{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L151","title":"Lesson 151","stage":"Narration and the written language","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 151: surrender, aviation agreement and new routes · narration 2 of 2, occupation, aviation agreement negotiations · questions 2 of 2, surrender and occupation vocabulary · word list 1 of 4, treaty signing and agreements · word list 2 of 4, economic and aviation treaty terms · word list 3 of 4, first flight and national flag · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/149","lines":68},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/148","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/150","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Surrender, independence and security treaties · Narration 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Independence after occupation","paragraphs":["*一九五二年四月二十八日、対日平和条約が発効して 日本は 独立を回復した* means \"On April 28, 1952, the peace treaty with Japan took effect, and Japan regained its independence.\"","Japan's postwar foreign policy sought prosperity and stability at home and abroad.","Japan pursued this aim through the United Nations, the Free World, and the Asian community of nations."]},{"title":"The basis of postwar relations","paragraphs":["*この平和条約調印の日に 日米安全保障条約（日米安保条約）が締結され、翌年二月に行政協定が調印された* says the security treaty was concluded on the day the peace treaty was signed.","The same line says an administrative agreement was signed in February of the next year.","The first security treaty provided for United States land, air, and sea forces in or around Japan.","*この二条約は 戦後の日米関係を基礎づける大きな支柱となったのである* means \"These two treaties became major pillars forming the basis of postwar relations between Japan and the United States.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: / 管 to / 希","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 受, 下","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.001","source":"一九四五年八月十五日、日本は ポツダム宣言を受諾して、連合軍に降伏し、連合軍総司令部（ＧＨＱ）の管理下に置かれた。","translation":"On August 15, 1945, Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration, surrendered to the Allied forces, and was placed under the control of General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ).","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくよんじゅうごねんはちがつじゅうごにち、にほんはポツダムせんげんをじゅだくして、れんごうぐんにこうふくし、れんごうぐんそうしれいぶ（ジーエッチキュー）のかんりかにおかれた。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"1945"},{"text":"九","gloss":"1945"},{"text":"四","gloss":"1945"},{"text":"五","gloss":"1945"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"八","gloss":"August"},{"text":"月","gloss":"August"},{"text":"十","gloss":"15"},{"text":"五","gloss":"15"},{"text":"日、","gloss":"day"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ポツダム","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"text":"宣言","gloss":"Potsdam Declaration"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受諾","gloss":"accept"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied forces"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Allied forces"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"降伏","gloss":"surrender"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"do"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Allied Powers"},{"text":"総","gloss":"General Headquarters"},{"text":"司令","gloss":"General Headquarters"},{"text":"部","gloss":"General Headquarters"},{"text":"（ＧＨＱ）","gloss":"GHQ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"管理","gloss":"under control"},{"text":"下","gloss":"under control"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"置か","gloss":"place"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"be"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.002","source":"この連合軍総司令部は アメリカを主体としていたので、この間 日本は 政治、経済、教育など、あらゆる面で アメリカの強い影響を受け、アメリカ式の民主化がすすめられた。","translation":"Since this General Headquarters of the Allied Powers was primarily American, during this period Japan was strongly influenced by the United States in every area, including politics, economics, and education, and American-style democratization was promoted.","reading":"このれんごうぐんそうしれいぶはアメリカをしゅたいとしていたので、このあいだにほんはせいじ、けいざい、きょういくなど、あらゆるめんでアメリカのつよいえいきょうをうけ、アメリカしきのみんしゅかがすすめられた。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied Powers","reading":"れんごう"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Allied Powers","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"総","gloss":"General Headquarters","reading":"そう"},{"text":"司令","gloss":"General Headquarters","reading":"しれい"},{"text":"部","gloss":"General Headquarters","reading":"ぶ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"主体","gloss":"main component","reading":"しゅたい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"い","gloss":"be"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this period"},{"text":"間","gloss":"this period"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"政治、","gloss":"politics","reading":"せいじ"},{"text":"経済、","gloss":"economics","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"教育","gloss":"education","reading":"きょういく"},{"text":"など、","gloss":"including"},{"text":"あらゆる","gloss":"every"},{"text":"面","gloss":"area","reading":"めん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"強い","gloss":"strong","reading":"つよい"},{"text":"影響","gloss":"influence","reading":"えいきょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"受け、","gloss":"receive","reading":"うけ"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"American"},{"text":"式","gloss":"style","reading":"しき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"民主","gloss":"democratization","reading":"みんしゅ"},{"text":"化","gloss":"democratization","reading":"か"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすめ","gloss":"promote"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.003","source":"一九五二年四月二十八日、対日平和条約が発効して 日本は 独立を回復した。","translation":"On April 28, 1952, the peace treaty with Japan took effect, and Japan regained its independence.","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうにねんしがつにじゅうはちにち、たいにちへいわじょうやくがはっこうしてにほんはどくりつをかいふくした。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"1952"},{"text":"九","gloss":"1952"},{"text":"五","gloss":"1952"},{"text":"二","gloss":"1952"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"28"},{"text":"八","gloss":"28"},{"text":"日、","gloss":"day"},{"text":"対日","gloss":"with Japan"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発効","gloss":"take effect"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"独立","gloss":"independence"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"回復","gloss":"regain"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.004","source":"この平和条約調印の日に 日米安全保障条約（日米安保条約）が締結され、翌年二月に行政協定が調印された。","translation":"On the day this peace treaty was signed, the U.S.-Japan Security Pact was concluded, and an administrative agreement was signed in February of the following year.","reading":"このへいわじょうやくちょういんのひににちべいあんぜんほしょうじょうやく（にちべいあんぽじょうやく）がていけつされ、よくねんにがつにぎょうせいきょうていがちょういんされた。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"調印","gloss":"signing","reading":"ちょういん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"にちべい"},{"text":"安全","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"あんぜん"},{"text":"保障","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"ほしょう"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"（日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"にちべい"},{"text":"安保","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"あんぽ"},{"text":"条約）","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"締結","gloss":"conclude","reading":"ていけつ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"be"},{"text":"翌年","gloss":"following year"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February"},{"text":"月","gloss":"February"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"行政","gloss":"administrative agreement","reading":"ぎょうせい"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"administrative agreement","reading":"きょうてい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"調印","gloss":"sign","reading":"ちょういん"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"be"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.005","source":"この二条約は 戦後の日米関係を基礎づける大きな支柱となったのである。","translation":"These two treaties became major pillars forming the basis of postwar relations between Japan and the United States.","reading":"このにじょうやくはせんごのにちべいかんけいをきそづけるおおきなしちゅうとなったのである。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"treaties","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"戦後","gloss":"postwar","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan","reading":"にちべい"},{"text":"関係","gloss":"relations","reading":"かんけい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"基礎","gloss":"form the basis","reading":"きそ"},{"text":"づける","gloss":"form the basis"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"major","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"支柱","gloss":"pillars","reading":"しちゅう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.006","source":"これらの条約の外におもなものを二三あげて見ると、日米経済委員会、日米通商条約、日米原子力協定、日米航空協定などがある。","translation":"Besides these treaties, to name two or three of the major ones, there are the U.S.-Japan Economic Committee, the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Commerce, the U.S.-Japan Atomic Energy Agreement, and the U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement.","reading":"これらのじょうやくのほかにおもなものをにさんあげてみると、にちべいけいざいいいんかい、にちべいつうしょおじょうやく、にちべいげんしりょくきょうてい、にちべいこおくうきょうていなどがある。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"treaties","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"major"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二三","gloss":"two or three","reading":"にさん"},{"text":"あげ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"try","reading":"みる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"economic"},{"text":"委員","gloss":"committee"},{"text":"会、","gloss":"committee"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"通商","gloss":"commerce"},{"text":"条約、","gloss":"treaty"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"原子","gloss":"atomic energy"},{"text":"力","gloss":"atomic energy"},{"text":"協定、","gloss":"agreement"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"航空","gloss":"aviation"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"agreement"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Foreign Policy of Japan\n\nUnder the conservative government which has been in power throughout most of the postwar period, the aim of Japanese foreign policy has been to secure prosperity and stability both at home and on international scenes.\n\nTo these ends, Japan directs its efforts in a three-fold role; as a member of the United Nations, as a member of the Free World, and as a member of the Asian community of nations.\n\nAs a member of the United Nations, Japan has pledged its wholehearted cooperation in strengthening the authority of the U. N. as the guardian of world peace.\n\nAs a member of the Free World, Japan has sought close relations of friendship with the free nations, with which it shares common political beliefs.\n\nAnd, as a member of the Asian community of nations, Japan has attached special importance to maintaining good neighborly relations with other Asian countries.\n\n1 Thus, while the problem of its defense may continue to be a matter of future discussions between the\n\n1 United States and Japan, Japan has been seeking to consolidate its economic ties with nearly all nations, a policy which contrasts dramatically with that of the prewar Japan.\n\nAgricultural Commodities"},{"section":2,"text":"Japan-United States Security Treaty\n\n2 The first Japan-United States Security Treaty was signed at the same time as the Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951. It provided for the stationing of the United States land, air, and sea forces in or around Japan, to be used in the interest of preservation of international peace in the Far East, to defend Japan and, at the request of the Japanese Government, to put down internal riots fomented from abroad. The Treaty was signed for an indefinite period. 1\n\nThe Treaty did not require that the United States consult Japan before deploying military forces stationed in Japan and expressly denied Japan the right to lease bases to a third power. Many Japanese were dismayed by the expectations implicit in the Treaty that Japan would rearm, which were in direct contradiction to the previous American policy of disarming Japan.\n\n2 subsequent administrative agreements, became a favorite target of the leftist opposition in the Diet, who represented it as symbolizing the submission of Japan to the United States. A number of provisions of the Treaty on implementing agreements were in fact vulnerable to criticism in Japan. These were the extraterritorial character of the status of American servicemen in Japan; the provision allowing the use of American troops to quell foreign-inspired riots; the absence of a time limit for the Treaty and of any explicit stipulations that Japan had to be consulted before American troops were deployed; and the provision that Japan could not enter into any military commitment with a third power while the Treaty remained in effect.\n\n2 The New Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was signed in Washington, D. C. on January 19, 1960. Unlike the 1951 Treaty, the 1960 Treaty provided for a ten-year limit for its operation, after which it can be revoked upon one year’s notice by either party. The provision for the use of American troops in internal disturbances and\n\nthe one which forbade any Japanese military agreement with third powers were omitted. The Treaty included general provisions on the further development of international cooperation and free institutions and on improved future economic cooperation.\n\nThe attack against renewal of the Treaty was launched by the Left-wing Socialist party and taken up by the Communists. It was favored by the mounting tensions of the cold war, which reached a climax in the agitation over the U-2 incident and the failure of the summit Paris Conference in the spring of 1960. Popular feeling was fanned by propaganda and diplomatic pressure exercised by the Soviet Union and Communist China which threatened dire consequences to Japan if it allowed the continuation of American bases on its soil.\n\n2 Fear of nuclear war is another factor which works to the disadvantage of the United States in Japan and provides a major theme for the propaganda of the Communists and other anti-American elements. The only country ever subjected to nuclear bombardment, Japan has been in the\n\nforefront of international campaigns to stop nuclear testing. Popular anxiety over atomic fallout was aggravated by the injuries suffered by crew members of the fishing vessel Fukuryuu Maru during the United States atomic tests in the Marshall Islands in 1954.\n\nTreaties in Force\n1 January 1965\nBetween the United States and Japan\n\nThe 1951 Treaty, which was implemented by\n\nAmami Islands"},{"section":3,"text":"Atomic Energy"},{"section":4,"text":"Aviation"},{"section":5,"text":"Claims\nNuclear test, AWA MARU, etc."},{"section":6,"text":"Consuls"},{"section":7,"text":"Defense"},{"section":8,"text":"Economic and Technical Aids"},{"section":9,"text":"Education"},{"section":10,"text":"Extradition"},{"section":11,"text":"Finance"},{"section":12,"text":"Fisheries"},{"section":13,"text":"Investment Guaranties"},{"section":14,"text":"Maritime Matters"},{"section":15,"text":"Technical Mission"},{"section":16,"text":"Narcotic drugs"},{"section":17,"text":"Patents"},{"section":18,"text":"Postal matters"},{"section":19,"text":"Property\nPayment of damage caused by United States aircraft\nPerpetual lease."},{"section":20,"text":"Publication"},{"section":21,"text":"Satellites"},{"section":22,"text":"Shellfish"},{"section":23,"text":"Smuggling"},{"section":24,"text":"Taxation"},{"section":25,"text":"Trade and commerce"},{"section":26,"text":"Visas"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"軍","gloss":"army, military"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"アメリカ","gloss":"America; U.S.A."},{"word":"主体","gloss":"main constituent; subject"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"間","gloss":"between"},{"word":"政治、","gloss":"government; adminis-tration; politics"},{"word":"など、","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"あらゆる","gloss":"all; all sorts"},{"word":"面","gloss":"aspect; phase"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"対日","gloss":"for Japan; with Japan"},{"word":"平和","gloss":"peace"},{"word":"独立","gloss":"independence"},{"word":"日米","gloss":"U, S. and Japan"},{"word":"翌年","gloss":"following year; next year"},{"word":"戦後","gloss":"after a war"},{"word":"関係","gloss":"relationship"},{"word":"基礎","gloss":"basis; foundation"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"支柱","gloss":"support"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"通商","gloss":"commerce; trade"},{"word":"航空","gloss":"aviation; flight"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Aviation agreement and new routes · Narration 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From limited access to new routes","paragraphs":["*日米航空協定は 平和条約締結直後に結ばれたもので、日本側は アメリカ西海岸のサンフランシスコ、ロスアンゼルスまでの乗り入れしか認められない不平等なものだと言う* says the Japanese side called the agreement unequal because Japanese flights could go only as far as the American West Coast.","*そして 一九六六年 遂に この協定が改正され、同年十一月十二日午前十時 待望のニューヨーク乗り入れ第一番機が羽田空港を飛び立ち、ニューヨークで初めて 日の丸の翼がお目見得した* says the agreement was revised in 1966 and the first New York flight left Haneda Airport that November.","*又 一九六七年から さらに ニューヨークからロンドンへの航路も開始する事になっている* says a New York to London route was scheduled to begin in 1967."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.007","source":"日米航空協定は 平和条約締結直後に結ばれたもので、日本側は アメリカ西海岸のサンフランシスコ、ロスアンゼルスまでの乗り入れしか認められない不平等なものだと言う。","translation":"The U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement was concluded immediately after the peace treaty, and the Japanese side says it is unequal because Japanese flights are permitted to go only as far as San Francisco and Los Angeles on the west coast of the United States.","reading":"にちべいこおくうきょうていはへいわじょうやくていけつちょくごにむすばれたもので、にほんがわはアメリカにしかいがんのサンフランシスコ、ロスアンゼルスまでののりいれしかみとめられないふびょうどうなものだという。","words":[{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"航空","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"締結","gloss":"conclusion","reading":"ていけつ"},{"text":"直後","gloss":"immediately after","reading":"ちょくご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"結ば","gloss":"concluded","reading":"むすば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"one"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"側","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west coast","reading":"にし"},{"text":"海岸","gloss":"west coast","reading":"かいがん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ、","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"ロスアンゼルス","gloss":"Los Angeles"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"as far as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"乗り入れ","gloss":"flights","reading":"のりいれ"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"認め","gloss":"permitted","reading":"みとめ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"were"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"不","gloss":"unequal","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"平等","gloss":"unequal","reading":"びょうどう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"one"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う。","gloss":"says","reading":"いう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.008","source":"このため 日本側は","translation":"For this reason, the Japanese side","reading":"このためにほんがわは","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"側","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.009","source":"アメリカ大陸を横断して、ニューヨーク、さらに ヨーロッパへの航路開設を希望し、アメリカ政府に協定改定を申し入れ、一九六四年六月二十二日から交渉を開始した。","translation":"wanted to establish air routes across the American continent to New York and then on to Europe, requested that the U.S. government revise the agreement, and began negotiations on June 22, 1964.","reading":"アメリカたいりくをおうだんして、ニューヨーク、さらにヨーロッパへのこおろかいせつをきぼうし、アメリカせいふにきょうていかいていをもうしいれ、せんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうよねんろくがつにじゅうににちからこおしょおをかいしした。","words":[{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"American"},{"text":"大陸","gloss":"continent","reading":"たいりく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"横断","gloss":"cross","reading":"おうだん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ニューヨーク、","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"さらに","gloss":"further"},{"text":"ヨーロッパ","gloss":"Europe"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"の","gloss":"to"},{"text":"航路","gloss":"air route","reading":"こおろ"},{"text":"開設","gloss":"establishment","reading":"かいせつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"希望","gloss":"wanted","reading":"きぼう"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"did"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"政府","gloss":"government","reading":"せいふ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"agreement","reading":"きょうてい"},{"text":"改定","gloss":"revision","reading":"かいてい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"申し入れ、","gloss":"requested"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"交渉","gloss":"negotiations"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"開始","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.010","source":"そして 一九六六年 遂に この協定が改正され、同年十一月十二日午前十時 待望のニューヨーク乗り入れ第一番機が羽田空港を飛び立ち、ニューヨークで初めて 日の丸の翼がお目見得した。","translation":"Then, in 1966, the agreement was finally revised, and at 10:00 a.m. on November 12 of that year, the long-awaited first flight to New York took off from Haneda Airport, and for the first time the wings bearing the Japanese flag made their appearance in New York.","reading":"そしてせんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうろくねんついにこのきょうていがかいせいされ、どうねんじゅういちがつじゅうににちごぜんじゅうじたいぼうのニューヨークのりいれだいいちばんきがはねだくうこおをとびたち、ニューヨークではじめてひのまるのつばさがおめみえした。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"then"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"遂に","gloss":"finally"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"agreement"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"改正","gloss":"revised"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"れ、","gloss":"was"},{"text":"同年","gloss":"same year"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m."},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock"},{"text":"待望","gloss":"long-awaited"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"乗り入れ","gloss":"flight to"},{"text":"第","gloss":"first flight"},{"text":"一","gloss":"first flight"},{"text":"番","gloss":"first flight"},{"text":"機","gloss":"first flight"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"羽田","gloss":"Haneda"},{"text":"空港","gloss":"Airport"},{"text":"を","gloss":"from"},{"text":"飛び立ち、","gloss":"took off"},{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"初めて","gloss":"for first time"},{"text":"日の丸","gloss":"Japanese flag"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"翼","gloss":"wings"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"お","gloss":"made appearance"},{"text":"目見得","gloss":"appearance"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L151.rd.011","source":"又 一九六七年から さらに ニューヨークからロンドンへの航路も開始する事になっている。","translation":"In addition, an air route from New York to London is scheduled to begin in 1967.","reading":"またせんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうしちねんからさらにニューヨークからロンドンへのこおろもかいしすることになっている。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"in addition"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"さらに","gloss":"further"},{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ロンドン","gloss":"London"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"の","gloss":"to"},{"text":"航路","gloss":"air route"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"開始","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"it"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"scheduled"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is"},{"text":"いる。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.rd.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"直後","gloss":"immediately after"},{"word":"側","gloss":"side"},{"word":"西","gloss":"west"},{"word":"海岸","gloss":"coast, shore"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ、","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しか","gloss":"deer"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"言う。","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"大陸","gloss":"continent"},{"word":"ニューヨーク、","gloss":"New York"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"航路","gloss":"route; course"},{"word":"改定","gloss":"reform"},{"word":"申し入れ、","gloss":"offer; proposal"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"交渉","gloss":"negotiation"},{"word":"遂に","gloss":"finally"},{"word":"改正","gloss":"revision; amendment"},{"word":"同年","gloss":"the same year"},{"word":"午前","gloss":"a.m., morning"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"空港","gloss":"airport"},{"word":"日の丸","gloss":"rising sun (flag)"},{"word":"翼","gloss":"wing"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"も","gloss":"as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"いる。","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Occupation, independence and treaties · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Dates, causes, and agreements","paragraphs":["The questions ask about Japan's surrender, occupation, restored independence, and the agreements that shaped postwar relations.","*対日平和条約が 発効したのは いつですか* means \"When did the peace treaty with Japan take effect?\" An answer gives the date from the narration.","*これらの 条約の 外に おもなものを 二三 あげてください* asks for two or three other major agreements."]}],"lines":[{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.001","source":"日本は 何年に 連合軍に 降伏しましたか。","translation":"In what year did Japan surrender to the Allied forces?","reading":"にほんはなんねんにれんごうぐんにこうふくしましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"連合","gloss":"Allied forces","reading":"れんごう"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Allied forces","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"降伏","gloss":"surrender","reading":"こうふく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.001.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.002","source":"何の 管理下に おかれましたか。","translation":"Under whose control was Japan placed?","reading":"なんのかんりかにおかれましたか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"whose","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"管理","gloss":"control","reading":"かんり"},{"text":"下","gloss":"control","reading":"か"},{"text":"に","gloss":"under"},{"text":"おか","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.002.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.003","source":"なぜ アメリカ式の 民主化がすすめられたのですか。","translation":"Why was American-style democratization promoted?","reading":"なぜアメリカしきのみんしゅかがすすめられたのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"American-style"},{"text":"式","gloss":"American-style","reading":"しき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"民主","gloss":"democratization","reading":"みんしゅ"},{"text":"化","gloss":"democratization","reading":"か"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすめ","gloss":"promoted"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.003.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.004","source":"対日平和条約が 発効したのは いつですか。","translation":"When did the peace treaty with Japan take effect?","reading":"たいにちへいわじょうやくがはっこうしたのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"対日","gloss":"with Japan","reading":"たいにち"},{"text":"平和","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"へいわ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"peace treaty","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発効","gloss":"take effect","reading":"はっこう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.004.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.005","source":"日米安保条約が 締結されたのは いつですか。","translation":"When was the U.S.-Japan Security Pact concluded?","reading":"にちべいあんぽじょうやくがていけつされたのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan","reading":"にちべい"},{"text":"安保","gloss":"security pact","reading":"あんぽ"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"security pact","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"締結","gloss":"concluded","reading":"ていけつ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.005.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.006","source":"その 翌年二月に 何が 調印されましたか。","translation":"What was signed in February of the following year?","reading":"そのよくねんにがつになにがちょういんされましたか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"翌年","gloss":"following year"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February"},{"text":"月","gloss":"February"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"調印","gloss":"signed","reading":"ちょういん"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.006.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.007","source":"この 二条約は どんな 働きを しましたか。","translation":"What role did these two treaties play?","reading":"このにじょうやくはどんなはたらきをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"treaties","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"role","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"play"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.007.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.008","source":"これらの 条約の 外に おもなものを 二三 あげてください。","translation":"Please name two or three other major agreements besides these treaties.","reading":"これらのじょうやくのほかにおもなものをにさんあげてください。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"条約","gloss":"treaties","reading":"じょうやく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"major"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二三","gloss":"two or three","reading":"にさん"},{"text":"あげ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"おか","gloss":"hill; knoll"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Aviation agreement negotiations · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The agreement and its revision","paragraphs":["The questions ask what the aviation agreement allowed, what Japan wanted, and when negotiation, revision, and new routes began.","*この 日米航空協定は どんなものでしたか* means \"What kind of agreement was this U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement?\" An answer describes its unequal limits on Japanese flights.","Other answers give dates for negotiations, revision, the first New York flight, and the planned London route."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.009","source":"日米航空協定は いつ 結ばれましたか。","translation":"When was the U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement concluded?","reading":"にちべいこおくうきょうていはいつむすばれましたか。","words":[{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"航空","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"結ば","gloss":"concluded","reading":"むすば"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.009.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.010","source":"この 日米航空協定は どんなものでしたか。","translation":"What kind of agreement was this U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement?","reading":"このにちべいこおくうきょうていはどんなものでしたか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"航空","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"agreement"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.010.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.011","source":"日本側では 何を 希望していましたか。","translation":"What did the Japanese side want?","reading":"にほんがわではなにをきぼうしていましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"側","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"希望","gloss":"wanted","reading":"きぼう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"て","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"い","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"た","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.011.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.012","source":"日米航空協定 改定の 交渉が 開始されたのは いつですか。","translation":"When did negotiations to revise the U.S.-Japan Aviation Agreement begin?","reading":"にちべいこおくうきょうていかいていのこおしょおがかいしされたのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S.-Japan"},{"text":"航空","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"aviation agreement"},{"text":"改定","gloss":"revision"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"交渉","gloss":"negotiations","reading":"こおしょお"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"開始","gloss":"begun","reading":"かいし"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.012.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.013","source":"いつ この 協定が 改正されましたか。","translation":"When was this agreement revised?","reading":"いつこのきょうていがかいせいされましたか。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"協定","gloss":"agreement","reading":"きょうてい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"改正","gloss":"revised","reading":"かいせい"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.013.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.014","source":"ニューヨークに 日の丸の 翼が お目見得したのは いつですか。","translation":"When did the wings bearing the Japanese flag make their appearance in New York?","reading":"ニューヨークにひのまるのつばさがおめみえしたのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日の丸","gloss":"Japanese flag"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"翼","gloss":"wings","reading":"つばさ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"お","gloss":"made appearance"},{"text":"目見得","gloss":"appearance","reading":"めみえ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.014.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L151.q.015","source":"ニューヨークから ロンドンへの 航路が 開始されるのは いつですか。","translation":"When will the air route from New York to London begin?","reading":"ニューヨークからロンドンへのこおろがかいしされるのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ロンドン","gloss":"London"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"の","gloss":"to"},{"text":"航路","gloss":"air route","reading":"こおろ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"開始","gloss":"begin","reading":"かいし"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"will be"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"will be"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.q.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Surrender and occupation vocabulary · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From surrender to independence","paragraphs":["These words cover Japan's surrender, Allied occupation, and return to independence.","*降伏する* means \"surrender,\" *管理下* means \"under the control of,\" and *独立* means \"independence.\"","*発効する* means \"become effective\" or \"take effect.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.001","source":"受諾する","translation":"accept; agree to","reading":"じゅだくする","words":[{"text":"受諾する","gloss":"accept","reading":"じゅだくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.001.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.002","source":"降伏する","translation":"surrender","reading":"こうふくする","words":[{"text":"降伏する","gloss":"surrender","reading":"こうふくする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.002.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.003","source":"連合軍","translation":"allied forces","reading":"れんごうぐん","words":[{"text":"連合軍","gloss":"allied forces","reading":"れんごうぐん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.003.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.004","source":"総司令部","translation":"general headquarters","reading":"そうしれいぶ","words":[{"text":"総司令部","gloss":"general headquarters","reading":"そうしれいぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.004.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.005","source":"管理下","translation":"under the control of","reading":"かんりか","words":[{"text":"管理下","gloss":"under control","reading":"かんりか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.005.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.006","source":"主体","translation":"main constituent; subject","reading":"しゅたい","words":[{"text":"主体","gloss":"main constituent","reading":"しゅたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.006.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.007","source":"面","translation":"aspect; phase","reading":"めん","words":[{"text":"面","gloss":"aspect","reading":"めん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.007.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.008","source":"対日","translation":"for Japan; with Japan","reading":"たいにち","words":[{"text":"対日","gloss":"with Japan","reading":"たいにち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.008.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.009","source":"翌年","translation":"following year; next year","reading":"よくねん","words":[{"text":"翌年","gloss":"following year","reading":"よくねん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.009.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.010","source":"発効する","translation":"become effective; take effect","reading":"はっこうする","words":[{"text":"発効する","gloss":"take effect","reading":"はっこうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.010.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.011","source":"独立","translation":"independence","reading":"どくりつ","words":[{"text":"独立","gloss":"independence","reading":"どくりつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"受諾する","gloss":"accept; agree to"},{"word":"降伏する","gloss":"surrender"},{"word":"連合軍","gloss":"allied troops"},{"word":"総司令部","gloss":"general headquarters"},{"word":"管理下","gloss":"under the control of"},{"word":"発効する","gloss":"become effective; take effect"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Treaty signing and agreements · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Atomic energy agreements","paragraphs":["The treaty list has a heading for atomic energy.","*原子力協定* means \"atomic energy agreement.\" *行政協定* means \"administrative agreement.\""]},{"title":"Trade and commerce agreements","paragraphs":["The treaty list has a heading for trade and commerce.","*通商条約* means \"commercial treaty.\" *航空協定* means \"Aviation Pact\" or \"air agreement.\"","*調印* means \"signing\" or \"sign.\" *締結する* means \"conclude.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.012","source":"調印(する)","translation":"signing (affix one’s seal; sign)","reading":"ちょういん(する)","words":[{"text":"調印(する)","gloss":"signing","reading":"ちょういん(する)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.012.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.013","source":"日米安全保障条約","translation":"U, S,-Japan Security Pact","reading":"にちべいあんぜんほしょうじょうやく","words":[{"text":"日米安全保障条約","gloss":"U.S.-Japan Security Pact","reading":"にちべいあんぜんほしょうじょうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.013.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.014","source":"安保条約","translation":"SecTirity Pact","reading":"あんぽじょうやく","words":[{"text":"安保条約","gloss":"Security Pact","reading":"あんぽじょうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.014.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.015","source":"行政協定","translation":"administrative agreement","reading":"ぎょうせいきょうてい","words":[{"text":"行政協定","gloss":"administrative agreement","reading":"ぎょうせいきょうてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.015.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.016","source":"締結する","translation":"conclude","reading":"ていけつする","words":[{"text":"締結する","gloss":"conclude","reading":"ていけつする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.016.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.017","source":"日米","translation":"U, S. and Japan","reading":"にちべい","words":[{"text":"日米","gloss":"U.S. and Japan","reading":"にちべい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.017.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.018","source":"基礎づける","translation":"lay foundation for","reading":"きそづける","words":[{"text":"基礎づける","gloss":"lay foundation for","reading":"きそづける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.018.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.019","source":"支柱","translation":"support","reading":"しちゅう","words":[{"text":"支柱","gloss":"support","reading":"しちゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.019.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.020","source":"通商条約","translation":"commercial treaty","reading":"つうしょおじょうやく","words":[{"text":"通商条約","gloss":"commercial treaty","reading":"つうしょおじょうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.020.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.021","source":"原子力協定","translation":"atomic energy agreement","reading":"げんしりょくきょうてい","words":[{"text":"原子力協定","gloss":"atomic energy agreement","reading":"げんしりょくきょうてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.021.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.022","source":"航空協定","translation":"Aviation Pact (air agreement)","reading":"こおくうきょうてい","words":[{"text":"航空協定","gloss":"aviation agreement","reading":"こおくうきょうてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"調印(する)","gloss":"signing (affix one’s seal; sign)"},{"word":"日米安全保障条約","gloss":"U, S,-Japan Security Pact"},{"word":"安保条約","gloss":"SecTirity Pact"},{"word":"行政協定","gloss":"administrative agreement"},{"word":"締結する","gloss":"conclude"},{"word":"基礎づける","gloss":"lay foundation for"},{"word":"通商条約","gloss":"commercial treaty"},{"word":"原子力協定","gloss":"atomic energy agreement"},{"word":"航空協定","gloss":"Aviation Pact (air agreement)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Economic and aviation treaty terms · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Economic and aviation terms","paragraphs":["The treaty list has a heading for economic and technical aids.","*不平等な* means \"unfair\" or \"discriminatory.\"","*航路* means \"route,\" and *改定* means \"reform.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.023","source":"日米経済委員会","translation":"U, S.-Japan economic committee","reading":"にちべいけいざいいいんかい","words":[{"text":"日米経済委員会","gloss":"U.S.-Japan economic committee","reading":"にちべいけいざいいいんかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.023.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.024","source":"直後","translation":"immediately after","reading":"ちょくご","words":[{"text":"直後","gloss":"immediately after","reading":"ちょくご"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.024.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.025","source":"結ぶ","translation":"conclude","reading":"むすぶ","words":[{"text":"結ぶ","gloss":"conclude","reading":"むすぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.025.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.026","source":"日本側","translation":"Japan side","reading":"にほんがわ","words":[{"text":"日本側","gloss":"Japanese side","reading":"にほんがわ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.026.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.027","source":"乗入れ","translation":"ride in; fly into","reading":"のりいれ","words":[{"text":"乗入れ","gloss":"fly into","reading":"のりいれ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.027.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.028","source":"不平等な","translation":"unfair; discriminatory","reading":"ふびょうどうな","words":[{"text":"不平等な","gloss":"unequal","reading":"ふびょうどうな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.028.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.029","source":"横断する","translation":"cross; go across","reading":"おうだんする","words":[{"text":"横断する","gloss":"cross","reading":"おうだんする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.029.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.030","source":"航路","translation":"route; course","reading":"こおろ","words":[{"text":"航路","gloss":"route","reading":"こおろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.030.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.031","source":"希望する","translation":"hope; desire","reading":"きぼうする","words":[{"text":"希望する","gloss":"hope","reading":"きぼうする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.031.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.032","source":"改定","translation":"reform","reading":"かいてい","words":[{"text":"改定","gloss":"reform","reading":"かいてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.032.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.033","source":"申し入れ","translation":"offer; proposal","reading":"もうしいれ","words":[{"text":"申し入れ","gloss":"proposal","reading":"もうしいれ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"日米経済委員会","gloss":"U, S.-Japan economic committee"},{"word":"結ぶ","gloss":"conclude"},{"word":"日本側","gloss":"Japan side"},{"word":"乗入れ","gloss":"ride in; fly into"},{"word":"不平等な","gloss":"unfair; discriminatory"},{"word":"横断する","gloss":"cross; go across"},{"word":"希望する","gloss":"hope; desire"},{"word":"申し入れ","gloss":"offer; proposal"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"First flight and national flag · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The first flight to New York","paragraphs":["These words describe the revised agreement and the first Japanese flight to New York.","*第一番機* means \"the first plane,\" and *飛び立つ* means \"to start out.\"","*日の丸* means \"rising sun flag.\" *お目見得する* means \"to make a debut\" or \"appear.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.034","source":"開始する","translation":"begin; commence; open","reading":"かいしする","words":[{"text":"開始する","gloss":"begin","reading":"かいしする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.034.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.035","source":"改正する","translation":"to revise, amend","reading":"かいせいする","words":[{"text":"改正する","gloss":"revise","reading":"かいせいする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.035.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.036","source":"同年","translation":"the same year","reading":"どうねん","words":[{"text":"同年","gloss":"the same year","reading":"どうねん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.036.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.037","source":"待望の","translation":"long waited","reading":"たいぼうの","words":[{"text":"待望の","gloss":"long-awaited","reading":"たいぼうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.037.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.038","source":"第一番機","translation":"the first plane","reading":"だいいちばんき","words":[{"text":"第一番機","gloss":"the first plane","reading":"だいいちばんき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.038.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.039","source":"飛び立つ","translation":"to start out","reading":"とびたつ","words":[{"text":"飛び立つ","gloss":"take off","reading":"とびたつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.039.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.040","source":"日の丸","translation":"rising sun (flag)","reading":"ひのまる","words":[{"text":"日の丸","gloss":"Japanese flag","reading":"ひのまる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.040.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.041","source":"翼","translation":"wing","reading":"つばさ","words":[{"text":"翼","gloss":"wing","reading":"つばさ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.041.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L151.w.042","source":"お目見得する","translation":"to make debut, appear","reading":"おめみえする","words":[{"text":"お目見得する","gloss":"make its debut","reading":"おめみえする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L151.w.042.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":27,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise\n\n1 Topics:\n\na Talk about the following topics in Japanese with your classmates.\n\n(1) The U.S.-Japan Security Pact\n\n(2) The U.S.-Japan Air Agreement\n\n(3) Japan’s surrender to Allied Forces\n\n2 Exercise:\n\na Interpretation Exercise\n\n(1) Was America the main constituent of GHQ?\n\n(1) はい、連合軍総司令部は アメリカを 主体としていました。\n\n(2) While Japan was placed under the control of GHQ, what kind of influence did Japan receive?\n\n(2) 日本は 政治、経済、教育など あらゆる面で、アメリカの 強い 影響を 受けました。\n\n(3) When did Japan regain her independence?\n\n(3) 一九五二年 四月二十八日、対日平和条約が 発効して、日本は 独立を 回復しました。\n\n(4) What kind of agreement was the first United States-Japan Air Agreement?\n\n(4) 日本側は アメリカ西海岸の サンフランシスコ、ロスアンゼルスまでの 乗り入れしか 認められない 不平等なものだと 言っていました。\n\n(5) What did Japan desire?\n\n(5) アメリカ大陸を 横断して、ニューヨーク、さらに ヨーロッパへの 航路 開設を 希望しました。"},{"section":28,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.\n\n2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.\n\n4 Read the Cultural Notes."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"開始する","gloss":"begin; commence; open"},{"word":"改正する","gloss":"to revise, amend"},{"word":"待望の","gloss":"long waited"},{"word":"第一番機","gloss":"the first plane"},{"word":"飛び立つ","gloss":"to start out"},{"word":"お目見得する","gloss":"to make debut, appear"}],"paradigms":[]}]}