss":"decision-making body","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.010.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.011","source":"地方 公共 団体 の 執行 機関 は 何 ですか。","translation":"What is the executive body of a local public entity?","reading":"ちほうこうきょうだんたいのしっこうきかんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"公共","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"こうきょう"},{"text":"団体","gloss":"local public entity","reading":"だんたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"執行","gloss":"executive body","reading":"しっこう"},{"text":"機関","gloss":"executive body","reading":"きかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.011.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.012","source":"地方 議会 の 議員 は どんな 風 に 選ばれますか。","translation":"How are the members of local assemblies chosen?","reading":"ちほうぎかいのぎいんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"議員","gloss":"members","reading":"ぎいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"風","gloss":"way","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"選ば","gloss":"are chosen","reading":"えらば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are chosen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are chosen"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.012.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.013","source":"地方 議会 の 議員 の 数 は どんな 風 に 決めますか。","translation":"How is the number of members in a local assembly determined?","reading":"ちほうぎかいのぎいんのかずはどんなふうにきめますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"議員","gloss":"members","reading":"ぎいん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"数","gloss":"number","reading":"かず"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"風","gloss":"way","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"決め","gloss":"is determined","reading":"きめ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is determined"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.013.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.014","source":"地方 議会 の 議員 の 任期 は 何年 ですか。","translation":"How many years is the term of a local assembly member?","reading":"ちほうぎかいのぎいんのにんきはなんねんですか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"議員","gloss":"member","reading":"ぎいん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"任期","gloss":"term","reading":"にんき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.014.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.015","source":"地方 議会 では どんな 事 を しますか。","translation":"What do local assemblies do?","reading":"ちほうぎかいではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ぎかい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"do"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.015.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L142.q.016","source":"都道府県庁 や 市（区）役所 や 町村役場 では どんな 事 を しますか。","translation":"What do prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices do?","reading":"とどうふけんちょうやし（く）やくしょやちょうそんやくばではどんなことをしますか。","words":[{"text":"都道府県庁","gloss":"prefectural offices","reading":"とどうふけんちょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"（区）","gloss":"ward","reading":"く"},{"text":"役所","gloss":"offices","reading":"やくしょ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town"},{"text":"村","gloss":"village"},{"text":"役場","gloss":"offices"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"do"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Residents, representatives and local government · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The people and bodies of local government","paragraphs":["These words name the people, public entities, assemblies, and leaders in local self-government.","*住民* means \"inhabitants,\" and *代表者* means \"representatives.\"","*地方 公共 団体* means \"local public entities.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.001","source":"地方 自治","translation":"local self-government","reading":"ちほうじち","words":[{"text":"地方自治","gloss":"local self-government","reading":"ちほうじち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.001.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.002","source":"住民","translation":"inhabitants","reading":"じゅうみん","words":[{"text":"住民","gloss":"inhabitants","reading":"じゅうみん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.002.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.003","source":"に 反映 する","translation":"reflect; influence (v.i.)","reading":"にはんえいする","words":[{"text":"に反映する","gloss":"reflect or influence","reading":"にはんえいする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.003.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.004","source":"地方 議会","translation":"local assembly","reading":"ちほうぎかい","words":[{"text":"地方議会","gloss":"local assembly","reading":"ちほうぎかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.004.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.005","source":"代表者","translation":"representatives","reading":"だいひょうしゃ","words":[{"text":"代表者","gloss":"representatives","reading":"だいひょうしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.005.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.006","source":"地方 公共 団体","translation":"local public entities","reading":"ちほうこうきょうだんたい","words":[{"text":"地方公共団体","gloss":"local public entities","reading":"ちほうこうきょうだんたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.006.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.007","source":"市町村","translation":"cities, towns, and villages","reading":"しちょうそん","words":[{"text":"市町村","gloss":"cities towns villages","reading":"しちょうそん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.007.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.008","source":"都道府県","translation":"Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures","reading":"とどうふけん","words":[{"text":"都道府県","gloss":"prefectural divisions","reading":"とどうふけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.008.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.009","source":"知事","translation":"governor","reading":"ちじ","words":[{"text":"知事","gloss":"governor","reading":"ちじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.009.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.010","source":"区長","translation":"headman of a ward","reading":"くちょう","words":[{"text":"区長","gloss":"ward head","reading":"くちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"地方自治","gloss":"local self-government"},{"word":"に反映する","gloss":"reflect; influence (v.i.)"},{"word":"地方議会","gloss":"local assembly"},{"word":"代表者","gloss":"representative"},{"word":"地方公共団体","gloss":"local public entities"},{"word":"市町村","gloss":"cities, towns, and villages"},{"word":"都道府県","gloss":"Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Mayors, public offices and ordinances · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Leaders, bodies, and offices","paragraphs":["These words name municipal leaders, government bodies, public offices, and ordinances.","*市長* means \"city mayor.\"","*議決 機関* means \"legislative organ,\" and *執行 機関* means \"executive organ.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.011","source":"市長","translation":"city mayor","reading":"しちょう","words":[{"text":"市長","gloss":"city mayor","reading":"しちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.011.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.012","source":"町長","translation":"town mayor","reading":"ちょうちょう","words":[{"text":"町長","gloss":"town mayor","reading":"ちょうちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.012.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.013","source":"村長","translation":"village headman","reading":"そんちょう","words":[{"text":"村長","gloss":"village headman","reading":"そんちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.013.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.014","source":"助役","translation":"assistant; deputy","reading":"じょやく","words":[{"text":"助役","gloss":"deputy","reading":"じょやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.014.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.015","source":"議決 機関","translation":"legislative organ","reading":"ぎけつきかん","words":[{"text":"議決機関","gloss":"legislative organ","reading":"ぎけつきかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.015.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.016","source":"執行 機関","translation":"executive organ","reading":"しっこうきかん","words":[{"text":"執行機関","gloss":"executive organ","reading":"しっこうきかん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.016.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.017","source":"県庁","translation":"prefectural office","reading":"けんちょう","words":[{"text":"県庁","gloss":"prefectural office","reading":"けんちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.017.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.018","source":"役場","translation":"public office; office","reading":"やくば","words":[{"text":"役場","gloss":"public office","reading":"やくば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.018.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.019","source":"通用 する","translation":"hold good; be applicable (v.i.)","reading":"つうようする","words":[{"text":"通用する","gloss":"be applicable","reading":"つうようする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.019.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.020","source":"条例","translation":"rules; regulations; laws and ordinances","reading":"じょうれい","words":[{"text":"条例","gloss":"ordinances","reading":"じょうれい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"町長","gloss":"town mayor"},{"word":"議決機関","gloss":"legislative organ"},{"word":"執行機関","gloss":"executive organ"},{"word":"通用する","gloss":"hold good; be applicable (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Budgets, accounts and city offices · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Local finance and offices","paragraphs":["These words cover local finance, policy, and municipal offices.","*歳入* means \"annual revenue,\" while *歳出* means \"annual expenditure.\"","*市役所* means \"city hall.\" The paired finance entries separate annual revenue from annual expenditure."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.021","source":"定める","translation":"stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)","reading":"さだめる","words":[{"text":"定める","gloss":"stipulate","reading":"さだめる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.021.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.022","source":"歳入","translation":"annual revenue","reading":"さいにゅう","words":[{"text":"歳入","gloss":"annual revenue","reading":"さいにゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.022.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.023","source":"歳出","translation":"annual expenditure","reading":"さいしゅつ","words":[{"text":"歳出","gloss":"annual expenditure","reading":"さいしゅつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.023.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.024","source":"予算","translation":"budget","reading":"よさん","words":[{"text":"予算","gloss":"budget","reading":"よさん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.024.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.025","source":"決算 報告","translation":"statement of accounts; balance sheets","reading":"けっさんほうこく","words":[{"text":"決算報告","gloss":"statement of accounts","reading":"けっさんほうこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.025.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.026","source":"方針","translation":"policy","reading":"ほうしん","words":[{"text":"方針","gloss":"policy","reading":"ほうしん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.026.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.027","source":"市役所","translation":"city hall","reading":"しやくしょ","words":[{"text":"市役所","gloss":"city hall","reading":"しやくしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.027.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L142.w.028","source":"区役所","translation":"ward office","reading":"くやくしょ","words":[{"text":"区役所","gloss":"ward office","reading":"くやくしょ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L142.w.028.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":2,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Talk about the following in Japanese with your classmates.\n\n(1) Prefectural government\n\n(2) City government\n\n(3) A comparative study of local self-government of the United States and that of Japan.\n\n(4) Local self-government of your home state.\n\n2 Exercise:\n\na Interpretation Exercise\n\n(1) What is an organization that performs local self-government called?\n\n(1) 地方 公共 団体 と 言います。\n\n(2) What is the legislative organ of local public bodies?\n\n(2) それ は 地方 議会 です。\n\n(3) What is the executive organ of the local public bodies?\n\n(3) 県庁、市役所、区役所、町村役場 などです。\n\n(4) What does the local assembly do?\n\n(4) その 地方 だけ に 通用 する 条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止 したり、歳入 歳出 の 予算 を 決めたり、決算 報告 を 認めたり します。\n\n(5) How is the number of members in the local assembly determined?\n\n(5) 人口 の 数 に よって 決められて います。"},{"section":3,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"定める","gloss":"stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)"},{"word":"決算報告","gloss":"statement of accounts; balance sheets"},{"word":"市役所","gloss":"city hall"},{"word":"区役所","gloss":"ward office"}],"paradigms":[]}]}