{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L145","title":"Lesson 145","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 145: changing customs and women’s status · narration 1 of 3, gestures, meals, postwar customs and greetings · questions 1 of 2, gifts, men.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/143","lines":55},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/142","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/144","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Changing customs and women’s status · Narration 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Customs after the war","paragraphs":["*日本人 の 風俗 習慣 は 戦後 非常 に 変った* means \"Japanese customs and manners changed greatly after the war.\"","*男性 に 対する 女性 の 地位* is the status of women in relation to men. The passage says it became much higher than before."]},{"title":"Customs that remain","paragraphs":["*依然 として* means \"still\" or \"as it was before.\" The passage contrasts postwar changes with customs that people still observe.","*日本人 は 挨拶 する 時 には 身 を まげて、おじぎ を する* gives one example. Japanese people bend their bodies and bow when greeting someone."]},{"title":"Kanji: 妻","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 守","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 夫","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 身","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.001","source":"日本人 の 風俗 習慣 は 戦後 非常 に 変った。","translation":"Japanese customs and manners changed greatly after the war.","reading":"にほんじんのふうぞくしゅうかんはせんごひじょうにかわった。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"風俗","gloss":"customs","reading":"ふうぞく"},{"text":"習慣","gloss":"manners","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"戦後","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"greatly","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"adverb marker"},{"text":"変っ","gloss":"changed","reading":"かわっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.002","source":"「戦後 非常 に 強く なった もの が 二つ ある。","translation":"“Two things became very strong after the war.","reading":"「せんごひじょうにつよくなったものがふたつある。","words":[{"text":"「戦後","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"very","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"adverb marker"},{"text":"強く","gloss":"strong","reading":"つよく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"ふた"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"things"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.003","source":"それ は 女性 と くつ下 である。","translation":"They are women and socks.","reading":"それはじょせいとくつしたである。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"they"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女性","gloss":"women","reading":"じょせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"くつ下","gloss":"socks"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.004","source":"と 言われて いる 様 に 男性 に 対する 女性 の 地位、また 夫 に 対する 妻 の 地位 が 以前 より はるか に 高く なって いる。","translation":"The quotation ends here.","reading":"といわれているようにだんせいにたいするじょせいのちい、またおっとにたいするつまのちいがいぜんよりはるかにたかくなっている。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.005","source":"しかしながら、依然 として 守られて いる 独特 の 風俗 習慣 が 沢山 ある から、次 に それ を 書きならべて 見る。","translation":"As people say, the status of women in relation to men, and of wives in relation to their husbands, has become much higher than before.","reading":"といわれているようにだんせいにたいするじょせいのちい、またおっとにたいするつまのちいがいぜんよりはるかにたかくなっている。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.006","source":"日本人 は 挨拶 する 時 には 身 を まげて、おじぎ を する。","translation":"However, many distinctive customs and manners are still observed, so I will list them next.","reading":"しかしながら、いぜんとしてまもられているどくとくのふうぞくしゅうかんがたくさんあるから、つぎにそれをかきならべてみる。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Marriage\n\nAlthough there are some love marriages and in recent years these have been increasingly numerous, most marriages are arranged by friends of the families who act as go-betweens of each party after careful inquiries have been made as to the suitability of the proposed match.\n\n1 There still exists an idea in Japan that marriage is the beginning of love and not the end of it.\n\nBefore a definite settlement is reached, a meeting of the prospective bride and bridegroom is arranged, and if this proves satisfactory the bridegroom’s parents then send YUI-NOO, or betrothal presents, consisting of fresh fish, sake, and an obi (sash), or money for the purchase of one.\n\n1 A day or two before the wedding the bride’s trousseau, bedding, etc., placed in a TANSU (chest of drawers) and NAGA-MOCHI (long chest somewhat similar to a hope chest) are sent to the bridegroom’s house.\n\nOn the wedding day the bride, accompanied by her go-between and his wife, arrives at the bridegroom’s house in the evening with a present for the bridegroom.\n\n1 The bride, with her hair dressed in the style of bunkin-takashimada, generally wears three long-sleeved robes, worn one over the other, the outer being of black crepe silk with designs of flowers and birds of auspicious significance, and the inner two of pure white silk.\n\nShe is welcomed and taken to the parlor, where the bridegroom is waiting, and there immediately takes place the ceremony of SAN-SAN-KUDO (three-three are nine times), when the bride and bridegroom drink three times out of three different sake cups, by which they pledge their marriage vows.\n\nAccording to Japanese belief ’’three*’ means ’’good luck;” ’’SAN-SAN-KUDCy* signifies, therefore, the wish for a happy union.\n\nAs a matter of fact, however, the cup is generally only placed to the lips, although sometimes a sip may be taken.\n\nAfter this ceremony, the bride changes her ceremonial robes for those of scarlet or some other bright color and meets the parents and relatives of the bridegroom at a banquet.\n\nFormerly, married women blackened their teeth but this custom has now been abandoned.\n\n1 In large cities it is now the fashion to have the wedding ceremony performed at a shrine; for instance, in Tokyo at the Meiji Shrine, before holding the wedding banquet at a hotel or restaurant."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"風俗","gloss":"custom"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"戦後","gloss":"after a war"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"女性","gloss":"female, women"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"くつ下","gloss":"socks, stocking"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"男性","gloss":"male"},{"word":"地位、","gloss":"position"},{"word":"また","gloss":"thigh"},{"word":"夫","gloss":"husband"},{"word":"妻","gloss":"wife"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"はるか","gloss":"in the distance"},{"word":"しかし","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"ながら、","gloss":"while (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"身","gloss":"body"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gestures, gifts and home visits · Narration 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Speech and hand gestures","paragraphs":["*日本人 は 目上 の 人 や 年上 の 人 に 話す 時 には 丁寧 な 言葉 を 使う* gives the rule. People use polite language with superiors and elders.","*手 を あげて 横 に ふる* describes a farewell gesture. Moving the raised hand up and down means \"beckon.\""]},{"title":"Gifts and footwear","paragraphs":["*日本人 は たび〱 お土産 の やり取り を する* says that Japanese people frequently exchange gifts.","Travelers bring gifts home. Visitors also take gifts when returning to someone's house after a long absence.","*座敷 に 上る 時 には 下駄 や くつ を ぬがなければ ならない* says that clogs or shoes must come off before entering a Japanese-style room."]},{"title":"Kanji: 別","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 丁","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 久","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.007","source":"日本人 は 目上 の 人 や 年上 の 人 に 話す 時 には 丁寧 な 言葉 を 使う。","translation":"When Japanese people greet someone, they bend their bodies and bow.","reading":"にほんじんはあいさつするときにはみをまげて、おじぎをする。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.008","source":"日本 では 人 に 別れる 時 には 手 を あげて 横 に ふる。","translation":"When Japanese people speak to a superior or an older person, they use polite language.","reading":"にほんじんはめうえのひとやとしうえのひとにはなすときにはていねいなことばをつかう。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.009","source":"手 を あげて たて に ふる（つまり 手招き する）のは 日本 では「ここ に 来い」と いう 事 で ある。","translation":"In Japan, when people part from someone, they raise a hand and wave it from side to side.","reading":"にほんではひとにわかれるときにはてをあげてよこにふる。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.010","source":"日本人 は たび〱 お土産 の やり取り を する。","translation":"In Japan, raising a hand and moving it up and down—in other words, beckoning—means “Come here.”","reading":"てをあげてたてにふる（つまりてまねきする）のはにほんでは「ここにこい」ということである。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.011","source":"旅行 に 行った 時 には お土産 を 買って 帰り、人 の 家 に 久し 振り に 行く 時 には お土産 を 持って 行く。","translation":"Japanese people frequently exchange gifts.","reading":"にほんじんはたびたびおみやげのやりとりをする。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.012","source":"大抵 の 日本 の 家 には 畳 が しいて ある から、座敷 に 上る 時 には 下駄 や くつ を ぬがなければ ならない。","translation":"When they go on a trip, they buy gifts to bring home, and when they visit someone’s house for the first time in a long while, they take a gift with them.","reading":"りょこうにいったときにはおみやげをかってかえり、ひとのいえにひさしぶりにいくときにはおみやげをもっていく。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"使う。","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"別れる","gloss":"part company with (v.t.)"},{"word":"ふる。","gloss":"shake (v.t.)"},{"word":"たて","gloss":"vertical"},{"word":"（つまり","gloss":"in short, in another word"},{"word":"「ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"土産","gloss":"souvenir; present"},{"word":"帰り、","gloss":"return trip (See notes)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"畳","gloss":"straw mat (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"上る","gloss":"to eat, drink, come"},{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Meals, marriage and bathing · Narration 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Manners in daily life","paragraphs":["*いただきます* begins a meal, and *御ちそう様でした* follows it. The passage also contrasts American and Japanese customs for blowing the nose.","*日本人 は 大変 熱い 風呂 に 入る* gives the last custom. Japanese people take very hot baths."]},{"title":"How a marriage is arranged","paragraphs":["*仲人 を 通して 結婚 の 話 を すすめて 行く* describes arranging a marriage through a matchmaker.","*結婚する 前 に 若い 男女 は「見合い」を して* describes the young couple's formal meeting before marriage.","If they like each other, they decide to marry."]},{"title":"Kanji: 遠","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 音","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 熱","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.013","source":"御飯 を 食べ 始める 前 には「いただきます」と 言い、食べ 終って から「御ちそう様でした」と 言う。","translation":"Since most Japanese homes have tatami mats, you must take off your wooden clogs or shoes when you enter a Japanese-style room.","reading":"たいていのにほんのいえにはたたみがしいてあるから、ざしきにあがるときにはげたやくつをぬがなければならない。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.014","source":"日本 の 子供 たち は 大人 に 挨拶 する 時 には、知らない 人 にでも「おじさん」あるいは「おばさん」と 言う。","translation":"Before beginning a meal, people say “I humbly receive this,” and after finishing, they say “Thank you for the meal.”","reading":"ごはんをたべはじめるまえには「いただきます」といい、たべおわってから「ごちそうさまでした」という。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.015","source":"米国人 は 人 の 前 で 遠慮 なく 大きな 音 を 立てて ハンケチ で はな を かむ が、日本人 は はな を かむ 時 には 紙 を 使って、出来る だけ 音 を 立てない 様 に する。","translation":"When Japanese children greet adults, they call even strangers “uncle” or “aunt.”","reading":"にほんのこどもたちはおとなにあいさつするときには、しらないひとにでも「おじさん」あるいは「おばさん」という。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.016","source":"日本 では、男 が 結婚したい 時 か、親 が 子供 に 結婚させたい 時 には 仲人 を 通して 結婚 の 話 を すすめて 行く。","translation":"Americans blow their noses in front of other people with a handkerchief, freely making a loud noise, but when Japanese people blow their noses, they use paper and try to make as little noise as possible.","reading":"べいこくじんはひとのまえでえんりょなくおおきなおとをたててハンケチではなをかむが、にほんじんははなをかむときにはかみをつかって、できるだけおとをたてないようにする。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.017","source":"結婚する 前 に 若い 男女 は「見合い」を して、おたがい に 好き で あれば 結婚 する 事 に する。","translation":"In Japan, when a man wants to marry, or when parents want their child to marry, they arrange the marriage through a matchmaker.","reading":"にほんでは、おとこがこんしたいときか、おやがこどもにこんさせたいときにはなこうどをとおしてこんのはなしをすすめていく。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L145.rd.018","source":"日本人 は 大変 熱い 風呂 に 入る。","translation":"Before marrying, the young man and woman have a formal meeting, and if they like each other, they decide to marry.","reading":"こんするまえにわかいだんじょは「みあい」をして、おたがいにすきであればこんすることにする。","words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.rd.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"御飯","gloss":"cooked rice"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"ます」","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"言う。","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"はな","gloss":"flower"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"か、","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"せ","gloss":"height (of man)"},{"word":"仲人","gloss":"go-between; match-maker"},{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"},{"word":"「見合い」","gloss":"marriage meeting"},{"word":"好き","gloss":"to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"風呂","gloss":"bath"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Postwar customs and greetings · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Changes and greetings","paragraphs":["The questions ask about postwar changes, women's status, bowing, polite speech, and farewell gestures.","*男性 に 対する 女性 の 地位 は どうなって いますか* means \"What has happened to the status of women in relation to men?\"","An answer states what changed. Questions about greetings and parting take the action as their answer."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.001","source":"風俗 習慣（二）","translation":"Customs and Manners (Part Two)","reading":"ふうぞくしゅうかん（に）","words":[{"text":"風俗","gloss":"customs","reading":"ふうぞく"},{"text":"習慣","gloss":"manners","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"（二）","gloss":"part two","reading":"に"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.001.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.002","source":"日本 の 風俗 習慣 は 戦後 どうなりましたか。","translation":"What happened to Japanese customs and manners after the war?","reading":"にほんのふうぞくしゅうかんはせんごどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"風俗","gloss":"customs","reading":"ふうぞく"},{"text":"習慣","gloss":"manners","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"戦後","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.002.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.003","source":"戦後 非常 に 強く なった もの は 何 ですか。","translation":"What two things became very strong after the war?","reading":"せんごひじょうにつよくなったものはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"戦後","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"非常","gloss":"very","reading":"ひじょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"adverb marker"},{"text":"強く","gloss":"strong","reading":"つよく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.003.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.004","source":"男性 に 対する 女性 の 地位 は どうなって いますか。","translation":"What has happened to the status of women in relation to men?","reading":"だんせいにたいするじょせいのちいはどうなっていますか。","words":[{"text":"男性","gloss":"men","reading":"だんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"対する","gloss":"in relation to","reading":"たいする"},{"text":"女性","gloss":"women","reading":"じょせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"地位","gloss":"status","reading":"ちい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.004.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.005","source":"夫 に 対する 妻 の 地位 は どうなって いますか。","translation":"What has happened to the status of wives in relation to their husbands?","reading":"おっとにたいするつまのちいはどうなっていますか。","words":[{"text":"夫","gloss":"husbands","reading":"おっと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"対する","gloss":"in relation to","reading":"たいする"},{"text":"妻","gloss":"wives","reading":"つま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"地位","gloss":"status","reading":"ちい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.005.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.006","source":"日本 には 依然 として 守られて いる 独特 の 風俗 習慣 が 沢山 ありますか。","translation":"Are there many distinctive customs and manners that are still observed in Japan?","reading":"にほんにはいぜんとしてまもられているどくとくのふうぞくしゅうかんがたくさんありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"依然","gloss":"still","reading":"いぜん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"still"},{"text":"し","gloss":"still"},{"text":"て","gloss":"still"},{"text":"守ら","gloss":"observed","reading":"まもら"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"observed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"observed"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"observed"},{"text":"独特","gloss":"distinctive","reading":"どくとく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"風俗","gloss":"customs","reading":"ふうぞく"},{"text":"習慣","gloss":"manners","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.006.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.007","source":"日本人 は 挨拶 する 時 に どうしますか。","translation":"What do Japanese people do when they greet someone?","reading":"にほんじんはあいさつするときにどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"挨拶","gloss":"greet","reading":"あいさつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.007.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.008","source":"日本人 は 目上 の 人 や 年上 の 人 に 話す 時 には どうしますか。","translation":"What do Japanese people do when they speak to a superior or an older person?","reading":"にほんじんはめうえのひとやとしうえのひとにはなすときにはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"目上","gloss":"superior","reading":"めうえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"年上","gloss":"older","reading":"としうえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.008.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.009","source":"日本 では 人 に 別れる 時 には どうしますか。","translation":"What do people do in Japan when they part from someone?","reading":"にほんではひとにわかれるときにはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"人","gloss":"someone","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"別れる","gloss":"part","reading":"わかれる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.009.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"（二）","gloss":"two"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"地位","gloss":"position"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gifts, manners and matchmaking · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Actions and customs","paragraphs":["The questions ask about gestures, gifts, footwear, meal phrases, nose-blowing, marriage, and bathing.","*親 が 子供 に 結婚させたい 時 には どうしますか* means \"What do parents do when they want their child to marry?\"","The marriage answer names an arrangement through a go-between. Other answers give the requested action, phrase, or custom."]}],"lines":[{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.010","source":"日本 では 手 を あげて たて に ふる のは どういう 意味 ですか。","translation":"In Japan, what does it mean to raise a hand and move it up and down?","reading":"にほんではてをあげてたてにふるのはどういういみですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あげ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"vertically"},{"text":"に","gloss":"adverb marker"},{"text":"ふる","gloss":"move"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"kind of"},{"text":"意味","gloss":"meaning","reading":"いみ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.010.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.011","source":"日本人 は よく お土産 の やり取り を しますか。","translation":"Do Japanese people often exchange gifts?","reading":"にほんじんはよくおみやげのやりとりをしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"お","gloss":"gifts"},{"text":"土産","gloss":"gifts","reading":"みやげ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"やり取り","gloss":"exchange","reading":"やりとり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.011.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.012","source":"日本 の 座敷 に 上る 時 には、どうしなければ なりませんか。","translation":"What must you do when you enter a Japanese-style room?","reading":"にほんのざしきにあがるときには、どうしなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"座敷","gloss":"room","reading":"ざしき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"上る","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.012.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.013","source":"御飯 を 食べ始める 時 には 何 と 言いますか。","translation":"What do people say when they begin a meal?","reading":"ごはんをたべはじめるときにはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"御飯","gloss":"meal","reading":"ごはん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"begin eating"},{"text":"始める","gloss":"begin eating"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.013.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.014","source":"食べ 終った 時 には 何 と 言いますか。","translation":"What do people say when they finish eating?","reading":"たべおわったときにはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"食べ","gloss":"finish eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"終っ","gloss":"finish eating","reading":"おわっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.014.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.015","source":"米国人 は はな を かむ 時 には、どうしますか。日本人 は どうですか。","translation":"What do Americans do when they blow their noses? What about Japanese people?","reading":"べいこくじんははなをかむときには、どうしますか。にほんじんはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"Americans","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Americans","reading":"じん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"nose"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かむ","gloss":"blow"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.015.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.016","source":"日本 では 男 が 結婚したい 時 か、親 が 子供 に 結婚させたい 時 には どうしますか。","translation":"In Japan, what do people do when a man wants to marry, or when parents want their child to marry?","reading":"にほんではおとこがけっこんしたいときか、おやがこどもにけっこんさせたいときにはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"結婚","gloss":"marry","reading":"けっこん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"親","gloss":"parents","reading":"おや"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"結婚","gloss":"marry","reading":"けっこん"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.016.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L145.q.017","source":"日本人 は 大変 熱い 風呂 に はいりますか。","translation":"Do Japanese people take very hot baths?","reading":"にほんじんはたいへんあついふろにはいりますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"熱い","gloss":"hot","reading":"あつい"},{"text":"風呂","gloss":"bath","reading":"ふろ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.q.017.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ふる","gloss":"shake (v.t.)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Men, women and social rank · Word list 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Family and social rank","paragraphs":["These words cover men, spouses, continuing customs, bodily movement, and rank.","*男性* means \"male,\" while *夫* means \"husband.\" One describes a man, and the other names a family role.","*目上 の 人* means \"one's superiors\" or \"one's seniors.\" *年上 の 人* means \"elders\" or \"seniors.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.001","source":"男性","translation":"male","reading":"だんせい","words":[{"text":"男性","gloss":"male","reading":"だんせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.001.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.002","source":"夫","translation":"husband","reading":"おっと","words":[{"text":"夫","gloss":"husband","reading":"おっと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.002.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.003","source":"妻","translation":"wife","reading":"つま","words":[{"text":"妻","gloss":"wife","reading":"つま"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.003.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.004","source":"依然 として","translation":"still; as it was before","reading":"いぜんとして","words":[{"text":"依然として","gloss":"still","reading":"いぜんとして"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.004.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.005","source":"守る","translation":"observe (v.t.)","reading":"まもる","words":[{"text":"守る","gloss":"observe","reading":"まもる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.005.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.006","source":"書きならべる","translation":"enumerate (v.t.)","reading":"かきならべる","words":[{"text":"書きならべる","gloss":"enumerate","reading":"かきならべる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.006.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.007","source":"身","translation":"body","reading":"み","words":[{"text":"身","gloss":"body","reading":"み"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.007.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.008","source":"身 を まげる","translation":"bend one’s body (v.i.)","reading":"みをまげる","words":[{"text":"身をまげる","gloss":"bend one's body","reading":"みをまげる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.008.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.009","source":"目上 の 人","translation":"one’s superiors; one’s seniors","reading":"めうえのひと","words":[{"text":"目上の人","gloss":"one's superior","reading":"めうえのひと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.009.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.010","source":"年上 の 人","translation":"elders; seniors","reading":"としうえのひと","words":[{"text":"年上の人","gloss":"older person","reading":"としうえのひと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"依然として","gloss":"still; as it was before"},{"word":"守る","gloss":"observe (v.t.)"},{"word":"書きならべる","gloss":"enumerate (v.t.)"},{"word":"身をまげる","gloss":"bend one’s body (v.i.)"},{"word":"目上の人","gloss":"one’s superiors; one’s seniors"},{"word":"年上の人","gloss":"elders; seniors"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gestures, marriage and bathing · Word list 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Gestures, marriage, and bathing","paragraphs":["These words cover parting, beckoning, gifts, noise, marriage arrangements, and bathing.","*別れる* means \"part company with,\" and *手招き する* means \"beckon.\" These actions use different hand movements in the passage.","*仲人* means \"go-between\" or \"match-maker.\" *見合い* is the \"marriage meeting\" that the go-between arranges."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.011","source":"別れる","translation":"part company with (v.t.)","reading":"わかれる","words":[{"text":"別れる","gloss":"part company with","reading":"わかれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.011.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.012","source":"手招き する","translation":"beckon (v.t.)","reading":"てまねきする","words":[{"text":"手招きする","gloss":"beckon","reading":"てまねきする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.012.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.013","source":"土産","translation":"souvenir; present","reading":"みやげ","words":[{"text":"土産","gloss":"souvenir","reading":"みやげ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.013.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.014","source":"久し振り に","translation":"after a long time (interval, silence, absence)","reading":"ひさしぶりに","words":[{"text":"久し振りに","gloss":"after a long time","reading":"ひさしぶりに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.014.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.015","source":"音 を 立てる","translation":"make a sound (noise) (v.t.)","reading":"おとをたてる","words":[{"text":"音を立てる","gloss":"make a sound","reading":"おとをたてる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.015.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.016","source":"はな を かむ","translation":"blow the nose (v.t.)","reading":"はなをかむ","words":[{"text":"はなをかむ","gloss":"blow one’s nose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.016.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.017","source":"仲人","translation":"go-between; match-maker","reading":"なこうど","words":[{"text":"仲人","gloss":"matchmaker","reading":"なこうど"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.017.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.018","source":"見合い","translation":"marriage meeting","reading":"みあい","words":[{"text":"見合い","gloss":"marriage meeting","reading":"みあい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.018.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.019","source":"風呂 に はいる","translation":"take a bath (v.t.)","reading":"ふろにはいる","words":[{"text":"風呂にはいる","gloss":"take a bath","reading":"ふろにはいる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.019.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L145.w.020","source":"風呂","translation":"bath","reading":"ふろ","words":[{"text":"風呂","gloss":"bath","reading":"ふろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L145.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":2,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Talk about the following topics with your classmates in Japanese.\n\n(1) A comparative study of customs between the United States and Japan.\n\n(a) Greetings\n\n(b) Departing\n\n(c) Talking\n\n(d) Blowing one’s nose\n\n(e) Marriage\n\n2 Exercise:\n\na Interpretation Exercise:\n\n(1) Did some of the customs change after the war in Japan?\n\n(1) 戦後 男性 に 対する 女性 の 地位、夫 に 対する 妻 の 地位 が 以前 より 高く なりました。\n\n(2) When the Japanese people exchange greetings, what do they do?\n\n(2) 身 を まげて おじぎ を します。\n\n(3) When a Japanese man wants to get married or when the parents want to have their children get married, what do they do?\n\n(3) 仲人 を 通して 結婚 の 話 を すすめて いきます。結婚 する 前 に 若い 男女 は「見合い」を して、たがい に 好き で あれば 結婚 する 事 に します。\n\n(4) When the Japanese people talk to their elders and their seniors, what do they do?\n\n(4) 年上 の 人 や 目上 の 人 に 話す 時 には 丁寧 な 言葉 を 使います。"},{"section":3,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"手招きする","gloss":"beckon (v.t.)"},{"word":"久し振りに","gloss":"after a long time (interval, silence, absence)"},{"word":"音を立てる","gloss":"make a sound (noise) (v.t.)"},{"word":"はなをかむ","gloss":"blow the nose (v.t.)"},{"word":"見合い","gloss":"marriage meeting"},{"word":"風呂にはいる","gloss":"take a bath (v.t.)"}],"paradigms":[]}]}