{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L015","title":"Lesson 15","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 15: learning languages from teachers · dialogue 1 of 4, language difficulty and ability · dialogue 2 of 4, languages, naming colours across languages · dialogue 4 of 4, saying where actions happen · pattern 1 1 of 2, asking where actions happen · pattern 1 2 of 2, teaching, asking who receives information · pattern 2 2 of 2, learning and hearing from others · pattern 3, understanding and speaking languages · pattern 4 1 of 2, asking about language ability · pattern 4 2 of 2, not doing something at all · pattern 5 1 of 2, denying any language ability · pattern 5 2 of 2, saying what things are called · pattern 6 1 of 2, asking what things are called · pattern 6 2 of 2, language, learning, degree and meaning words · word list 3 of 3.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/15","lines":121},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/14","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/16","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Learning languages from teachers · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Learning Japanese at school","paragraphs":["*あなたがたは このがっこうで 何語を ならいますか* means \"What language do you learn at this school?\" The students answer that they learn Japanese.","The speakers then ask who the students learn from and whether the teachers teach Japanese to them."]},{"title":"The school and the people","paragraphs":["In *このがっこうで*, *で* marks the school where the learning happens.","*私たちは せんせいに 日本語を ならいます* means \"We learn Japanese from a teacher.\" Here, *に* marks the teacher as the source.","In *あなたがたに*, *に* marks the people who receive the teaching."]},{"title":"Kanji: 日, 語","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.001","source":"あなたがたは このがっこうで 何語を ならいますか。","translation":"What language do you learn at this school?","reading":"あなたがたはこのがっこうでなにごをならいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何語","gloss":"what language","reading":"なにご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.002","source":"私たちは 日本語を ならいます。","translation":"We learn Japanese.","reading":"わたくしたちはにほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.003","source":"あなたがたは だれに 日本語を ならいますか。","translation":"From whom do you learn Japanese?","reading":"あなたがたはだれににほんごをならいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"whom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.004","source":"私たちは せんせいに 日本語を ならいます。","translation":"We learn Japanese from a teacher.","reading":"わたくしたちはせんせいににほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.005","source":"せんせいは あなたがたに 日本語を おしえますか。","translation":"Do teachers teach Japanese to you?","reading":"せんせいはあなたがたににほんごをおしえますか。","words":[{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teachers"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.006","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that's right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Particle DE\n\nIn this lesson the particle DE is used to indicate the place where an action other than locomotive action is performed. Locomotive action verbs are those that require movement from place to place like the verbs 'to jump,' 'to fly,' 'to walk,' 'to swim,' etc. The particle that denotes the place where a locomotive action is performed will be introduced in the later lesson. The existential verbs ARU (ARIMASU) and IRU(IMASU) are not action verbs in Japanese.\n\nGAKKOO DE NIPPONGO O NARAIMASU.\n\n\"I'll learn Japanese at the school.\"\n\nKYOOSHITSU DE NIPPONGO O HANASHIMASU.\n\n\"I speak Japanese in the classroom.\"\n\nKOKO DE HON O YOMIMASU.\n\n\"I'll read a book here.\""},{"section":2,"text":"Particle NI to indicate the indirect object\n\nIn this lesson the particle NI is used to indicate the indirect object, e.g.,\n\nSENSEI WA SEITO NI NIPPONGO O OSHIEMASU.\n\n\"The teacher teaches the student Japanese.\"\n\nIn English, a phrase introduced by the preposition 'to' or 'for' can be used instead of an indirect object. Thus, the translation of the above example would become:\n\n\"The teacher teaches Japanese to the student.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA TOMODACHI NI KAKIMASHITA.\n\n\"I wrote to my friend.\""},{"section":3,"text":"Particle NI to indicate the person from whom the action is received.\n\nIn this instance, the particle NI is used to indicate the person from whom the action is received and translated into English as 'from.' The verbs involved are so-called receiving verbs such as 'to hear' or 'to learn' as contrasted to giving verbs like 'to give,' 'to teach,' etc.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA SENSEI NI KANJI O NARAIMASU.\n\n\"I learn KANJI from my teacher.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA TOMODACHI NI KIKIMASHITA.\n\n\"I heard (it) from my friend.\""},{"section":4,"text":"--GA WAKARIMASU\n\n--GA DEKIMASU\n\nA transitive verb is one that takes a direct object which is normally indicated by the particle O, and an intransitive verb is one that does not take a direct object.\n\nMany English verbs can be used either as transitive or intransitive as in the following examples:\n\nTransitive Verb (v.t.) | Intransitive Verb (v.i.)\n(1) I opened the door. (AKEMASHITA) | The door opened. (AKIMASHITA)\n(2) I closed the door. (SHIMEMASHITA) | The door closed. (SHIMARIMASHITA)\n\nIt is also important to note that there are some Japanese intransitive verbs which call for transitive verbs in the English translation and vice versa. Thus, in the sentences,\n\nWATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO GA WAKARIMASU.\n\n\"I understand French\" and\n\nWATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO GA DEKIMASU.\n\n\"I speak French.\"\n\nthe subjects of the intransitive verbs WAKARIMASU and\n\nDEKIMASU are potential verbs by themselves and literally mean 'to be understandable' and 'to be able to be done' respectively."},{"section":5,"text":"Emphatic WA\n\nThe particle WA sometimes replaces such particles as O, GA, and singles out a certain object and compares it with other possible objects. Thus, in sentences like:\n\nWATAKUSHI WA KANJI WA NARAIMASEN.\n\n(O)\n\nWATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO WA WAKARIMASEN.\n\n(GA)\n\nKANJI is singled out and compared with other objects such as KATAKANA, HIRAGANA, etc. in sentence (a) and FURANSU-GO is singled out and compared with other objects such as NIPPONGO, EIGO, etc. in sentence (b). WA in both sentences (a) and (b) can be best translated as 'as for,' thus:\n\nAs for KANJI, I don't learn it.\n\nAs for French language, I don't understand it."},{"section":6,"text":"CHITTO MO -- MASEN\n\nSUKOSHI MO--MASEN\n\nThe phrases CHITTO MO or SUKOSHI MO are always used\n\nin negative sentences and they mean 'not even a little.'\n\nCHITTO MO TABEMASENDESHITA.\n\n\"I ate not even a little.\"\n\nDOITSUGO WA SUKOSHI MO WAKARIMASEN.\n\n\"I don't understand German at all\" or I understand German not even a little.\""},{"section":7,"text":"-- TO IIMASU\n\nFor the structure 'one calls (A) O (B),' the pattern (A) O (B) TO IIMASU. If the speaker wishes to single out (A) from among many other possible ideas of the same category, the direct object (A) O can be changed to a notional subject (A) WA. Thus, the sentence can be changed to (A) WA (B) TO IIMASU.\n\nThe literal translation of the above sentence is 'one calls (A) (B),' but its free translation is '(A) is called (B).' Note that the particle TO denotes what is said or called.\n\nThe phrase -- TO IU is often used in front of a substantive to mention what the name of the thing or the person is, e.g.,\n\nPAAKAA TO IU PEN ' a pen called Parker'\n\nYAMADA TO IU SENSEI ' a teacher called Yamada'\n\nSUMISU TO IU SEITO ' a student called Smith'"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"何語","gloss":"what language"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Language difficulty and ability · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Speaking and understanding Japanese","paragraphs":["*日本語は むずかしいですか* means \"Is the Japanese language difficult?\" The answer says Japanese is fairly easy.","The conversation then turns to speaking and understanding Japanese."]},{"title":"The language before が","paragraphs":["*あなたは 日本語が できますか* means \"Can you speak Japanese?\" The language appears with *が* before *できます*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 少","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.007","source":"日本語は むずかしいですか。","translation":"Is the Japanese language difficult?","reading":"にほんごはむずかしいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.008","source":"いいえ、 あまり むずかしくは ありません。 かなり やさしいです。","translation":"No, it's not too difficult. It's fairly easy.","reading":"いいえ、あまりむずかしくはありません。かなりやさしいです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.009","source":"ジョンズいっとうへい、 あなたは 日本語が できますか。","translation":"Private Jones, can you speak Japanese?","reading":"ジョンズいっとうへい、あなたはにほんごができますか。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"いっとう","gloss":"private"},{"text":"へい、","gloss":"private"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.010","source":"いいえ、 まだ よく できません。 まだ まずいです。","translation":"No, I can't speak well yet. I am still poor at it.","reading":"いいえ、まだよくできません。まだまずいです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"まずい","gloss":"poor at it"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.011","source":"少しは わかりますね。","translation":"You understand a little, don't you?","reading":"すこしはわかりますね。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.012","source":"はい、 少しは わかります。","translation":"Yes, I understand a little.","reading":"はい、すこしはわかります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"まずい","gloss":"poor, tasteless"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Languages, scripts and meanings · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Languages, scripts, and meaning","paragraphs":["*ドイツ語も できますか* means \"Can you speak German, too?\" The answer denies any ability to speak German.","The speakers then discuss Japanese scripts and ask what a personal name means."]},{"title":"Three forms to hear","paragraphs":["In *ドイツ語は ちっとも できません*, *は* singles out German, and *ちっとも* strengthens the negative meaning.","In *それは 「ちゃいろ」と 言ういみです*, the quoted wording *「ちゃいろ」* stands before *と*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 言","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.013","source":"ドイツ語も できますか。","translation":"Can you speak German, too?","reading":"ドイツごもできますか。","words":[{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.014","source":"いいえ、 ドイツ語は ちっとも できません。","translation":"No, I can't speak German at all.","reading":"いいえ、ドイツごはちっともできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.015","source":"あなたがたは かたかなも ひらがなも ならいますか。","translation":"Do you learn KATAKANA as well as HIRAGANA?","reading":"あなたがたはかたかなもひらがなもならいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.016","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that's right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.017","source":"「ブラウン」は 人の なまえですが、 それは なんと 言ういみですか。","translation":"Brown is a personal name, but what does it mean?","reading":"「ブラウン」はひとのなまえですが、それはなんといういみですか。","words":[{"text":"「ブラウン」","gloss":"Brown"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なん","gloss":"what"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.018","source":"それは 「ちゃいろ」と 言ういみです。","translation":"That means \"CHAIRO.","reading":"それは「ちゃいろ」といういみです。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"「ちゃいろ」","gloss":"brown"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ちっとも","gloss":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かたかな","gloss":"KATAKANA syllabary"},{"word":"ひらがな","gloss":"HIRAGANA syllabary"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"word":"「ちゃいろ」","gloss":"brown"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Naming colours across languages · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A colour in English","paragraphs":["*「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います* means \"We say \"green\" for \"MIDORI\" in English.\"","The conversation then asks where one speaker learned French and whether that speaker reads French newspapers.","*私は べいこくの がっこうで ならいました* means \"I learned it in school in America.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 読","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.019","source":"「みどり」は えい語で 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What do you call \"MIDORI\" in English?","reading":"「みどり」はえいごでなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"「みどり」","gloss":"green"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.020","source":"「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います。","translation":"We say \"green\" for \"MIDORI\" in English.","reading":"「みどり」はえいごで「グリーン」といいます。","words":[{"text":"「みどり」","gloss":"green"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"「グリーン」","gloss":"green"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.021","source":"あなたは フランス語が よくわかりますが、 どこで ならいましたか。","translation":"You understand French language well, but where did you learn it?","reading":"あなたはフランスごがよくわかりますが、どこでならいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.022","source":"私は べいこくの がっこうで ならいました。","translation":"I learned it in school in America.","reading":"わたくしはべいこくのがっこうでならいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"べい","gloss":"America"},{"text":"こく","gloss":"America"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.023","source":"あなたは フランス語の しんぶんを 読みますか。","translation":"Do you read French language newspapers?","reading":"あなたはフランスごのしんぶんをよみますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspapers"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L015.dlg.024","source":"はい、 まい日 読みます。","translation":"Yes, I read one everyday.","reading":"はい、まいにちよみます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"まい日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"まい日","gloss":"everyday"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying where actions happen · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Learning at this school","paragraphs":["*私たちは このがっこうで 日本語を ならいます* means \"We learn Japanese at this school.\"","The particle *で* follows the school, the place where the learning happens."]},{"title":"The place of an action","paragraphs":["*で* marks the place where an action that does not move from place to place happens. It means \"at\" or \"in\".","*子どもたちは ここで えを かきます* means \"Children draw pictures here.\" The drawing happens at *ここ*, \"here.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.m1","source":"私たちは このがっこうで 日本語を ならいます。","translation":"We learn Japanese at this school.","reading":"わたくしたちはこのがっこうでにほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.01","source":"せいとは きょうしつで 日本語を はなします。","translation":"Students speak Japanese in the classroom.","reading":"せいとはきょうしつでにほんごをはなします。","words":[{"text":"せい","gloss":"students"},{"text":"と","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.02","source":"せんせいは きょうしつで 日本語を おしえます。","translation":"Teachers teach Japanese in the classroom.","reading":"せんせいはきょうしつでにほんごをおしえます。","words":[{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teachers"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.03","source":"私たちは きょうしつで 本を 読みます。","translation":"We read books in the classroom.","reading":"わたくしたちはきょうしつでほんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.04","source":"子どもたちは ここで えを かきます。","translation":"Children draw pictures here.","reading":"こどもたちはここでえをかきます。","words":[{"text":"子ども","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"children"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"え","gloss":"pictures"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"draw"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.05","source":"私は 日本で 日本語を ならいました。","translation":"I learned Japanese in Japan.","reading":"わたくしはにほんでにほんごをならいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"子ども","gloss":"child, children"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking where actions happen · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Asking where","paragraphs":["*あなたは どこで 日本語を ならいましたか* means \"Where did you learn Japanese?\"","*どこで* asks for the place of the action, using the *で* from *このがっこうで*."]},{"title":"The place in the answer","paragraphs":["*私は 日本で 日本語を ならいました* means \"I learned Japanese in Japan.\"","The answer replaces *どこ* with *日本* and keeps *で* after the place."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.06","source":"あなたがたは このがっこうで 何語を ならいますか。","translation":"What language do you learn at this school?","reading":"あなたがたはこのがっこうでなにごをならいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何語","gloss":"what language","reading":"なにご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.07","source":"私たちは 日本語を ならいます。","translation":"We learn Japanese.","reading":"わたくしたちはにほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.08","source":"せいとたちは きょうしつで 日本語を はなしますか。","translation":"Do students speak Japanese in the classroom?","reading":"せいとたちはきょうしつでにほんごをはなしますか。","words":[{"text":"せい","gloss":"students"},{"text":"と","gloss":"students"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.09","source":"はい、 きょうしつで 日本語を はなします。","translation":"Yes, they speak Japanese in the classroom.","reading":"はい、きょうしつでにほんごをはなします。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.10","source":"あなたは どこで 日本語を ならいましたか。","translation":"Where did you learn Japanese?","reading":"あなたはどこでにほんごをならいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt1.11","source":"私は 日本で 日本語を ならいました。","translation":"I learned Japanese in Japan.","reading":"わたくしはにほんでにほんごをならいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Teaching, telling and writing · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Teaching the students","paragraphs":["*せんせいは せいとに 日本語を おしえます* means \"The teacher teaches the students Japanese.\"","The particle *に* follows the students, who receive the teaching."]},{"title":"The person who receives","paragraphs":["*に* marks the person who receives teaching, speech, a statement, or writing. English often places \"to\" before that person.","*私は ともだちに かきました* means \"I wrote to my friend.\" Here, *に* marks the friend who receives the writing."]}],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.m1","source":"せんせいは せいとに 日本語を おしえます。","translation":"The teacher teaches the students Japanese.","reading":"せんせいはせいとににほんごをおしえます。","words":[{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"students"},{"text":"と","gloss":"students"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.01","source":"せんせいは せいとに フランス語を おしえます。","translation":"The teacher teaches French to the students.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにフランスごをおしえます。","words":[{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.02","source":"あなたは おくさんに はなしましたか。","translation":"Did you speak to your wife?","reading":"あなたはおくさんにはなしましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.03","source":"私は ともだちに 言いました。","translation":"I told my friend.","reading":"わたくしはともだちにいいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.04","source":"私は ともだちに かきました。","translation":"I wrote to my friend.","reading":"わたくしはともだちにかきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.05","source":"あなたは それを おくさんに はなしましたか。","translation":"Did you tell it to your wife?","reading":"あなたはそれをおくさんにはなしましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking who receives information · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Asking who receives","paragraphs":["*あなたは だれに ドイツ語を おしえますか* means \"To whom do you teach German?\"","*だれに* asks for the person who receives the teaching. The answer uses *ぐん人に* for the soldiers who receive it."]},{"title":"The recipient in the answer","paragraphs":["*ぐん人に ドイツ語を おしえます* means \"I teach German to the soldiers.\"","The answer replaces *だれ* with *ぐん人* and keeps *に* after the recipient."]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.06","source":"ええ、 かないに はなしました。","translation":"Yes, I told it to my wife.","reading":"ええ、かないにはなしました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かない","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.07","source":"あなたは だれに ドイツ語を おしえますか。","translation":"To whom do you teach German?","reading":"あなたはだれにドイツごをおしえますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"whom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.08","source":"ぐん人に ドイツ語を おしえます。","translation":"I teach German to the soldiers.","reading":"ぐんじんにドイツごをおしえます。","words":[{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"人","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.09","source":"あなたは それを たむらさんに 言いましたか。","translation":"Did you tell it to Mr. Tamura?","reading":"あなたはそれをたむらさんにいいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たむら","gloss":"Mr. Tamura"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr. Tamura"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt2.10","source":"いいえ、 まだ 言いません。","translation":"No, I haven't told it yet.","reading":"いいえ、まだいいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"かない","gloss":"wife (self)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Learning and hearing from others · Pattern 3","teaching":[{"title":"Learning from a teacher","paragraphs":["*私は せんせいに 日本語を ならいます* means \"I learn Japanese from my teacher.\"","With learning, *に* marks the teacher as the person from whom the action is received."]},{"title":"Receiving from someone","paragraphs":["With receiving verbs such as learning and hearing, *に* marks the person from whom the action comes. It means \"from.\"","*私は ともだちに それを ききました* means \"I heard it from my friend.\" Here, the information comes from the friend."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.m1","source":"私は せんせいに 日本語を ならいます。","translation":"I learn Japanese from my teacher.","reading":"わたくしはせんせいににほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.01","source":"私は せんせいに かんじを ならいます。","translation":"I learn Kanji from my teacher.","reading":"わたくしはせんせいにかんじをならいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かんじ","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.02","source":"私は ともだちに それを ききました。","translation":"I heard it from my friend.","reading":"わたくしはともだちにそれをききました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きき","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.03","source":"私は フランス人に フランス語を ならいました。","translation":"I learned French from a Frenchman.","reading":"わたくしはフランスじんにフランスごをならいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Frenchman","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.04","source":"あなたは だれに 日本語を ならいましたか。","translation":"From whom did you learn Japanese?","reading":"あなたはだれににほんごをならいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"whom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.05","source":"日本人の せんせいに ならいました。","translation":"I learned it from a Japanese teacher.","reading":"にほんじんのせんせいにならいました。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.06","source":"あなたは だれに それを ききましたか。","translation":"From whom did you hear that?","reading":"あなたはだれにそれをききましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"whom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きき","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.07","source":"ともだちに ききました。","translation":"I heard it from a friend.","reading":"ともだちにききました。","words":[{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"きき","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.08","source":"あなたは 日本人の せんせいに かんじを ならいますか。","translation":"Do you learn Kanji from a Japanese teacher?","reading":"あなたはにほんじんのせんせいにかんじをならいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かんじ","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt3.09","source":"はい、 そうです。 日本人の せんせいに ならいます。","translation":"Yes, that's right. I learn it from a Japanese teacher.","reading":"はい、そうです。にほんじんのせんせいにならいます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"に","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt3.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かんじ","gloss":"Kanji (Chinese characters)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Understanding and speaking languages · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Understanding English","paragraphs":["*私は えい語が わかります* means \"I understand English.\" The language appears with *が* before *わかります*."]},{"title":"Languages with ability verbs","paragraphs":["A language takes *が* with the intransitive verbs *わかります* and *できます*.","*私は 日本語が できます* means \"I speak Japanese.\" Here, *が* marks Japanese rather than a direct object."]},{"title":"One language singled out","paragraphs":["*は* can replace *が* or *を* to single one thing out and compare it with other possible things.","*私は ドイツ語は わかりません* means \"I don't understand German language.\" Here, *は* singles out German from other languages."]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.01","source":"私は えい語が わかります。","translation":"I understand English.","reading":"わたくしはえいごがわかります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.02","source":"私は 日本語が できます。","translation":"I speak Japanese.","reading":"わたくしはにほんごができます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.03","source":"あのかたは ロシア語が わかります。","translation":"He understands the Russian language.","reading":"あのかたはロシアごがわかります。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ロシア","gloss":"Russian"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Russian","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.04","source":"あのかたは フランス語が できます。","translation":"He speaks French language.","reading":"あのかたはフランスごができます。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.05","source":"私は ドイツ語は わかりません。","translation":"I don't understand German language.","reading":"わたくしはドイツごはわかりません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.05.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.06","source":"この子どもは 日本語が わかります。","translation":"This child understands the Japanese language.","reading":"このこどもはにほんごがわかります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"子ども","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about language ability · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Asking about language ability","paragraphs":["*あなたは 日本語が できますか* means \"Do you speak Japanese?\" The question uses *が* with the language, as in *日本語が できます*.","*ええ、 日本語が 少しできます* means \"Yes, I speak Japanese a little.\" The answer keeps *が*."]},{"title":"A contrasted negative answer","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 ロシア語は わかりません* means \"No, I don't understand the Russian language.\"","The negative answer uses contrasting *は* in *ロシア語は* to single out Russian."]}],"lines":[{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.07","source":"あなたは 日本語が できますか。","translation":"Do you speak Japanese?","reading":"あなたはにほんごができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.08","source":"ええ、 日本語が 少しできます。","translation":"Yes, I speak Japanese a little.","reading":"ええ、にほんごがすこしできます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.09","source":"あのかたは えい語が わかりますか。","translation":"Does he understand English?","reading":"あのかたはえいごがわかりますか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.10","source":"ええ、 えい語が よく わかります。","translation":"Yes, he understands English well.","reading":"ええ、えいごがよくわかります。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.11","source":"あなたは ロシア語が わかりますか。","translation":"Do you understand the Russian language?","reading":"あなたはロシアごがわかりますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ロシア","gloss":"Russian"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Russian","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.11.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt4.12","source":"いいえ、 ロシア語は わかりません。","translation":"No, I don't understand the Russian language.","reading":"いいえ、ロシアごはわかりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ロシア","gloss":"Russian"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Russian","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt4.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Not doing something at all · Pattern 5 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"No German at all","paragraphs":["*私は ドイツ語は ちっとも できません* means \"I can't speak German at all.\"","*ちっとも* works with the negative *できません* to deny even a little ability."]},{"title":"Not even a little","paragraphs":["*ちっとも* and *少しも* mean \"not even a little.\" They always occur with a negative.","*インキは 少しも ありません* means \"There is no ink at all.\" The form applies to absence as well as actions."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.01","source":"私は ドイツ語は ちっとも できません。","translation":"I can't speak German at all.","reading":"わたくしはドイツごはちっともできません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.01.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.02","source":"私は ドイツ語は 少しも できません。","translation":"I can't speak German at all.","reading":"わたくしはドイツごはすこしもできません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"at all","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.02.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.03","source":"私は フランス語は ちっとも わかりません。","translation":"I don't understand French language at all.","reading":"わたくしはフランスごはちっともわかりません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.03.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.04","source":"あのかたは さかなを ちっとも たべません。","translation":"He doesn't eat fish at all.","reading":"あのかたはさかなをちっともたべません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.04.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.05","source":"あのかたは 日本語は 少しも できません。","translation":"He can't speak Japanese at all.","reading":"あのかたはにほんごはすこしもできません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かた","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"at all","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.05.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.06","source":"インキは 少しも ありません。","translation":"There is no ink at all.","reading":"インキはすこしもありません。","words":[{"text":"インキ","gloss":"ink"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"at all","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.06.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.07","source":"この あかんぼうは ちっとも あるきません。","translation":"This baby doesn't walk at all.","reading":"このあかんぼうはちっともあるきません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"あかんぼう","gloss":"baby"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"あるき","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"インキ","gloss":"ink"},{"word":"あかんぼう","gloss":"baby"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Denying any language ability · Pattern 5 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"No understanding at all","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 私は ドイツ語は ちっとも わかりません* means \"No, I don't understand German at all.\"","The language takes the contrasting *は* from *ドイツ語は わかりません*. *ちっとも* adds \"not even a little\" to the negative."]},{"title":"No speaking at all","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 タイ語は 少しもできません* means \"No, I can't speak the Thai language at all.\"","*少しも* gives the same complete negative meaning with *できません*."]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.08","source":"あなたは ドイツ語が わかりますか。","translation":"Do you understand German language.","reading":"あなたはドイツごがわかりますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.08.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.09","source":"いいえ、 私は ドイツ語は ちっとも わかりません。","translation":"No, I don't understand German at all.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしはドイツごはちっともわかりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.09.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.10","source":"あなたは タイ語が できますか。","translation":"Can you speak the Thai language?","reading":"あなたはタイごができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"タイ","gloss":"Thai"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Thai","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.10.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.11","source":"いいえ、 タイ語は 少しもできません。","translation":"No, I can't speak the Thai language at all.","reading":"いいえ、タイごはすこしもできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"タイ","gloss":"Thai"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Thai","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"at all","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.11.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.12","source":"あの 男の子は 日本語を はなしますか。","translation":"Does that boy speak Japanese?","reading":"あのおとこのこはにほんごをはなしますか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.12.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt5.13","source":"いいえ、 日本語を ちっとも はなしません。","translation":"No, he doesn't speak Japanese at all.","reading":"いいえ、にほんごをちっともはなしません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt5.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"男の子","gloss":"boy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying what things are called · Pattern 6 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A colour called green","paragraphs":["*「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います* means \"MIDORI is called green in English.\"","The name *「グリーン」* stands before *と 言います*."]},{"title":"The name before と","paragraphs":["*と 言います* tells what a person, object, or institution is called. The particle *と* follows the quoted name.","*この ペンは 「パーカー」と 言います* means \"This pen is called a Parker.\" Here, *「パーカー」* is the quoted name."]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.m1","source":"「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います。","translation":"MIDORI is called green in English.","reading":"「みどり」はえいごで「グリーン」といいます。","words":[{"text":"「みどり」","gloss":"green"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"「グリーン」","gloss":"green"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.m1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.01","source":"「ブラウン」は 日本語で 「ちゃいろ」と 言います。","translation":"Brown is called CHAIRO in Japanese.","reading":"「ブラウン」はにほんごで「ちゃいろ」といいます。","words":[{"text":"「ブラウン」","gloss":"brown"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"「ちゃいろ」","gloss":"brown"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.01.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.02","source":"私の なまえは スミスと 言います。","translation":"My name is called Smith.","reading":"わたくしのなまえはスミスといいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.02.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.03","source":"この ペンは 「パーカー」と 言います。","translation":"This pen is called a Parker.","reading":"このペンは「パーカー」といいます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ペン","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"「パーカー」","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.03.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.04","source":"この がっこうは 「DLIWC」と 言います。","translation":"This school is called DLIWC.","reading":"このがっこうは「ディーエルアイダブリューシー」といいます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"「DLIWC」","gloss":"DLIWC"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.04.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.05","source":"あなたの おなまえは 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What is your name?","reading":"あなたのおなまえはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"your"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorable"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ペン","gloss":"pen"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking what things are called · Pattern 6 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Asking for a name","paragraphs":["*「グレイ」は 日本語で 何と 言いますか* means \"What is gray called in Japanese?\"","*何と* asks for the name before the *と 言います* pattern."]},{"title":"The name in the answer","paragraphs":["*「グレイ」は 日本語で 「ねずみいろ」と 言います* means \"Gray is called NEZUMI-IRO in Japanese.\"","The answer replaces *何* with *「ねずみいろ」* and keeps *と 言います* after the name."]}],"lines":[{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.06","source":"私は 「ジョンズ」と 言います。","translation":"I am called Jones.","reading":"わたくしは「ジョンズ」といいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"「ジョンズ」","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"am called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.06.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.07","source":"この がっこうの なまえは 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What is the name of this school called?","reading":"このがっこうのなまえはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.07.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.08","source":"こくぼうしょう語がっこうと 言います。","translation":"It is called the Defense Language Institute.","reading":"こくぼうしょうごがっこうといいます。","words":[{"text":"こく","gloss":"Defense Ministry"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"Defense Ministry"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"Defense Ministry"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language school","reading":"ご"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"language school"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"is called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.08.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.09","source":"「グレイ」は 日本語で 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What is gray called in Japanese?","reading":"「グレイ」はにほんごでなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"「グレイ」","gloss":"gray"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.09.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L015.pt6.10","source":"「グレイ」は 日本語で 「ねずみいろ」と 言います。","translation":"Gray is called NEZUMI-IRO in Japanese.","reading":"「グレイ」はにほんごで「ねずみいろ」といいます。","words":[{"text":"「グレイ」","gloss":"gray"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"「ねずみ","gloss":"gray"},{"text":"いろ」","gloss":"gray"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"is called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.pt6.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いろ」","gloss":"color"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Language, writing and direction words · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Languages, writing, and direction","paragraphs":["These words cover languages, Japanese writing, meaning, frequency, the United States, and direction.","*何語* means \"what language,\" while *かな* means \"Japanese syllabary.\"","The particle *に* can mean \"from\" or \"to.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.001","source":"何語","translation":"what language","reading":"なにご","words":[{"text":"何語","gloss":"what language","reading":"なにご"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.001.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.002","source":"かたかな","translation":"KATAKANA syllabary","reading":"かたかな","words":[{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana syllabary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.002.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.003","source":"ひらがな","translation":"HIRAGANA syllabary","reading":"ひらがな","words":[{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana syllabary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.003.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.004","source":"かな","translation":"Japanese syllabary","reading":"かな","words":[{"text":"かな","gloss":"Japanese syllabary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.004.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.005","source":"いみ","translation":"meaning","reading":"いみ","words":[{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.005.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.006","source":"まい日","translation":"everyday","reading":"まいにち","words":[{"text":"まい日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.006.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.007","source":"べいこく","translation":"U.S.A.","reading":"べいこく","words":[{"text":"べいこく","gloss":"United States"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.007.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.008","source":"で","translation":"at, in (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"で","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"at or in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.008.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.009","source":"に","translation":"from (See Gram.Notes)","reading":"に","words":[{"text":"に","gloss":"from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.009.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.010","source":"に","translation":"to (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"に","words":[{"text":"に","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かな","gloss":"Japanese syllabary"},{"word":"べいこく","gloss":"U.S.A."}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Learning, speaking and describing words · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Learning, speaking, and describing","paragraphs":["These words cover learning, teaching, ability, reading, saying, naming, difficulty, and quality.","*ならいます* means \"to learn,\" while *おしえます* means \"to teach.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.011","source":"ならいます","translation":"polite form of NARAU (v.t.) to learn","reading":"ならいます","words":[{"text":"ならいます","gloss":"learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.011.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.012","source":"おしえます","translation":"polite form of OSHIERU (v.t.) to teach","reading":"おしえます","words":[{"text":"おしえます","gloss":"teach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.012.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.013","source":"できます","translation":"polite form of DEKIRU (v.i.) to be able; to speak","reading":"できます","words":[{"text":"できます","gloss":"can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.013.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.014","source":"わかります","translation":"polite form of WAKARU (v.i.) to understand","reading":"わかります","words":[{"text":"わかります","gloss":"understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.014.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.015","source":"読みます","translation":"polite form of YOMU (v.t.) to read","reading":"よみます","words":[{"text":"読みます","gloss":"read","reading":"よみます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.015.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.016","source":"言います","translation":"to say","reading":"いいます","words":[{"text":"言います","gloss":"say","reading":"いいます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.016.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.017","source":"--と言います","translation":"-- is called","reading":"--といいます","words":[{"text":"--と言います","gloss":"is called","reading":"--といいます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.017.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.018","source":"むずかしい","translation":"difficult","reading":"むずかしい","words":[{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.018.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.019","source":"まずい","translation":"poor, tasteless","reading":"まずい","words":[{"text":"まずい","gloss":"tasteless"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.019.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.020","source":"やさしい","translation":"easy","reading":"やさしい","words":[{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ならいます","gloss":"polite form of NARAU (v.t.) to learn"},{"word":"おしえます","gloss":"polite form of OSHIERU (v.t.) to teach"},{"word":"できます","gloss":"polite form of DEKIRU (v.i.) to be able; to speak"},{"word":"わかります","gloss":"polite form of WAKARU (v.i.) to understand"},{"word":"読みます","gloss":"polite form of YOMU (v.t.) to read"},{"word":"言います","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"--と言います","gloss":"-- is called"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Degree and meaning words · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Degree and meaning","paragraphs":["These words cover degree, continuation, skill, quantity, total negation, and questions about meaning.","*まだ* means \"yet\" or \"still.\" *少しも* means \"not even a little.\"","*何と言ういみ ですか* asks \"What does it mean?\""]}],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.021","source":"まだ","translation":"yet, still","reading":"まだ","words":[{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.021.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.022","source":"よく","translation":"well, skillfully","reading":"よく","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.022.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.023","source":"かなり","translation":"fairly","reading":"かなり","words":[{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.023.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.024","source":"少し","translation":"little (quantity)","reading":"すこし","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.024.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.025","source":"少しは","translation":"a little","reading":"すこしは","words":[{"text":"少しは","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこしは"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.025.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.026","source":"ちっとも","translation":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ちっとも","words":[{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"not at all"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.026.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.027","source":"少しも","translation":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"すこしも","words":[{"text":"少しも","gloss":"not even a little","reading":"すこしも"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.027.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L015.w.028","source":"何と言ういみ ですか","translation":"What's the meaning of it? What does it mean?","reading":"なんといういみですか","words":[{"text":"何と言ういみですか","gloss":"what does it mean?","reading":"なんといういみですか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L015.w.028.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":8,"text":"Homework Assignment\n\n1 Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.\n\n2 Memorize the Dialogue.\n\n3 Read the Grammar Notes\n\n4 Practice reading and writing of KANJI."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"少しは","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"少しも","gloss":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"何と言ういみですか","gloss":"What's the meaning of it? What does it mean?"}],"paradigms":[]}]}