{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L020","title":"Lesson 20","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 20: counting and requesting dictionaries · dialogue 1 of 4, buying a used dictionary · dialogue 2 of 4, using new books and dictionaries · dialogue 3 of 4, cars, saying what you can do · perception drill, giving reasons for inability · perception drill, someone and something · perception drill, nobody and nothing · perception drill, abilities with languages and books · pattern 1 1 of 3, writing, everyday action verbs · pattern 1 3 of 3, explaining why things cannot happen · pattern 2 1 of 2, asking and giving reasons · pattern 2 2 of 2, someone and something in statements · pattern 3 1 of 2, asking about people and objects · pattern 3 2 of 2, negative statements about anyone and anything · pattern 4 1 of 2, saying nobody or nothing is there · pattern 4 2 of 2, driving to school and buying dictionaries · reading selection 1 of 2, buying pencils and difficult dictionaries · reading selection 2 of 2, asking about cars and books · questions 1 of 2, asking why purchases were made · questions 2 of 2, words for books and shops · word list 1 of 3, words for buying and giving · word list 2 of 3, ability.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/20","lines":185},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/19","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/21","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Counting and requesting dictionaries · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Counters for objects","paragraphs":["*ここに 字しょが 何さつ ありますか* means \"How many volumes of dictionaries are there?\" The counter *さつ* counts books.","Counters such as *さつ* and *本* count certain kinds of objects. A noun usually names the object being counted."]},{"title":"Requesting a dictionary","paragraphs":["*その 字しょを 一さつ ください* means \"Please give me one dictionary.\" The humble word *ください* applies when the speaker receives a tangible object."]},{"title":"Kanji: 少, 本","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.001","source":"ここに 字しょが 何さつ ありますか。","translation":"How many volumes of dictionaries are there?","reading":"ここにじしょがなんさつありますか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"volumes"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.002","source":"二さつ あります。","translation":"There are two.","reading":"にさつあります。","words":[{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"volumes"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.003","source":"字しょの そばに えんぴつが 何本 ありますか。","translation":"How many pencils are there beside the dictionaries?","reading":"じしょのそばにえんぴつがなんぼんありますか。","words":[{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そば","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencils"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"long objects","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.004","source":"三本 あります。","translation":"There are three.","reading":"さんぼんあります。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"long objects","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.005","source":"その 字しょを 一さつ ください。","translation":"Please give me one dictionary.","reading":"そのじしょをいっさつください。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"volume"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please give me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---KOTO GA DEKIMASU 'is able to,' 'can'\n\nThere are several ways in which most Japanese verbs can be made into potential verbs with the meaning of 'is possible to,' 'can,' or 'is able to.' One of these ways, perhaps the simplest way, is to use KOTO GA DEKIMASU immediately after the basic ending of verbs, e.g.,\n\nHANASU KOTO GA DEKIMASU '--can speak'\n\nKIKU KOTO GA DEKIMASU '--can hear'\n\nMIRU KOTO GA DEKIMASU '--can see'\n\nSURU KOTO GA DEKIMASU '--can do'\n\nIn Japanese some intransitive verbs that refer to natural action or an act of God are not made potential, e.g.,\n\nFURU 'to fall, to rain, or to snow'\n\nHAERU 'to sprout, to grow'\n\nOCHIRU 'to fall'\n\nSome Japanese verbs have the potential meaning in themselves, and therefore, they are not followed by KOTO GA DEKIMASU, e.g.,\n\nWAKARU (v.i.) 'is understandable'\n\nDEKIRU (v.i.) 'is possible, is able'\n\nMIERU (v.i.) 'is visible, can be seen'\n\nKIKOERU (v.i.) 'is audible, can be heard'\n\nThe negative of KOTO GA DEKIRU is KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. The particle GA in front of DEKIMASEN may be replaced with the particle WA to emphasize the negative."},{"section":2,"text":"KARA 'because, since, so'\n\nFollowing the basic ending of verbs, inflected suffixes, I-adjectives, and the copulative DESU, KARA indicates that the clause in which it occurs is the cause or reason for the statement that follows. Accordingly, this particle means 'because' or 'since,' e.g.,\n\nAMMARI TAKUSAN ARIMASU KARA, KAZOERU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. \"Because there are too many, I can't count them.\"\n\nMUZUKASHII KARA WAKARIMASEN. \"Because it's difficult, I can't understand it.\"\n\nANO KATA WA NIPPONGO NO SENSEI DESU KARA, NIPPONGO GA YOKU DEKIMASU. \"Since he is a teacher of the Japanese language, he can speak Japanese well.\"\n\nIt is sometimes convenient to translate this KARA as 'so,' because the words 'so' or 'therefore' appear in\n\nEnglish syntax at about the same point that KARA does in Japanese syntax. The main difference is that the Japanese pause after KARA, as Americans often pause before 'so' or 'therefore.'"},{"section":3,"text":"DARE KA 'someone,' 'somebody'\n\nNANI KA 'something'\n\nFollowing an interrogative pronoun, the particle KA converts into a corresponding indefinite pronoun, e.g.,\n\nDARE KA someone, somebody\n\nDONATA KA someone, somebody\n\nNANI KA something\n\nDOTCHI KA either (one)\n\nDOCHIRA KA either (one)\n\nHere are some expressions with KA:\n\nDARE KA KIMASHITA. \"Someone came.\"\n\nNANI KA TABEMASHITA \"I ate something.\"\n\nExpressions with KA are often used also with other particles, namely with WA, GA, and O. The meaning of WA, GA, or O is determined by its position in the sentence and by the context. In a phrase ending in KA, additional particles normally come after the particle KA, e.g.,\n\nDARE KA NI IIMASHITA. \"I told someone.\"\n\nDARE KA KARA KIMASHITA. \"It came from someone.\""},{"section":4,"text":"DARE MO--N 'nobody'\n\nNANI MO--N 'nothing'\n\nImmediately after many of the interrogative pronouns, the particle MO usually converts the question words into the corresponding negative indefinite pronouns.\n\nDARE MO -- N nobody\n\nDONATA MO -- N nobody\n\nNANI MO -- N nothing\n\nDOTCHI MO -- N neither\n\nDOCHIRA MO -- N neither\n\nHere are some expressions with this MO:\n\nDARE MO KIMASENDESHITA. \"Nobody came.\"\n\nNANI MO TABEMASENDESHITA. \"I ate nothing.\"\n\nDOTCHI MO TORIMASENDESHITA. \"I took neither.\"\n\nPhrases with MO are often used with additional particles, but, again, the particles WA, GA, and O normally do not occur with them. Just as in the expressions with KA, the meaning of WA, GA, or O is determined by the position of the phrase in the sentence and by the context. For the expressions with MO, the additional particles normally come before the particle MO, e.g.,\n\nDARE NI MO IIMASENDESHITA. \"I told nobody.\"\n\nDARE KARA MO KIMASENDESHITA. \"I came from nobody.\""},{"section":5,"text":"KUDASAI and AGEMASU\n\nBoth KUDASAI and AGEMASU mean 'give,' but they cannot be used interchangeably. The word KUDASAI is a humble word, and it is normally used when the recipient is the speaker or the first person, 'we,' 'us,' e.g.,\n\nSONO HON O KUDASAI. \"Please give me that book.\"\n\nANATA NO TOKEI O KUDASAI. \"Please give me your watch.\"\n\nKUDASAI or AGEMASU is used when giving only tangible objects.\n\nthe word AGEMASU is an exalted word, and it is used only when the recipient is either the second person 'you' or the third person 'him, her, them, etc.,' e.g.,\n\nKONO HON O ANATA NI AGEMASU. \"I'll give you this book\" or \"I'll give this book to you.\"\n\nKONO HON O (ANO KATA NI) AGEMASU. \"I'll give this book to him.\""},{"section":6,"text":"Note on numerical counters\n\nNumerical counters like MAIRU, JIKAN, and EN that refer to particular units of distance, time, money, and the like usually do not need other nouns to tell what one is counting, but numerical counters like SATSU, HON, and DAI that refer to certain kinds of objects usually accompany other nouns that name the particular objects one is talking about, e.g.,\n\nKOKO NI ENPITSU GA NIHON ARIMASU. \"There are two pencils here.\"\n\nHON O SANSATSU KAIMASHITA. \"I bought three books.\"\n\nJIDOOSHA GA ICHIDAI ARIMASU. \"There is one car.\"\n\nKOKO KARA KAAMERU MADE NI-MAIRU DESU. \"It is two miles from here to Carmel.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さつ","gloss":"numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"そば","gloss":"vicinity"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Buying a used dictionary · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Giving and buying a used dictionary","paragraphs":["One speaker agrees to give the listener an old dictionary, then says where it was bought and how much it cost.","*はい、 あげます* means \"Yes, I'll give it to you.\" The recipient is the listener."]},{"title":"A price in yen","paragraphs":["*千円 はらいました* means \"I paid one thousand yen.\" The unit counter *円* names the money without another noun."]},{"title":"Kanji: 円, 古","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 町, 屋, 買","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.006","source":"はい、 あげます。","translation":"Yes, I'll give it to you.","reading":"はい、あげます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"あげ","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.007","source":"この 古い 字しょを どこで 買いましたか。","translation":"Where did you buy this old dictionary?","reading":"このふるいじしょをどこでかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.008","source":"町の 古本屋で 買いました。","translation":"I bought it in a secondhand bookstore in town.","reading":"まちのふるほんやでかいました。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"古本","gloss":"secondhand bookstore","reading":"ふるほん"},{"text":"屋","gloss":"secondhand bookstore","reading":"や"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.009","source":"いくら はらいましたか。","translation":"How much did you pay?","reading":"いくらはらいましたか。","words":[{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"はらい","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.010","source":"千円 はらいました。","translation":"I paid one thousand yen.","reading":"せんえんはらいました。","words":[{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"はらい","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"古い","gloss":"old, antique"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"古本","gloss":"secondhand book, used book"},{"word":"いくら","gloss":"how much? how many?"},{"word":"千","gloss":"1,000"},{"word":"円","gloss":"yen (unit of money)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Using new books and dictionaries · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Books and a dictionary","paragraphs":["One speaker asks about buying used books at the school bookshop. The reply says used books cannot be bought there, but new books can.","The conversation then turns to how often an English-Japanese dictionary is used."]},{"title":"An action that is possible","paragraphs":["*あたらしい 本は 買うことが できます* means \"But, you can buy new books.\"","In *買うことが できます*, the basic form *買う* names the action. *ことが できます* says that buying is possible."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.011","source":"この がっこうの 本屋で 古本を 買うことが できますか。","translation":"Can you buy a used book at the bookshop in this school?","reading":"このがっこうのほんやでふるほんをかうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"古本","gloss":"used book","reading":"ふるほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.012","source":"いいえ、 できません。 でも、 あたらしい 本は 買うことが できます。","translation":"No, you can't. But, you can buy new books.","reading":"いいえ、できません。でも、あたらしいほんはかうことができます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.013","source":"あなたは えいわ字てんを つかいますか。","translation":"Do you use an E-J dictionary?","reading":"あなたはえいわじてんをつかいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"え","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"いわ","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"字","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"てん","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかい","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.014","source":"はい、 ときどき つかいます。","translation":"Yes, I use it sometimes.","reading":"はい、ときどきつかいます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ときどき","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"つかい","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.015","source":"なぜ いつも つかいませんか。","translation":"Why don't you use it all the time?","reading":"なぜいつもつかいませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"つかい","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"本屋","gloss":"bookshop"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"word":"ときどき","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Cars, someone, and nobody · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A reason for not using it","paragraphs":["The speaker does not always use a dictionary because its kanji are difficult.","In *かん字が むずかしいから、 いつもは つかいません*, *から* marks the difficult kanji as the reason."]},{"title":"Someone and nobody","paragraphs":["*あの あかい じどうしゃの 中に だれか 居ますか* means \"Is there someone in that red car?\" *だれか* refers to someone unspecified.","*いいえ、 だれも 居ません* means \"No, there is nobody.\" *だれも* combines with the negative *居ません*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 前, 中","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.016","source":"かん字が むずかしいから、 いつもは つかいません。","translation":"I don't use it all the time because KANJI are difficult.","reading":"かんじがむずかしいから、いつもはつかいません。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つかい","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.017","source":"この たてものの 前に じどうしゃが 何だい ぐらい ありますか。","translation":"About how many cars are there in front of this building?","reading":"このたてもののまえにじどうしゃがなんだいぐらいありますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"たてもの","gloss":"building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many vehicles","reading":"なん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"how many vehicles"},{"text":"い","gloss":"how many vehicles"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.018","source":"さあ、 わかりません。","translation":"Well, I can't tell.","reading":"さあ、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.019","source":"あの あかい じどうしゃの 中に だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is there someone in that red car?","reading":"あのあかいじどうしゃのなかにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"あかい","gloss":"red"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L020.dlg.020","source":"いいえ、 だれも 居ません。","translation":"No, there is nobody.","reading":"いいえ、だれもいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"も","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たてもの","gloss":"building"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"あかい","gloss":"red"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying what you can do · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"An action someone can do","paragraphs":["*ここから サンフランシスコ まで、 三じかんで 行くことが できますか* means \"Can you get from here to San Francisco in three hours?\"","The basic form *行く* names the action. *ことが できます* after it says that the action is possible."]},{"title":"The negative form","paragraphs":["Put *ことが できます* immediately after a verb's basic ending to mean \"can\" or \"is able to.\" The negative is *ことが できません*.","In *フランス語を はなすことは できません*, *は* replaces *が* to emphasize the negative. The line means \"I cannot speak French.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.01","source":"ここから サンフランシスコ まで、 三じかんで 行くことが できますか。","translation":"Can you get from here to San Francisco in three hours?","reading":"ここからサンフランシスコまで、さんじかんでいくことができますか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"to"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"じかん","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.02","source":"はい、 三じかんで 行くことが できます。","translation":"Yes, I can get there in three hours.","reading":"はい、さんじかんでいくことができます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"じかん","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.03","source":"あなたは フランス語が できますか。","translation":"Do you know French?","reading":"あなたはフランスごができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.04","source":"いいえ、 フランス語を はなすことは できません。","translation":"No, I cannot speak French.","reading":"いいえ、フランスごをはなすことはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなす","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.05","source":"あなたは まい日 かん字を いくつぐらい ならうことが できますか。","translation":"About how many kanji can you learn each day?","reading":"あなたはまいにちかんじをいくつぐらいならうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まい日","gloss":"each day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"ならう","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.06","source":"まい日 七つぐらい ならうことが できます。","translation":"I can learn about seven each day.","reading":"まいにちななつぐらいならうことができます。","words":[{"text":"まい日","gloss":"each day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven","reading":"なな"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"ならう","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.07","source":"あなたは かたかなで あなたの なまえを かくことが できますか。","translation":"Can you write your name in katakana?","reading":"あなたはかたかなであなたのなまえをかくことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"your"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.08","source":"はい、 かたかなで かくことが できます。","translation":"Yes, I can write it in katakana.","reading":"はい、かたかなでかくことができます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.09","source":"とうきょう から よこはま まで あるくことが できます。","translation":"You can walk from Tokyo to Yokohama.","reading":"とうきょうからよこはままであるくことができます。","words":[{"text":"とうきょう","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"よこはま","gloss":"Yokohama"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あるく","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp1.10","source":"はい、 できますが、 十二じかん ぐらい かかります。","translation":"Yes, you can, but it takes about twelve hours.","reading":"はい、できますが、じゅうにじかんぐらいかかります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve","reading":"に"},{"text":"じかん","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"word":"まで、","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"じかん","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"まい日","gloss":"everyday"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"かたかな","gloss":"KATAKANA syllabary"},{"word":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Giving reasons for inability · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"A reason before the result","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 まだ ならいませんから、 読む ことは できません* means \"No, I have not learned it yet, so I cannot read it.\"","The clause before *から* gives the reason. The statement after it gives the result."]},{"title":"Because and so","paragraphs":["*から* follows a verb's basic ending, an inflected suffix, an I-adjective, or *DESU*. It marks that clause as the cause or reason.","*まずいから、 たべません* means \"I do not eat it because it tastes bad.\" *から* can mean \"because,\" \"since,\" or \"so.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.01","source":"この かん字を 読むことが できますか。","translation":"Can you read this kanji?","reading":"このかんじをよむことができますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.02","source":"いいえ、 まだ ならいませんから、 読む ことは できません。","translation":"No, I have not learned it yet, so I cannot read it.","reading":"いいえ、まだならいませんから、よむことはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.03","source":"あなたは この えいわ字てんを つかうことが できますか。","translation":"Can you use this English-Japanese dictionary?","reading":"あなたはこのえいわじてんをつかうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"え","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"いわ","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"字","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"てん","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.04","source":"いいえ、 かん字が たくさん ありますから、 つかうことは できません。","translation":"No, there are many kanji in it, so I cannot use it.","reading":"いいえ、かんじがたくさんありますから、つかうことはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.05","source":"なぜ 大きい 字しょを 買いませんでしたか。","translation":"Why did you not buy a large dictionary?","reading":"なぜおおきいじしょをかいませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.06","source":"あまり たかいから、 買いませんでした。","translation":"I did not buy one because it was too expensive.","reading":"あまりたかいから、かいませんでした。","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.07","source":"ナイフは どこに ありますか。","translation":"Where is the knife?","reading":"ナイフはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"ナイフ","gloss":"knife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.08","source":"あそこに ありますから、 おっかいなさい。","translation":"It is over there, so please use it.","reading":"あそこにありますから、おっかいなさい。","words":[{"text":"あそこ","gloss":"over there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"おっ","gloss":"please use"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"please use"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please use"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.09","source":"なぜ それを たべませんか。","translation":"Why do you not eat that?","reading":"なぜそれをたべませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp2.10","source":"まずいから、 たべません。","translation":"I do not eat it because it tastes bad.","reading":"まずいから、たべません。","words":[{"text":"まずい","gloss":"tastes bad"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"つかう","gloss":"to use, employ (v.t.)"},{"word":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"word":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"word":"ナイフ","gloss":"knife"},{"word":"あそこ","gloss":"over there"},{"word":"まずい","gloss":"poor, tasteless"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Someone and something · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"Someone unspecified","paragraphs":["*だれか 来ましたか* means \"Did anyone come?\" The question asks whether an unspecified person came.","The answer can then identify that person, as in *スミスさんが 来ました*."]},{"title":"A question word with ka","paragraphs":["The particle *か* after an interrogative pronoun makes a corresponding indefinite pronoun. *だれか* means \"someone,\" and *何か* means \"something.\"","*そのはこの 中に 何か ありますか* means \"Is there anything in that box?\""]}],"lines":[{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.01","source":"だれか 来ましたか。","translation":"Did anyone come?","reading":"だれかきましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.02","source":"はい、 スミスさんが 来ました。","translation":"Yes, Mr. Smith came.","reading":"はい、スミスさんがきました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.03","source":"あの きょうしつの 中に だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is anyone in that classroom?","reading":"あのきょうしつのなかにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.04","source":"はい、 せいとが 居ます。","translation":"Yes, there is a student there.","reading":"はい、せいとがいます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.05","source":"そのはこの 中に 何か ありますか。","translation":"Is there anything in that box?","reading":"そのはこのなかになにかありますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"box"},{"text":"この","gloss":"box"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.06","source":"はい、 何か 小さいものが あります。","translation":"Yes, there is something small in it.","reading":"はい、なにかちいさいものがあります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.07","source":"私は いま 何か とりました。 何を とりましたか。","translation":"I just picked something up. What did I pick up?","reading":"わたくしはいまなにかとりました。なにをとりましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いま","gloss":"just now"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.07.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.08","source":"ペンを とりました。","translation":"You picked up a pen.","reading":"ペンをとりました。","words":[{"text":"ペン","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"pick up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.08.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.09","source":"そのかみに 何か おかきなさい。","translation":"Please write something on that paper.","reading":"そのかみになにかおかきなさい。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please write"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"please write"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.09.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.10","source":"はい、 何か かきます。","translation":"Yes, I will write something.","reading":"はい、なにかかきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.10.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.11","source":"何を かきましたか。","translation":"What did you write?","reading":"なにをかきましたか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.11.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp3.12","source":"私の なまえを かきました。","translation":"I wrote my name.","reading":"わたくしのなまえをかきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"my","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp3.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"いま","gloss":"now, just now"},{"word":"ペン","gloss":"pen"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Nobody and nothing · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"Nobody with a negative","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 だれも 居ません* means \"No, no one is there.\" *だれも* works with the negative verb *居ません*.","The *だれか* questions ask whether someone is present. The *だれも* answers deny that anyone is present."]},{"title":"Nothing with a negative","paragraphs":["The particle *も* after many interrogative pronouns makes a negative indefinite when the predicate is negative. *だれも* means \"nobody,\" and *何も* means \"nothing.\"","*いいえ、 何も ありません* means \"No, there is nothing there.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.01","source":"その きょうしつに だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is anyone in that classroom?","reading":"そのきょうしつにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.01.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.02","source":"いいえ、 だれも 居ません。","translation":"No, no one is there.","reading":"いいえ、だれもいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"も","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.02.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.03","source":"だれか ここへ 来ましたか。","translation":"Did anyone come here?","reading":"だれかここへきましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.03.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.04","source":"いいえ、 だれも 来ませんでした。","translation":"No, no one came.","reading":"いいえ、だれもきませんでした。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"も","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.04.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.05","source":"だれか サンフランシスコへ 行きますか。","translation":"Is anyone going to San Francisco?","reading":"だれかサンフランシスコへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.05.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.06","source":"いいえ、 だれも 行きません。","translation":"No, no one is going.","reading":"いいえ、だれもいきません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"も","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.06.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.07","source":"あなたの うしろに だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is anyone behind you?","reading":"あなたのうしろにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"うしろ","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.07.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.08","source":"いいえ、 だれも 居ません。","translation":"No, no one is there.","reading":"いいえ、だれもいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"も","gloss":"no one"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.08.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.09","source":"あなたの いすの 下に 何か ありますか。","translation":"Is there anything under your chair?","reading":"あなたのいすのしたになにかありますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"いす","gloss":"chair"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"下","gloss":"under","reading":"した"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.09.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L020.gp4.10","source":"いいえ、 何も ありません。","translation":"No, there is nothing there.","reading":"いいえ、なにもありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"何","gloss":"nothing","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.gp4.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"うしろ","gloss":"back, behind, rear"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Abilities with languages and books · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Abilities with languages","paragraphs":["*私は 日本語の本を 読むことが できます* means \"I can read books in Japanese.\"","The ability pattern follows the basic form *読む*. The same pattern states abilities to speak, teach, and learn."]},{"title":"An emphasized negative","paragraphs":["*あしで ものを もつことはできません* means \"You cannot hold things with your feet.\"","The *は* in *ことはできません* emphasizes what cannot be done."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.m1","source":"この 字しょを つかうことが できます。","translation":"I can use this dictionary.","reading":"このじしょをつかうことができます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.01","source":"私は 日本語の本を 読むことが できます。","translation":"I can read books in Japanese.","reading":"わたくしはにほんごのほんをよむことができます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"in"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.02","source":"私は フランス語で はなすことができます。","translation":"I can speak in French.","reading":"わたくしはフランスごではなすことができます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"なす","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.03","source":"私は えい語を おしえることができます。","translation":"I can teach English.","reading":"わたくしはえいごをおしえることができます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"えい語","gloss":"English"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえる","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.04","source":"私は まい日 かん字を 十ぐらい ならうことができます。","translation":"I can learn about ten kanji each day.","reading":"わたくしはまいにちかんじをじゅうぐらいならうことができます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まい日","gloss":"each day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"ならう","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.05","source":"あしで ものを もつことはできません。","translation":"You cannot hold things with your feet.","reading":"あしでものをもつことはできません。","words":[{"text":"あし","gloss":"feet"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もつ","gloss":"hold"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.06","source":"あなたは フランス語が よくできますが、 おしえる ことも できますか。","translation":"You know French well, but can you also teach it?","reading":"あなたはフランスごがよくできますが、おしえることもできますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"おしえる","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.07","source":"はい、 できます。","translation":"Yes, I can.","reading":"はい、できます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Writing, adding, and using things · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Writing is possible","paragraphs":["*あなたは かん字を 二十ぐらい かくことが できますか* means \"Can you write about twenty kanji?\"","The basic form of the action comes before the ability pattern. Here the action is writing kanji."]},{"title":"Using chopsticks is not possible","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 はしを つかうことは できません* means \"No, I cannot use chopsticks.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.08","source":"あなたは かん字を 二十ぐらい かくことが できますか。","translation":"Can you write about twenty kanji?","reading":"あなたはかんじをにじゅうぐらいかくことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.09","source":"はい、 二十ぐらい かくことができます。","translation":"Yes, I can write about twenty.","reading":"はい、にじゅうぐらいかくことができます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.10","source":"あなたは はしを つかうことができますか。","translation":"Can you use chopsticks?","reading":"あなたははしをつかうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はし","gloss":"chopsticks"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.11","source":"いいえ、 はしを つかうことは できません。","translation":"No, I cannot use chopsticks.","reading":"いいえ、はしをつかうことはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"はし","gloss":"chopsticks"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.12","source":"たします","translation":"to add","reading":"たします","words":[{"text":"たし","gloss":"add"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.13","source":"ならいます","translation":"to learn","reading":"ならいます","words":[{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.14","source":"つかいます","translation":"to use","reading":"つかいます","words":[{"text":"つかい","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.15","source":"おしえます","translation":"to teach","reading":"おしえます","words":[{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Everyday action verbs · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Everyday actions","paragraphs":["*見ます* means \"to see,\" *たべます* means \"to eat,\" and *ききます* means \"to listen.\"","*もちます* means \"carry,\" *はなします* means \"speak,\" and *かきます* means \"write.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.16","source":"見ます","translation":"to see","reading":"みます","words":[{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.17","source":"たべます","translation":"to eat","reading":"たべます","words":[{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.18","source":"ききます","translation":"to listen","reading":"ききます","words":[{"text":"きき","gloss":"listen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.19","source":"もちます","translation":"carry","reading":"もちます","words":[{"text":"もち","gloss":"carry"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.20","source":"はなします","translation":"speak","reading":"はなします","words":[{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt1.21","source":"かきます","translation":"write","reading":"かきます","words":[{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt1.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining why things cannot happen · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A reason for inability","paragraphs":["*あんまり たくさん ありますから、 かぞえる ことは できません* means \"I can't count because there are too many.\"","The reason ends in *から*. The negative ability pattern states the result."]},{"title":"A reason for another action","paragraphs":["*私が 行きますから、 あなたは ここに 居なさい* means \"I will go, so you stay here.\"","The clause before *から* gives the reason for the action in the next clause."]}],"lines":[{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.01","source":"あんまり たくさん ありますから、 かぞえる ことは できません。","translation":"I can't count because there are too many.","reading":"あんまりたくさんありますから、かぞえることはできません。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"かぞえる","gloss":"count"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.02","source":"かん字が むずかしいから、 読むことは できません。","translation":"I can't read it because KANJI are too difficult.","reading":"かんじがむずかしいから、よむことはできません。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"too difficult"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.03","source":"そのかん字を ならいませんでしたから、 かくことは できません。","translation":"I did not learn that kanji, so I cannot write it.","reading":"そのかんじをならいませんでしたから、かくことはできません。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.04","source":"この 子どもは 三つですから、 まだ 字を かくことは できません。","translation":"This child is three years old, so he cannot write yet.","reading":"このこどもはみっつですから、まだじをかくことはできません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"子ども","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three years old","reading":"みっ"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"three years old"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"字","gloss":"characters","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"write"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.05","source":"私が 行きますから、 あなたは ここに 居なさい。","translation":"I will go, so you stay here.","reading":"わたくしがいきますから、あなたはここにいなさい。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"stay","reading":"い"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.06","source":"この本は あんまり むずかしいから、 わかりません。","translation":"This book is too difficult, so I do not understand it.","reading":"このほんはあんまりむずかしいから、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"子ども","gloss":"child, children"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking and giving reasons · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A question and its reason","paragraphs":["*なぜ じどうしゃで がっこうへ 行きますか* means \"Why do you go to school by car?\" *なぜ* asks for a reason.","*がっこうが 遠いから、 じどうしゃで 行きます* means \"The school is far away, so I go by car.\" *から* marks the reason."]}],"lines":[{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.07","source":"なぜ じどうしゃで がっこうへ 行きますか。","translation":"Why do you go to school by car?","reading":"なぜじどうしゃでがっこうへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.08","source":"がっこうが 遠いから、 じどうしゃで 行きます。","translation":"The school is far away, so I go by car.","reading":"がっこうがとおいから、じどうしゃでいきます。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far away","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.09","source":"なぜ その本を 買いませんか。","translation":"Why do you not buy that book?","reading":"なぜそのほんをかいませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.10","source":"あまり たかいから、 買いません。","translation":"It is too expensive, so I will not buy it.","reading":"あまりたかいから、かいません。","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.11","source":"なぜ このさかなを たべませんか。","translation":"Why do you not eat this fish?","reading":"なぜこのさかなをたべませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt2.12","source":"においが わるいから、 たべません。","translation":"It smells bad, so I will not eat it.","reading":"においがわるいから、たべません。","words":[{"text":"におい","gloss":"smell"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わるい","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt2.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"におい","gloss":"smell, scent"},{"word":"わるい","gloss":"bad"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Someone and something in statements · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"An unspecified person","paragraphs":["*だれか 私の本を とりました* means \"Somebody took my book.\" *だれか* names a person without identifying that person.","In *だれか ドイツ語が できますか*, the same form asks whether anyone can speak German."]},{"title":"An unspecified thing","paragraphs":["*つくえの 上に 何か ありますね* means \"There is something on the desk, isn't there?\"","*何か* refers to a thing without identifying it."]},{"title":"Kanji: 上","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.01","source":"だれか 私の本を とりました。","translation":"Somebody took my book.","reading":"だれかわたくしのほんをとりました。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"somebody"},{"text":"か","gloss":"somebody"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.02","source":"このかみに 日本語で 何か おかきなさい。","translation":"Please write something on this paper in Japanese.","reading":"このかみににほんごでなにかおかきなさい。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"お","gloss":"please"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.03","source":"だれか ドイツ語が できますか。","translation":"Can anyone speak German?","reading":"だれかドイツごができますか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"ドイツ","gloss":"German"},{"text":"語","gloss":"German","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.04","source":"きょうしつに だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is anyone in the classroom?","reading":"きょうしつにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.05","source":"だれか 日本へ 行きましたか。","translation":"Did anyone go to Japan?","reading":"だれかにほんへいきましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.06","source":"つくえの 上に 何か ありますね。","translation":"There is something on the desk, isn’t there?","reading":"つくえのうえになにかありますね。","words":[{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.07","source":"あなたは そのかみに 何か かきましたね。","translation":"You wrote something on that paper, didn’t you?","reading":"あなたはそのかみになにかかきましたね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"かき","gloss":"write"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about people and objects · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From anyone to one person","paragraphs":["*だれか スミスさんのところへ 行きましたか* means \"Did anyone go to Mr. Smith's place?\"","*はい、 パーカーさんが 行きました* identifies Mr. Parker as the person who went."]},{"title":"From anything to one object","paragraphs":["*そのはこの 中に 何か ありますか* means \"Is there anything in that box?\"","*はい、 このはこの 中に とけいが あります* identifies a watch as the object in the box."]}],"lines":[{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.08","source":"だれか スミスさんのところへ 行きましたか。","translation":"Did anyone go to Mr. Smith’s place?","reading":"だれかスミスさんのところへいきましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.09","source":"はい、 パーカーさんが 行きました。","translation":"Yes, Mr. Parker went.","reading":"はい、パーカーさんがいきました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.10","source":"そのはこの 中に 何か ありますか。","translation":"Is there anything in that box?","reading":"そのはこのなかになにかありますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"box"},{"text":"この","gloss":"box"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.11","source":"はい、 このはこの 中に とけいが あります。","translation":"Yes, there is a watch in this box.","reading":"はい、このはこのなかにとけいがあります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"box"},{"text":"この","gloss":"box"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"とけい","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be there"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.12","source":"だれか そのとけいを 見ましたか。","translation":"Did anyone see that watch?","reading":"だれかそのとけいをみましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"とけい","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt3.13","source":"はい、 ジョンズさんが 見ました。","translation":"Yes, Mr. Jones saw it.","reading":"はい、ジョンズさんがみました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt3.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Negative statements about anyone and anything · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"No person acts","paragraphs":["*そこには だれも 居ません* means \"There is nobody there.\" The negative predicate completes the meaning of *だれも*.","*だれも それを たべませんでした* means \"No one ate it.\""]},{"title":"No thing is involved","paragraphs":["*何も たべることは できません* means \"I cannot eat anything.\" *何も* works with the negative ability pattern.","The *だれか* and *何か* questions ask about an unspecified person or thing. Negative answers use *だれも* or *何も*."]}],"lines":[{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.01","source":"そこには だれも 居ません。","translation":"There is nobody there.","reading":"そこにはだれもいません。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.02","source":"そこには 何も ありません。","translation":"There is nothing there.","reading":"そこにはなにもありません。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.03","source":"だれも それを たべませんでした。","translation":"No one ate it.","reading":"だれもそれをたべませんでした。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.04","source":"だれも 私たちに それを おしえませんでした。","translation":"No one taught it to us.","reading":"だれもわたくしたちにそれをおしえませんでした。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.05","source":"何も たべることは できません。","translation":"I cannot eat anything.","reading":"なにもたべることはできません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.05.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.06","source":"子どもは 何も わかりません。","translation":"The child does not understand anything.","reading":"こどもはなにもわかりません。","words":[{"text":"子ども","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.07","source":"だれも そのおとを ききませんでした。","translation":"No one heard that sound.","reading":"だれもそのおとをききませんでした。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"おと","gloss":"sound"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きき","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.08","source":"私の うしろに だれか 居ますか。","translation":"Is anyone behind me?","reading":"わたくしのうしろにだれかいますか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"うしろ","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.09","source":"いいえ、 あなたの うしろに だれも 居ません。","translation":"No, no one is behind you.","reading":"いいえ、あなたのうしろにだれもいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"うしろ","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.10","source":"あなたの つくえの そばに 何か ありますか。","translation":"Is there anything beside your desk?","reading":"あなたのつくえのそばになにかありますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そば","gloss":"beside"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"おと","gloss":"sound"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying nobody or nothing is there · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Nothing is there","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 何も ありません* means \"No, there is nothing.\" The negative predicate *ありません* completes *何も*."]},{"title":"Nobody is there","paragraphs":["*私の みぎに だれも 居ません* means \"No one is to my right.\" The negative predicate *居ません* completes *だれも*.","Other negative verbs can complete the same pattern for actions such as eating, hearing, coming, and knowing."]}],"lines":[{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.11","source":"いいえ、 何も ありません。","translation":"No, there is nothing.","reading":"いいえ、なにもありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.11.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.12","source":"あなたの みぎに だれが 居ますか。","translation":"Who is to your right?","reading":"あなたのみぎにだれがいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.12.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.13","source":"私の みぎに だれも 居ません。","translation":"No one is to my right.","reading":"わたくしのみぎにだれもいません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.13.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.14","source":"この きょうしつには、","translation":"In this classroom,","reading":"このきょうしつには、","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.14.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.15","source":"たべませんでした。","translation":"did not eat.","reading":"たべませんでした。","words":[{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.15.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.16","source":"ききませんでした。","translation":"did not hear.","reading":"ききませんでした。","words":[{"text":"きき","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.16.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.17","source":"じどうしゃの 中には、","translation":"Inside the car,","reading":"じどうしゃのなかには、","words":[{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.17.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.18","source":"来ませんでした。","translation":"did not come.","reading":"きませんでした。","words":[{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.18.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.19","source":"私の ひだりには、","translation":"To my left,","reading":"わたくしのひだりには、","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ひだり","gloss":"left"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.19.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L020.pt4.20","source":"しりません。","translation":"do not know.","reading":"しりません。","words":[{"text":"しり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.pt4.20.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"word":"ひだり","gloss":"left"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Driving to school and buying dictionaries · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Cars at the school","paragraphs":["The passage describes a school with about fifty cars in front of its building.","*せいとたちは 遠いところから 来ますから、 たいてい じどうしゃで 来ます* means \"The students come from far away, so they usually come by car.\" *から* marks the reason."]},{"title":"Two dictionaries","paragraphs":["The narrator goes from the school to a bookshop and buys two kinds of dictionary.","In *一さつずつ*, the counter *さつ* counts one dictionary of each kind."]}],"lines":[{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.001","source":"ここは がっこうです。","translation":"This is a school.","reading":"ここはがっこうです。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.002","source":"がっこうの たてものの 前に、 じどうしゃが 五十だいぐらい あります。","translation":"There are about fifty cars in front of the school building.","reading":"がっこうのたてもののまえに、じどうしゃがごじゅうだいぐらいあります。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"たてもの","gloss":"building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"in"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty","reading":"ごじゅう"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"car counter"},{"text":"い","gloss":"car counter"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.003","source":"せいとたちは 遠いところから 来ますから、 たいてい じどうしゃで 来ます。","translation":"The students come from far away, so they usually come by car.","reading":"せいとたちはとおいところからきますから、たいていじどうしゃできます。","words":[{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"たいてい","gloss":"usually"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.004","source":"私は がっこうから 町の 本屋へ 行きました。","translation":"I went from the school to a bookstore in town.","reading":"わたくしはがっこうからまちのほんやへいきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.005","source":"そこで 古いわえい字てんと えいわ字てんを 一さつずつ 買いました。","translation":"There I bought one old Japanese-English dictionary and one English-Japanese dictionary.","reading":"そこでふるいわえいじてんとえいわじてんをいっさつずつかいました。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"え","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"い","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"字","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"てん","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"え","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"いわ","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"字","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"てん","gloss":"English-Japanese dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"book counter"},{"text":"ずつ","gloss":"each"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"五十","gloss":"50"},{"word":"たいてい","gloss":"usually"},{"word":"ずつ","gloss":"each (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Buying pencils and difficult dictionaries · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Pencils available to use","paragraphs":["The narrator buys no pencils. About three are always in the teacher's desk.","*三本ぐらい ありますから* gives the reason for *それを つかうことが できます*, \"I can use them.\""]},{"title":"Dictionaries nobody can use","paragraphs":["*この 字しょには かん字が たくさん ありますから、 まだ だれも つかうことは できません* means \"There are many kanji in these dictionaries, so no one can use them yet.\"","The negative *ことは できません* completes *だれも*. The passage then says the dictionaries were bought because they were inexpensive."]}],"lines":[{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.006","source":"えんぴつは 一本も 買いませんでした。","translation":"I did not buy even one pencil.","reading":"えんぴつはいっぽんもかいませんでした。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"long-object counter"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.007","source":"えんぴつは せんせいの つくえの 中に いつも 三本ぐらい ありますから、 それを つかうことが できます。","translation":"There are always about three pencils in the teacher’s desk, so I can use them.","reading":"えんぴつはせんせいのつくえのなかにいつもさんぼんぐらいありますから、それをつかうことができます。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せんせい","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"long-object counter","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"them"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.008","source":"この 字しょには かん字が たくさん ありますから、 まだ だれも つかうことは できません。","translation":"There are many kanji in these dictionaries, so no one can use them yet.","reading":"このじしょにはかんじがたくさんありますから、まだだれもつかうことはできません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"anyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.009","source":"でも、 やすいから、 買いました。","translation":"But I bought them because they were inexpensive.","reading":"でも、やすいから、かいました。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"inexpensive"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L020.rd.010","source":"私は 本屋へ 行くと、 いつも 何か 買います。","translation":"Whenever I go to a bookstore, I always buy something.","reading":"わたくしはほんやへいくと、いつもなにかかいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"whenever"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.rd.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"やすい","gloss":"cheap"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about cars and books · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Cars, travel, and books","paragraphs":["The questions ask where the cars and bookshop are, how many cars there are, and how many dictionaries the narrator bought.","*なぜ せいとたちは じどうしゃで がっこうへ 来ますか* means \"Why do the students come to school by car?\" An answer gives the reason with *から*."]}],"lines":[{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.001","source":"じどうしゃは どこに ありますか。","translation":"Where are the cars?","reading":"じどうしゃはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.001.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.002","source":"何だい ぐらい ありますか。","translation":"About how many cars are there?","reading":"なんだいぐらいありますか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many cars","reading":"なん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"how many cars"},{"text":"い","gloss":"how many cars"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.002.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.003","source":"なぜ せいとたちは じどうしゃで がっこうへ 来ますか。","translation":"Why do the students come to school by car?","reading":"なぜせいとたちはじどうしゃでがっこうへきますか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.003.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.004","source":"私は がっこうから どこへ 行きましたか。","translation":"Where did I go from the school?","reading":"わたくしはがっこうからどこへいきましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.004.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.005","source":"本屋は どこに ありますか。","translation":"Where is the bookstore?","reading":"ほんやはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.005.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.006","source":"字しょを 何さつ 買いましたか。","translation":"How many dictionaries did I buy?","reading":"じしょをなんさつかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many books","reading":"なん"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"book counter"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking why purchases were made · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Purchases and ability","paragraphs":["The questions ask whether pencils and a new dictionary were bought, then ask for the reasons.","*なぜ えんぴつを 買いませんでしたか* means \"Why did I not buy pencils?\" An answer supplies the reason.","The final answer states whether all students can use dictionaries with *ことが できます* or its negative."]}],"lines":[{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.007","source":"えんぴつも 買いましたか。","translation":"Did I buy pencils too?","reading":"えんぴつもかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.007.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.008","source":"なぜ えんぴつを 買いませんでしたか。","translation":"Why did I not buy pencils?","reading":"なぜえんぴつをかいませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.008.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.009","source":"あたらしい 字しょを 買いましたか。","translation":"Did you buy a new dictionary?","reading":"あたらしいじしょをかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.009.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.010","source":"なぜ その 字しょを 買いましたか。","translation":"Why did you buy that dictionary?","reading":"なぜそのじしょをかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.010.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L020.q.011","source":"せいとたちは みんな 字しょを つかうことが できますか。","translation":"Can all the students use dictionaries?","reading":"せいとたちはみんなじしょをつかうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"せい","gloss":"student"},{"text":"と","gloss":"student"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つかう","gloss":"use"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.q.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"みんな","gloss":"all"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Words for books and shops · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Books, shops, and counters","paragraphs":["The words cover books, shops, money, buildings, and counters.","Three counters separate object types. *さつ* counts books, *本* counts long slender objects, and *だい* counts vehicles and machinery."]}],"lines":[{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.001","source":"町","translation":"town","reading":"まち","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.001.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.002","source":"古本","translation":"secondhand book, used book","reading":"ふるほん","words":[{"text":"古本","gloss":"used book","reading":"ふるほん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.002.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.003","source":"本屋","translation":"bookshop","reading":"ほんや","words":[{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.003.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.004","source":"古本屋","translation":"secondhand (used) bookshop","reading":"ふるほんや","words":[{"text":"古本屋","gloss":"used bookstore","reading":"ふるほんや"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.004.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.005","source":"たてもの","translation":"building","reading":"たてもの","words":[{"text":"たてもの","gloss":"building"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.005.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.006","source":"さつ","translation":"numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"さつ","words":[{"text":"さつ","gloss":"book counter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.006.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.007","source":"何さつ","translation":"how many (volumes)?","reading":"なんさつ","words":[{"text":"何さつ","gloss":"how many books","reading":"なんさつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.007.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.008","source":"本","translation":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)","reading":"ほん","words":[{"text":"本","gloss":"long-object counter","reading":"ほん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.008.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.009","source":"何本","translation":"how many (long objects)?","reading":"なんぼん","words":[{"text":"何本","gloss":"how many long objects?","reading":"なんぼん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.009.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.010","source":"ドル","translation":"dollar","reading":"ドル","words":[{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.010.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.011","source":"円","translation":"yen (unit of money)","reading":"えん","words":[{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.011.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.012","source":"だい","translation":"counter for counting vehicles and machineries (See Notes)","reading":"だい","words":[{"text":"だい","gloss":"vehicle counter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"古本屋","gloss":"secondhand (used) bookshop"},{"word":"何さつ","gloss":"how many (volumes)?"},{"word":"何本","gloss":"how many (long objects)?"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"word":"だい","gloss":"counter for counting vehicles and machineries (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Words for buying and giving · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Buying, paying, and giving","paragraphs":["The words cover buying, paying, giving, prices, descriptions, and frequency.","*ください* means \"please give me.\" The speaker receives the object. *あげます* means \"I'll give you or him.\"","*いくら* asks how much."]}],"lines":[{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.013","source":"何だい","translation":"how many(vehicles, machineries)?","reading":"なんだい","words":[{"text":"何だい","gloss":"how many vehicles?","reading":"なんだい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.013.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.014","source":"はらう","translation":"to pay","reading":"はらう","words":[{"text":"はらう","gloss":"pay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.014.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.015","source":"はらいます","translation":"I'll pay.","reading":"はらいます","words":[{"text":"はらいます","gloss":"will pay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.015.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.016","source":"買う","translation":"to buy","reading":"かう","words":[{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.016.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.017","source":"買います","translation":"I'll buy.","reading":"かいます","words":[{"text":"買います","gloss":"will buy","reading":"かいます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.017.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.018","source":"ください","translation":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ください","words":[{"text":"ください","gloss":"please give me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.018.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.019","source":"あげます","translation":"I'll give you or him (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"あげます","words":[{"text":"あげます","gloss":"will give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.019.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.020","source":"古い","translation":"old, antique","reading":"ふるい","words":[{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.020.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.021","source":"あたらしい","translation":"new","reading":"あたらしい","words":[{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.021.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.022","source":"いくら","translation":"how much? how many?","reading":"いくら","words":[{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.022.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.023","source":"ときどき","translation":"sometimes, occasionally","reading":"ときどき","words":[{"text":"ときどき","gloss":"sometimes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.023.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.024","source":"なぜ","translation":"why?","reading":"なぜ","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"何だい","gloss":"how many(vehicles, machineries)?"},{"word":"はらう","gloss":"to pay"},{"word":"はらいます","gloss":"I'll pay."},{"word":"買います","gloss":"I'll buy."},{"word":"ください","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あげます","gloss":"I'll give you or him (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ability, reasons, and indefinite pronouns · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Ability, reasons, and indefinites","paragraphs":["The words cover ability, reasons, and indefinite people or things.","*ことが できます* means \"can,\" and *から* means \"because.\"","*いいえ、 何も ありません* means \"No, there is nothing.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.025","source":"いつも","translation":"always, at all times","reading":"いつも","words":[{"text":"いつも","gloss":"always"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.025.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.026","source":"から","translation":"because (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"から","words":[{"text":"から","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.026.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.027","source":"だれか","translation":"somebody, someone","reading":"だれか","words":[{"text":"だれか","gloss":"someone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.027.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.028","source":"何か","translation":"something (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"なにか","words":[{"text":"何か","gloss":"something","reading":"なにか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.028.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.029","source":"だれも---せん","translation":"nobody (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"だれも---せん","words":[{"text":"だれも---せん","gloss":"nobody"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.029.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.030","source":"何も ---せん","translation":"nothing (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"なにも---せん","words":[{"text":"何も---せん","gloss":"nothing","reading":"なにも---せん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.030.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.031","source":"ことが できます","translation":"can, is able to (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ことができます","words":[{"text":"ことができます","gloss":"can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.031.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.032","source":"けれども","translation":"however","reading":"けれども","words":[{"text":"けれども","gloss":"however"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.032.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.033","source":"いくら はらいましたか。","translation":"How much did you pay?","reading":"いくらはらいましたか。","words":[{"text":"いくらはらいましたか。","gloss":"how much paid?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.033.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.034","source":"何か ありますか。","translation":"Is there something?","reading":"なにかありますか。","words":[{"text":"何かありますか。","gloss":"is there something?","reading":"なにかありますか。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.034.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"ja.dli.L020.w.035","source":"いいえ、 何も ありません。","translation":"No, there is nothing.","reading":"いいえ、なにもありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、何もありません。","gloss":"no, there is nothing","reading":"いいえ、なにもありません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L020.w.035.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いつも","gloss":"always, at all times"},{"word":"だれか","gloss":"somebody, someone"},{"word":"何か","gloss":"something (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれも---せん","gloss":"nobody (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"何も---せん","gloss":"nothing (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ことができます","gloss":"can, is able to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けれども","gloss":"however"},{"word":"いくらはらいましたか。","gloss":"\"How much did you pay?\""},{"word":"何かありますか。","gloss":"\"Is there something?\""},{"word":"いいえ、何もありません。","gloss":"\"No, there is nothing.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}