# Japanese Basic Course, Lesson 18

Sounds, kana, and the first conversations

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/18. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/18.json.

## Multiplying and counting hundreds · Dialogue 1 of 4

### From one hundred to one thousand

One speaker asks another to count from 100 to 1,000: *百から 千まで かぞえてごらんなさい*, "Please count from 100 to 1,000."

The reply gives each hundred in order and ends with *千*, "1,000".

### Hundreds that change sound

Hundreds and thousands follow the same multiplication pattern as tens. A number before *百* states how many hundreds.

The count in *はい、 かぞえます。 百、 二百、 三百、 四百、 五百、 六百、 七百、 八百、 九百、 千* includes three changed readings.

The readings for *三百*, *六百*, and *八百* are *SANBYAKU*, *ROPPYAKU*, and *HAPPYAKU*.

### Kanji: 千, 百, 千

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

**1** 百の 十倍は 何ですか。  
ひゃくのじゅうばいはなんですか。  
What is 10 times 100?

**2** 百の 十倍は 千です。  
ひゃくのじゅうばいはせんです。  
10 times 100 is 1,000.

**3** 百から 千まで かぞえてごらんなさい。  
ひゃくからせんまでかぞえてごらんなさい。  
Please count from 100 to 1,000.

**4** はい、 かぞえます。 百、 二百、 三百、 四百、 五百、 六百、 七百、 八百、 九百、 千。  
はい、かぞえます。ひゃく、にひゃく、さんびゃく、よんひゃく、ごひゃく、ろっぴゃく、ななひゃく、はっぴゃく、きゅうひゃく、せん。  
Yes, I'll count. HYAKU (100), NIHYAKU (200), SANBYAKU (300), YONHYAKU (400), GOHYAKU (500), ROPPYAKU (600), NANAHYAKU (700), HAPPYAKU (800), KYUUHYAKU (900), SEN (1,000).

**5** 百の百倍と 千の十倍は おなじですか。  
ひゃくのひゃくばいとせんのじゅうばいはおなじですか。  
Is 100 times 100 the same as 10 times 1,000?

```
Particle TO--'if' or 'when'

The particle TO in this lesson follows the basic ending (dictionary form) of verbs and i-adjectives to express a condition for the succeeding statement, and it is translated into English as 'if' or 'when.' The statement that precedes TO in each of the examples in Pattern 1 is the condition for the statement that follows TO.

When the particle TO follows the basic ending of i-adjectives, it always indicates a condition for the succeeding statement.

AMMARI ATSUI TO IKIMASEN. "If it's too hot, I'll not go."

AMMARI MUZUKASHII TO NARAIMASEN. "If it is too difficult, I won't learn."
```

```
Numerals as mathematic numbers

a. When numerals are used as counters, such particles as GA, WA, or O are omitted after numerals. (Refer to Grammar Note No. 4 in Lesson 10.)

b. However, when numerals are used as mathematical numbers, GA, WA, or O will be used, e.g.,

HYAKU KARA GOJUU TORU TO, GOJUU NOKORIMASU. "When you take away 50 (objects) from 100 (objects), 50 (objects) will remain."

GOHYAKU KARA SANBYAKU O HIKU TO, NIHYAKU GA NOKORIMASU. "When you subtract 300 (numbers) from 500 (numbers), 200 (numbers) will remain."
```

```
--WA--GA--

WA sets off the topic the speaker is going to talk about. It can be considered as an attention shifter. It makes the words preceding it set the stage for the sentence and serves as background for what the speaker is going to say. Therefore, when WA and GA are used in a simple sentence, WA sets off a general topic and GA gives a specific topic.

Examples:

KONO HANA WA IRO GA II DESU. "As for this flower, the color is good."

ANOKATA WA ME GA WARUI DESU. "As for him, eyes are bad."
```

```
Numerals

a. There are three sets of numerals up to ten.

| A | B | C
1. | ICHI | HITOTSU | HITO--
2. | NI | FUTATSU | FUTA--
3. | SAN | MITTSU | MI--
4. | SHI, YON | YOTTSU | YO--
5. | GO | ITSUTSU | ITSU--
6. | ROKU | MUTTSU | MU--
7. | SHICHI | NANATSU | NANA--
8. | HACHI | YATTSU | YA--
9. | KU, KYUU | KOKONOTSU | KOKONO--
10. | JUU | TOO | TOO--

Set A is borrowed from Chinese. Sets B and C are native. Set C is an abbreviation of Set B. Sets A & B may be used for counting. Set C is strictly adjectival and is always prefixed to certain nouns or counters.

b. The pattern followed after ten is as follows:

| | | 
11. | JUUICHI | 21. | NIJUUICHI
12. | JUUNI | 22. | NIJUUNI
13. | JUUSAN | 23. | NIJUUSAN
14. | JUUSHI | 24. | NIJUUSHI
15. | JUUGO | 25. | NIJUUGO
16. | JUUROKU | 26. | NIJUUROKU
17. | JUUSHICHI | 27. | NIJUUSHICHI
18. | JUUHACHI | 28. | NIJUUHACHI
19. | JUUKU | 29. | NIJUUKU
20. | NIJUU | 30. | SANJUU

Thus, the number of tens indicated by the number prefixed to JUU, like YONJUU, GOJUU, ROKUJUU, etc., and the number of added units is indicated by the number suffixed to JUU, like YONJUU-ROKU, YONJUU-SHICHI, etc. Numbers exceeding one hundred also follow these patterns.

c. Other numbers are:

| 
0 | ZERO or REI
100 | HYAKU
200 | NIHYAKU

| 
300 | SANBYAKU
600 | ROPPYAKU
800 | HAPPYAKU
1000 | SEN
3000 | SANZEN
8000 | HASSEN
10,000 | ICHIMAN or MAN
100,000 | JUUMAN
1,000,000 | HYAKUMAN
10,000,000 | ISSENMAN or SENMAN
100,000,000 | ICHIOKU

d. Examples:

The above numbers are read as follows:

(1) NIHYAKU-SANJUU-KYUUOKU, HASSEN-NANAHYAKU-ROKUJUU-GOMAN, YONSEN-SANBYAKU-NIJUU-ICHI.

(2) NIHYAKU-JUU-KYUUOKU, HASSEN-NANAHYAKU-ROKUJUU-NIMAN, SANZEN-HYAKU-NIJUU-YON.

Note that in Japanese the digits from one (1) to ten (10) are simple words. From eleven (11) to nineteen (19), they are compound words consisting of JUU (10) plus one of the other digits. The even tens like 20, 30, 40, 50, etc., are compound words consisting of one of the digits plus JUU (10). Thus, the Japanese reads 15 as 'ten-five' and 50 as 'five-ten.' That is, if the first element is larger than the second, the compound is like an addition problem (10 + 5); if the first element is smaller than the second, the compound is like a multiplication problem (5 x 10). Note also that the hundreds and thousands work like the tens, and other numerals like 4,321 and 124 consist of a phrase of several words.

It is important for the student to memorize not only the digits from one to ten but also the following simple words:

| 
HYAKU | 100
SEN | 1,000
MAN | 10,000
OKU | 100,000,000

It is also important to note that the words HYAKU (100) and SEN (1,000) undergo changes in the pronunciation in certain compounds:

| 
300 | SANBYAKU
600 | ROPPYAKU
800 | HAPPYAKU
1,000 | ISSEN (or SEN)
3,000 | SANZEN
8,000 | HASSEN
```

```
II and YOI

The word YOI is an i-adjective and it inflects just like any other i-adjectives. However, the form II is more colloquial than the form YOI when used attributively and as a predicate adjective, e.g.,

KONO KABIN WA II DESU (used as a predicate adjective) "This flower vase is good."

KORE WA II KABIN DESU. (used attributively) "This is a good flower vase."

KONO HANA WA YOKU WA ARIMASEN. "This flower is not good."
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 百 | 100 |
| の | See Grammar Notes |
| 十 | ten |
| か。 | either--or-- (See Gram. Notes) |
| 千 | 1,000 |
| から | from (See Gram. Notes) |
| まで | as far as, to (See Gram. Notes) |
| 二百、 | 200 |
| 三百、 | 300 |
| 四百、 | 400 |
| 五百、 | 500 |
| 六百、 | 600 |
| 七百、 | 700 |
| 八百、 | 800 |
| 九百、 | 900 |
| と | and (See Gram. Notes) |
| おなじ | the same (See Gram. Notes) |

## Multiplication and addition with thousands · Dialogue 2 of 4

### Larger products

The speakers compare products through one million. *一万の 十倍は 十万ですか* means "Is 10 times 10,000, 100,000?"

The reply confirms the result and states that 100 times 10,000 is 1,000,000.

### A condition and its result

In *千に 二千を たすと、 いくつに なりますか*, the particles mark 1,000 and 2,000 as numbers in an addition problem.

The *と* after *たす* connects the addition to its result. The answer is *三千に なります*, "It will become 3,000."

### Kanji: 万

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

**6** はい、 おなじです。 どちらも 一万です。  
はい、おなじです。どちらもいちまんです。  
Yes, they are the same. Both of them are 10,000.

**7** 一万の 十倍は 十万ですか。  
いちまんのじゅうばいはじゅうまんですか。  
Is 10 times 10,000, 100,000?

**8** はい、 そうです。 そして、 一万の百倍は 百万です。  
はい、そうです。そして、いちまんのひゃくばいはひゃくまんです。  
Yes, that's right. And 100 times 10,000 is 1,000,000.

**9** 千に 二千を たすと、 いくつに なりますか。  
せんににせんをたすと、いくつになりますか。  
When you add 2,000 to 1,000, how much will it become?

**10** 三千に なります。  
さんぜんになります。  
It will become 3,000.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| どちら | which of two (See Grammar Notes) |
| 一 | one |
| に | on (See Gram. Notes) |
| 二千 | 2,000 |
| を | particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill) |
| たす | to add (v.t.) |
| と、 | and (See Gram. Notes) |
| 三千 | 3,000 |

## Adding and subtracting thousands · Dialogue 3 of 4

### From arithmetic to flowers

One speaker asks about adding and subtracting thousands. *七千から 六千を ひくと、 いくつ のこりますか* asks what remains after subtracting 6,000 from 7,000.

The scene then turns to ten flowers and asks whether one flower smells good.

### Two forms for good

The question *このはなは においが いいですか* uses *いい* as the predicate meaning "good".

*よい* is an I-adjective and changes like other I-adjectives. *いい* has the same meaning and is more colloquial.

**11** 四千に 五千を たすと、 いくつに なりますか。  
よんせんにごせんをたすと、いくつになりますか。  
When you add 5,000 to 4,000, how much will it become?

**12** 九千に なります。  
きゅうせんになります。  
It will become 9,000.

**13** では、 七千から 六千を ひくと、 いくつ のこりますか。  
では、しちせんからろくせんをひくと、いくつのこりますか。  
Then, when you subtract 6,000 from 7,000, what remains?

**14** 千 のこります。  
せんのこります。  
1,000 remains.

**15** ここに はなが 十 ありますね。 このはなは においが いいですか。  
ここにはながじゅうありますね。このはなはにおいがいいですか。  
There are 10 flowers here, aren't there? As for this flower, is the smell good?

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 四千 | 4,000 |
| 五千 | 5,000 |
| 九千 | 9,000 |
| で | --is and -- (See Grammar Notes) |
| 七千 | 7,000 |
| 六千 | 6,000 |
| ひく | to subtract (v.t.) |
| ここ | here |
| はな | flower |
| が | but (See Gram. Notes) |
| ね。 | isn't it (See Grammar Notes) |
| におい | smell, scent |
| いい | good (See Gram. Notes) |

## Subtracting, smelling and mixing colours · Dialogue 4 of 4

### A smell that is not good

The answer *いいえ、 においは よくは ありません* means "No, the smell is not good."

The colloquial *いい* changes to *よく* in this negative form. The next sentence describes the smell as *わるい*, "bad".

### Actions and results

The speakers ask what remains after two flowers are taken from ten, then what color results from mixing red and yellow.

In *この 十のはなから 二つの はなを とると、 いくつ のこりますか*, *と* connects taking the flowers to the number remaining.

The two results are eight flowers and *ももいろ*, "a pink color".

**16** いいえ、 においは よくは ありません。 においが わるいです。  
いいえ、においはよくはありません。においがわるいです。  
No, the smell is not good. The smell is bad.

**17** この 十のはなから 二つの はなを とると、 いくつ のこりますか。  
このじゅうのはなからふたつのはなをとると、いくつのこりますか。  
When you take 2 flowers from these 10 flowers, how many flowers will remain?

**18** 八つのこります。  
やっつのこります。  
8 remain.

**19** あかい いろに きいろい いろを まぜると、 どんな いろに なりますか。  
あかいいろにきいろいいろをまぜると、どんないろになりますか。  
When you mix a yellow color to a red color, what sort of color will it become?

**20** ももいろに なります。  
ももいろになります。  
It will become a pink color.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| よく | well, skillfully |
| わるい | bad |
| 二 | two |
| とる | to take (v.t.) |
| 八 | eight |
| あかい | red |
| いろ | color |
| きいろい | yellow |
| まぜる | to mix (v.t.) |
| どんな | what kind of; what sort of |
| ももいろ | pink |

## If and when conditions · Pattern 1 1 of 2

### A condition followed by its result

*五に 五を たすと、 十に なります* means "When you add 5 to 5, it will become 10."

The dictionary form is the basic verb ending, such as *たす* before *と* in this line.

The particle *と* after the dictionary form makes the first statement a condition for the statement that follows. It means "if" or "when".

After an I-adjective, *と* always states a condition. *あんまり さむいと、 行きません* means "If it is too cold, I will not go."

### Particles on mathematical numbers

*十から 三を ひくと、 七が のこります* means "When you subtract 3 from 10, 7 remains."

A number that counts things has no *が*, *は*, or *を* after it. A number used in arithmetic takes these particles.

Here *三* takes *を* as the number subtracted, and *七* takes *が* as the number remaining.

**21** 五に 五を たすと、 十に なります。  
ごにごをたすと、じゅうになります。  
When you add 5 to 5, it will become 10.

**22** 三に 六を たすと、 九に なります。  
さんにろくをたすと、きゅうになります。  
When you add 6 to 3, it will become 9.

**23** 十から 三を ひくと、 七が のこります。  
じゅうからさんをひくと、しちがのこります。  
When you subtract 3 from 10, 7 remains.

**24** もう 少し 長いと、 いいです。  
もうすこしながいと、いいです。  
It would be good if it were a little longer.

**25** あまり むずかしいと、 せいとは ならいません。  
あまりむずかしいと、せいとはならいません。  
If it is too difficult, students won't learn it.

**26** あんまり さむいと、 行きません。  
あんまりさむいと、いきません。  
If it is too cold, I won't go.

**27** せんせいが ゆっくり (slowly) はなすと、 よく わかります。  
せんせいがゆっくり(slowly)はなすと、よくわかります。  
When the teacher speaks slowly, I understand well.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 五 | five |
| 三 | three |
| 六 | six |
| 九 | nine |
| 七 | seven |
| 少し | little (quantity) |
| むずかしい | difficult |
| ゆっくり | slowly; deliberately; leisurely |

## Asking about arithmetic and conditions · Pattern 1 2 of 2

### What remains after subtraction

The questions place a condition before *と* and ask for its result. *千から 五百を ひくと、 何が のこりますか* asks what remains after subtracting 500 from 1,000.

The answer replaces *何* with the result: *五百が のこります*, "500 will remain."

A question about heat uses the same condition pattern. The answer states that the speaker would not go if it were too hot.

**28** 百に 二百を たすと、 いくつに なりますか。  
ひゃくににひゃくをたすと、いくつになりますか。  
When you add 200 to 100, how much will it become?

**29** 三百に なります。  
さんびゃくになります。  
It will become 300.

**30** 千から 五百を ひくと、 何が のこりますか。  
せんからごひゃくをひくと、なにがのこりますか。  
When you subtract 500 from 1,000, what will remain?

**31** 五百が のこります。  
ごひゃくがのこります。  
500 will remain.

**32** あんまり あついと、 あなたは 行きませんか。  
あんまりあついと、あなたはいきませんか。  
Would you go if it were too hot?

**33** はい、 あんまり あついと、 私は 行きません。  
はい、あんまりあついと、わたくしはいきません。  
No, I wouldn't go if it were too hot.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 二百 | 200 |
| 三百 | 300 |
| 五百 | 500 |

## Describing specific features · Pattern 2 1 of 2

### A flower and its smell

Word by word, *このはなは においが いいです* is "this flower, as for, smell, good, is": "As for this flower, the smell is good."

The sentence first presents the flower, then describes its smell.

### A general topic and a specific feature

When *は* and *が* occur in one simple sentence, *は* marks the general topic and *が* marks the specific topic.

In *あの人は あしが ながいです*, *あの人* is the general topic and *あし* is the specific feature described as long.

The same pattern describes eyes, teeth, and ears.

**34** このはなは においが いいです。  
このはなはにおいがいいです。  
As for this flower, the smell is good.

**35** このかびんは いろが いいです。  
このかびんはいろがいいです。  
As for this flower vase, the color is good.

**36** あの人は あしが ながいです。  
あのひとはあしがながいです。  
As for him, legs are long.

**37** 私は 目が 小さいです。  
わたくしはめがちいさいです。  
As for me, eyes are small.

**38** あのかたは はが わるいです。  
あのかたははがわるいです。  
As for him, teeth are bad.

**39** あのせんせいは 耳が 大きいです。  
あのせんせいはみみがおおきいです。  
As for that teacher, ears are big.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| かびん | flower vase |
| 人 | people |

## Asking about specific features · Pattern 2 2 of 2

### A feature and its quality

The *は…が* pattern presents a thing and asks about one feature. *このさかなは においが いいですか* means "Does this fish smell good?"

The answer keeps the fish as the topic and describes its smell as *わるい*, "bad".

Other exchanges describe the color of a peach and the size of a teacher's ears.

**40** このさかなは においが いいですか。  
このさかなはにおいがいいですか。  
Does this fish smell good?

**41** いいえ、 そのさかなは においが わるいです。  
いいえ、そのさかなはにおいがわるいです。  
No, that fish smells bad.

**42** このももは いろが いいですね。  
このももはいろがいいですね。  
This peach has good color, hasn't it?

**43** ええ、 そのももは いろが いいです。  
ええ、そのももはいろがいいです。  
Yes, that peach has good color.

**44** あの せんせいは 耳が 大きいですね。  
あのせんせいはみみがおおきいですね。  
That teacher has big ears, hasn't he?

**45** ええ、 耳が かなり 大きいです。  
ええ、みみがかなりおおきいです。  
Yes, he has fairly large ears.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| もも | peach |
| ええ、 | Yes |
| かなり | fairly |

## Numbers in hundreds and thousands · Word list 1 of 3

### Hundreds and thousands

These words run from *二百*, "200", through *三千*, "3,000".

Within the hundreds, *六百* has the changed reading *ROPPYAKU*.

**46** 二百  
にひゃく  
200

**47** 三百  
さんびゃく  
300

**48** 四百  
よんひゃく  
400

**49** 五百  
ごひゃく  
500

**50** 六百  
ろっぴゃく  
600

**51** 七百  
ななひゃく  
700

**52** 八百  
はっぴゃく  
800

**53** 九百  
きゅうひゃく  
900

**54** 千  
せん  
1,000

**55** 二千  
にせん  
2,000

**56** 三千  
さんぜん  
3,000

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 四百 | 400 |
| 六百 | 600 |
| 七百 | 700 |
| 八百 | 800 |
| 九百 | 900 |

## Numbers from four thousand upward · Word list 2 of 3

### From thousands to one hundred million

The numbers extend from *四千*, "4,000", to *一おく*, "100,000,000".

The final entry *たす* means "to add".

**57** 四千  
よんせん  
4,000

**58** 五千  
ごせん  
5,000

**59** 六千  
ろくせん  
6,000

**60** 七千  
しちせん  
7,000

**61** 八千  
はっせん  
8,000

**62** 九千  
きゅうせん  
9,000

**63** 一万  
いちまん  
10,000

**64** 十万  
じゅうまん  
100,000

**65** 百万  
ひゃくまん  
1,000,000

**66** 一おく  
いちおく  
100,000,000

**67** たす  
たす  
to add (v.t.)

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| 八千 | 8,000 |
| 一万 | 10,000 |
| 十万 | 100,000 |
| 百万 | 1,000,000 |
| 一おく | 100,000,000 |

## Arithmetic, condition and quality words · Word list 3 of 3

### Actions, conditions, and qualities

These words cover arithmetic actions, remaining, counting, conditions, qualities, and pace.

*ひく* means "to subtract". *いい* and *よい* both mean "good", with *いい* as the more colloquial form.

**68** ひく  
ひく  
to subtract (v.t.)

**69** とる  
とる  
to take (v.t.)

**70** まぜる  
まぜる  
to mix (v.t.)

**71** のこります  
のこります  
polite form of NOKORU (v.i.) to remain

**72** かぞえます  
かぞえます  
polite form of KAZOERU (v.t.) to count

**73** いい  
いい  
good (See Gram. Notes)

**74** わるい  
わるい  
bad

**75** よい  
よい  
good (See Gram. Notes)

**76** と  
と  
if, when, whenever (See Grammar Notes)

**77** ゆっくり  
ゆっくり  
slowly; deliberately; leisurely

```
Homework Assignment

1. Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.

2. Memorize the Dialogue.

3. Read the Grammar Notes.

4. Practice reading and writing of KANJI.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| のこります | polite form of NOKORU (v.i.) to remain |
| かぞえます | polite form of KAZOERU (v.t.) to count |
| よい | good (See Gram. Notes) |