{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L143","title":"Lesson 143","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 143: schools for warriors and commoners · narration 1 of 2, compulsory education and school reform · narration 2 of 2, early schools and temple schools · questions 1 of 2, compulsory education and enrolment · questions 2 of 2, rulers, literacy, school levels.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/141","lines":61},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/140","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/142","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Schools for warriors and commoners · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From aristocratic schools to warrior rule","paragraphs":["*大和 朝廷 が 出来て* places the beginning around the end of the third century, when the Yamato court was established.","Writing and scholarship came from the continent. Aristocrats then considered schools necessary.","*中世 に なる と、武家 が 勢力 を 持ち 戦乱 が 起った* means \"The warrior class gained power and warfare broke out in the Middle Ages.\"","The aristocrats' schools then died out."]},{"title":"Temple schools for townspeople","paragraphs":["Commerce made reading, writing, and calculation necessary for townspeople. Simple schools taught these skills to their children.","*これ が 寺小屋 と 言われる もの で、ここ で 初めて 学校 は 庶民 の ため に 開放 された* means \"These were called temple schools.\"","For the first time, schools opened to commoners."]},{"title":"Kanji: 簡","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 単","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 学","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.001","source":"日本 では 三世紀 の 末ごろ、大和 朝廷 が 出来て、大陸 から 文字 を 学び、学問 が 伝えられる と、その ころ 政治上 の 支配者 で あった 貴族 の 間 に 学校 が 必要 と される 様 に なった。","translation":"In Japan, around the end of the third century, the Yamato court was established, and when writing was learned from the continent and scholarship was introduced, schools came to be considered necessary among the aristocrats, who were the political rulers at that time.","reading":"にほんではさんせいきのすえごろ、やまとちょうていができて、たいりくからもんじをまなび、がくもんがつたえられると、そのころせいじじょうのしはいしゃであったきぞくのあいだにがっこうがひつようとされるようになった。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"third century","reading":"さん"},{"text":"世紀","gloss":"third century","reading":"せいき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"末ごろ、","gloss":"around the end","reading":"すえごろ"},{"text":"大和","gloss":"Yamato","reading":"やまと"},{"text":"朝廷","gloss":"court","reading":"ちょうてい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"was established","reading":"でき"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"大陸","gloss":"continent","reading":"たいりく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"文字","gloss":"writing","reading":"もんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"学び、","gloss":"learned","reading":"まなび"},{"text":"学問","gloss":"scholarship","reading":"がくもん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"伝え","gloss":"was introduced","reading":"つたえ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"was introduced"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ころ","gloss":"time"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"political","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"上","gloss":"political","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"支配","gloss":"ruler","reading":"しはい"},{"text":"者","gloss":"ruler","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"was"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"貴族","gloss":"aristocrats","reading":"きぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"midst"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were considered"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"were considered"},{"text":"様","gloss":"came to be","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.002","source":"中世 に なる と、武家 が 勢力 を 持ち 戦乱 が 起った ので、貴族 の 学校 は ほろびて しまった。","translation":"When the Middle Ages began, the warrior class gained power and warfare broke out, so the aristocrats' schools died out.","reading":"ちゅうせいになると、ぶけがせいりょくをもちせんらんがおこったので、きぞくのがっこうはほろびてしまった。","words":[{"text":"中世","gloss":"Middle Ages","reading":"ちゅうせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"became"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior class","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"勢力","gloss":"power","reading":"せいりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持ち","gloss":"gained","reading":"もち"},{"text":"戦乱","gloss":"warfare","reading":"せんらん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"起っ","gloss":"broke out","reading":"おこっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"貴族","gloss":"aristocrats","reading":"きぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほろび","gloss":"died out"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"しまっ","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.003","source":"そして 武家 たち の 学校 と ならんで 庶民 の 学校 が うまれた。","translation":"Then, alongside the schools of the warrior class, schools for commoners arose.","reading":"そしてぶけたちのがっこうとならんでしょみんのがっこうがうまれた。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"then"},{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior class","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"members"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ならん","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"で","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"庶民","gloss":"commoners","reading":"しょみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"うまれ","gloss":"arose"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.004","source":"十五世紀 ごろ に なって 商業 が 発達 して 来る と、それ に 従事 する 町人 たち は 文字 や 計算 を 学ぶ 事 が 必要 に なった。","translation":"As commerce developed around the fifteenth century, the townspeople engaged in it needed to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic.","reading":"じゅうごせいきごろになってしょうぎょうがはったつしてくると、それにじゅうじするちょうにんたちはもんじやけいさんをまなぶことがひつようになった。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"fifteen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"五","gloss":"fifteen","reading":"ご"},{"text":"世紀","gloss":"century","reading":"せいき"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"commerce","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"develop","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"came","reading":"くる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"従事","gloss":"engaged","reading":"じゅうじ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"engaged"},{"text":"町人","gloss":"townspeople","reading":"ちょうにん"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"members"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"文字","gloss":"writing","reading":"もんじ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"計算","gloss":"arithmetic","reading":"けいさん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"学ぶ","gloss":"learn","reading":"まなぶ"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.005","source":"そこで 町人 の 子供 の ため に 読み 書き、そろばん を 教える 簡単 な 学校 が 作られた。","translation":"So simple schools that taught reading, writing, and the abacus were established for the children of townspeople.","reading":"そこでちょうにんのこどものためによみかき、そろばんをおしえるかんたんながっこうがつくられた。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"so"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"町人","gloss":"townspeople","reading":"ちょうにん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"reading","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"書き、","gloss":"writing","reading":"かき"},{"text":"そろばん","gloss":"abacus"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"taught","reading":"おしえる"},{"text":"簡単","gloss":"simple","reading":"かんたん"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"作ら","gloss":"were established","reading":"つくら"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were established"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.006","source":"これ が 寺小屋 と 言われる もの で、ここ で 初めて 学校 は 庶民 の ため に 開放 された。","translation":"These were known as temple schools, and for the first time schools were opened to commoners.","reading":"これがてらこやといわれるもので、ここではじめてがっこうはしょみんのためにかいほうされた。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"寺","gloss":"temple school","reading":"てら"},{"text":"小屋","gloss":"temple school","reading":"こや"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"言わ","gloss":"were called","reading":"いわ"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"were called"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"初めて","gloss":"for the first time","reading":"はじめて"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"庶民","gloss":"commoners","reading":"しょみん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"開放","gloss":"opened","reading":"かいほう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were opened"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"were opened"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Historical Development of Education\n\nWriting was introduced in the form of Chinese characters.\n\nThe sons of nobility began to be educated and by 608 A. D. a Buddhist Temple of Learning was established at Nara.\n\n1 In the year 701, the Taihoo-ritsuryoo was completed.\n\nUnder it each clan had its own school, operated on a tutorial basis and ordinarily restricted to the children of the ruling families.\n\nDuring the period 1185-1603, marked by the rise of feudalism, almost continuous civil war, and economic decline, scholarship was subordinated to warlike pursuits, and military qualities were exalted above all else.\n\nAlmost all clan schools were destroyed in the endless wars, and only the Buddhist priests preserved anything of intellectual education.\n\nWith the pacification of the country by the Tokugawa shooguns (1603-1868) came a revived interest in scholarship.\n\nFor children of warriors who constituted the ruling class there was a special institution where all manner of military arts were taught.\n\n1 These institutions for warriors' children were set up in main cities and towns.\n\nThe children of merchants, on the other hand, were taught at Terakoya (temple schools) which were founded in the latter part of the Tokugawa Shogunate.\n\nIn place of the old education system, according to which the children of warriors and merchants were educated separately, was replaced by a modern system.\n\nThe Government order on Education established a system of elementary schools, middle schools, and colleges and universities.\n\nThe first school for lesser nobles was established in Kyoto in 827.\n\nUnder the shoogun, education for children took two different forms.\n\nThe Meiji Restoration in 1868 was the beginning of a new Japan.\n\nWith no social distinction, the schools were open to all."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"朝廷","gloss":"Imperial court"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"大陸","gloss":"continent"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"文字","gloss":"character; ideograph"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"学問","gloss":"learning; education"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ころ","gloss":"season"},{"word":"政治","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"},{"word":"貴族","gloss":"nobility"},{"word":"間","gloss":"between"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"中世","gloss":"the Middle Ages"},{"word":"武家","gloss":"military family; warrior"},{"word":"勢力","gloss":"power; influence; strength"},{"word":"戦乱","gloss":"wars, disturbances"},{"word":"庶民","gloss":"common people; populace"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"町人","gloss":"tradesman; merchant"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"計算","gloss":"calculation; computation"},{"word":"学ぶ","gloss":"learn (v.i.)"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"そろばん","gloss":"abacus"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"寺","gloss":"Buddhist temple"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Compulsory education and school reform · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"One system for the country","paragraphs":["*一八七二年 に 学制 が しかれ、統一的 な 学校 制度 として、全国 に 小学、中学、大学 が 出来た* says a unified national school system was established in 1872.","Elementary schools, middle schools, and universities opened throughout the country.","At the same time, temple schools were abolished. All citizens received compulsory elementary education equally, without distinction among the former social classes.","At first, *就学率* was very low. By the end of the Taisho era, the school enrollment rate exceeded ninety-nine percent."]},{"title":"Kanji: 就","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 率","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 等","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 限","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.007","source":"しかし、まだ すべて の 子供 が 入学 出来た のでは なかった ので、本当 の 民衆 教育 を 実現 させる ため の 義務 教育 の 制度 が 考えられる 様 に なった。","translation":"However, not all children could yet enroll, so a system of compulsory education began to be considered in order to achieve true public education.","reading":"しかし、まだすべてのこどもがにゅうがくできたのではなかったので、ほんとうのみんしゅうきょういくをじつげんさせるためのぎむきょういくのせいどがかんがえられるようになった。","words":[{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"すべて","gloss":"all"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"入学","gloss":"enroll","reading":"にゅうがく"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"could","reading":"でき"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"not all"},{"text":"で","gloss":"not all"},{"text":"は","gloss":"not all"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"true","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"民衆","gloss":"public","reading":"みんしゅう"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"実現","gloss":"achieve","reading":"じつげん"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"achieve"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"was considered","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"was considered"},{"text":"様","gloss":"came to be","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.008","source":"一八七二年 に 学制 が しかれ、統一的 な 学校 制度 として、全国 に 小学、中学、大学 が 出来た。","translation":"In 1872, a national education system was established, and elementary schools, middle schools, and universities were created throughout the country as a unified school system.","reading":"せんはっぴゃくななじゅうにねんにがくせいがしかれ、とういつてきながっこうせいどとして、ぜんこくにしょうがく、ちゅうがく、だいがくができた。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"1872"},{"text":"八","gloss":"1872"},{"text":"七","gloss":"1872"},{"text":"二","gloss":"1872"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"学制","gloss":"education system"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"was established"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"was established"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"unified"},{"text":"的","gloss":"unified"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"system"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide"},{"text":"に","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"小学、","gloss":"elementary schools"},{"text":"中学、","gloss":"middle schools"},{"text":"大学","gloss":"universities"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"were created"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.009","source":"それ と 同時 に 寺小屋 が 廃止され、士農工商 の 区別 なく、すべて の 国民 が 等しく 小学校 の 義務 教育 を 受ける 事 に なった。","translation":"At the same time, the temple schools were abolished, and all citizens, without distinction among warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants, came to receive compulsory elementary education equally.","reading":"それとどうじにてらこやがはいしされ、しのうこうしょうのくべつなく、すべてのこくみんがひとしくしょうがっこうのぎむきょういくをうけることになった。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"寺","gloss":"temple school","reading":"てら"},{"text":"小屋","gloss":"temple school","reading":"こや"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"廃止","gloss":"abolished","reading":"はいし"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were abolished"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"were abolished"},{"text":"士","gloss":"four social classes","reading":"し"},{"text":"農工","gloss":"four social classes","reading":"のうこう"},{"text":"商","gloss":"four social classes","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"区別","gloss":"distinction","reading":"くべつ"},{"text":"なく、","gloss":"without"},{"text":"すべて","gloss":"all"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"国民","gloss":"citizens","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"等しく","gloss":"equally","reading":"ひとしく"},{"text":"小","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受ける","gloss":"receive","reading":"うける"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.010","source":"最初 は 就学率 は 非常 に 低かった が、大正 の 末 には ついに 九十九 パーセント を こえて、日本 の 義務 教育 は めざましい 発達 を とげた。","translation":"At first, the school enrollment rate was very low, but by the end of the Taisho era it had finally exceeded ninety-nine percent, and compulsory education in Japan had made remarkable progress.","reading":"さいしょはしゅうがくりつはひじょうにひくかったが、たいしょうのすえにはついにきゅうじゅうきゅうパーセントをこえて、にほんのぎむきょういくはめざましいはったつをとげた。","words":[{"text":"最初","gloss":"at first","reading":"さいしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"就学","gloss":"enrollment rate","reading":"しゅうがく"},{"text":"率","gloss":"enrollment rate","reading":"りつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"very","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"very"},{"text":"低かっ","gloss":"was low","reading":"ひくかっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"大正","gloss":"Taisho era","reading":"たいしょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"末","gloss":"end","reading":"すえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ついに","gloss":"finally"},{"text":"九十","gloss":"ninety-nine","reading":"きゅうじゅう"},{"text":"九","gloss":"ninety-nine","reading":"きゅう"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こえ","gloss":"exceeded"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"めざましい","gloss":"remarkable"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"progress","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とげ","gloss":"achieved"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L143.rd.011","source":"義務 教育 年限 が 小学校 六年 に、定められた のは 一九〇七年 であった。","translation":"It was in 1907 that the period of compulsory education was set at six years of elementary school.","reading":"ぎむきょういくねんげんがしょうがっこうろくねんに、さだめられたのはせんきゅうひゃくななねんであった。","words":[{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"年限","gloss":"period","reading":"ねんげん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"定め","gloss":"was set","reading":"さだめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was set"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"1907"},{"text":"九","gloss":"1907"},{"text":"〇","gloss":"1907"},{"text":"七","gloss":"1907"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"で","gloss":"was"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.rd.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"民衆","gloss":"the masses; people"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"学制","gloss":"school system"},{"word":"しか","gloss":"deer"},{"word":"統一","gloss":"unity; uniformity"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"全国","gloss":"entire country"},{"word":"小学、","gloss":"grammar school"},{"word":"中学、","gloss":"middle school (old); junior high (new)"},{"word":"廃止","gloss":"abolition"},{"word":"区別","gloss":"distinction"},{"word":"等しく","gloss":"equally"},{"word":"九十","gloss":"90"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"word":"年限","gloss":"length of time; term"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Early schools and temple schools · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Reasons and results","paragraphs":["The questions follow education from the Yamato court through schools for commoners.","*なぜ 貴族 の 学校 が ほろびて しまいましたか* means \"Why did the aristocrats' schools die out?\" An answer gives warfare as the reason.","*この 町人 の ため の 学校 を 何 と 言って いましたか* means \"What were these schools for townspeople called?\" An answer names the temple schools."]}],"lines":[{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.001","source":"学校 教育（二）ー 発展","translation":"School Education (2)—Development","reading":"がっこうきょういく（に）ーはってん","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"（二）","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"ー","gloss":"long dash"},{"text":"発展","gloss":"development","reading":"はってん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.001.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.002","source":"大和朝廷 が 出来た のは いつごろ ですか。","translation":"About when was the Yamato court established?","reading":"やまとちょうていができたのはいつごろですか。","words":[{"text":"大和","gloss":"Yamato","reading":"やまと"},{"text":"朝廷","gloss":"court","reading":"ちょうてい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"was established","reading":"でき"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつごろ","gloss":"about when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.002.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.003","source":"そのころ 政治上 の 支配者 は だれでしたか。","translation":"Who were the political rulers at that time?","reading":"そのころせいじじょうのしはいしゃはだれでしたか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ころ","gloss":"time"},{"text":"政治","gloss":"political","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"上","gloss":"political","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"支配","gloss":"ruler","reading":"しはい"},{"text":"者","gloss":"ruler","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"were"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.003.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.004","source":"なぜ 貴族 の 間 に 学校 が 必要 と される 様 に なりましたか。","translation":"Why did schools come to be considered necessary among the aristocrats?","reading":"なぜきぞくのあいだにがっこうがひつようとされるようになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"貴族","gloss":"aristocrats","reading":"きぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"midst"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"were considered"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"were considered"},{"text":"様","gloss":"came to be","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.004.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.005","source":"中世 に なる と だれが 勢力 を もつ 様 に なりましたか。","translation":"Who came to hold power when the Middle Ages began?","reading":"ちゅうせいになるとだれがせいりょくをもつようになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"中世","gloss":"Middle Ages","reading":"ちゅうせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"became"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"勢力","gloss":"power","reading":"せいりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もつ","gloss":"hold"},{"text":"様","gloss":"came to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.005.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.006","source":"なぜ 貴族 の 学校 が ほろびて しまいましたか。","translation":"Why did the aristocrats' schools die out?","reading":"なぜきぞくのがっこうがほろびてしまいましたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"貴族","gloss":"aristocrats","reading":"きぞく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ほろび","gloss":"died out"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.006.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.007","source":"武家 たち の 学校 と ならんで、どんな 学校 が うまれましたか。","translation":"What kind of schools arose alongside the schools of the warrior class?","reading":"ぶけたちのがっこうとならんで、どんながっこうがうまれましたか。","words":[{"text":"武家","gloss":"warrior class","reading":"ぶけ"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"members"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ならん","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"alongside"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"うまれ","gloss":"arose"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.007.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.008","source":"十五世紀 に なって 商業 が 発達 して 来る と、どう なりましたか。","translation":"What happened when commerce began to develop in the fifteenth century?","reading":"じゅうごせいきになってしょうぎょうがはったつしてくると、どうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"fifteen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"五","gloss":"fifteen","reading":"ご"},{"text":"世紀","gloss":"century","reading":"せいき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"商業","gloss":"commerce","reading":"しょうぎょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"develop","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"came","reading":"くる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.008.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.009","source":"町人 の ため に 学校 が 出来て、そこで 何 を 教えましたか。","translation":"Schools were established for townspeople; what did they teach there?","reading":"ちょうにんのためにがっこうができて、そこでなにをおしえましたか。","words":[{"text":"町人","gloss":"townspeople","reading":"ちょうにん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"were established","reading":"でき"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"taught","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.009.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.010","source":"この 町人 の ため の 学校 を 何 と 言って いましたか。","translation":"What were these schools for townspeople called?","reading":"このちょうにんのためのがっこうをなんといっていましたか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"町人","gloss":"townspeople","reading":"ちょうにん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"called","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"called"},{"text":"い","gloss":"called"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（二）","gloss":"two"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"教え","gloss":"teaching"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Compulsory education and enrolment · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Dates, changes, and duration","paragraphs":["The questions ask when the national system began, what changed, and how compulsory education expanded.","*学制 が しかれた のは 何年 ですか* means \"In what year was the national education system established?\" An answer gives 1872.","*義務教育 年限 が 何年間 に 定められましたか* means \"How many years was the period of compulsory education set at?\" An answer gives six years."]}],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.011","source":"本当 の 民衆 教育 を 実現 させる ため に、どんな 制度 が 考えられましたか。","translation":"What kind of system was considered in order to achieve true public education?","reading":"ほんとうのみんしゅうきょういくをじつげんさせるために、どんなせいどがかんがえられましたか。","words":[{"text":"本当","gloss":"true","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"民衆","gloss":"public","reading":"みんしゅう"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"実現","gloss":"achieve","reading":"じつげん"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"achieve"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"was considered","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was considered"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.011.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.012","source":"学制 が しかれた のは 何年 ですか。","translation":"In what year was the national education system established?","reading":"がくせいがしかれたのはなんねんですか。","words":[{"text":"学制","gloss":"education system","reading":"がくせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"was established"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was established"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.012.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.013","source":"全国 に 統一的 な 学校 制度 として 何 が 出来ましたか。","translation":"What was established throughout the country as a unified school system?","reading":"ぜんこくにとういつてきながっこうせいどとしてなにができましたか。","words":[{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"統一","gloss":"unified","reading":"とういつ"},{"text":"的","gloss":"unified","reading":"てき"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"制度","gloss":"system","reading":"せいど"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"was established","reading":"でき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.013.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.014","source":"それ と 同時 に 寺小屋 は どう なりましたか。","translation":"What happened to the temple schools at the same time?","reading":"それとどうじにてらこやはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同時","gloss":"same time","reading":"どうじ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"寺","gloss":"temple school","reading":"てら"},{"text":"小屋","gloss":"temple school","reading":"こや"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.014.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.015","source":"国民 が 等しく 小学校 の 義務 教育 を 受ける 様 に なった のは 何年 ごろ ですか。","translation":"About what year did all citizens come to receive compulsory elementary education equally?","reading":"こくみんがひとしくしょうがっこうのぎむきょういくをうけるようになったのはなんねんごろですか。","words":[{"text":"国民","gloss":"citizens","reading":"こくみん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"等しく","gloss":"equally","reading":"ひとしく"},{"text":"小","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"しょう"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受ける","gloss":"receive","reading":"うける"},{"text":"様","gloss":"came to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.015.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.016","source":"最初 は 就学率 は どうでしたか。","translation":"What was the school enrollment rate like at first?","reading":"さいしょはしゅうがくりつはどうでしたか。","words":[{"text":"最初","gloss":"at first","reading":"さいしょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"就学","gloss":"enrollment rate","reading":"しゅうがく"},{"text":"率","gloss":"enrollment rate","reading":"りつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.016.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.017","source":"義務教育 が 目ざましい 発達 を とげた のは いつごろ ですか。","translation":"About when did compulsory education make remarkable progress?","reading":"ぎむきょういくがめざましいはったつをとげたのはいつごろですか。","words":[{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"目ざましい","gloss":"remarkable","reading":"めざましい"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"progress","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とげ","gloss":"achieved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつごろ","gloss":"about when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.017.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.018","source":"義務教育 年限 が 何年間 に 定められましたか。","translation":"How many years was the period of compulsory education set at?","reading":"ぎむきょういくねんげんがなんねんかんにさだめられましたか。","words":[{"text":"義務","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむ"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"年限","gloss":"period","reading":"ねんげん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年間","gloss":"years","reading":"ねんかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"定め","gloss":"was set","reading":"さだめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was set"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.018.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L143.q.019","source":"それ は 何年 でしたか。","translation":"What year was that?","reading":"それはなんねんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.q.019.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"目ざましい","gloss":"eye-popping; remarkable"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Rulers, merchants and written characters · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"People, power, and written skills","paragraphs":["These words cover rulers, social groups, warfare, merchants, writing, and calculation.","*支配者* means \"ruler\" or \"master.\" *町人* means \"tradesman\" or \"merchant.\"","*文字* means \"character\" or \"ideograph.\" The group connects social history with written skills."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.001","source":"朝廷","translation":"Imperial court","reading":"ちょうてい","words":[{"text":"朝廷","gloss":"Imperial court","reading":"ちょうてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.001.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.002","source":"支配者","translation":"ruler; master","reading":"しはいしゃ","words":[{"text":"支配者","gloss":"ruler","reading":"しはいしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.002.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.003","source":"中世","translation":"the Middle Ages","reading":"ちゅうせい","words":[{"text":"中世","gloss":"Middle Ages","reading":"ちゅうせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.003.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.004","source":"勢力","translation":"power; influence; might","reading":"せいりょく","words":[{"text":"勢力","gloss":"power","reading":"せいりょく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.004.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.005","source":"戦乱","translation":"wars, disturbances","reading":"せんらん","words":[{"text":"戦乱","gloss":"wars and disturbances","reading":"せんらん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.005.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.006","source":"ほろびる","translation":"perish; be ruined; (v.i.)","reading":"ほろびる","words":[{"text":"ほろびる","gloss":"perish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.006.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.007","source":"ーーと ならんで","translation":"ranked with; standing side by side","reading":"ーーとならんで","words":[{"text":"ーーとならんで","gloss":"ranked with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.007.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.008","source":"庶民","translation":"common people; populace","reading":"しょみん","words":[{"text":"庶民","gloss":"common people","reading":"しょみん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.008.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.009","source":"町人","translation":"tradesman; merchant","reading":"ちょうにん","words":[{"text":"町人","gloss":"merchant","reading":"ちょうにん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.009.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.010","source":"文字","translation":"character; ideograph","reading":"もんじ","words":[{"text":"文字","gloss":"written character","reading":"もんじ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.010.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.011","source":"計算","translation":"calculation; computation","reading":"けいさん","words":[{"text":"計算","gloss":"calculation","reading":"けいさん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"支配者","gloss":"ruler; master"},{"word":"ほろびる","gloss":"perish; be ruined; (v.i.)"},{"word":"ーーとならんで","gloss":"ranked with; standing side by side"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Literacy, temple schools and education · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Learning and access to school","paragraphs":["These words cover literacy, temple schools, enrollment, and compulsory education.","*読み 書き* means \"reading and writing.\" *寺小屋* means \"temple school.\"","*義務教育* means \"compulsory education.\" The group links literacy in temple schools with compulsory education."]}],"lines":[{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.012","source":"学ぶ","translation":"learn (v.i.)","reading":"まなぶ","words":[{"text":"学ぶ","gloss":"learn","reading":"まなぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.012.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.013","source":"そろばん","translation":"abacus","reading":"そろばん","words":[{"text":"そろばん","gloss":"abacus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.013.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.014","source":"読み 書き","translation":"reading and writing","reading":"よみかき","words":[{"text":"読み書き","gloss":"reading and writing","reading":"よみかき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.014.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.015","source":"寺小屋","translation":"temple school","reading":"てらこや","words":[{"text":"寺小屋","gloss":"temple school","reading":"てらこや"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.015.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.016","source":"開放 する","translation":"throw open; open (v.t.)","reading":"かいほうする","words":[{"text":"開放する","gloss":"open","reading":"かいほうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.016.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.017","source":"入学 する","translation":"enter school (v.i.)","reading":"にゅうがくする","words":[{"text":"入学する","gloss":"enter school","reading":"にゅうがくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.017.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.018","source":"民衆","translation":"the masses; people","reading":"みんしゅう","words":[{"text":"民衆","gloss":"the people","reading":"みんしゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.018.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.019","source":"実現 させる","translation":"make-?-come true (v.t.)","reading":"じつげんさせる","words":[{"text":"実現させる","gloss":"make come true","reading":"じつげんさせる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.019.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.020","source":"義務教育","translation":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむきょういく","words":[{"text":"義務教育","gloss":"compulsory education","reading":"ぎむきょういく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.020.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.021","source":"学制","translation":"school system","reading":"がくせい","words":[{"text":"学制","gloss":"school system","reading":"がくせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.021.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.022","source":"小学校","translation":"grade school; grammar school","reading":"しょうがっこう","words":[{"text":"小学校","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"しょうがっこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"読み書き","gloss":"reading and writing"},{"word":"寺小屋","gloss":"temple school"},{"word":"開放する","gloss":"throw open; open (v.t.)"},{"word":"入学する","gloss":"enter school (v.i.)"},{"word":"実現させる","gloss":"make-?-come true (v.t.)"},{"word":"義務教育","gloss":"compulsory education"},{"word":"小学校","gloss":"grade school; grammar school"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"School levels, equality and attendance · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"School levels and attendance","paragraphs":["These words cover school levels, equality, attendance rates, and duration.","*中学* means \"middle school\" in the old system and \"junior high\" in the new system.","*等しく* means \"equally.\" *就学率* means \"percentage of school attendance.\" These words connect equal access with school attendance."]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.023","source":"統一的 な","translation":"unified","reading":"とういつてきな","words":[{"text":"統一的な","gloss":"unified","reading":"とういつてきな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.023.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.024","source":"小学","translation":"grammar school","reading":"しょうがく","words":[{"text":"小学","gloss":"elementary school","reading":"しょうがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.024.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.025","source":"中学","translation":"middle school (old); junior high (new)","reading":"ちゅうがく","words":[{"text":"中学","gloss":"junior high school","reading":"ちゅうがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.025.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.026","source":"士農工商","translation":"classes of warriors, farmers, artisans and tradesmen","reading":"しのうこうしょう","words":[{"text":"士農工商","gloss":"four social classes","reading":"しのうこうしょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.026.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.027","source":"区別","translation":"distinction","reading":"くべつ","words":[{"text":"区別","gloss":"distinction","reading":"くべつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.027.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.028","source":"等しく","translation":"equally","reading":"ひとしく","words":[{"text":"等しく","gloss":"equally","reading":"ひとしく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.028.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.029","source":"就学率","translation":"precentage of school attendance","reading":"しゅうがくりつ","words":[{"text":"就学率","gloss":"school attendance rate","reading":"しゅうがくりつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.029.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.030","source":"年限","translation":"length of time; term","reading":"ねんげん","words":[{"text":"年限","gloss":"term","reading":"ねんげん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.030.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L143.w.031","source":"定める","translation":"prescribe; stipulate (v.t.)","reading":"さだめる","words":[{"text":"定める","gloss":"stipulate","reading":"さだめる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L143.w.031.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":2,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Talk about the following topics in Japanese with your classmates.\n\n(1) The historical development of education in Japan.\n\n(2) The development of the compulsory education system.\n\n(3) Compare the compulsory education system of Japan and that of the U. S.\n\n2 Exercise:\n\na Interpretation Exercise:\n\n(1) In the early history of Japan, education was given only to whom?\n\n(1) 学問 は 貴族 の ため に だけ 行なわれて いました。\n\n(2) When the military clans became very powerful, what happened to the nobles' schools?\n\n(2) 貴族 の 学校 は ほろびて、武家 たち の 学校 と ならんで 庶民 の 学校 が 出来ました。\n\n(3) When commerce developed around the 15th century, what happened?\n\n(3) 商業 に 従事 する 町人 たちは、文字 や 計算 を 学ぶ 事 が 必要 と なりました。\n\n(4) What did the children of merchants learn?\n\n(4) 読み 書き や そろばん の 使い方 を 習いました。\n\n(5) For what reason was the compulsory education system set up?\n\n(5) 本当 の 民衆 教育 を 実現 させる ため に、義務教育 の 制度 が 考えられる 様 に なった のです。"},{"section":3,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary,\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given,\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji,\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes,"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"統一的な","gloss":"unified"},{"word":"小学","gloss":"grammar school"},{"word":"中学","gloss":"middle school (old); junior high (new)"},{"word":"士農工商","gloss":"classes of warriors, farmers, artisans and tradesmen"},{"word":"就学率","gloss":"precentage of school attendance"},{"word":"定める","gloss":"stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]}]}