# Japanese Basic Course, Lesson 156

Narration and the written language

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/154. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/154.json.

## Origins of the Self-Defense Forces · Narration

### The reserve begins

*日本に 警察予備隊の 創設を 指令した* says General MacArthur ordered Japan to create the National Police Reserve.

It would supplement the police force and maintain public order after American forces in Japan went to Korea.

### Three defense branches

*保安隊と 警備隊は 新設の 航空を 加えて 陸、海、空の 三自衛隊へと 脱皮した* describes the reorganization in 1954.

The National Safety Force and Security Force became the Ground, Maritime, and Air Self-Defense Forces.

The passage then follows defense plans that strengthened the forces and modernized their equipment.

### Kanji: 布

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

### Kanji: 皮

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

### Kanji: 導

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

### Kanji: 改

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

### Kanji: 整

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

**1** 一九五〇年 六月 朝鮮 動乱が おこり、在日米軍は 朝鮮に 出動した。  
せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうねんろくがつちょうせんどうらんがおこり、ざいにちべいぐんはちょうせんにしゅつどうした。  
In June 1950, the Korean War broke out, and U.S. forces stationed in Japan were sent to Korea.

**2** そこで 同年 七月八日、連合国 最高司令官 マッカーサー 元帥は 国内の 治安を 確保するため 警察力の 補充として 日本に 警察予備隊の 創設を 指令した。  
そこでどうねんしちがつようか、れんごうこくさいこうしれいかんマッカーサーげんすいはこくないのちあんをかくほするためけいさつりょくのほじゅうとしてにほんにけいさつよびたいのそうせつをしれいした。  
Therefore, on July 8 of that year, General MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, ordered the establishment of a National Police Reserve in Japan to supplement the police force and maintain public order in the country.

**3** 同年 八月十日 警察予備隊設置令が 公布され、七万五千人の 警察予備隊が 誕生した。  
どうねんはちがつとおかけいさつよびたいせっちれいがこうふされ、ななまんごせんにんのけいさつよびたいがたんじょうした。  
On August 10 of that year, the National Police Reserve Ordinance was promulgated, and a National Police Reserve of 75,000 men was created.

**4** 一九五二年 八月一日、保安庁が 発足し、警察予備隊は 保安隊に 発展し、一九五二年 四月に 新設された 海上警備隊も 保安庁の もとに はいり、警備隊と 改められた。  
せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうにねんはちがつついたち、ほあんちょうがほっそくし、けいさつよびたいはほあんたいにはってんし、せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうにねんしがつにしんせつされたかいじょうけいびたいもほあんちょうのもとにはいり、けいびたいとあらためられた。  
On August 1, 1952, the National Safety Agency was established, the National Police Reserve developed into the National Safety Force, and the Coastal Security Force, newly established in April 1952, was also placed under the National Safety Agency and renamed the Security Force.

**5** 一九五四年 六月二日、防衛力 増強のための 防衛二法（自衛隊法、防衛庁設置法）が 国会で 成立し、同法に よって 保安庁は 防衛庁に 発展し、また 保安隊と 警備隊は 新設の 航空を 加えて 陸、海、空の 三自衛隊へと 脱皮した。  
せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうよねんろくがつふつか、ぼうえいりょくぞうきょうのためのぼうえいにほう（じえいたいほう、ぼうえいちょうせっちほう）がこっかいでせいりつし、どうほうによってほあんちょうはぼうえいちょうにはってんし、またほあんたいとけいびたいはしんせつのこうくうをくわえてりく、かい、くうのさんじえいたいへとだっぴした。  
On June 2, 1954, the two National Defense laws for strengthening the defense forces—the Self-Defense Forces Act and the Defense Agency Establishment Act—were passed by the Diet; under these laws, the National Safety Agency developed into the Defense Agency, and the National Safety Force and the Security Force, joined by a newly established air force, were transformed into the three Ground, Maritime, and Air Self-Defense Forces.

**6** 日本政府は 自衛隊の 近代化と 増強を はかるため、一九五七年 六月、防衛力 整備に 関する 長期計画を たて、第一次防衛計画（三か年間）を 決定、六十一年 七月には 第二次防衛計画（一九六二年から 一九六六年までの 五か年間）を 決定した。  
にほんせいふはじえいたいのきんだいかとぞうきょうをはかるため、せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうななねんろくがつ、ぼうえいりょくせいびにかんするちょうきけいかくをたて、だいいちじぼうえいけいかく（さんかねんかん）をけってい、ろくじゅういちねんしちがつにはだいにじぼうえいけいかく（せんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうにねんからせんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうろくねんまでのごかねんかん）をけっていした。  
To modernize and strengthen the Self-Defense Forces, the Japanese government drew up a long-term plan for developing the defense forces in June 1957 and adopted the First Defense Plan, covering three years; in July 1961, it adopted the Second Defense Plan, covering the five years from 1962 through 1966.

**7** 第三次防衛計画では 古くなった 航空機、兵器などを 更新し、ミサイルを 導入して 装備の 近代化を はかる事に なった。  
だいさんじぼうえいけいかくではふるくなったこうくうき、へいきなどをこうしんし、ミサイルをどうにゅうしてそうびのきんだいかをはかることになった。  
Under the Third Defense Plan, it was decided to replace aging aircraft, weapons, and other equipment and to introduce missiles in order to modernize the equipment.

```
1 A Brief History of the Self-Defense Force

On July 8, 1950 the Japanese Government received a letter from General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, addressed to Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida. The letter suggested that the Japanese Government take appropriate steps to establish a new national Police Reserve composed of 75,000 men and increase the strength of the Maritime Safety Board to 8,000 men.

On August 10 of the same year, the Police Reserve Force Order was promulgated and the Reserve Force activated. According to this Order, the Police Reserve Force was ’’to supplement the police power of the National Rural Police and the local autonomous police forces within the limits necessary to maintain peace and order of the country and to guarantee public welfare.” It was ”to act by the order of the Prime Minister in case of special need to maintain public peace.”

The Cabinet Order concerning enforcement of the National Police Reserve Order and the regulation concerning

the Organization of the National Police Reserve Headquarters were promulgated on August 24 and 26, respectively. Recruiting of enlisted men was followed by the commissioning of a limited number of officers from civilian life, most of whom had combat experience, and by the appointment of high-ranking officers including the commander of the entire force.

With these steps, the National Police Reserve, which is the forerunner of the present Self-Defense Forces, was started. Planning for organization, personnel and equipment, as well as the education and the training, was then undertaken.

In May, 1952, the National Police Reserve was increased in strength from 75,000 to 110,000 men and the Maritime Safety Force of 7,590 men was organized as an agency of the Maritime Safety Board in accordance with the law of April 26, 1952,

With the Japanese Peace Treaty taking effect on April 28, 1952, Japan gained an independent status. In consequent reforms, the National Police Reserve and the

Maritime Safety Force were united on August 1, 1952 under the unified command of the newly established National Safety Agency--the forerunner of the Defense Agency. Under the National Safety Agency, the National Police Reserve became the "National Safety Force," and the Maritime Safety Force was named the "Coastal Safety Force." The two new forces were charged to "to maintain peace and order in our country and to act whenever necessary for the protection of lives and property."

Since then, in order to establish a defense structure in keeping with the nation’s independence, an effective force has been established with the responsibilities of defending Japan against direct aggression and of maintaining domestic order and guarding life and property. On July 1, 1954, laws for the establishment of a Defense Agency and a Self-Defense Force became effective. Under these measures, the National Safety Force was transformed into the "Ground Self-Defense Force" and the Coastal Safety Force into the "Maritime Self-Defense Force." In addition, a new Air Self-Defense Force was established.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 一 | one |
| 九 | nine |
| 五 | five |
| 年 | year (See Grammar Notes) |
| 六 | six |
| 月 | moon, month (See Grammar Notes) |
| 動乱 | disturbance; upheaval |
| が | but (See Gram. Notes) |
| 米軍 | U. S. forces |
| は | leaves |
| に | on (See Gram. Notes) |
| し | city |
| そこ | there |
| で | --is and -- (See Grammar Notes) |
| 同年 | the same year |
| 七 | seven |
| 八 | eight |
| 国 | country, nation |
| 元帥 | General of the Army; Fleet Admiral; Field Marshal |
| 国内 | within a country, domestic |
| の | See Grammar Notes |
| 治安 | peace and order |
| を | particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill) |
| 補充 | replenishment |
| と | and (See Gram. Notes) |
| 隊 | small unit |
| 創設 | establishment; founding |
| 指令 | directive |
| 十 | ten |
| 五千 | 5,000 |
| 人 | people |
| 二 | two |
| 一日、 | first day of the month (See Grammar Notes) |
| 四 | four |
| 海上 | on the sea; over the sea |
| も | as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes |
| もと | cause, origin |
| 増強 | expansion; increase |
| 国会 | Diet |
| 同法 | the said law |
| また | thigh |
| 航空 | aviation; flight |
| 陸、 | land |
| 海、 | sea, ocean |
| 三 | three |
| へ | to (See Gram. Notes) |
| 政府 | government |
| はかる | seek; devise (v.t.) |
| 整備 | consolidation |
| たて、 | vertical |
| か | either--or-- (See Gram. Notes) |
| 決定、 | decision; conclusion |
| 六十 | 60 |
| から | from (See Gram. Notes) |
| まで | as far as, to (See Gram. Notes) |
| 兵器 | weapon |
| など | and so forth, etc. |
| 装備 | equipment |

## Police reserve origins · Questions 1 of 2

### The reserve and its successor

*日本に 警察予備隊の 創設を 指令したのは だれか* means "Who ordered the establishment of the National Police Reserve in Japan?" The answer names General MacArthur.

Other questions ask when the reserve began, why it was established, and what it became. It developed into the National Safety Force.

### Kanji: 推

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

**8** 自衛隊の推移  
じえいたいのすいい  
Changes in the Self-Defense Forces

**9** 朝鮮 動乱が おこったのは いつか。  
ちょうせんどうらんがおこったのはいつか。  
When did the Korean War break out?

**10** 日本に 警察予備隊の 創設を 指令したのは だれか。  
にほんにけいさつよびたいのそうせつをしれいしたのはだれか。  
Who ordered the establishment of the National Police Reserve in Japan?

**11** 何の ために 警察予備隊を 設置したのか。  
なんのためにけいさつよびたいをせっちしたのか。  
For what purpose was the National Police Reserve established?

**12** 警察予備隊が 設置されたのは いつだったか。  
けいさつよびたいがせっちされたのはいつだったか。  
When was the National Police Reserve established?

**13** 保安庁が 発足したのは いつか。  
ほあんちょうがほっそくしたのはいつか。  
When was the National Safety Agency established?

**14** 警察予備隊は 何に 発展したか。  
けいさつよびたいはなににはってんしたか。  
What did the National Police Reserve develop into?

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 推移 | transition; change |
| いつ | when? |
| か。 | either--or-- (See Gram. Notes) |
| だれ | who? |

## Defense Agency and modernization · Questions 2 of 2

### Reorganization and modernization

*日本政府は 自衛隊の 近代化と 増強を はかるため どうしたか* means "What did the Japanese government do to modernize and strengthen the Self-Defense Forces?"

The answer states that the government made a long-range plan and adopted defense plans.

Other questions ask for dates and the effects of the defense law and later plans.

**15** 海上 警備隊は 何人の隊員で 新設されたか。  
かいじょうけいびたいはなんにんのたいいんでしんせつされたか。  
How many members did the Coastal Security Force have when it was newly established?

**16** 保安庁が 防衛庁に 発展したのは いつか。  
ほあんちょうがぼうえいちょうにはってんしたのはいつか。  
When did the National Safety Agency develop into the Defense Agency?

**17** 一九五四年 に 防衛法が 成立して 保安隊と 警備隊は どうなったか。  
せんきゅうひゃくごじゅうよねんにぼうえいほうがせいりつしてほあんたいとけいびたいはどうなったか。  
What happened to the National Safety Force and the Security Force when the Defense Law was enacted in 1954?

**18** 日本政府は 自衛隊の 近代化と 増強を はかるため どうしたか。  
にほんせいふはじえいたいのきんだいかとぞうきょうをはかるためどうしたか。  
What did the Japanese government do to modernize and strengthen the Self-Defense Forces?

**19** 第二次防衛計画が 決定したのは いつか。  
だいにじぼうえいけいかくがけっていしたのはいつか。  
When was the Second Defense Plan adopted?

**20** 第二次防衛計画で どうする事に なったか。  
だいにじぼうえいけいかくでどうすることになったか。  
What was it decided to do under the Second Defense Plan?

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 隊員 | member of the SelfDefense Force |
| 決定 | decision; conclusion |

## Public order and police reserves · Word list 1 of 4

### Public order and the reserve

The entries cover public order and the creation of a police reserve. *治 安* means "peace and order," and *警察力* means "police force."

*創 設* means "establishment" or "founding." These words name the reserve, its creation, and the police force it supplemented.

**21** 推 移  
すいい  
transition; change

**22** 動 乱  
どうらん  
disturbance; upheaval

**23** 在日米軍  
ざいにちべいぐん  
American forces in Japan

**24** 出動する  
しゅつどうする  
march; be sent (v.i.)

**25** 治 安  
ちあん  
peace and order

**26** 確 保する  
かくほする  
secure; insure (v.t.)

**27** 警察力  
けいさつりょく  
police force

**28** 補 充  
ほじゅう  
replenishment

**29** 警察予備隊  
けいさつよびたい  
Police Reserve Force (Japan)

**30** 創 設  
そうせつ  
establishment; founding

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 在日米軍 | American forces in Japan |
| 出動する | march; be sent (v.i.) |
| 確保する | secure; insure (v.t.) |
| 警察力 | police force |
| 警察予備隊 | Police Reserve Force (Japan) |

## Security forces and their creation · Word list 2 of 4

### New organizations and names

The entries cover the establishment and renaming of security organizations. *保 安 庁* means "National Security Board," and *海上 警備隊* means "Maritime Safety Force."

*改 める* means "alter" or "change." *隊 員* names a "member of the SelfDefense Force."

**31** 公 布する  
こうふする  
promulgate; announce officially (v.t.)

**32** 設 置 法  
せっちほう  
order to establish

**33** 誕 生 する  
たんじょうする  
come into the world; establish (v.i.)

**34** 保 安 庁  
ほあんちょう  
National Security Board

**35** 発 足する  
ほっそくする  
make a start; start(v.i

**36** 隊 員  
たいいん  
member of the SelfDefense Force

**37** 新 設 される  
しんせつされる  
be established newly (v.i.)

**38** 海上 警備隊  
かいじょうけいびたい  
Maritime Safety Force

**39** 警 備 隊  
けいびたい  
squad of patrolmen; guards

**40** 改 める  
あらためる  
alter; change (v.t.)

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 公布する | promulgate; announce officially (v.t.) |
| 設置法 | order to establish |
| 誕生する | come into the world; establish (v.i.) |
| 保安庁 | National Security Board |
| 発足する | make a start; start(v.i |
| 新設される | be established newly (v.i.) |
| 海上警備隊 | Maritime Safety Force |
| 警備隊 | squad of patrolmen; guards |
| 改める | alter; change (v.t.) |

## Defense laws and modernization · Word list 3 of 4

### Defense laws and agencies

The entries cover defense laws and reorganization. *防 衛 二 法* means "two National Defense laws," and *防 衛 庁* means "Defense Agency."

*近 代 化* means "modernization." Other entries name increased defensive power and the addition of a new force.

**41** 防 衛 力  
ぼうえいりょく  
defensive power

**42** 増 強  
ぞうきょう  
expansion; increase

**43** 防 衛 二 法  
ぼうえいにほう  
two National Defense laws

**44** 成 立 する  
せいりつする  
organize; form; come into existence (v.i.)

**45** 同 法  
どうほう  
the said law

**46** 防 衛 庁  
ぼうえいちょう  
Defense Agency (Japan)

**47** 加 える  
くわえる  
add (v.t.)

**48** 脱 皮 する  
だっぴする  
emerge as ---- (v.i.)

**49** 政 府  
せいふ  
government

**50** 近 代 化  
きんだいか  
modernization

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 防衛力 | defensive power |
| 防衛二法 | two National Defense laws |
| 成立する | materialize; be realized |
| 防衛庁 | Defense Agency (Japan) |
| 加える | add (v.t.) |
| 脱皮する | emerge as ---- (v.i.) |
| 近代化 | modernization |

## Defense plans and equipment · Word list 4 of 4

### Plans and equipment

The entries cover long-range defense planning and equipment changes. *長 期 計画* means "long range plan," and *第一次防衛計画* means "the first defense plan."

*更 新する* means "renew" or "renovate." *導 入する* means "introduce" or "import."

**51** 整 備  
せいび  
consolidation

**52** 長 期 計画  
ちょうきけいかく  
long range plan

**53** 第一次防衛計画  
だいいちじぼうえいけいかく  
the first defense plan

**54** 航空機  
こうくうき  
aircraft

**55** 更 新する  
こうしんする  
renew; renovate (v.t.)

**56** 導 入する  
どうにゅうする  
introduce; import (v.t.)

**57** 装 備  
そうび  
equipment

```
Materials for Conversation and Exercise

1 Materials:

警察予備隊の誕生――一九五〇年 八月

国内の 治安確保

警察予備隊設置――警察力の 補充

――七万五千人

保安庁の発足――一九五二年 八月

警察予備隊――→保安隊

海上 警備隊――→警備隊　｝保安庁

防衛庁の発足――一九五四年 七月

防衛法（防衛庁設置法、自衛隊法）成立

保安庁――→防衛庁

保安隊　｝――→陸、海、空 自衛隊

警備隊

2 Exercise:

a Interpretation Exercise.

(1) Why did General MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, direct the establishing of the Police Reserve in Japan?

(1) 在日米軍が 朝鮮に 出動したため、国内の 治安を 確保するため 警察力の 補充として 警察予備隊を 創設したのである。

(2) For what purpose was the First Defense Plan decided upon?

(2) 自衛隊の 近代化と 増強を はかるために 決定したのである。

(3) For what purpose did the two Defense Laws come into existence?

(3) 防衛力 増強の ためである。

4 According to the 2nd Defensive Plan, what is being planned?

4 古くなった 航空機、兵器 などを 更新し、ミサイルを 導入して 装備の 近代化を はかる 事に なっている。
```

```
Homework

1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.

2 Read the Materials for Conversation and do the exercise given.

3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.

4 Read the Notes.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 長期計画 | long range plan |
| 第一次防衛計画 | the first defense plan |
| 航空機 | aircraft |
| 更新する | renew; renovate (v.t.) |
| 導入する | introduce; import (v.t.) |