{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L023","title":"Lesson 23","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 23: houses and people in pictures · dialogue 1 of 4, identifying a working family · dialogue 2 of 4, family walks and after-work routines · dialogue 3 of 4, clothing, states after completed actions · perception drill, identifying people by actions · perception drill, before and after daily activities · perception drill, routes, joining actions in sequence · perception drill, resulting states and remembered facts · pattern 1 1 of 3, where people have gone · pattern 1 2 of 3, states after dressing and resting · pattern 1 3 of 3, action clauses describing people · pattern 2 1 of 3, identifying teachers and students · pattern 2 2 of 3, people and their daily actions · pattern 2 3 of 3, sequencing morning and school activities · pattern 3 1 of 3, eating after getting dressed · pattern 3 2 of 3, ordering everyday actions · pattern 3 3 of 3, movement through places · pattern 4 1 of 2, distinguishing birds and airplanes · pattern 4 2 of 2, joining everyday actions · pattern 5 1 of 2, sequencing schoolday actions · pattern 5 2 of 2, a family stroll near town · reading selection 1 of 3, people outside a western house · reading selection 2 of 3, a serviceman and flying objects · reading selection 3 of 3, questions about walkers and clothing · questions 1 of 2, questions about people and aircraft · questions 2 of 2, homes, walking, counting homes, wearing clothes and knowing people · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/23","lines":243},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/22","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/24","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Houses and people in pictures · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Three houses on the right","paragraphs":["The speakers study a picture with three houses on its right side. *みぎの 方に 家が 三げん あります* means \"There are three houses on the right-hand side.\"","Two are Japanese houses. *もう 一けんは ようかんです* means \"the other one is a western-style building.\""]},{"title":"Counting houses and shops","paragraphs":["The counter *けん* counts houses and shops. Its sound changes after some numerals.","In *家が 三げん あります*, *三げん* means \"three houses.\" *二けん* means \"two houses,\" and *一けん* means \"one house.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 家, 草","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 本","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.001","source":"この えを ごらんなさい。 みぎの 方に 何が ありますか。","translation":"Please look at this picture. What's there on the right-hand side?","reading":"このえをごらんなさい。みぎのほうになにがありますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"え","gloss":"picture"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ごらん","gloss":"look"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"},{"text":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.002","source":"みぎの 方に 家が 三げん あります。","translation":"There are three houses on the right-hand side.","reading":"みぎのほうにいえがさんげんあります。","words":[{"text":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three houses","reading":"さん"},{"text":"げん","gloss":"three houses"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.003","source":"それは みんな 日本の 家ですか。","translation":"Are they all Japanese houses?","reading":"それはみんなにほんのいえですか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"they"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.004","source":"いいえ、 二けんは 日本の 家ですが、 もう 一けんは ようかんです。","translation":"No, two are Japanese houses, but the other one is a western-style building.","reading":"いいえ、にけんはにほんのいえですが、もういっけんはようかんです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two houses","reading":"に"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"two houses"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"other"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one house","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"one house"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"western-style building"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.005","source":"ようかんの 前に 人が 二人 居ますね。 二人とも 草の 上に すわっていますか。","translation":"There are two people in front of the western-style building, aren’t there? Are both of them sitting on the grass?","reading":"ようかんのまえにひとがふたりいますね。ふたりともくさのうえにすわっていますか。","words":[{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"western-style building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二人","gloss":"two people","reading":"ふたり"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"二人","gloss":"two people","reading":"ふたり"},{"text":"とも","gloss":"both"},{"text":"草","gloss":"grass","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"すわっ","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"TE IMASU (state of being)\n\nIn Lesson 12, we found that the verb IMASU is an existential verb ’to exist, to be, or to stay,’ and it is used normally when the subject is animate or living, e.g.,\n\nTANAKA-SAN WA TŌKYŌ NI IMASU. \"Mr. Tanaka is in Tokyo.\"\n\nYAMADA-SAN WA UCHI NI IMASU. \"Mr. Yamada is (at) home.\"\n\nIn Lesson 22, we found that TE + IMASU means ’an action is now taking place,’ e.g.,\n\nWATAKUSHI WA KANJI O KAITE IMASU. \"I am writing KANJI.\"\n\nThe TE + IMASU has another meaning. The most usual meaning of this construction is ’the present result of an action that has already taken place.’ That is, this verb phrase expresses ’the present state of either a living being or an inanimate object resulting from an action that has already taken place.’ This meaning is more common among intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, e.g.,\n\nSUMISU-SAN WA TŌKYŌ NI ITTE IMASU.\n\n(IKU ’to go,’ v.i.)\n\n\"Mr. Smith is in Tokyo.\"\n\n(Lit: Mr. Smith has gone to Tokyo and is now staying there.)\n\nYAMADA-SAN WA UCHI NI KAETTE IMASU.\n\n(KAERU ’to return,’ v.i.)\n\n\"Mr. Yamada is home.\"\n\n(Lit: Mr. Yamada has returned and is now staying at home.)\n\nTAROO WA SOTO NI DETE IMASU.\n\n(DERU ’to go out,’ v.i.)\n\n\"Taro is outside.\"\n\n(Lit: Taro has gone outside and is now staying there.)\n\nANO KATA WA GAKKOO NI KITE IMASU.\n\n(KURU ’to come,’ v.i.)\n\n\"He is in school.\"\n\n(Lit: He has come to school and is now staying there.)\n\nKOSHIKAKETE IMASU.\n\n\"--- is seated.\"\n\nBOOSHI O KABUTTE IMASU.\n\n\"-- has a hat on.\"\n\nBURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO O SHITTE IMASU. \"Mr. Brown knows the Japanese language.\"\n\n* The negative of SHITTE IMASU is SHIRIMASEN."},{"section":2,"text":"Adjective Clause\n\nWe have learned so far four kinds of adjectival modifiers:\n\nI-adjectives\n\nMIJIKAI ENPITSU ’short pencil’\n\nAKAI HON ’red book’\n\nNO-adjectives\n\nCHAIRO NO HAKO ’brown box’\n\nANATA NO HON ’your book’\n\nNIPPONGO NO SENSEI ’Japanese language teacher’\n\nNA-adjectives\n\nKIREI NA HANA ’pretty flower’\n\nPre-substantives\n\nKONO HON ’this book’\n\nARU SEITO ’certain student’\n\nThus, in Japanese all adjectival modifiers precede the word they modify.\n\ne In this lesson, another kind of adjectival modifier is introduced. These modifiers are called adjectival clauses. In English, adjectival clauses follow the word they modify, but in Japanese all adjectival clauses precede the word they modify, e.g.,\n\nKOSHIKAKETE IRU HITO ’a person who is seated’\n\nTŌKYŌ NI ARU GAKKOO ’school which is in Tokyo’\n\nWATAKUSHI-TACHI GA MAINICHI IKU TOKORO ’the place where we go everyday’\n\nNotice that the adjectival clause may end informally in the basic ending like:\n\nIRU for IMASU\n\nARU for ARIMASU\n\nIKU for IKIMASU"},{"section":3,"text":"TE KARA ’after’\n\nThe particle KARA after the TE-ending of verbs means ’after.’ So the construction TE-ending of verbs plus KARA means ’after doing such-and-such.’\n\nExamples:\n\nUCHI E KAETTE KARA SHINBUN O YOMIMASU. \"I read newspapers after I go home.\"\n\nASAHAN O TABETE KARA GAKKOO E IKIMASU. \"I go to school after I eat breakfast.\"\n\nBENKYOO SHITE KARA ASOBIMASU. \"I play after I study.\""},{"section":4,"text":"TE-ending at the end of a clause\n\nThe TE-ending is used at the end of a clause to mean ’(does) and’ or ’(did) and,’ ’(will do) and’ or (is doing) and.’ In other words, it is used medially in a sentence and its time mode is determined by the inflected forms occurring at the end of the sentence.\n\nExamples:\n\nYAMAMOTO-SAN WA KIMONO O KITE, GETA O HAITE IMASU. \"Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a KIMONO and has wooden clogs on.\"\n\nTANAKA-SAN GA KITE, HONDA-SAN GA KAERIMASHITA. \"Mr. Tanaka came and Mr. Honda went home.\"\n\nTE-endings are also used in series to show a sequence of action.\n\nExamples:\n\nASA OKITE, ASAHAN O TABETE, GAKKOO NI IKIMASU. \"I get up in the morning, eat breakfast, and go to school.\"\n\nUCHI E KAETTE, SHINBUN O YONDE, YUUHAN O TABEMASHITA. \"I went home, read the papers, and ate supper.\"\n\nThe particle KARA may be used after the last medial TE-ending also to show a sequence of action, e.g.,\n\nASA OKITE, ASAHAN O TABETE KARA, GAKKOO NI IKIMASU. \"After I get up in the morning and eat breakfast, I go to school.\""},{"section":5,"text":"Verbs of locomotion and particle O\n\nIn this lesson, the particle O is used to indicate that the preceding word is the place ’through’ or ’along’ which the following locomotive action takes place.\n\nExamples:\n\nTORI GA KI NO UE O TONDE IMASU. \"Birds are flying over the trees.\"\n\nYAMADA-SAN WA HIROI MICHI O SANPO SHITE IMASU. \"Mr. Yamada is strolling along a wide road.\"\n\nOther verbs of locomotion introduced thus far are:\n\nARUKU to walk\n\nKAERU to return\n\nIKU to go\n\nKURU to come"},{"section":6,"text":"-WA ’bird counter’\n\nThe word -WA is a numerical counter to count birds. Note that phonetic changes take place when it is placed after certain numerals:\n\n| \nICHI-WA | 1 bird\nNI-WA | 2 birds\nSAN-BA | 3 \"\nSHI-WA (YON-BA) | 4 \"\nGO-WA | 5 \"\nROKU-WA (ROP-PA) | 6 \"\nSHICHI-WA | 7 \"\nHACHI-WA | 8 \"\nKU-WA (KYUU-WA) | 9 \"\nJIP-PA | 10 birds\nNIJIP-PA | 20 \"\nHYAP-PA | 100 \"\nSEN-BA | 1,000 birds\nNAN-BA | how many birds?\nIKU-WA | how many birds?"},{"section":7,"text":"-KEN ’counter for houses and shops’\n\nThe word -KEN is a counter to count houses and shops. It also undergoes phonetic changes when placed after certain numerals.\n\nExamples:\n\n| \nIK-KEN | 1 house\nNI-KEN | 2 houses\nSAN-GEN | 3 \"\nSHI-KEN(YON-KEN) | 4 \"\nGO-KEN | 5 \"\nROK-KEN | 6 \"\nSHICHI-KEN (NANA-KEN) | 7 \"\nHACHI-KEN (HAK-KEN) | 8 \"\nKU-KEN (KYUU-KEN) | 9 \"\nJIK-KEN | 10 \"\nHYAK-KEN | 100 \"\nSEN-GEN | 1,000 \"\nIKU-KEN | how many houses?\nNAN-GEN | how many houses?"},{"section":8,"text":"-KI ’counter for airplanes’\n\nThe word -KI is a counter to count airplanes and helicopters and other flying machines.\n\n| \nIK-KI | 1 plane\nNI-KI | 2 planes\nSAN-KI | 3 \"\nYON-KI | 4 \"\nGO-KI | 5 \"\nROK-KI | 6 \"\nSHICHI-KI (NANA-KI) | 7 \"\nHACHI-KI (HAK-KI) | 8 \"\nKU-KI | 9 \"\nJIK-KI | 10 \""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"けん","gloss":"numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"ようかん","gloss":"western-style building"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"二人","gloss":"2 people"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Identifying a working family · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The working person","paragraphs":["The speakers identify a man, his wife, and their children. *はたらいている 人は 女の 人ですか、 男の 人ですか* means \"Is the person who is working a woman or man?\"","In *はたらいている 人*, the action comes before *人*. *草の上に すわっているのが おくさんです* means \"The one seated on the grass is his wife.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 供","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.006","source":"いいえ、 一人は はたらいています。","translation":"No, one is working.","reading":"いいえ、ひとりははたらいています。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"一人","gloss":"one person","reading":"ひとり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はたらい","gloss":"is working"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is working"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is working"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is working"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.007","source":"はたらいている 人は 女の 人ですか、 男の 人ですか。","translation":"Is the person who is working a woman or man?","reading":"はたらいているひとはおんなのひとですか、おとこのひとですか。","words":[{"text":"はたらい","gloss":"working"},{"text":"て","gloss":"working"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"working"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"man"},{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.008","source":"男の 人です。","translation":"It is a man.","reading":"おとこのひとです。","words":[{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"man"},{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.009","source":"その 人は 家ぞくが ありますか。","translation":"Does he have a family?","reading":"そのひとはかぞくがありますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.010","source":"はい、 おくさんと 子供が 三人 あります。 草の上に すわっているのが おくさんです。","translation":"Yes, he has a wife and three children. The one sitting on the grass is his wife.","reading":"はい、おくさんとこどもがさんにんあります。くさのうえにすわっているのがおくさんです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three people","reading":"さん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"three people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"草","gloss":"grass","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"すわっ","gloss":"sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"sitting"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"sitting"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一人","gloss":"one person"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"か、","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"家ぞく","gloss":"family"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Family walks and after-work routines · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"After coming home and along the road","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss what a man does at home and where his family walks. *うちへ かえってから* means \"after he comes home.\"","In *ひろい 道を 人が あるいています*, *を* marks the road along which people walk. The line means \"People are walking on the wide road.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 山","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.011","source":"その方は うちへ かえってから 何を しますか。","translation":"What does he do after he comes home?","reading":"そのかたはうちへかえってからなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"returns"},{"text":"て","gloss":"returns"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.012","source":"大てい べんきょうを します。 たまには そとに でて はたらきます。","translation":"He usually studies. Once in a while he goes outside and works.","reading":"たいていべんきょうをします。たまにはそとにでてはたらきます。","words":[{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"たまに","gloss":"occasionally"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"で","gloss":"goes out"},{"text":"て","gloss":"goes out"},{"text":"はたらき","gloss":"works"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.013","source":"ようかんの 前の ひろい 道を 人が あるいていますね。","translation":"People are walking on the wide road in front of the western-style building, aren’t they?","reading":"ようかんのまえのひろいみちをひとがあるいていますね。","words":[{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"western-style building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ひろい","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.014","source":"はい、 山本さんと その 家ぞくが さんぽしています。","translation":"Yes. Mr. Yamamoto and his family are taking a stroll.","reading":"はい、やまもとさんとそのかぞくがさんぽしています。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"his"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"are strolling"},{"text":"し","gloss":"are strolling"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are strolling"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are strolling"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are strolling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.015","source":"山本さんは 何を きていますか。","translation":"What is Mr. Yamamoto wearing?","reading":"やまもとさんはなにをきていますか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"たまに","gloss":"rarely, once in a while"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ひろい","gloss":"wide"},{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"さんぽ","gloss":"strolling"},{"word":"き","gloss":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clothing, birds and airplanes · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Clothing and three birds","paragraphs":["The speakers describe Mr. Yamamoto, then look at the sky. *山本さんは ようふくを きています* means \"Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a suit.\"","*ぼうしを かぶって います* means \"he is wearing a hat.\" The form describes the state after putting it on.","The counter *WA* counts birds, and its sound changes after some numerals. In *とりが 三ば*, *三ば* means \"three birds.\""]},{"title":"One aircraft in the sky","paragraphs":["The counter *き* counts airplanes, helicopters, and other flying machines.","In *ひこうきが 一き とんでいます*, *一き* means \"one airplane.\" The line says that three birds and one airplane are flying."]},{"title":"Kanji: 木","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.016","source":"山本さんは ようふくを きています。 そして、 ぼうしを かぶって います。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto is wearing a suit. And he is wearing a hat.","reading":"やまもとさんはようふくをきています。そして、ぼうしをかぶっています。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"suit"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is wearing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.017","source":"そらを 何が とんでいますか。","translation":"What is flying in the sky?","reading":"そらをなにがとんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"そら","gloss":"sky"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.018","source":"とりが 三ばと ひこうきが 一き とんでいます。","translation":"Three birds and an airplane are flying.","reading":"とりがさんばとひこうきがいっきとんでいます。","words":[{"text":"とり","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three birds","reading":"さん"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"three birds"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ひこう","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"き","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one plane","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"き","gloss":"one plane"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.019","source":"とりは どこを とんでいますか。","translation":"Where are birds flying?","reading":"とりはどこをとんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"とり","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L023.dlg.020","source":"とりは 道ばたの 木の上を とんでいます。","translation":"The birds are flying above the trees by the road.","reading":"とりはみちばたのきのうえをとんでいます。","words":[{"text":"とり","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"道ばた","gloss":"roadside","reading":"みちばた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"above","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ようふく","gloss":"suit, western-style clothes"},{"word":"そら","gloss":"sky"},{"word":"道ばた","gloss":"by the road, roadside"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"States after completed actions · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"A present state after an action","paragraphs":["*私は たっています* means \"I am standing.\" The TE-ending plus *います* can name a present state caused by an earlier action.","*はい、 おぼえています* means \"Yes, I remember it.\" The remembering remains as the present result."]},{"title":"Holding and remaining","paragraphs":["The same form describes what someone now holds or where someone remains. *えんぴつを もっています* means \"I am holding a pencil.\"","*二人 のこっています* means \"two of them are still here.\" Each line describes the state at the time of speaking."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.01","source":"あなたは たっていますか、 こしかけていますか。","translation":"Are you standing or sitting?","reading":"あなたはたっていますか、こしかけていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"are standing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are standing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are standing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are standing"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.02","source":"私は たっています。","translation":"I am standing.","reading":"わたくしはたっています。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"am standing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am standing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am standing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am standing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.03","source":"あなたは あの方の なまえを おぼえていますか。","translation":"Do you remember that person's name?","reading":"あなたはあのかたのなまえをおぼえていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.04","source":"はい、 おぼえています。","translation":"Yes, I remember it.","reading":"はい、おぼえています。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.05","source":"あなたは 今 手に 何を もっていますか。","translation":"What are you holding in your hand now?","reading":"あなたはいまてになにをもっていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.06","source":"えんぴつを もっています。","translation":"I am holding a pencil.","reading":"えんぴつをもっています。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"am holding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am holding"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am holding"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am holding"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.07","source":"となりの きょうしつの 生徒は みんな 町へ 行きませんでしたか。","translation":"Didn't all the students in the next classroom go into town?","reading":"となりのきょうしつのせいとはみんなまちへいきませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"となり","gloss":"next"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp1.08","source":"はい、 二人 のこっています。","translation":"Yes, two of them are still here.","reading":"はい、ふたりのこっています。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"二人","gloss":"two people","reading":"ふたり"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Identifying people by actions · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"The action comes before the person","paragraphs":["*そこで 本を 読んでいる人* means \"the person reading a book over there.\" The clause ending in *読んでいる* comes before *人*.","A clause used this way identifies a noun by an action or location. Its verb uses the plain form."]},{"title":"A location before a noun","paragraphs":["*あの つくえの 上に ある 本* refers to an item on that desk. The location clause ends in *ある* and precedes *本*.","The plain form *ある* ends the clause. The clause and noun form one identifying phrase."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.01","source":"そこで 本を 読んでいる人は だれですか。","translation":"Who is the person reading a book over there?","reading":"そこでほんをよんでいるひとはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.02","source":"そこで 本を 読んでいる人は ブラウンさんです。","translation":"The person reading a book over there is Mr. Brown.","reading":"そこでほんをよんでいるひとはブラウンさんです。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ブラウン","gloss":"Brown"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.03","source":"そこで 字を 書いている人は だれですか。","translation":"Who is the person writing over there?","reading":"そこでじをかいているひとはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"字","gloss":"writing","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"writing","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"writing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"writing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.04","source":"そこで 字を 書いている人は ニューマンさんです。","translation":"The person writing over there is Mr. Newman.","reading":"そこでじをかいているひとはニューマンさんです。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"字","gloss":"writing","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"writing","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"writing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"writing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ニューマン","gloss":"Newman"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.05","source":"あなたの 前に たっている人は だれですか。","translation":"Who is the person standing in front of you?","reading":"あなたのまえにたっているひとはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.06","source":"私の 前に たっている人は 先生です。","translation":"The person standing in front of me is the teacher.","reading":"わたくしのまえにたっているひとはせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.07","source":"あの つくえの 上に ある 本は どなたのですか。","translation":"Whose is the book on that desk?","reading":"あのつくえのうえにあるほんはどなたのですか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"located"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どなた","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp2.08","source":"あの つくえの 上に ある 本は あなたのです。","translation":"The book on that desk is yours.","reading":"あのつくえのうえにあるほんはあなたのです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"located"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Before and after daily activities · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"The earlier action before から","paragraphs":["*うちへ かえってから、 日本語を べんきょうします* means \"After I get home, I study Japanese.\"","The particle *から* after a verb's TE-ending means \"after.\" The verb before *から* names the action that happens first."]},{"title":"Dinner before rest","paragraphs":["*ゆうはんを たべてから、 少し やすみます* means \"after I eat dinner, I rest for a little while.\"","The TE-ending plus *から* places eating before resting."]}],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.01","source":"あなたは うちへ かえってから、 何を しますか。","translation":"What do you do after you get home?","reading":"あなたはうちへかえってから、なにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"return"},{"text":"て","gloss":"return"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.02","source":"うちへ かえってから、 日本語を べんきょうします。","translation":"After I get home, I study Japanese.","reading":"うちへかえってから、にほんごをべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"return"},{"text":"て","gloss":"return"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.03","source":"あなたは ゆうはんを たべてから、 すぐ べんきょうを はじめますか。","translation":"Do you begin studying right after you eat dinner?","reading":"あなたはゆうはんをたべてから、すぐべんきょうをはじめますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"studying"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はじめ","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.04","source":"いいえ、 ゆうはんを たべてから、 少し やすみます。","translation":"No, after I eat dinner, I rest for a little while.","reading":"いいえ、ゆうはんをたべてから、すこしやすみます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little while","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.05","source":"がっこうが おわってから、 あなたは うちへ かえりますか。","translation":"Do you go home after school is over?","reading":"がっこうがおわってから、あなたはうちへかえりますか。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おわっ","gloss":"ends"},{"text":"て","gloss":"ends"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.06","source":"がっこうが おわってから、 あなたは すぐ うちへ かえりますか。","translation":"Do you go straight home after school is over?","reading":"がっこうがおわってから、あなたはすぐうちへかえりますか。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おわっ","gloss":"ends"},{"text":"て","gloss":"ends"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"straight"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.07","source":"大てい、 すぐ かえりますが、 時々 町で あそんでから かえります。","translation":"I usually go straight home, but sometimes I have some fun in town before going home.","reading":"たいてい、すぐかえりますが、ときどきまちであそんでからかえります。","words":[{"text":"大てい、","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"straight"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"あそん","gloss":"have fun"},{"text":"で","gloss":"have fun"},{"text":"から","gloss":"before"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.07.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.08","source":"あなたは 朝めしを たべてから、 しんぶんを 読みますか。","translation":"Do you read the newspaper after eating breakfast?","reading":"あなたはあさめしをたべてから、しんぶんをよみますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.08.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp3.09","source":"いいえ、 私は 朝めしの 前に しんぶんを 読みます。","translation":"No, I read the newspaper before breakfast.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしはあさめしのまえにしんぶんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp3.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Routes, travel time and walkers · Perception drill, Block 5","teaching":[{"title":"Movement along a road","paragraphs":["*だれか あの 道を あるいています* means \"Someone is walking along that road.\" Here *を* marks the route of movement.","After a place, *を* can mark the route through or along which someone walks, returns, goes, or comes."]},{"title":"The route home","paragraphs":["*私は この 道を かえります* means \"I go home by this road.\" *この 道を* names the route used to return.","The same pattern appears in *そこを さんぽしている*, where *そこを* marks the place of the stroll."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.01","source":"だれか あの 道を あるいていますね。 だれですか。","translation":"Someone is walking along that road, isn't he? Who is it?","reading":"だれかあのみちをあるいていますね。だれですか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"か","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.01.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.02","source":"あれは 私たちの 先生です。","translation":"That is our teacher.","reading":"あれはわたくしたちのせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"あれ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"our","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"our"},{"text":"の","gloss":"our"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.02.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.03","source":"ここから 町まで 何分ぐらい かかりますか。","translation":"About how many minutes does it take from here to town?","reading":"ここからまちまでなんぷんぐらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes","reading":"ぷん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.03.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.04","source":"私は この 道を かえりますから、 二十分ぐらい かかります。","translation":"Since I go home by this road, it takes about twenty minutes.","reading":"わたくしはこのみちをかえりますから、にじゅっぷんぐらいかかります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"by"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.04.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.05","source":"そこを さんぽしているのは だれですか。","translation":"Who is taking a walk there?","reading":"そこをさんぽしているのはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"を","gloss":"at"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"taking a walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"taking a walk"},{"text":"て","gloss":"taking a walk"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"taking a walk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.05.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp5.06","source":"あれは スミスさんです。","translation":"That is Mr. Smith.","reading":"あれはスミスさんです。","words":[{"text":"あれ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp5.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Joining actions in sequence · Perception drill, Block 6","teaching":[{"title":"Two actions joined by て","paragraphs":["*えんぴつを とって、 かみに なまえを 書きました* means \"He picked up a pencil and wrote his name on paper.\"","A TE-ending at the end of a clause joins that action to the next one. The final verb sets the tense."]},{"title":"Present states joined together","paragraphs":["*先生は たって、 生徒は こしかけています* means \"the teacher is standing, and the students are seated.\"","The medial *たって* joins the teacher's position to the final present form *こしかけています*."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.01","source":"あの人は 今 何を しましたか。","translation":"What did that person just do?","reading":"あのひとはいまなにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"just now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.01.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.02","source":"えんぴつを とって、 かみに なまえを 書きました。","translation":"He picked up a pencil and wrote his name on a piece of paper.","reading":"えんぴつをとって、かみになまえをかきました。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とっ","gloss":"picked up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"なまえ","gloss":"name"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書き","gloss":"write","reading":"かき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.02.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.03","source":"みなさんは この時間には 何を しますか。","translation":"What do you all do during this period?","reading":"みなさんはこのじかんにはなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"みな","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"period","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.03.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.04","source":"かいわの れんしゅうを して、 少し 読み方の けいこを します。","translation":"We practice conversation and do a little reading practice.","reading":"かいわのれんしゅうをして、すこしよみかたのけいこをします。","words":[{"text":"か","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"い","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"れんしゅう","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"方","gloss":"reading"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"けいこ","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.04.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.05","source":"あなたは 町へ 行って、 何を しましたか。","translation":"What did you go into town and do?","reading":"あなたはまちへいって、なにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.05.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.06","source":"町へ 行って、 本屋で 古本を 一さつ 買いました。","translation":"I went into town and bought a used book at a bookstore.","reading":"まちへいって、ほんやでふるほんをいっさつかいました。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"went","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"本屋","gloss":"bookstore","reading":"ほんや"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"古本","gloss":"used book","reading":"ふるほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"book"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.06.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.07","source":"先生も 生徒も こしかけていますか。","translation":"Are both the teacher and the students sitting?","reading":"せんせいもせいともこしかけていますか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"も","gloss":"both"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"and"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.07.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L023.gp6.08","source":"いいえ、 先生は たって、 生徒は こしかけています。","translation":"No, the teacher is standing, and the students are sitting.","reading":"いいえ、せんせいはたって、せいとはこしかけています。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are sitting"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are sitting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.gp6.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"わ","gloss":"counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けいこ","gloss":"practice"},{"word":"本屋","gloss":"bookshop"},{"word":"古本","gloss":"secondhand book, used book"},{"word":"さつ","gloss":"numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Resulting states and remembered facts · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Gone and now there","paragraphs":["*なかおさんは 日本に 行っています* means \"Mr. Nakao has gone to Japan.\" The going is complete, and the resulting state continues.","*私は こしかけて います* means \"I am seated.\" Both lines describe a present state after a completed action."]},{"title":"Knowledge that remains","paragraphs":["*あなたは それを 知っていますか* means \"Do you know that?\" The form describes knowledge held now.","*半分ぐらい おぼえています* means \"I remember about half of them.\" Remembering is also a present result."]},{"title":"Kanji: 知","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.m1","source":"私は こしかけて います。","translation":"I am sitting.","reading":"わたくしはこしかけています。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"am sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am sitting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am sitting"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am sitting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.01","source":"あの人は 朝六時には おきています。","translation":"That person is up by six in the morning.","reading":"あのひとはあさろくじにはおきています。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"is up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is up"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.02","source":"なかおさんは 日本に 行っています。","translation":"Mr. Nakao has gone to Japan.","reading":"なかおさんはにほんにいっています。","words":[{"text":"なか","gloss":"Mr. Nakao"},{"text":"おさん","gloss":"Mr. Nakao"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"has gone","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has gone"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has gone"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has gone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.03","source":"生徒は みんな がっこうに 来ています。","translation":"All the students have come to school.","reading":"せいとはみんながっこうにきています。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"have come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have come"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have come"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.04","source":"あなたは それを 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know that?","reading":"あなたはそれをしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"know"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.05","source":"生徒が 三人 きょうしつに のこっています。","translation":"Three students are still in the classroom.","reading":"せいとがさんにんきょうしつにのこっています。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.06","source":"あなたは かん字を みんな おぼえていますか。","translation":"Do you remember all the kanji?","reading":"あなたはかんじをみんなおぼえていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.07","source":"いいえ、 半分ぐらい おぼえています。","translation":"No, I remember about half of them.","reading":"いいえ、はんぶんぐらいおぼえています。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"半分","gloss":"half","reading":"はんぶん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"半分","gloss":"half"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Where people have gone · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Gone and still away","paragraphs":["*今 日本に 行っています* means \"He is in Japan now.\" The earlier going produces the person's present location.","The resulting-state form describes where the person is, not an action in progress."]},{"title":"From going out to being outside","paragraphs":["*そとに でました* means \"He went outside.\" *そとに でています* means \"He is outside.\"","The first line reports the completed change. The second reports the state produced by that change."]}],"lines":[{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.08","source":"あなたの おともだちは 今 どこに 居ますか。","translation":"Where is your friend now?","reading":"あなたのおともだちはいまどこにいますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"your"},{"text":"お","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.09","source":"今 日本に 行っています。","translation":"He is in Japan now.","reading":"いまにほんにいっています。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"is in Japan","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is in Japan"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is in Japan"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is in Japan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.10","source":"生徒は みんな きょうしつの 中で ぼうしを かぶっていますか。","translation":"Are all the students wearing hats in the classroom?","reading":"せいとはみんなきょうしつのなかでぼうしをかぶっていますか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hats"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.11","source":"いいえ、 きょうしつの 中では ぼうしを かぶっていません。","translation":"No, they are not wearing hats in the classroom.","reading":"いいえ、きょうしつのなかではぼうしをかぶっていません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hats"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"are not wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are not wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are not wearing"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.12","source":"そとに でました ──→ そとに でています。","translation":"He went outside. ──→ He is outside.","reading":"そとにでました──→そとにでています。","words":[{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"で","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た──→","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is outside"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is outside"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is outside"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is outside"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.13","source":"うちに かえりました。","translation":"I went home.","reading":"うちにかえりました。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.14","source":"先生に なりました。","translation":"I became a teacher.","reading":"せんせいになりました。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.15","source":"いすの 上に たちました。","translation":"I stood on a chair.","reading":"いすのうえにたちました。","words":[{"text":"いす","gloss":"chair"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"States after dressing and resting · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Changes with a present result","paragraphs":["*朝七時に おきました* means \"I got up at seven in the morning.\" Its resulting state is being up now.","*がっこうに のこりました* means \"I stayed at school.\" Its resulting state is remaining at school now."]},{"title":"Clothes put on and still worn","paragraphs":["*げたを はきました* means \"I put on geta.\" The corresponding resulting state describes having them on now.","*ぼうしを かぶりました* means \"I put on a hat.\" Its resulting state describes wearing the hat now."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.16","source":"朝七時に おきました。","translation":"I got up at seven in the morning.","reading":"あさしちじにおきました。","words":[{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.17","source":"がっこうに のこりました。","translation":"I stayed at school.","reading":"がっこうにのこりました。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"のこり","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.18","source":"やすみ ました。","translation":"I rested.","reading":"やすみました。","words":[{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.19","source":"よく わかりました。","translation":"I understood it well.","reading":"よくわかりました。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.20","source":"げたを はきました。","translation":"I put on geta.","reading":"げたをはきました。","words":[{"text":"げた","gloss":"geta"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.21","source":"きものの を きました。","translation":"I put on a kimono.","reading":"きもののをきました。","words":[{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt1.22","source":"ぼうしを かぶりました。","translation":"I put on a hat.","reading":"ぼうしをかぶりました。","words":[{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶり","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt1.22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"word":"きもの","gloss":"KIMONO"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Action clauses describing people · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A clause before 人","paragraphs":["*本を 読んでいる 人は 私の 先生です* means \"The person reading a book is my teacher.\"","The action clause *本を 読んでいる* comes before *人* and identifies the person."]},{"title":"の in place of the person","paragraphs":["*本を 読んでいる のは 私の 先生です* means \"The one who is reading a book is my teacher.\"","Here *の* stands in place of *人*. The action clause still comes first."]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.m1","source":"私の ともだちは 日本語を おしえています。","translation":"My friend teaches Japanese.","reading":"わたくしのともだちはにほんごをおしえています。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"my","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"my"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teaches"},{"text":"て","gloss":"teaches"},{"text":"い","gloss":"teaches"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"teaches"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.01","source":"本を 読んでいる 人は 私の 先生です。","translation":"The person who is reading a book is my teacher.","reading":"ほんをよんでいるひとはわたくしのせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"is reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"my","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"my"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.02","source":"本を 読んでいる のは 私の 先生です。","translation":"The one who is reading a book is my teacher.","reading":"ほんをよんでいるのはわたくしのせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"is reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"my","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"my"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.03","source":"あかい ぼうしを かぶっている 人は 女の人です。","translation":"The person wearing a red hat is a woman.","reading":"あかいぼうしをかぶっているひとはおんなのひとです。","words":[{"text":"あかい","gloss":"red"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.04","source":"木の 下で やすんでいるのは 山本さんの おくさんです。","translation":"The person resting under the tree is Mr. Yamamoto’s wife.","reading":"きのしたでやすんでいるのはやまもとさんのおくさんです。","words":[{"text":"木","gloss":"tree","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"下","gloss":"under","reading":"した"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"やすん","gloss":"is resting"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is resting"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is resting"},{"text":"の","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山本","gloss":"Mr. Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr. Yamamoto"},{"text":"の","gloss":"Mr. Yamamoto’s"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.05","source":"つくえの 上に あるのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is on the desk?","reading":"つくえのうえにあるのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.06","source":"きものを きている人は やまださんです。","translation":"The person wearing a kimono is Mr. Yamada.","reading":"きものをきているひとはやまださんです。","words":[{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やまだ","gloss":"Mr. Yamada"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.07","source":"今 こくばんに かん字を 書いている 生徒は だれですか。","translation":"Who is the student writing kanji on the blackboard now?","reading":"いまこくばんにかんじをかいているせいとはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"is writing","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is writing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is writing"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あかい","gloss":"red"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Identifying teachers and students · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Clothing identifies the person","paragraphs":["*ちゃいろの ようふくを きているの* means \"the person wearing brown clothes.\" The action clause identifies the person represented by *の*.","The answer *あたらしい 先生です* identifies that person as the new teacher."]},{"title":"A habitual action before 生徒","paragraphs":["*よく べんきょうする 生徒* means \"students who study hard.\" The plain form *べんきょうする* ends the clause before *生徒*.","An action clause can describe a habit as well as an action in progress."]}],"lines":[{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.08","source":"ブラウンぐんそうです。","translation":"It is Sergeant Brown.","reading":"ブラウンぐんそうです。","words":[{"text":"ブラウン","gloss":"Brown"},{"text":"ぐ","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"sergeant"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.09","source":"ちゃいろの ようふくを きているのは どなたですか。","translation":"Who is the person wearing brown clothes?","reading":"ちゃいろのようふくをきているのはどなたですか。","words":[{"text":"ちゃいろ","gloss":"brown"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どなた","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.10","source":"あたらしい 先生です。","translation":"It is the new teacher.","reading":"あたらしいせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.11","source":"よく べんきょうする 生徒は よくできますね。","translation":"Students who study hard do well, don’t they?","reading":"よくべんきょうするせいとはよくできますね。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"do well"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.12","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that’s right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.13","source":"日本語を おしえているのは 私の ともだちです。","translation":"The person teaching Japanese is my friend.","reading":"にほんごをおしえているのはわたくしのともだちです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"の","gloss":"person"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I"},{"text":"の","gloss":"my"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.14","source":"女の人が あるいています。","translation":"A woman is walking.","reading":"おんなのひとがあるいています。","words":[{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is walking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.15","source":"男の子が あそんでいます。","translation":"A boy is playing.","reading":"おとこのこがあそんでいます。","words":[{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あそん","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is playing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ちゃいろ","gloss":"brown"},{"word":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"word":"男の子","gloss":"boy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"People and their daily actions · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Present and habitual actions","paragraphs":["*先生は 日本しんぶんを 読んでいます* describes the teacher reading now. *あの生徒は よく べんきょうします* describes a student's habit.","Either kind of action can identify a person when its clause comes before a noun."]},{"title":"Movement past a place","paragraphs":["In *がっこうの 前を あるいています*, the particle *を* marks the place passed during movement.","The full line means \"Mr. Yamamoto's wife is walking past the school.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.16","source":"先生は 日本しんぶんを 読んでいます。","translation":"The teacher is reading a Japanese newspaper.","reading":"せんせいはにほんしんぶんをよんでいます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"is reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is reading"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is reading"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.17","source":"山本先生は いつも 四時半に かえります。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto always goes home at four thirty.","reading":"やまもとせんせいはいつもよじはんにかえります。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"Mr.","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half past"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"goes home"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.18","source":"山本さんの おくさんは がっこうの 前を あるいています。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto’s wife is walking past the school.","reading":"やまもとさんのおくさんはがっこうのまえをあるいています。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"’s"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"past"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is walking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.19","source":"あの生徒は よく べんきょうします。","translation":"That student studies hard.","reading":"あのせいとはよくべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.20","source":"スミスさんは たっています。","translation":"Mr. Smith is standing.","reading":"スミスさんはたっています。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たっ","gloss":"is standing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is standing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is standing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is standing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.21","source":"ジョンズさんは 私を よんでいます。","translation":"Mr. Jones is calling me.","reading":"ジョンズさんはわたくしをよんでいます。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"よん","gloss":"is calling"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is calling"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is calling"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is calling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.22","source":"女の先生は まい日 きものを きます。","translation":"The woman teacher wears a kimono every day.","reading":"おんなのせんせいはまいにちきものをきます。","words":[{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まい日","gloss":"every day"},{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt2.23","source":"はまむらさんは まい日 さかなを たべます。","translation":"Mr. Hamamura eats fish every day.","reading":"はまむらさんはまいにちさかなをたべます。","words":[{"text":"は","gloss":"Hamamura"},{"text":"ま","gloss":"Hamamura"},{"text":"むら","gloss":"Hamamura"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まい日","gloss":"every day"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt2.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"まい日","gloss":"everyday"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sequencing morning and school activities · Pattern 3 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"One action before the next","paragraphs":["*私は うちへ かえって から 少し やすみます* means \"I rest for a while after I return home.\" Returning home comes before resting.","*かん字を ならってから 本を 読みます* means \"After learning kanji, I read a book.\""]},{"title":"Breakfast before school","paragraphs":["*朝めしを たべてから がっこうに 来ます* means \"After eating breakfast, I come to school.\"","The action before *から* occurs first. The final verb names the later action."]}],"lines":[{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.m1","source":"私は うちへ かえって から 少し やすみます。","translation":"I rest for a while after I return home.","reading":"わたくしはうちへかえってからすこしやすみます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"return"},{"text":"て","gloss":"return"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a while","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.01","source":"かん字を ならってから 本を 読みます。","translation":"After learning kanji, I read a book.","reading":"かんじをならってからほんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならっ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"て","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.02","source":"日本へ行ってから もう少し 日本語を べんきょうします。","translation":"After I go to Japan, I will study a little more Japanese.","reading":"にほんへいってからもうすこしにほんごをべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"go"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"more"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.03","source":"少し あそんでから ゆうはんを たべます。","translation":"After playing for a while, I eat dinner.","reading":"すこしあそんでからゆうはんをたべます。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a while","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あそん","gloss":"play"},{"text":"で","gloss":"play"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.04","source":"少し さんぽしてから 朝めしを たべます。","translation":"After taking a short walk, I eat breakfast.","reading":"すこしさんぽしてからあさめしをたべます。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"short","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.05","source":"朝めしを たべてから がっこうに 来ます。","translation":"After eating breakfast, I come to school.","reading":"あさめしをたべてからがっこうにきます。","words":[{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.06","source":"あなたは 朝おきてから 何をしますか。","translation":"What do you do after you get up in the morning?","reading":"あなたはあさおきてからなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.07","source":"私は 朝おきてから すぐようふくを きます。","translation":"After I get up in the morning, I put on my clothes right away.","reading":"わたくしはあさおきてからすぐようふくをきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"right away"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.08","source":"がっこうに 来てから 何をしますか。","translation":"What do you do after you come to school?","reading":"がっこうにきてからなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.09","source":"かいわの けいこを します。","translation":"I practice conversation.","reading":"かいわのけいこをします。","words":[{"text":"か","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"い","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"けいこ","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Eating after getting dressed · Pattern 3 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Getting dressed before breakfast","paragraphs":["*ようふくを きてから 朝めしを たべます* means \"I eat breakfast after I get dressed.\"","The first verb takes its TE-ending before *から*. The second verb completes the sentence."]},{"title":"Getting up before eating","paragraphs":["*朝 おきてから 朝はんを たべます* combines *朝 おきます* and *朝はんを たべます*.","The combined line places getting up before eating breakfast."]}],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.10","source":"あなたは 朝 ようふくを きてから 朝めしを たべますか。","translation":"Do you eat breakfast after you get dressed in the morning?","reading":"あなたはあさようふくをきてからあさめしをたべますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"get dressed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get dressed"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.11","source":"はい、 ようふくを きてから 朝めしを たべます。","translation":"Yes, I eat breakfast after I get dressed.","reading":"はい、ようふくをきてからあさめしをたべます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"get dressed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get dressed"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.12","source":"朝 おきます。","translation":"I get up in the morning.","reading":"あさおきます。","words":[{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.13","source":"朝はんを たべます。","translation":"I eat breakfast.","reading":"あさはんをたべます。","words":[{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.13.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.14","source":"朝 おきてから 朝はんを たべます。","translation":"After I get up in the morning, I eat breakfast.","reading":"あさおきてからあさはんをたべます。","words":[{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.14.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.15","source":"ゆうはんを たべます。","translation":"I eat dinner.","reading":"ゆうはんをたべます。","words":[{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.15.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.16","source":"日本語を べんきょうします。","translation":"I study Japanese.","reading":"にほんごをべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.16.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.17","source":"しんぶんを 読みます。","translation":"I read the newspaper.","reading":"しんぶんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.17.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.18","source":"町へ 行きます。","translation":"I go into town.","reading":"まちへいきます。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.18.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.19","source":"ドアを しめます。","translation":"I close the door.","reading":"ドアをしめます。","words":[{"text":"ドア","gloss":"door"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ordering everyday actions · Pattern 3 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The earlier action changes form","paragraphs":["The lines provide action pairs such as *やすみます* and *うちへ かえります*. The earlier action takes its TE-ending followed by the word for \"after.\"","The later action remains the final verb and sets the sentence form."]},{"title":"Clothing before another action","paragraphs":["*ようふくを きます* means \"I put on my clothes.\" *くつを はきます* means \"I put on my shoes.\"","Either can become the earlier action before the word for \"after.\" The other completes the ordered sequence."]}],"lines":[{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.20","source":"やすみます。","translation":"I rest.","reading":"やすみます。","words":[{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.20.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.21","source":"うちへ かえります。","translation":"I go home.","reading":"うちへかえります。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.21.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.22","source":"三時間ぐらい べんきょうします。","translation":"I study for about three hours.","reading":"さんじかんぐらいべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.22.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.23","source":"ようふくを きます。","translation":"I put on my clothes.","reading":"ようふくをきます。","words":[{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.23.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.24","source":"くつを はきます。","translation":"I put on my shoes.","reading":"くつをはきます。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.24.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.25","source":"ともだちが 来ます。","translation":"A friend comes.","reading":"ともだちがきます。","words":[{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"来","gloss":"comes","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.25.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.26","source":"ゆうはんを たべます。","translation":"I eat dinner.","reading":"ゆうはんをたべます。","words":[{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.26.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.27","source":"日本へ 行きます。","translation":"I go to Japan.","reading":"にほんへいきます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.27.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt3.28","source":"きものを 買います。","translation":"I buy a kimono.","reading":"きものをかいます。","words":[{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt3.28.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Movement through places · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Walking through a place","paragraphs":["The route-marking *を* from *人が 道を あるいています* also follows other places.","*きょうしつの そとを 生徒が あるいています* means \"A student is walking outside the classroom.\""]},{"title":"Flying over a tree","paragraphs":["*とりが 二わ 木の 上を とんでいます* means \"Two birds are flying over the tree.\"","The counter form *二わ* counts the birds. *木の 上を* marks the space through which they fly."]}],"lines":[{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.m1","source":"人が 道を あるいています。","translation":"A man is walking on the road.","reading":"ひとがみちをあるいています。","words":[{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"on"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is walking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.m1.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.01","source":"きょうしつの そとを 生徒が あるいています。","translation":"A student is walking outside the classroom.","reading":"きょうしつのそとをせいとがあるいています。","words":[{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is walking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.02","source":"山本さんが ようかんの 前を さんぽしています。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto is taking a walk in front of the western-style building.","reading":"やまもとさんがようかんのまえをさんぽしています。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"western-style building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"in"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is strolling"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is strolling"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is strolling"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is strolling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.03","source":"とりが 二わ 木の 上を とんでいます。","translation":"Two birds are flying over the tree.","reading":"とりがにわきのうえをとんでいます。","words":[{"text":"とり","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"bird counter"},{"text":"木","gloss":"tree","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"above","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"over"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.04","source":"女の人が にわを あるいています。","translation":"A woman is walking through the garden.","reading":"おんなのひとがにわをあるいています。","words":[{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"あるい","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is walking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is walking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.05","source":"何か そらを とんでいますね。 何ですか。","translation":"Something is flying in the sky, isn’t it? What is it?","reading":"なにかそらをとんでいますね。なんですか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"something","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"something"},{"text":"そら","gloss":"sky"},{"text":"を","gloss":"in"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Distinguishing birds and airplanes · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The thing flying there","paragraphs":["*あすこを とんでいるの* means \"the thing flying over there.\" The action clause identifies the object represented by *の*.","*あすこを* marks the space through which it flies. The answer identifies it as *ひこうき*, \"airplane.\""]},{"title":"A stroll outside","paragraphs":["*今 そとを さんぽしています* means \"I am taking a walk outside now.\"","The particle *を* after *そと* marks the place of the stroll."]}],"lines":[{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.06","source":"大きい とりです。","translation":"It is a large bird.","reading":"おおきいとりです。","words":[{"text":"大きい","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.07","source":"あすこを とんでいるのも とりですか。","translation":"Is the thing flying over there a bird too?","reading":"あすこをとんでいるのもとりですか。","words":[{"text":"あすこ","gloss":"over there"},{"text":"を","gloss":"over"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.08","source":"いいえ、 あすこを とんでいるのは ひこうきです。","translation":"No, the thing flying over there is an airplane.","reading":"いいえ、あすこをとんでいるのはひこうきです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あすこ","gloss":"over there"},{"text":"を","gloss":"over"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひこう","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"き","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.09","source":"たむらさんは どこに 居ますか。","translation":"Where is Mr. Tamura?","reading":"たむらさんはどこにいますか。","words":[{"text":"たむら","gloss":"Tamura"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"is","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt4.10","source":"今 そとを さんぽしています。","translation":"I am taking a walk outside now.","reading":"いまそとをさんぽしています。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"am taking a walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"am taking a walk"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am taking a walk"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am taking a walk"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am taking a walk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt4.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あすこ","gloss":"over there"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Joining everyday actions · Pattern 5 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"One action followed by another","paragraphs":["The medial TE-ending from *私は 朝 おきて、 朝めしを たべます* joins getting up and eating breakfast.","*私は ゆうはんを たべて、 しんぶんを 読みます* joins eating dinner and reading the newspaper."]},{"title":"Two items being worn","paragraphs":["*あの方は きものを きて、 ぼうしを かぶっています* means \"That person is wearing a kimono and a hat.\"","The final *かぶっています* sets the present time for both coordinated states."]}],"lines":[{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.m1","source":"私は 朝 おきて、 朝めしを たべます。","translation":"I get up in the morning and eat breakfast.","reading":"わたくしはあさおきて、あさめしをたべます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.m1.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.01","source":"私は ゆうはんを たべて、 しんぶんを 読みます。","translation":"I eat dinner and read the newspaper.","reading":"わたくしはゆうはんをたべて、しんぶんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.01.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.02","source":"三時間 べんきょうして、 十一時ごろ やすみます。","translation":"I study for three hours and go to bed around eleven o’clock.","reading":"さんじかんべんきょうして、じゅういちじごろやすみます。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"study"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"go to bed"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.02.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.03","source":"あの方は きものを きて、 ぼうしを かぶっています。","translation":"That person is wearing a kimono and a hat.","reading":"あのかたはきものをきて、ぼうしをかぶっています。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is wearing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.03.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.04","source":"あの方は きものを きて、 げたを はきます。","translation":"That person wears a kimono and wooden clogs.","reading":"あのかたはきものをきて、げたをはきます。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"wears"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"wears"},{"text":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.04.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.05","source":"私は 朝 おきて、 少し べんきょうします。","translation":"I get up in the morning and study a little.","reading":"わたくしはあさおきて、すこしべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sequencing schoolday actions · Pattern 5 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A sequence with several TE-endings","paragraphs":["*朝おきて、 朝はんを たべて、 がっこうに 行きます* means \"I get up, eat breakfast, and go to school.\"","Each medial TE-ending links an action to the next. The final *行きます* determines the time of the sequence."]},{"title":"Different people in joined clauses","paragraphs":["*先生は おしえて、 生徒は ならいます* means \"The teachers teach, and the students learn.\"","The TE-ending can join clauses with different subjects."]}],"lines":[{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.06","source":"あなた方は かん字を ならって、 読み方の けいこを しますか。","translation":"Do you learn kanji and practice reading?","reading":"あなたがたはかんじをならって、よみかたのけいこをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"方","gloss":"plural","reading":"がた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならっ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"reading","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"方","gloss":"reading","reading":"かた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"けいこ","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.06.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.07","source":"いいえ、 私たちは 読み方の けいこをして、 かん字を ならいます。","translation":"No, we practice reading and learn kanji.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしたちはよみかたのけいこをして、かんじをならいます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"reading","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"方","gloss":"reading","reading":"かた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"けいこ","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.07.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.08","source":"あなたは 朝おきて 何をしますか。","translation":"What do you do after you get up in the morning?","reading":"あなたはあさおきてなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.08.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.09","source":"朝おきて、 朝はんを たべて、 がっこうに 行きます。","translation":"I get up in the morning, eat breakfast, and go to school.","reading":"あさおきて、あさはんをたべて、がっこうにいきます。","words":[{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.09.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.10","source":"がっこうで 先生や 生徒は 何をしますか。","translation":"What do the teachers and students do at school?","reading":"がっこうでせんせいやせいとはなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.10.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L023.pt5.11","source":"先生は おしえて、 生徒は ならいます。","translation":"The teachers teach, and the students learn.","reading":"せんせいはおしえて、せいとはならいます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ならい","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.pt5.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"A family stroll near town · Reading Selection 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A family on a wide road","paragraphs":["The passage describes Mr. Yamamoto and his family near town. *ソノ家ゾクガ ヒロイ道ヲ サンポシテイマス* means \"his family are taking a walk along a wide road.\"","The route-marking *ヲ* follows *ヒロイ道*."]},{"title":"Two descriptions joined","paragraphs":["*山本サンハ ヨウフクヲ キテ、 ボウシヲ カブッテイマス* means \"Mr. Yamamoto is wearing Western-style clothes and a hat.\"","The medial TE-ending joins the two descriptions of what he wears."]},{"title":"Kanji: 思","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.001","source":"ココハ 町カラ アマリ 遠クハ アリマセン。","translation":"This place is not very far from town.","reading":"ココハまちカラアマリとおクハアリマセン。","words":[{"text":"ココ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"ハ","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"カラ","gloss":"from"},{"text":"アマ","gloss":"very"},{"text":"リ","gloss":"very"},{"text":"遠","gloss":"far","reading":"とお"},{"text":"クハ","gloss":"far"},{"text":"アリマセン。","gloss":"is not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.002","source":"タクサンノ人ガ ココニ来マス。","translation":"Many people come here.","reading":"タクサンノひとガココニきマス。","words":[{"text":"タク","gloss":"many"},{"text":"サン","gloss":"many"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"ガ","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ココ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.003","source":"今 山本サント","translation":"Now Mr. Yamamoto and","reading":"いまやまもとサント","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"サント","gloss":"Mr. Yamamoto and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.004","source":"ソノ家ゾクガ ヒロイ道ヲ サンポシテイマス。","translation":"his family are taking a walk along a wide road.","reading":"ソノかぞくガヒロイみちヲサンポシテイマス。","words":[{"text":"ソノ","gloss":"his"},{"text":"家","gloss":"family","reading":"か"},{"text":"ゾク","gloss":"family"},{"text":"ガ","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ヒ","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"ロ","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"イ","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"along"},{"text":"サンポシテイマス。","gloss":"are taking a walk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.005","source":"山本サンハ ヨウフクヲ キテ、 ボウシヲ カブッテイマス。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto is wearing Western-style clothes and a hat.","reading":"やまもとサンハヨウフクヲキテ、ボウシヲカブッテイマス。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"サンハ","gloss":"Mr. Yamamoto topic"},{"text":"ヨウフクヲ","gloss":"Western clothes object"},{"text":"キテ、","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ボウシ","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"object"},{"text":"カブッテイマス。","gloss":"is wearing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.006","source":"オクサンハ キモノヲ キテ、 ゲタカ ゾウリヲ","translation":"His wife is wearing a kimono, and either wooden clogs or sandals","reading":"オクサンハキモノヲキテ、ゲタカゾウリヲ","words":[{"text":"オクサンハ","gloss":"wife topic"},{"text":"キモノヲ","gloss":"kimono object"},{"text":"キテ、","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ゲタカ","gloss":"clogs or"},{"text":"ゾウリ","gloss":"sandals"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.007","source":"ハイテイルト 思イマス。","translation":"on her feet, I think.","reading":"ハイテイルトおもイマス。","words":[{"text":"ハイ","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"テイル","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ト","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思","gloss":"I think","reading":"おも"},{"text":"イ","gloss":"I think"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"I think"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.008","source":"ヨクワカリマセン。","translation":"I’m not sure.","reading":"ヨクワカリマセン。","words":[{"text":"ヨクワカリマセン。","gloss":"am not sure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"People outside a western house · Reading Selection 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Two people outside the house","paragraphs":["The passage places two Americans in front of a western-style building. *人ガ二人 居マス* means \"there are two people.\"","*男ノ人ハ ハタライテイマス* means \"The man is working.\" *草ノ上ニ スワッテイマス* completes the statement that his wife is seated on the grass."]}],"lines":[{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.009","source":"ミギノ方ニ ヨウカンガ アリマス。","translation":"There is a Western-style building on the right-hand side.","reading":"ミギノほうニヨウカンガアリマス。","words":[{"text":"ミギ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"on"},{"text":"ヨウ","gloss":"Western building"},{"text":"カンガ","gloss":"Western building subject"},{"text":"アリ","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.010","source":"ソノ前ニ","translation":"In front of it","reading":"ソノまえニ","words":[{"text":"ソノ","gloss":"its"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.011","source":"人ガ二人 居マス。","translation":"there are two people.","reading":"ひとガふたりいマス。","words":[{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"ガ","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二人","gloss":"two people","reading":"ふたり"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are","reading":"い"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.012","source":"ソノ人タチハ ベイコク人デス。","translation":"Those people are Americans.","reading":"ソノひとタチハベイコクじんデス。","words":[{"text":"ソノ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"タチハ","gloss":"people topic"},{"text":"ベイ","gloss":"American"},{"text":"コク","gloss":"American"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Americans","reading":"じん"},{"text":"デス。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.013","source":"男ノ人ハ ハタライテイマス。","translation":"The man is working.","reading":"おとこノひとハハタライテイマス。","words":[{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"ハ","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ハタライテイマス。","gloss":"is working"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.014","source":"ソノ人ノ オクサンハ","translation":"The man’s wife","reading":"ソノひとノオクサンハ","words":[{"text":"ソノ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"オク","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"サン","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"ハ","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.015","source":"草ノ上ニ スワッテイマス。","translation":"is sitting on the grass.","reading":"くさノうえニスワッテイマス。","words":[{"text":"草","gloss":"grass","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"on"},{"text":"スワッテイマス。","gloss":"is sitting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.016","source":"コノ ベイコク人ハ ベイコクノ","translation":"This American is an American","reading":"コノベイコクじんハベイコクノ","words":[{"text":"コノ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ベイ","gloss":"American"},{"text":"コク","gloss":"American"},{"text":"人","gloss":"American","reading":"じん"},{"text":"ハ","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ベイ","gloss":"American"},{"text":"コク","gloss":"American"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"A serviceman and flying objects · Reading Selection 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A serviceman studying in Japan","paragraphs":["The passage describes a serviceman and his wife. *今 日本ニ 来テ、 日本語ヲ ベンキョウ シテ イマス* says that he has come to Japan and is studying Japanese."]},{"title":"Birds and an airplane overhead","paragraphs":["*ソノ木ノ上ヲ トリガ 三バ トンデイマス* means \"Three birds are flying over those trees.\" *三バ* counts the birds.","*ソラヲ ヒコウキガ 一キ トンデイマス* means \"an airplane is flying in the sky.\" *一キ* counts the airplane."]}],"lines":[{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.017","source":"グン人デ、 今 日本ニ 来テ、 日本語ヲ ベンキョウ シテ","translation":"serviceman, and he has now come to Japan and is studying Japanese.","reading":"グンじんデ、いまにほんニきテ、にほんごヲベンキョウシテ","words":[{"text":"グン","gloss":"serviceman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"serviceman","reading":"じん"},{"text":"デ、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has come","reading":"き"},{"text":"テ、","gloss":"has come"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ベンキョウ","gloss":"is studying"},{"text":"シテ","gloss":"is studying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.018","source":"イマス。","translation":"He is.","reading":"イマス。","words":[{"text":"イマ","gloss":"is studying"},{"text":"ス。","gloss":"is studying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.019","source":"オクサンモ 少シ 日本語ガ デキマス。","translation":"His wife can also speak a little Japanese.","reading":"オクサンモすこシにほんごガデキマス。","words":[{"text":"オク","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"サン","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"モ","gloss":"also"},{"text":"少","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこ"},{"text":"シ","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"ガ","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"デキ","gloss":"can speak"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.020","source":"道バタニハ タカイ木ガ 三本アリマス。","translation":"There are three tall trees by the roadside.","reading":"みちバタニハタカイきガさんぼんアリマス。","words":[{"text":"道","gloss":"roadside","reading":"みち"},{"text":"バ","gloss":"roadside"},{"text":"タ","gloss":"roadside"},{"text":"ニ","gloss":"by"},{"text":"ハ","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"タ","gloss":"tall"},{"text":"カ","gloss":"tall"},{"text":"イ","gloss":"tall"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"ガ","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"trees","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"アリ","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"マス。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.021","source":"ソノ木ノ上ヲ トリガ 三バ トンデイマス。","translation":"Three birds are flying over those trees.","reading":"ソノきノうえヲトリガさんバトンデイマス。","words":[{"text":"ソノ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"above","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"over"},{"text":"ト","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"リガ","gloss":"birds subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"バ","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"トンデイマス。","gloss":"are flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.021.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.022","source":"ミギノ方ノ","translation":"In the sky on the right-hand side","reading":"ミギノほうノ","words":[{"text":"ミギ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"ノ","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.022.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L023.rd.023","source":"ソラヲ ヒコウキガ 一キ トンデイマス。","translation":"an airplane is flying.","reading":"ソラヲヒコウキガいっキトンデイマス。","words":[{"text":"ソラ","gloss":"sky"},{"text":"ヲ","gloss":"through"},{"text":"ヒコウキガ","gloss":"airplane subject"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"キ","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"トンデイマス。","gloss":"is flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.rd.023.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions about walkers and clothing · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Who walks and what they wear","paragraphs":["The questions check the family scene, including the walkers and their clothing. *だれが さんぽしていますか* means \"Who is taking a walk?\"","An answer names the person or people. Questions with *何を きて* and *何を はいて* require the clothing worn on the body and feet."]}],"lines":[{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.001","source":"ここは 町から 遠いですか、 近いですか。","translation":"Is this place far from town or close to it?","reading":"ここはまちからとおいですか、ちかいですか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.001.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.002","source":"たくさんの人は どこから 来ますか。","translation":"Where do the many people come from?","reading":"たくさんのひとはどこからきますか。","words":[{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.002.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.003","source":"だれが さんぽしていますか。","translation":"Who is taking a walk?","reading":"だれがさんぽしていますか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.003.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.004","source":"山本さんは 一人 さんぽしていますか。","translation":"Is Mr. Yamamoto taking a walk by himself?","reading":"やまもとさんはひとりさんぽしていますか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一人","gloss":"by himself","reading":"ひとり"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is taking a walk"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.004.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.005","source":"山本さんは 何を きて、 何を はいています。","translation":"What is Mr. Yamamoto wearing, and what does he have on his feet?","reading":"やまもとさんはなにをきて、なにをはいています。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"has on feet"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has on feet"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has on feet"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has on feet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.005.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.006","source":"おくさんは くつを はいていますか。","translation":"Is his wife wearing shoes?","reading":"おくさんはくつをはいていますか。","words":[{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.006.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.007","source":"おくさんは ようふくを きていますか。","translation":"Is his wife wearing Western-style clothes?","reading":"おくさんはようふくをきていますか。","words":[{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"Western clothes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.007.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.008","source":"みぎの方に 何が ありますか。","translation":"What is there on the right-hand side?","reading":"みぎのほうになにがありますか。","words":[{"text":"みぎ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"たくさん","gloss":"many"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions about people and aircraft · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"People and flying objects","paragraphs":["The questions ask about the people and what flies above the trees. *草の上に すわっているのは だれですか* asks who is seated on the grass.","*とりは 何ば とんでいますか* asks how many birds are flying. An answer uses the bird counter."]}],"lines":[{"number":190,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.009","source":"ようかんの 前に 人が 何人 居ますか。","translation":"How many people are there in front of the Western-style building?","reading":"ようかんのまえにひとがなんにんいますか。","words":[{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"Western building"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"人","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.009.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.010","source":"その人たちは 日本人ですか。","translation":"Are those people Japanese?","reading":"そのひとたちはにほんじんですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.010.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.011","source":"男の人は 今 何を していますか。","translation":"What is the man doing now?","reading":"おとこのひとはいまなにをしていますか。","words":[{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.011.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.012","source":"草の上に すわっているのは だれですか。","translation":"Who is sitting on the grass?","reading":"くさのうえにすわっているのはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"草","gloss":"grass","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"すわっ","gloss":"is sitting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is sitting"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is sitting"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.012.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.013","source":"その人も おくさんも 日本語が できますか。","translation":"Can both the man and his wife speak Japanese?","reading":"そのひともおくさんもにほんごができますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.013.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.014","source":"道ばたの 木の上を 何が とんでいますか。","translation":"What is flying over the trees by the roadside?","reading":"みちばたのきのうえをなにがとんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"道ばた","gloss":"roadside","reading":"みちばた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"by"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"above","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"over"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.014.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.015","source":"とりは 何ば とんでいますか。","translation":"How many birds are flying?","reading":"とりはなんばとんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"とり","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"birds"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are flying"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.015.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"ja.dli.L023.q.016","source":"そのほか 何が とんでいますか。","translation":"What else is flying?","reading":"そのほかなにがとんでいますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"else"},{"text":"ほか","gloss":"else"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"とん","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is flying"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Homes, clothing and aircraft · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Homes, clothes, and the sky","paragraphs":["These words cover homes, family, clothing, roadsides, trees, and the sky. *家* means \"house\" or \"home,\" and *ようかん* means \"western-style building.\"","*ひこうき* means \"airplane.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":198,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.001","source":"家","translation":"house, home","reading":"いえ","words":[{"text":"家","gloss":"house or home","reading":"いえ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.001.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.002","source":"ようかん","translation":"western-style building","reading":"ようかん","words":[{"text":"ようかん","gloss":"Western-style building"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.002.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.003","source":"家ぞく","translation":"family","reading":"かぞく","words":[{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.003.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.004","source":"きもの","translation":"KIMONO","reading":"きもの","words":[{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.004.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.005","source":"ようふく","translation":"suit, western-style clothes","reading":"ようふく","words":[{"text":"ようふく","gloss":"Western-style clothes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.005.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.006","source":"くつ","translation":"shoes","reading":"くつ","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.006.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.007","source":"げた","translation":"wooden clogs","reading":"げた","words":[{"text":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.007.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.008","source":"ぞうり","translation":"sandal, slipper","reading":"ぞうり","words":[{"text":"ぞうり","gloss":"sandals or slippers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.008.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.009","source":"そら","translation":"sky","reading":"そら","words":[{"text":"そら","gloss":"sky"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.009.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.010","source":"ひこうき","translation":"airplane","reading":"ひこうき","words":[{"text":"ひこうき","gloss":"airplane"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.010.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.011","source":"道ばた","translation":"by the road, roadside","reading":"みちばた","words":[{"text":"道ばた","gloss":"roadside","reading":"みちばた"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.011.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.012","source":"木","translation":"tree, wood","reading":"き","words":[{"text":"木","gloss":"tree or wood","reading":"き"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ぞうり","gloss":"sandal, slipper"},{"word":"ひこうき","gloss":"airplane"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Walking, working and wearing · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Actions and ways to wear clothing","paragraphs":["These words name working, being seated, knowing, moving, wearing, and thinking. *はたらく* means \"to work.\"","*かぶる* means \"to wear on the head.\" *はく* means \"to wear on the feet or legs.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":210,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.013","source":"山","translation":"mountain","reading":"やま","words":[{"text":"山","gloss":"mountain","reading":"やま"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.013.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.014","source":"さんぽ","translation":"strolling","reading":"さんぽ","words":[{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"strolling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.014.m4a"},{"number":212,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.015","source":"はたらく","translation":"to work (v.i.)","reading":"はたらく","words":[{"text":"はたらく","gloss":"work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.015.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.016","source":"すわる","translation":"to sit with legs crossed or folded","reading":"すわる","words":[{"text":"すわる","gloss":"sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.016.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.017","source":"知る","translation":"to know (v.t.)","reading":"しる","words":[{"text":"知る","gloss":"know","reading":"しる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.017.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.018","source":"知っています","translation":"know (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"しっています","words":[{"text":"知っています","gloss":"know","reading":"しっています"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.018.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.019","source":"でる","translation":"to go out (v.i.)","reading":"でる","words":[{"text":"でる","gloss":"go out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.019.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.020","source":"さんぽする","translation":"to stroll (v.i.)","reading":"さんぽする","words":[{"text":"さんぽする","gloss":"stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.020.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.021","source":"きる","translation":"to wear (v.t.)","reading":"きる","words":[{"text":"きる","gloss":"wear clothes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.021.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.022","source":"かぶる","translation":"to wear (on head)","reading":"かぶる","words":[{"text":"かぶる","gloss":"wear on head"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.022.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.023","source":"はく","translation":"to wear (on feet or legs)","reading":"はく","words":[{"text":"はく","gloss":"wear on feet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.023.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.024","source":"思う","translation":"to think","reading":"おもう","words":[{"text":"思う","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"},{"word":"はたらく","gloss":"to work (v.i.)"},{"word":"すわる","gloss":"to sit with legs crossed or folded"},{"word":"知る","gloss":"to know (v.t.)"},{"word":"知っています","gloss":"know (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"でる","gloss":"to go out (v.i.)"},{"word":"さんぽする","gloss":"to stroll (v.i.)"},{"word":"きる","gloss":"to wear (v.t.)"},{"word":"かぶる","gloss":"to wear (on head)"},{"word":"はく","gloss":"to wear (on feet or legs)"},{"word":"思う","gloss":"to think"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Counting homes, birds and aircraft · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Counters and particles","paragraphs":["These words include counters for houses, birds, and aircraft, with particles for routes and later actions.","*三げん* means \"three houses,\" *三ば* means \"three birds,\" and *一き* means \"one plane.\" Each kind uses a separate counter."]}],"lines":[{"number":222,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.025","source":"とぶ","translation":"to fly (v.i.)","reading":"とぶ","words":[{"text":"とぶ","gloss":"fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.025.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.026","source":"ひろい","translation":"wide","reading":"ひろい","words":[{"text":"ひろい","gloss":"wide"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.026.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.027","source":"三げん","translation":"three houses","reading":"さんげん","words":[{"text":"三げん","gloss":"three houses","reading":"さんげん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.027.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.028","source":"けん","translation":"numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"けん","words":[{"text":"けん","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.028.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.029","source":"わ","translation":"counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"わ","words":[{"text":"わ","gloss":"birds"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.029.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.030","source":"三ば","translation":"three birds","reading":"さんば","words":[{"text":"三ば","gloss":"three birds","reading":"さんば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.030.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.031","source":"き","translation":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"き","words":[{"text":"き","gloss":"airplanes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.031.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.032","source":"一き","translation":"one plane","reading":"いっき","words":[{"text":"一き","gloss":"one plane","reading":"いっき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.032.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.033","source":"を","translation":"particle indicating the place of locomotive action (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"を","words":[{"text":"を","gloss":"through"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.033.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.034","source":"から","translation":"after (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"から","words":[{"text":"から","gloss":"after"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.034.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.035","source":"たまに","translation":"rarely, once in a while","reading":"たまに","words":[{"text":"たまに","gloss":"once in a while"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.035.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.036","source":"山本さんは ようふくを きています。","translation":"-- is wearing a suit.","reading":"やまもとさんはようふくをきています。","words":[{"text":"山本さんはようふくをきています。","gloss":"wearing a suit","reading":"やまもとさんはようふくをきています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"とぶ","gloss":"to fly (v.i.)"},{"word":"三げん","gloss":"three houses"},{"word":"三ば","gloss":"three birds"},{"word":"一き","gloss":"one plane"},{"word":"山本さんはようふくをきています。","gloss":"\"-- is wearing a suit.\""}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wearing clothes and knowing people · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Wearing clothes and knowing people","paragraphs":["These expressions cover clothing and knowledge. *山本さんは ぼうしを かぶっています* means \"Mr. Yamamoto has a hat on.\"","*私は 山本さんを 知っています* means \"I know Mr. Yamamoto.\" *私は たなかさんを 知りません* means \"I don't know Mr. Tanaka.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":234,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.037","source":"おくさんは きものを きています。","translation":"-- is wearing a KIMONO.","reading":"おくさんはきものをきています。","words":[{"text":"おくさんはきものをきています。","gloss":"wearing a kimono"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.037.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.038","source":"山本さんは ぼうしを かぶっています。","translation":"--has a hat on.","reading":"やまもとさんはぼうしをかぶっています。","words":[{"text":"山本さんはぼうしをかぶっています。","gloss":"wearing a hat","reading":"やまもとさんはぼうしをかぶっています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.038.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.039","source":"子供 たちは ぼうしを かぶっていません。","translation":"--has no hat on.","reading":"こどもたちはぼうしをかぶっていません。","words":[{"text":"子供たちはぼうしをかぶっていません。","gloss":"not wearing a hat","reading":"こどもたちはぼうしをかぶっていません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.039.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.040","source":"山本さんは くつを はいています。","translation":"-- has shoes on.","reading":"やまもとさんはくつをはいています。","words":[{"text":"山本さんはくつをはいています。","gloss":"wearing shoes","reading":"やまもとさんはくつをはいています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.040.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.041","source":"おくさんは げたを はいています。","translation":"-- has wooden clogs on.","reading":"おくさんはげたをはいています。","words":[{"text":"おくさんはげたをはいています。","gloss":"wearing wooden clogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.041.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.042","source":"おくさんは ぞうりを はいています。","translation":"-- has slippers on.","reading":"おくさんはぞうりをはいています。","words":[{"text":"おくさんはぞうりをはいています。","gloss":"wearing slippers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.042.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.044","source":"あなたは 山本さんを 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know --?","reading":"あなたはやまもとさんをしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなたは山本さんを知っていますか。","gloss":"know Yamamoto?","reading":"あなたはやまもとさんをしっていますか。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.044.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.045","source":"はい、 私は 山本さんを 知っています。","translation":"I know --.","reading":"はい、わたくしはやまもとさんをしっています。","words":[{"text":"はい、私は山本さんを知っています。","gloss":"yes, I know Yamamoto","reading":"はい、わたくしはやまもとさんをしっています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.045.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.046","source":"あなたは たなかさんを 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know --?","reading":"あなたはたなかさんをしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなたはたなかさんを知っていますか。","gloss":"know Tanaka?","reading":"あなたはたなかさんをしっていますか。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.046.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"ja.dli.L023.w.047","source":"いいえ、 私は たなかさんを 知りません。","translation":"I don't know.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしはたなかさんをしりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、私はたなかさんを知りません。","gloss":"no, I don't know","reading":"いいえ、わたくしはたなかさんをしりません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L023.w.047.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"おくさんはきものをきています。","gloss":"\"-- is wearing a KIMONO.\""},{"word":"山本さんはぼうしをかぶっています。","gloss":"\"--has a hat on.\""},{"word":"子供たちはぼうしをかぶっていません。","gloss":"\"--has no hat on.\""},{"word":"山本さんはくつをはいています。","gloss":"\"-- has shoes on.\""},{"word":"おくさんはげたをはいています。","gloss":"\"-- has wooden clogs on.\""},{"word":"おくさんはぞうりをはいています。","gloss":"\"-- has slippers on.\""},{"word":"あなたは山本さんを知っていますか。","gloss":"\"Do you know --?\""},{"word":"はい、私は山本さんを知っています。","gloss":"\"I know --.\""},{"word":"あなたはたなかさんを知っていますか。","gloss":"\"Do you know --?\""},{"word":"いいえ、私はたなかさんを知りません。","gloss":"\"I don't know.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}