{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L025","title":"Lesson 25","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 25: months of the year · dialogue 1 of 4, this and last month · dialogue 2 of 4, spring and arriving at school · dialogue 3 of 4, family arrival and climate comparisons · dialogue 4 of 4, asking about daily schedules · perception drill, explaining completed actions · perception drill, comparing size, qualified negative descriptions · perception drill, softening everyday statements · pattern 1 1 of 3, asking approximate times · pattern 1 2 of 3, softening abilities and descriptions · pattern 1 3 of 3, describing completed actions · pattern 2 1 of 3, past locations and action verbs · pattern 2 2 of 3, holding, linking contrasting descriptions · pattern 3 1 of 2, describing people, emphasising adjective negatives · pattern 4 1 of 3, giving reasons with negatives · pattern 4 2 of 3, adjectives for qualities and speed · pattern 4 3 of 3, months and winter into spring · reading selection 1 of 3, seasons and upcoming japan travel · reading selection 2 of 3, distance and family travel · reading selection 3 of 3, asking about months and seasons · questions 1 of 2, asking about seasons and japan · questions 2 of 2, months january through september · word list 1 of 4, relative months and seasons · word list 2 of 4, weather and travel expressions · word list 3 of 4, months.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/25","lines":247},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/24","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/26","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Months of the year · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Twelve months in a year","paragraphs":["*一年には 何か月 ありますか* means \"How many months are there in one year?\" *KAGETSU* is the counter for a number of months.","*十二か月* means \"twelve months.\" Here the numeral comes before *KAGETSU*."]},{"title":"The names of the months","paragraphs":["The reply names the calendar months from *一月* through *十二月*. These names use *GATSU*, while *KAGETSU* counts a number of months.","*一年の さいしょの 月は 何と 言いますか* asks what the first month is called. The answer gives *一月* and *しょう月*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 年","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 月","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.001","source":"一年には 何か月 ありますか。","translation":"How many months are there in one year?","reading":"いちねんにはなんかげつありますか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many months","reading":"なん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"how many months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.002","source":"一年 には 十二か月 あります。","translation":"There are twelve months in one year.","reading":"いちねんにはじゅうにかげつあります。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve","reading":"に"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.003","source":"あなたは その な前を 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know their names?","reading":"あなたはそのなまえをしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"their"},{"text":"な","gloss":"names"},{"text":"前","gloss":"names","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"know"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.004","source":"はい。 一月、 二月、 三月、 四月、 五月、 六月、 七月、 八月、 九月、 十月、 十一月、 十二月 です。","translation":"Yes, they are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.","reading":"はい。いちがつ、にがつ、さんがつ、しがつ、ごがつ、ろくがつ、しちがつ、はちがつ、くがつ、じゅうがつ、じゅういちがつ、じゅうにがつです。","words":[{"text":"はい。","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"一","gloss":"January"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"January"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"February"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"March"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"April"},{"text":"五","gloss":"May"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"May"},{"text":"六","gloss":"June"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"June"},{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"July"},{"text":"八","gloss":"August"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"August"},{"text":"九","gloss":"September"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"September"},{"text":"十","gloss":"October"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"October"},{"text":"十","gloss":"November"},{"text":"一","gloss":"November"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"November"},{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月","gloss":"December"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.005","source":"一年の さいしょの 月は 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What is the first month of the year called?","reading":"いちねんのさいしょのつきはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"つき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.006","source":"一月と 言います。 また しょう月とも 言います。","translation":"It is called ICHIGATSU. It is also called SHOOGATSU.","reading":"いちがつといいます。またしょうがつともいいます。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"また","gloss":"also"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"New Year"},{"text":"月","gloss":"New Year","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"TA ending, informal past\n\nThe informal past of any verb is made by changing the final syllable -TE or -DE of its TE-ending to -TA or -DA, respectively. In other words, the TA-ending of any verb is formed by changing the final -E of its TE-ending to -A. Thus:\n\nBasic ending | TE-ending | TA-ending (informal past)\nKAKU | KAITE | KAITA\nHANASU | HANASHITE | HANASHITA\nTATSU | TATTE | TATTA\nTORU | TOTTE | TOTTA\nNARAU | NARATTE | NARATTA\nYOBU | YONDE | YONDA\nYOMU | YONDE | YONDA\nSHINU (to die) | SHINDE | SHINDA\nKAGU | KAIDE | KAIDA\nTABERU | TABETE | TABETA\nMIRU | MITE | MITA\nKURU | KITE | KITA\nSURU | SHITE | SHITA\n\nThe informal past form of the copula DESU and I-adjectives including -NAI will be introduced later.\n\nThe informal past (TA-ending) has the same meaning as the -MASHITA form except that it is plain and less formal.\n\nExamples:\n\nHON O KAITA. (informal, plain) \"I wrote a book.\"\n\nHON O KAKIMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I wrote a book.\"\n\nHIRUHAN O TABETA. (informal, plain) \"I ate lunch.\"\n\nHIRUHAN O TABEMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I ate lunch.\"\n\nARUITE KITA. (informal, plain) \"I walked.\" (Lit: I came on foot.)\n\nARUITE KIMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I walked.\" (Lit: I came on foot.)\n\nYOKU BENKYOO-SHITA. (informal, plain) \"I studied hard.\"\n\nYOKU BENKYOO-SHIMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I studied hard.\"\n\nThe informal past may be made softer and less direct by tacking N(O) DESU. This construction is described in the next section.\n\nIn informal speech, all inflected forms occur in the informal style. But, even in formal speech, informal forms may occur as non-final inflected forms. The formality level of a sentence is governed by the level of its final inflected form. That is, the formality level of the final inflected form is always as formal or more formal than non-final inflected forms.\n\nExamples:\n\nNIPPONGO GA DEKIRU KARA, NIPPONGO DE HANASHITA. (informal, plain) \"I could speak Japanese, so I spoke in Japanese.\"\n\nNIPPONGO GA DEKIRU KARA, NIPPONGO DE HANASHIMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I can speak Japanese, so I spoke in Japanese.\"\n\nASAHAN O OSOKU TABETA KARA, HIRUHAN WA TABENAI. (informal, plain) \"I ate breakfast late, so I am not going to eat lunch.\"\n\nASAHAN O OSOKU TABETA KARA, HIRUHAN WA TABEMASEN. (formal, polite) \"I ate breakfast late, so I am not going to eat lunch.\"\n\nKINDAICHI SENSEI NO KAITA HON O YONDA. (informal, plain) \"I read the book Prof. Kindaichi wrote.\"\n\nKINDAICHI SENSEI NO KAITA HON O YOMIMASHITA. (formal, polite) \"I read the book Prof. Kindaichi wrote.\""},{"section":2,"text":"An informal predicate ending plus NO DESU or N DESU.\n\n\"It is a matter of ---.\"\n\nThe word NO meaning ’one’ or ’ones’ and indicating possession was introduced in Lesson 12, e.g.,\n\nOOKII NO WA KORE DESU. \"The big one is this.\"\n\nKORE WA WATAKUSHI NO DESU. \"This is mine.\"\n\nThe word NO followed by the copula DESU also means literally ’matter,’ ’fact,’ ’case,’ etc., and the expression NO DESU means literally ’it is a matter of ---.’ This is a very common expression in Japanese used more commonly among friends, and it occurs immediately after any informal predicate ending just to make the statement softer and less direct. The copula DESU is in its formal form, and it may also be changed to its informal form DA. The informal form of the copula will be described later. NO is often contracted to N. The uncontracted form NO usually occurs in polite or precise speech.\n\nThe expression with N(O) DESU means about the same thing as the one without N(O) DESU. Remember that in Japanese it is the final inflected form of a sequence that determines the formality level of the sequence.\n\nExamples:\n\nCHIISAI. It’s small.\n\nCHIISAI N DESU. It’s small.\n\nCHIISAI DESU. It’s small.\n\nCHIISAKU (WA) NAI. It’s not small.\n\nCHIISAKU (WA) NAIN DESU. It’s not small\n\nCHIISAKU (WA) NAI DESU. It’s not small.\n\nARUKU I walk.\n\nARUKU N DESU. I walk.\n\nARUKIMASU. I walk.\n\nARUKANAI. I don’t walk.\n\nARUKANAI N DESU. I don’t walk.\n\nARUKANAI DESU. I don’t walk.\n\nARUITA. I walked.\n\nARUITA N DESU. I walked.\n\nARUKIMASHITA. I walked."},{"section":3,"text":"TOKI ’time,’ ’occasion’\n\nThe word TOKI is a noun meaning ’time’ or ’occasion.’ Therefore, the constructions in which it occurs are parallel to those in which words like HON, GAKKOO, etc., occur. That is, it may be preceded by all types of modifiers including adjectival clauses and it may be followed by particles like GA, NI, NIWA, WA, KARA, etc.\n\nExamples:\n\nTOKI GA WARUI DESU. \"The time is bad.\"\n\nKODOMO NO TOKI KARA, YOKU BENKYOO-SHIMASHITA. \"He has studied hard since his childhood.\"\n\nCHIISAI TOKI NI, NIHON E IKIMASHITA. \"I went to Japan when I was small.\"\n\nTOMODACHI GA KITA TOKI NI, YUUHAN O TABETE IMASHITA. \"I was eating dinner when my friend came.\"\n\nYUUHAN O TABETE IRU TOKI NI, TOMODACHI GA KIMASHITA. \"When I was eating dinner, a friend came.\"\n\nIn Lesson 18, the use of the particle TO meaning ’if,’ ’when,’ or ’whenever’ was introduced. The particle TO occurring only after the non-past and the noun TOKI occurring after the non-past or the past are generally not interchangeable.\n\nExamples:\n\nNI NI SAN O TASU TO, GO NI NARIMASU. (cause or condition and effect) \"If you add 3 to 2, it becomes 5.\"\n\nUCHI NI KAERU TO, TOMODACHI GA KIMASHITA. (specific time) \"Just as I came home, a friend came (unexpectedly).\"\n\nASA OKIRU TO, ITSUMO MADO O AKEMASU. (habitual action) \"When(ever) I get up in the morning, I always open the window.\"\n\nTO in each of the above examples cannot be replaced by TOKI NI.\n\nHowever, TOKI NI may be used if the preceding non-past inflected word is changed to its corresponding past form. But the meaning of this new construction is not exactly identical with that of the TO construction. TOKI NI simply indicates the time when the action in the succeeding statement takes or took place. Thus:\n\nNI NI SAN O TASHITA TOKI NI, GO NI NARIMASU. \"When you add 3 to 2, it becomes 5.\"\n\nUCHI NI KAETTA TOKI NI, TOMODACHI GA KIMASHITA. \"When I came home, a friend came.\"\n\nASA OKITA TOKI NI, MADO O AKEMASU. \"When I get up in the morning, I’ll open the window.\""},{"section":4,"text":"TE-ending of I-adjectives\n\nThe inflection of I-adjectives was briefly discussed in Lesson 21.\n\nThe conjunctive ending of I-adjectives is formed by dropping the final -I of the (non-past) basic ending and adding -KU.\n\nThe TE-ending of I-adjectives is formed by adding -TE to the conjunctive ending. Thus:\n\nBasic ending (non-past) | Conjunctive ending (adverbial) | TE-ending\nSHIROI | SHIROKU | SHIROKUTE\nAKAI | AKAKU | AKAKUTE\nOOKII | OOKIKU | OOKIKUTE\nUSUI | USUKU | USUKUTE\n\nOccurring at the end of a non-final clause, the TE-ending of I-adjectives coordinates with what follows.\n\nExamples:\n\nHARU WA ATTAKAKUTE, NATSU WA ATSUI DESU. \"Spring is warm and summer is hot.\"\n\nAMERIKA WA OOKIKUTE, NIHON WA CHIISAI DESU. \"America is big and Japan is small.\"\n\nA noun may be described by more than one modifier, each of which normally retains its original form.\n\nExamples:\n\nWATAKUSHI NO ENPITSU ’my pencil’\n\nCHAIRO NO ENPITSU ’a brown pencil’\n\nWATAKUSHI NO CHAIRO NO ENPITSU ’my brown pencil’\n\nANATA NO JIDOOSHA ’your car’\n\nCHIISAI JIDOOSHA ’a small car’\n\nANATA NO CHIISAI JIDOOSHA ’your small car’\n\nKINOO KATTA HON ’the book I bought yesterday’\n\nNIPPONGO NO HON ’a Japanese book’\n\nKINOO KATTA NIPPONGO NO HON ’the Japanese book I bought yesterday’\n\nOOKII UCHI ’a large house’\n\nKIREI NA UCHI ’a clean house’\n\nOOKII KIREI NA UCHI ’a large, clean house’\n\nOOKII UCHI ’a large house’\n\nSHIROI UCHI ’a white house’\n\nOOKII SHIROI UCHI ’a large, white house’\n\nHowever, when an I-adjective occurs as a non-final modifier as in examples (4) and (5) above, it may occur in its TE-ending instead of its basic ending. Thus:\n\nOOKIKUTE KIREI NA UCHI ’a large (and) clean house’\n\nOOKIKUTE SHIROI UCHI ’a large (and) white house’\n\nOther uses of the TE-ending of I-adjectives will be introduced later."},{"section":5,"text":"-GATSU ’calendar months’\n\n-GATSU is a counter used to name the calendar months. It is combined with the Chinese series of numerals.\n\n| \nICHI-GATSU | January\nNI-GATSU | February\nSAN-GATSU | March\nSHI-GATSU | April\nGO-GATSU | May\nROKU-GATSU | June\nSHICHI-GATSU | July\nHACHI-GATSU | August\nKU-GATSU | September\nJUU-GATSU | October\nJUUICHI-GATSU | November\nJUUNI-GATSU | December\nNAN-GATSU | what month?\n\nThus:"},{"section":6,"text":"-KAGETSU ’month(s)’\n\n-KAGETSU is a counter to count months. It is combined with the Chinese series of numerals, but it may also be combined with some Japanese numerals. Note also in the following list that some numerals change to assimilated forms: *\n\n| \n* IK-KAGETSU | 1 month\nNI-KAGETSU | 2 months\nSAN-KAGETSU | 3 months\nYON-KAGETSU | 4 months\nGO-KAGETSU | 5 months\n* ROK-KAGETSU | 6 months\nSHICHI-KAGETSU | 7 months\nor | \nNANA-KAGETSU | 7 months\nHACHI-KAGETSU | 8 months\nor | \n* HAK-KAGETSU | 8 months\nKU-KAGETSU | 9 months\nor | \nKYUU-KAGETSU | 9 months\n\n| \n* JIK-KAGETSU | 10 months\nor | \n* JUK-KAGETSU | 10 months\n* JUUIK-KAGETSU | 11 months\nJUUNI-KAGETSU | 12 months\nNAN-KAGETSU | how many months"},{"section":7,"text":"-NEN ’year’\n\n-NEN is a counter to count years and to name the year. It is combined with the Chinese series of numerals, but it, too, may be combined with some Japanese numerals. Thus:\n\n| \nICHI-NEN | 1 year\nGAN-NEN | the year 1\nNI-NEN | 2 years or the year 2\nSAN-NEN | 3 years or year 3\nYO-NEN | 4 years or the year 4\nGO-NEN | 5 years or the year 5\nROKU-NEN | 6 years or the year 6\nSHICHI-NEN | 7 years or the year 7\nor | \nNANA-NEN | 7 years or the year 7\nHACHI-NEN | 8 years or the year 8\nKU-NEN | 9 years or the year 9\nor |\n\n| \nKYUU-NEN | 9 years or the year 9\nJUU-NEN | 10 years or the year 10\nHYAKU-NEN | 100 years or the year 100\nNAN-NEN | how many years? or what year?"},{"section":8,"text":"-KANEN\n\n-KANEN is a counter to count years. It is sometimes used in place of the counter -NEN. Thus:\n\n| \nIK-KANEN | 1 year\nNI-KANEN | 2 years\nSAN-KANEN | 3 years\nYON-KANEN | 4 years\nGO-KANEN | 5 years\nROK-KANEN | 6 years\nSHICHI-KANEN | 7 years\nor | \nNANA-KANEN | 7 years\nHACHI-KANEN | 8 years\nor | \nHAK-KANEN | 8 years\nKU-KANEN | 9 years\nor | \nKYUU-KANEN | 9 years\n\n| \nJIK-KANEN | 10 years\nNAN-KANEN | how many years"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"月、","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"This and last month · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"This month and last month","paragraphs":["*今月は 何月ですか* means \"What month is this month?\" The reply *今月は 四月です* identifies it as April.","*先月は 何月でしたか* asks about last month. *先月は 三月でした* gives the answer in the past."]},{"title":"Kanji: 今","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.007","source":"一年の さい後の 月は 何月ですか。","translation":"What is the last month of the year?","reading":"いちねんのさいごのつきはなんがつですか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"さい後","gloss":"last"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"つき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.008","source":"十二月です。","translation":"It is December.","reading":"じゅうにがつです。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月","gloss":"December"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.009","source":"今月は 何月ですか。","translation":"What month is this month?","reading":"こんげつはなんがつですか。","words":[{"text":"今月","gloss":"this month","reading":"こんげつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.010","source":"今月は 四月です。","translation":"This month is April.","reading":"こんげつはしがつです。","words":[{"text":"今月","gloss":"this month","reading":"こんげつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.011","source":"先月は 何月でしたか。","translation":"What month was last month?","reading":"せんげつはなんがつでしたか。","words":[{"text":"先月","gloss":"last month","reading":"せんげつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.012","source":"先月は 三月でした。","translation":"Last month was March.","reading":"せんげつはさんがつでした。","words":[{"text":"先月","gloss":"last month","reading":"せんげつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"さい後","gloss":"last"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"今月","gloss":"this month"},{"word":"先月","gloss":"last month"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Spring and arriving at school · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Spring and its flowers","paragraphs":["*春は あたたかくて、 はなが たくさん さきます* means \"Spring is warm and many flowers bloom.\" The ending *くて* links the first description to what follows."]},{"title":"The month of arrival","paragraphs":["*あなたが この 学校に 来たのは 何月でしたか* asks which month the listener came to the school.","*来た* presents the arrival as completed. The reply identifies the month with *一月でした*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 春","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 学, 校, 来","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.013","source":"春は 何月から 何月までですか。","translation":"Spring is from what month to what month?","reading":"はるはなんがつからなんがつまでですか。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.014","source":"春は 三月、 四月、 五月です。","translation":"Spring is March, April, and May.","reading":"はるはさんがつ、しがつ、ごがつです。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"March"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"April"},{"text":"五","gloss":"May"},{"text":"月","gloss":"May"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.015","source":"春は あたたかいですか。","translation":"Is spring warm?","reading":"はるはあたたかいですか。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.016","source":"はい、 春は あたたかくて、 はなが たくさん さきます。","translation":"Yes, spring is warm and many flowers bloom.","reading":"はい、はるはあたたかくて、はながたくさんさきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたたかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flowers"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.017","source":"あなたが この 学校に 来たのは 何月でしたか。","translation":"What month was it that you came to this school?","reading":"あなたがこのがっこうにきたのはなんがつでしたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.018","source":"私が この 学校に 来たのは 一月でした。","translation":"The month I came to this school was January.","reading":"わたくしがこのがっこうにきたのはいちがつでした。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"春","gloss":"spring"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"},{"word":"はな","gloss":"flower"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たくさん","gloss":"many"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Family arrival and climate comparisons · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"An earlier arrival","paragraphs":["One person asks how the other arrived, where they came from, and whether they brought family.","*その時 一人で 来たんですか* means \"Did you come alone then?\" Here *時* follows *その* to name that occasion."]},{"title":"A softer question","paragraphs":["In *その時 一人で 来たんですか*, *来たんですか* asks about the completed arrival.","*N DESU* makes the question softer and less direct."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.019","source":"その時 一人で 来たんですか。","translation":"Did you come alone then?","reading":"そのときひとりできたんですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"一人","gloss":"alone","reading":"ひとり"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.020","source":"いいえ、 家ぞくを つれて 来ました。","translation":"No, I brought my family.","reading":"いいえ、かぞくをつれてきました。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.021","source":"あなたは どこから 来ましたか。","translation":"Where did you come from?","reading":"あなたはどこからきましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.022","source":"シカゴから 来ました。","translation":"I came from Chicago.","reading":"シカゴからきました。","words":[{"text":"シカゴ","gloss":"Chicago"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.023","source":"ここは シカゴ ぐらい さむいですか。","translation":"Is this place as cold as Chicago?","reading":"ここはシカゴぐらいさむいですか。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"シカゴ","gloss":"Chicago"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L025.dlg.024","source":"いいえ、 ここは シカゴ ほど さむくは ないです。","translation":"No, this place is not so cold as Chicago.","reading":"いいえ、ここはシカゴほどさむくはないです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"シカゴ","gloss":"Chicago"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"as"},{"text":"さむく","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"一人","gloss":"one person"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"家ぞく","gloss":"family"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about daily schedules · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"A softer explanation","paragraphs":["*大てい 三時間ぐらい べんきょうするんです* means \"I usually study for about three hours.\" *N DESU* makes the statement softer and less direct.","*NO DESU* follows an informal predicate. *NO* often contracts to *N*, while precise or polite speech commonly keeps *NO*."]},{"title":"Softened questions","paragraphs":["*あなたは 朝 べんきょうしないんですか* asks whether the listener studies in the morning. The negative *べんきょうしない* comes before *N DESU*.","The final *DESU* sets the formality of the full expression. Its basic meaning stays about the same without *N DESU*."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.01","source":"あなたは まいばん 何時間ぐらい べんきょうするのですか。","translation":"About how many hours do you study every evening?","reading":"あなたはまいばんなんじかんぐらいべんきょうするのですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まいばん","gloss":"every evening"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.02","source":"大てい 三時間ぐらい べんきょうするんです。","translation":"I usually study for about three hours.","reading":"たいていさんじかんぐらいべんきょうするんです。","words":[{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.03","source":"あなたは 何時に 朝めしを たべるんですか。","translation":"What time do you eat breakfast?","reading":"あなたはなんじにあさめしをたべるんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.04","source":"六時半に たべるんです。","translation":"I eat at six thirty.","reading":"ろくじはんにたべるんです。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half past","reading":"はん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.05","source":"この 学校は 何時に はじまるのですか。","translation":"What time does this school start?","reading":"このがっこうはなんじにはじまるのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"はじまる","gloss":"start"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.06","source":"八時に はじまるのです。","translation":"It starts at eight o’clock.","reading":"はちじにはじまるのです。","words":[{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"はじまる","gloss":"start"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.07","source":"この 学校は 何時に おわるのですか。","translation":"What time does this school finish?","reading":"このがっこうはなんじにおわるのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"おわる","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.08","source":"午後 四時に おわります。","translation":"It finishes at four in the afternoon.","reading":"ごごよじにおわります。","words":[{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"おわり","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.09","source":"あなたは 朝 べんきょうしないんですか。","translation":"Don’t you study in the morning?","reading":"あなたはあさべんきょうしないんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp1.10","source":"いいえ、 朝も べんきょうします。","translation":"Yes, I study in the morning too.","reading":"いいえ、あさもべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast"},{"word":"はじまる","gloss":"begins, starts (v.i.)"},{"word":"おわる","gloss":"ends (v.i.)"},{"word":"午後","gloss":"p.m., afternoon"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining completed actions · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"The informal past","paragraphs":["*学校へ 来た* means \"I came to school.\" The TA-ending is the informal past of a verb.","Change final *TE* to *TA*, or final *DE* to *DA*. Thus *KITE* becomes *来た*, and *YONDE* becomes *YONDA*."]},{"title":"A softened past explanation","paragraphs":["*あなたは もう この本を 読んだんですか* asks whether the listener has read it. *読んだ* is the informal past before *N DESU*.","*スミスさんが しめたんです* uses the same pattern to explain who closed the window."]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.01","source":"学校へ 来た。","translation":"I came to school.","reading":"がっこうへきた。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.02","source":"学校へ 来たんです。","translation":"I came to school.","reading":"がっこうへきたんです。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.03","source":"だれが この かみに 字を 書いたんですか。","translation":"Who wrote the characters on this paper?","reading":"だれがこのかみにじをかいたんですか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"字","gloss":"characters","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"write","reading":"かい"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.04","source":"さあ、 私は 知りません。","translation":"Well, I don’t know.","reading":"さあ、わたくしはしりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.05","source":"だれが この まどを しめたんですか。","translation":"Who closed this window?","reading":"だれがこのまどをしめたんですか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.06","source":"スミスさんが しめたんです。","translation":"Mr. Smith closed it.","reading":"スミスさんがしめたんです。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.07","source":"あなたは もう この本を 読んだんですか。","translation":"Have you read this book already?","reading":"あなたはもうこのほんをよんだんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.08","source":"ええ、 もう 読んだんですが、 むずかしいですね。","translation":"Yes, I’ve already read it, but it’s difficult, isn’t it?","reading":"ええ、もうよんだんですが、むずかしいですね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.09","source":"あなたは わえい字てんを 買ったんですか。","translation":"Did you buy a Japanese-English dictionary?","reading":"あなたはわえいじてんをかったんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"え","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"い","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"字","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"てん","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.10","source":"ええ、 昨日 買ったのです。","translation":"Yes, I bought one yesterday.","reading":"ええ、きのうかったのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.10.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.11","source":"あなたが この 学校へ 来たのは 何月でしたか。","translation":"What month was it when you came to this school?","reading":"あなたがこのがっこうへきたのはなんがつでしたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.11.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp2.12","source":"一月でした。","translation":"It was January.","reading":"いちがつでした。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp2.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"わ","gloss":"counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing size, length and colour · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"Linking two descriptions","paragraphs":["*字しょは あつくて、 きょうかしょは うすいです* means \"The dictionary is thick, and the textbook is thin.\"","For an I-adjective, replace final *I* with *KU*, then add *TE*. The resulting TE-ending links its clause to what follows."]},{"title":"A comparison in one sentence","paragraphs":["*べいこくの 方が 大きくて、 日本の 方が 小さいです* means \"The United States is larger, and Japan is smaller.\"","*大きくて* ends the first description. The final adjective carries the polite ending for the complete sentence."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.01","source":"字しょと きょうかしょを くらべてごらんなさい。","translation":"Compare the dictionary and the textbook.","reading":"じしょときょうかしょをくらべてごらんなさい。","words":[{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"きょうか","gloss":"textbook"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"textbook"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"くらべ","gloss":"compare"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ごらん","gloss":"try"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.02","source":"はい、 字しょは あつくて、 きょうかしょは うすいです。","translation":"Yes, the dictionary is thick, and the textbook is thin.","reading":"はい、じしょはあつくて、きょうかしょはうすいです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"thick"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"きょうか","gloss":"textbook"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"textbook"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うすい","gloss":"thin"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.03","source":"この えんぴつは どんなですか。","translation":"What are these pencils like?","reading":"このえんぴつはどんなですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencils"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.04","source":"一本は 長くて、 もう一本は 短いです。","translation":"One is long, and the other is short.","reading":"いっぽんはながくて、もういっぽんはみじかいです。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"long","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"短い","gloss":"short","reading":"みじかい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.05","source":"この えんぴつは どんないろですか。","translation":"What colors are these pencils?","reading":"このえんぴつはどんないろですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencils"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"いろ","gloss":"color"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.06","source":"一本は あおくて、 もう一本は きいろいです。","translation":"One is blue, and the other is yellow.","reading":"いっぽんはあおくて、もういっぽんはきいろいです。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あおく","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きいろい","gloss":"yellow"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.07","source":"ここに いとが 二本 あります。 一本は 短くて、 もう一本は 長いですね。","translation":"There are two pieces of string here; one is short, and the other is long, isn’t it?","reading":"ここにいとがにほんあります。いっぽんはみじかくて、もういっぽんはながいですね。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"いと","gloss":"string"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two pieces","reading":"に"},{"text":"本","gloss":"two pieces","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"短く","gloss":"short","reading":"みじかく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"本","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.07.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.08","source":"はい、 そうです。","translation":"Yes, that’s right.","reading":"はい、そうです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.08.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.09","source":"日本と べいこくを くらべて ごらんなさい。 どっちの 方が 大きくて、 どっちの 方が 小さいですか。","translation":"Compare Japan and the United States; which is larger, and which is smaller?","reading":"にほんとべいこくをくらべてごらんなさい。どっちのほうがおおきくて、どっちのほうがちいさいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"べい","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"こく","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"くらべ","gloss":"compare"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ごらん","gloss":"try"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"},{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.09.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp3.10","source":"べいこくの 方が 大きくて、 日本の 方が 小さいです。","translation":"The United States is larger, and Japan is smaller.","reading":"べいこくのほうがおおきくて、にほんのほうがちいさいです。","words":[{"text":"べい","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"こく","gloss":"United States"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp3.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"いろ","gloss":"color"},{"word":"きいろい","gloss":"yellow"},{"word":"いと","gloss":"thread, string"},{"word":"どっち","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Qualified negative descriptions · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"A qualified negative","paragraphs":["*その かみは あおくは ないです* means \"That paper is not blue.\" The I-adjective has its *く* form before *は ないです*.","*あんまり 近くは ないです* uses the same form to mean \"It is not very close.\""]},{"title":"Not easy either","paragraphs":["*やさしくも ないです* means \"It is not easy either.\" Here *も* follows the *く* form before *ないです*.","The line follows *あまり むずかしくないですね*, so the second negative rejects the opposite description too."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.01","source":"この かみは あおいですか。","translation":"Is this paper blue?","reading":"このかみはあおいですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あおい","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.01.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.02","source":"いいえ、 その かみは あおくは ないです。 くろいです。","translation":"No, that paper isn’t blue; it’s black.","reading":"いいえ、そのかみはあおくはないです。くろいです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あおく","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"くろい","gloss":"black"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.02.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.03","source":"サリナスは 近いですか。","translation":"Is Salinas close?","reading":"サリナスはちかいですか。","words":[{"text":"サリナス","gloss":"Salinas"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.03.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.04","source":"いいえ、 あんまり 近くは ないです。 二十マイルぐらい あります。","translation":"No, it isn’t very close; it’s about twenty miles away.","reading":"いいえ、あんまりちかくはないです。にじゅうマイルぐらいあります。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"away"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.04.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.05","source":"この かん字は あまり むずかしくないですね。","translation":"This kanji isn’t very difficult, is it?","reading":"このかんじはあまりむずかしくないですね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"is it?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.05.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.06","source":"ええ、 でも、 やさしくも ないです。","translation":"No, but it isn’t easy either.","reading":"ええ、でも、やさしくもないです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"やさしく","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"も","gloss":"either"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.06.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.07","source":"あなたは 日本語の 本を はやく 読む ことが できますか。","translation":"Can you read Japanese books quickly?","reading":"あなたはにほんごのほんをはやくよむことができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.07.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.08","source":"あまり むずかしくないと、 かなり はやく 読む ことが できます。","translation":"If they aren’t too difficult, I can read them fairly quickly.","reading":"あまりむずかしくないと、かなりはやくよむことができます。","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"doing so"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.08.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.09","source":"その 小さい じどうしゃは あまり たかくないと 思いましたが、 いくらぐらいですか。","translation":"I thought that small car wasn’t very expensive, but about how much is it?","reading":"そのちいさいじどうしゃはあまりたかくないとおもいましたが、いくらぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"たかく","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.09.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L025.gp4.10","source":"この じどうしゃは たかいです。 六千ドルぐらいです。","translation":"This car is expensive; it costs about six thousand dollars.","reading":"このじどうしゃはたかいです。ろくせんドルぐらいです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"六千","gloss":"six thousand","reading":"ろくせん"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.gp4.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あおい","gloss":"blue"},{"word":"くろい","gloss":"black"},{"word":"サリナス","gloss":"Salinas"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"マイル","gloss":"mile"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"いくら","gloss":"how much? how many?"},{"word":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"word":"六千","gloss":"6,000"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Softening everyday statements · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The verb before the soft ending","paragraphs":["*私は まいばん ふくしゅう するんです* means \"I review every evening.\" The informal non-past verb comes before *N DESU*.","*私は 行かないんです* means \"I am not going.\" The negative verb keeps the same soft ending."]},{"title":"A description before the ending","paragraphs":["*カーメルは モンテレーから 近いんです* means \"Carmel is close to Monterey.\" An I-adjective can also come before *N DESU*."]}],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.01","source":"私は 朝はんを たべるん(の)です。","translation":"I eat breakfast.","reading":"わたくしはあさはんをたべるん(の)です。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"(の)","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.02","source":"私は 朝はんを たべないん(の)です。","translation":"I don't eat breakfast.","reading":"わたくしはあさはんをたべないん(の)です。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"(の)","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.03","source":"これは あたらしいん(の)です。","translation":"This is new.","reading":"これはあたらしいん(の)です。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"(の)","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.04","source":"私は まいばん ふくしゅう するんです。","translation":"I review every evening.","reading":"わたくしはまいばんふくしゅうするんです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まいばん","gloss":"every evening"},{"text":"ふくしゅう","gloss":"review"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.05","source":"あなたは ひるはんを たべるんですか、 たべないんですか。","translation":"Do you eat lunch, or don’t you?","reading":"あなたはひるはんをたべるんですか、たべないんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひる","gloss":"lunch"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"lunch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.06","source":"私は あたらしい じどうしゃを 買うんです。","translation":"I’m going to buy a new car.","reading":"わたくしはあたらしいじどうしゃをかうんです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.07","source":"私は 行かないんです。","translation":"I’m not going.","reading":"わたくしはいかないんです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.08","source":"カーメルは モンテレーから 近いんです。","translation":"Carmel is close to Monterey.","reading":"カーメルはモンテレーからちかいんです。","words":[{"text":"カーメル","gloss":"Carmel"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"(の)","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"word":"ふくしゅう","gloss":"review"},{"word":"か、","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"カーメル","gloss":"Carmel"},{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking approximate times · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"About which month","paragraphs":["*そのはなは 何月頃 さくんですか* means \"About what month does that flower bloom?\" *GATSU* is the counter that names calendar months.","*NAN-GATSU* asks which month. The line adds *頃* to ask for an approximate month."]},{"title":"From November to about December","paragraphs":["*十一月から 十二月頃まで さきます* means \"It blooms from November until about December.\"","*十一月* is November and *十二月* is December. *頃* makes December approximate, while *から* and *まで* mark the range."]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.09","source":"あなたは まい朝 五時に おきて、 べんきょうするんですか。","translation":"Do you get up at five every morning and study?","reading":"あなたはまいあさごじにおきて、べんきょうするんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ま","gloss":"every morning"},{"text":"い","gloss":"every morning"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"every morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five o’clock","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時","gloss":"five o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.10","source":"はい、 五時に おきて、 七時まで べんきょうします。","translation":"Yes, I get up at five and study until seven.","reading":"はい、ごじにおきて、しちじまでべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five o’clock","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時","gloss":"five o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven o’clock","reading":"しち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"seven o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.11","source":"あなたは 朝はんを 何時頃 たべるんですか。","translation":"About what time do you eat breakfast?","reading":"あなたはあさはんをなんじごろたべるんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何時頃","gloss":"about what time","reading":"なんじごろ"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.12","source":"七時すぎに たべます。","translation":"I eat a little after seven.","reading":"しちじすぎにたべます。","words":[{"text":"七","gloss":"seven o’clock","reading":"しち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"seven o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"すぎ","gloss":"a little after"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.13","source":"そのはなは 何月頃 さくんですか。","translation":"About what month does that flower bloom?","reading":"そのはなはなんがつごろさくんですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flower"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"about"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.14","source":"十一月から 十二月頃まで さきます。","translation":"It blooms from November until about December.","reading":"じゅういちがつからじゅうにがつごろまでさきます。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"November"},{"text":"一","gloss":"November"},{"text":"月","gloss":"November"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月","gloss":"December"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"about"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.15","source":"まい朝 はやく おきます。","translation":"I get up early every morning.","reading":"まいあさはやくおきます。","words":[{"text":"ま","gloss":"every morning"},{"text":"い","gloss":"every morning"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"every morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"early"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.16","source":"あの方を 知っています。","translation":"I know that person.","reading":"あのかたをしっています。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"すぎ","gloss":"past, after"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さく","gloss":"to bloom (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Softening abilities and descriptions · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Direct statements","paragraphs":["*日本語が できます* means \"I can speak Japanese.\" *よく わかります* means \"I understand it well.\"","*日本は 小さい* means \"Japan is small.\" *これは 大へん むずかしい* means \"This is very difficult.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.17","source":"日本語が できます。","translation":"I can speak Japanese.","reading":"にほんごができます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can speak"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.18","source":"よく わかります。","translation":"I understand it well.","reading":"よくわかります。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.19","source":"八時に はじまります。","translation":"It starts at eight o’clock.","reading":"はちじにはじまります。","words":[{"text":"八","gloss":"eight o’clock","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"eight o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"はじまり","gloss":"start"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.20","source":"何も 知りません。","translation":"I don’t know anything.","reading":"なにもしりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.21","source":"日本は 小さい。","translation":"Japan is small.","reading":"にほんはちいさい。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい。","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.22","source":"これは 大へん いい。","translation":"This is very good.","reading":"これはたいへんいい。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.23","source":"何も ありません。","translation":"There isn’t anything.","reading":"なにもありません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt1.24","source":"これは 大へん むずかしい。","translation":"This is very difficult.","reading":"これはたいへんむずかしい。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"むずかしい。","gloss":"difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt1.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"},{"word":"いい。","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"むずかしい。","gloss":"difficult"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing completed actions · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A past explanation","paragraphs":["*私は 二月に この学校に 来たんです* means \"I came to this school in February.\" The informal past *来た* comes before *N DESU*."]},{"title":"A past verb before a noun","paragraphs":["*これは やまださんが 書いた本です* means \"This is a book that Mr. Yamada wrote.\"","*書いた* is the informal past of the verb and directly modifies *本*. *昨日 来た人* similarly means \"the person who came yesterday.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.01","source":"私は 二月に この学校に 来たんです。","translation":"I came to this school in February.","reading":"わたくしはにがつにこのがっこうにきたんです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February","reading":"に"},{"text":"月","gloss":"February","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.02","source":"昨日 来た人は 私の ともだちです。","translation":"The person who came yesterday is my friend.","reading":"きのうきたひとはわたくしのともだちです。","words":[{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.03","source":"学校へ 子供を つれて 行ったんです。","translation":"I took my child to school.","reading":"がっこうへこどもをつれていったんです。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"take along","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.04","source":"その かん字は 前に ならったんですが、 今 おぼえていません。","translation":"I learned that kanji before, but I do not remember it now.","reading":"そのかんじはまえにならったんですが、いまおぼえていません。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"ならっ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"do not remember"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do not remember"},{"text":"い","gloss":"do not remember"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not remember"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.05","source":"私が 日本へ 行ったのは 四月でした。","translation":"It was in April that I went to Japan.","reading":"わたくしがにほんへいったのはしがつでした。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.06","source":"そのまどを あけた人は どなたですか。","translation":"Who opened that window?","reading":"そのまどをあけたひとはどなたですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どなた","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.07","source":"これは やまださんが 書いた本です。","translation":"This is a book that Mr. Yamada wrote.","reading":"これはやまださんがかいたほんです。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やまだ","gloss":"Yamada"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"write","reading":"かい"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.08","source":"あなたは ここへ 家ぞくを つれて来たんですか。","translation":"Did you bring your family here?","reading":"あなたはここへかぞくをつれてきたんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.09","source":"はい、 家ぞくを つれて 来ました。","translation":"Yes, I brought my family with me.","reading":"はい、かぞくをつれてきました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.10","source":"あなたは 日本語が 少し できますが、 日本に 居たんですか。","translation":"You speak a little Japanese; were you in Japan?","reading":"あなたはにほんごがすこしできますが、にほんにいたんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"でき","gloss":"can speak"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be there","reading":"い"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Past locations and action verbs · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Counting and naming years","paragraphs":["*はい、 三年 居ました* means \"Yes, I was there for three years.\" *NEN* counts years and also names a year.","*SAN-NEN* is \"three years or year three.\" *NAN-NEN* asks \"how many years or what year.\""]},{"title":"Another counter for years","paragraphs":["*はい、 三年 居ました* counts the duration with *NEN*. The same duration can use *SAN-KANEN*.","*KANEN* counts years and sometimes replaces *NEN*. *NAN-KANEN* asks \"how many years.\""]},{"title":"A completed action","paragraphs":["*あなたは 日本で 日本語を ならったんですか* means \"Did you learn Japanese in Japan?\"","*ならった* is the informal past before *N DESU*. The reply changes the location to *アメリカで*."]}],"lines":[{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.11","source":"はい、 三年 居ました。","translation":"Yes, I was there for three years.","reading":"はい、さんねんいました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three years","reading":"さん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"three years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be there","reading":"い"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.12","source":"あなたは 日本で 日本語を ならったんですか。","translation":"Did you learn Japanese in Japan?","reading":"あなたはにほんでにほんごをならったんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ならっ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.13","source":"いいえ、 アメリカで ならったんです。","translation":"No, I learned it in America.","reading":"いいえ、アメリカでならったんです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"America"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ならっ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.14","source":"さく","translation":"to bloom","reading":"さく","words":[{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.15","source":"はなす","translation":"to speak","reading":"はなす","words":[{"text":"はなす","gloss":"speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.16","source":"あそぶ","translation":"to play","reading":"あそぶ","words":[{"text":"あそぶ","gloss":"play"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.17","source":"はじまる","translation":"to begin","reading":"はじまる","words":[{"text":"はじまる","gloss":"begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.18","source":"思う","translation":"to think","reading":"おもう","words":[{"text":"思う","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.19","source":"できる","translation":"to be able to","reading":"できる","words":[{"text":"できる","gloss":"be able to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.20","source":"かぐ","translation":"to smell","reading":"かぐ","words":[{"text":"かぐ","gloss":"smell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.20.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"アメリカ","gloss":"America; U.S.A."},{"word":"あそぶ","gloss":"to play (v.i.)"},{"word":"思う","gloss":"to think"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Holding, reading, working and paying · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Actions with different endings","paragraphs":["*もつ* means \"to hold,\" *読む* means \"to read,\" and *はたらく* means \"to work.\"","The list also includes *こたえる*, *べんきょうする*, and *もって来る*. Their different endings provide varied informal past forms."]}],"lines":[{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.21","source":"もつ","translation":"to hold","reading":"もつ","words":[{"text":"もつ","gloss":"hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.22","source":"こたえる","translation":"to answer","reading":"こたえる","words":[{"text":"こたえる","gloss":"answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.23","source":"べんきょうする","translation":"to study","reading":"べんきょうする","words":[{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.23.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.24","source":"もって来る","translation":"to bring","reading":"もってくる","words":[{"text":"もっ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"bring","reading":"くる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.24.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.25","source":"読む","translation":"to read","reading":"よむ","words":[{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.25.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.26","source":"はたらく","translation":"to work","reading":"はたらく","words":[{"text":"はたらく","gloss":"work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.26.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.27","source":"つれて行く","translation":"to take along","reading":"つれていく","words":[{"text":"つれ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"take along","reading":"いく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.27.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt2.28","source":"はらう","translation":"to pay","reading":"はらう","words":[{"text":"はらう","gloss":"pay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt2.28.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こたえる","gloss":"to answer (v.i.)"},{"word":"はたらく","gloss":"to work (v.i.)"},{"word":"はらう","gloss":"to pay"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Linking contrasting descriptions · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"One description linked to another","paragraphs":["*アメリカは 大きくて、 日本は 小さいです* means \"America is large, and Japan is small.\"","*大きくて* is the I-adjective TE-ending. It links the first description to the contrasting description that follows."]},{"title":"Seasons and colours","paragraphs":["*秋は すずしくて、 冬は さむいです* means \"Fall is cool, and winter is cold.\"","*一つは しろくて、 もう一つは むらさきです* means \"One is white, and the other is purple.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 夏, 秋, 冬","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.m1","source":"春は あったかくて、 はなが たくさん さきます。","translation":"Spring is warm and many flowers bloom.","reading":"はるはあったかくて、はながたくさんさきます。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flowers"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.01","source":"アメリカは 大きくて、 日本は 小さいです。","translation":"America is large, and Japan is small.","reading":"アメリカはおおきくて、にほんはちいさいです。","words":[{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"America"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.02","source":"秋は すずしくて、 冬は さむいです。","translation":"Fall is cool, and winter is cold.","reading":"あきはすずしくて、ふゆはさむいです。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すずしく","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.03","source":"春は あったかくて、 夏は あついです。","translation":"Spring is warm, and summer is hot.","reading":"はるはあったかくて、なつはあついです。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.04","source":"そとは さむくて、 家の中は あついです。","translation":"It is cold outside, and it is hot inside the house.","reading":"そとはさむくて、いえのなかはあついです。","words":[{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむく","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.05","source":"四月は あたたかくて、 七月は あついです。","translation":"April is warm, and July is hot.","reading":"しがつはあたたかくて、しちがつはあついです。","words":[{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたたかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月","gloss":"July"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.06","source":"そこに えんぴつが 二本 ありますね。 どちらも 長いですか。","translation":"There are two pencils there, aren’t there? Are they both long?","reading":"そこにえんぴつがにほんありますね。どちらもながいですか。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"本","gloss":"two","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"どちら","gloss":"which"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.07","source":"いいえ、 あかいのは 長くて、 きいろいのは 短いです。","translation":"No, the red one is long, and the yellow one is short.","reading":"いいえ、あかいのはながくて、きいろいのはみじかいです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あかい","gloss":"red"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"long","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"きいろい","gloss":"yellow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"短い","gloss":"short","reading":"みじかい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.08","source":"その はなは どちらも しろいですか。","translation":"Are both of those flowers white?","reading":"そのはなはどちらもしろいですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flowers"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どちら","gloss":"which"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"しろい","gloss":"white"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.09","source":"いいえ、 一つは しろくて、 もう一つは むらさきです。","translation":"No, one is white, and the other is purple.","reading":"いいえ、ひとつはしろくて、もうひとつはむらさきです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しろく","gloss":"white"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"other"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むらさき","gloss":"purple"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"秋","gloss":"autumn, fall"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"どちら","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"あかい","gloss":"red"},{"word":"しろい","gloss":"white"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing people, cars and seasons · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Two seasons in one place","paragraphs":["*モンテレーは 夏は すずしくて、 冬は あったかいです* means \"Monterey is cool in summer and warm in winter.\"","*すずしくて* links the summer description to the winter description."]},{"title":"Descriptions before and after nouns","paragraphs":["*男の子は 大きいです* describes the boy with an I-adjective at the end.","*大てい 大きい じどうしゃは たかいです* places *大きい* before the noun and *たかいです* at the end."]}],"lines":[{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.10","source":"モンテレーは どんな ところですか。","translation":"What kind of place is Monterey?","reading":"モンテレーはどんなところですか。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.11","source":"モンテレーは 夏は すずしくて、 冬は あったかいです。","translation":"Monterey is cool in summer and warm in winter.","reading":"モンテレーはなつはすずしくて、ふゆはあったかいです。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すずしく","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.12","source":"男の子は 大きいです。","translation":"The boy is big.","reading":"おとこのこはおおきいです。","words":[{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.13","source":"女の子は 小さいです。","translation":"The girl is small.","reading":"おんなのこはちいさいです。","words":[{"text":"女の子","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.13.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.14","source":"あの子は いいです。","translation":"That child is good.","reading":"あのこはいいです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"子","gloss":"child","reading":"こ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.14.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.15","source":"私の子は わるいです。","translation":"My child is bad.","reading":"わたくしのこはわるいです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"子","gloss":"child","reading":"こ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わるい","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.15.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.16","source":"大てい 大きい じどうしゃは たかいです。","translation":"Large cars are usually expensive.","reading":"たいていおおきいじどうしゃはたかいです。","words":[{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.16.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.17","source":"小さい じどうしゃは やすいです。","translation":"Small cars are inexpensive.","reading":"ちいさいじどうしゃはやすいです。","words":[{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"inexpensive"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.17.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.18","source":"春は あったかいです。","translation":"Spring is warm.","reading":"はるはあったかいです。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.18.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt3.19","source":"秋は すずしいです。","translation":"Fall is cool.","reading":"あきはすずしいです。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt3.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"word":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"word":"女の子","gloss":"girl"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"わるい","gloss":"bad"},{"word":"やすい","gloss":"cheap"},{"word":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Emphasising adjective negatives · Pattern 4 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An emphasized negative","paragraphs":["*カーメルは 遠くはないんです* means \"Carmel is not far.\" The I-adjective takes its *く* form before *はない*.","*は* emphasizes the negative quality. *N DESU* then makes the explanation softer and less direct."]},{"title":"A reason after contrast","paragraphs":["*あまり よくは ないんですが、 やすいから 買ったんです* means the car is not very good, but its low price explains the purchase.","The first *N DESU* ends in *が* for contrast. The second presents the purchase as a softened explanation."]}],"lines":[{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.01","source":"カーメルは 遠くはないんです。","translation":"Carmel is not far.","reading":"カーメルはとおくはないんです。","words":[{"text":"カーメル","gloss":"Carmel"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"遠く","gloss":"far","reading":"とおく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.02","source":"あまり たかくない 本","translation":"The book which is not too expensive.","reading":"あまりたかくないほん","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"たかく","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.03","source":"この はなは あかくは ないんです。","translation":"This flower is not red.","reading":"このはなはあかくはないんです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flower"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あかく","gloss":"red"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.04","source":"あの とりは 大きくは ないんです。","translation":"That bird is not big.","reading":"あのとりはおおきくはないんです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"とり","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.05","source":"この れんしゅう もんだいは やさしくは ないんです。","translation":"This exercise is not easy.","reading":"このれんしゅうもんだいはやさしくはないんです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"れんしゅう","gloss":"exercise"},{"text":"もんだい","gloss":"problem"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やさしく","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.05.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.06","source":"私の たべない ものは ないんです。","translation":"There is nothing I do not eat.","reading":"わたくしのたべないものはないんです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.07","source":"あなたの じどうしゃは いいですね。","translation":"Your car is nice, isn’t it?","reading":"あなたのじどうしゃはいいですね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.08","source":"あまり よくは ないんですが、 やすいから 買ったんです。","translation":"It is not very good, but I bought it because it was inexpensive.","reading":"あまりよくはないんですが、やすいからかったんです。","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"inexpensive"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"れんしゅう","gloss":"practice, drill"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Giving reasons with negatives · Pattern 4 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A negative reason","paragraphs":["*サリナスは あまり 遠くないから、 まいしゅう 土曜日に 行きます* means Salinas is not very far, so the speaker goes every Saturday.","The negative *遠くない* comes before *から* and gives the reason for the action."]},{"title":"A negative before a noun","paragraphs":["*あまり むずかしくない もんだいが たくさん ありましたから* means \"Because there were many problems that were not very difficult.\"","*むずかしくない* directly modifies *もんだい*. The final *から* marks the whole statement as the reason."]}],"lines":[{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.09","source":"あなたは サリナスへ 行きますか。","translation":"Do you go to Salinas?","reading":"あなたはサリナスへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"サリナス","gloss":"Salinas"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.10","source":"はい、 サリナスは あまり 遠くないから、 まいしゅう 土曜日に 行きます。","translation":"Yes, Salinas is not very far, so I go there every Saturday.","reading":"はい、サリナスはあまりとおくないから、まいしゅうどようびにいきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"サリナス","gloss":"Salinas"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"遠く","gloss":"far","reading":"とおく"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"every week"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"every week"},{"text":"土曜","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"どよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"び"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.11","source":"あなたは はやく べんきょうを おわりましたね。","translation":"You finished studying early, didn’t you?","reading":"あなたははやくべんきょうをおわりましたね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"early"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"studying"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おわり","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.11.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.12","source":"はい、 あまり むずかしくない もんだいが たくさん ありましたから。","translation":"Yes, because there were many problems that were not very difficult.","reading":"はい、あまりむずかしくないもんだいがたくさんありましたから。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"もんだい","gloss":"problems"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たくさん","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.12.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.13","source":"あたたかい","translation":"warm","reading":"あたたかい","words":[{"text":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.13.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.14","source":"すずしい","translation":"cool","reading":"すずしい","words":[{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.14.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.15","source":"さむい","translation":"cold","reading":"さむい","words":[{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.15.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.16","source":"あつい","translation":"hot","reading":"あつい","words":[{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しゅう","gloss":"state"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Adjectives for qualities and speed · Pattern 4 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Qualities for description","paragraphs":["*ひろい* is \"wide,\" *たかい* is \"high,\" and *やさしい* is \"easy.\"","*かるい* is \"light,\" *はやい* is \"fast,\" and *あたらしい* is \"new.\" These words cover weight, speed, and newness."]}],"lines":[{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.17","source":"ひろい","translation":"wide","reading":"ひろい","words":[{"text":"ひろい","gloss":"wide"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.17.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.18","source":"やさしい","translation":"easy","reading":"やさしい","words":[{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.18.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.19","source":"たかい","translation":"high","reading":"たかい","words":[{"text":"たかい","gloss":"high"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.19.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.20","source":"かるい","translation":"light","reading":"かるい","words":[{"text":"かるい","gloss":"light"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.20.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.21","source":"はやい","translation":"fast","reading":"はやい","words":[{"text":"はやい","gloss":"fast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.21.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L025.pt4.22","source":"あたらしい","translation":"new","reading":"あたらしい","words":[{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.pt4.22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ひろい","gloss":"wide"},{"word":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"word":"かるい","gloss":"light"},{"word":"はやい","gloss":"fast, quick, early"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Months and winter into spring · Reading Selection 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Twelve named months","paragraphs":["*一年には 十二か月 あります* says that one year has twelve months. The counter *KAGETSU* counts their number.","*一月で、 しょう月とも 言います* identifies the first month as January and gives its other name."]},{"title":"Winter and spring","paragraphs":["*十二月、 一月、 二月は 冬で* groups December, January, and February as winter.","*三月、 四月、 五月は 春です* groups March, April, and May as spring. These month names use the *GATSU* counter."]}],"lines":[{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.001","source":"一年には 十二か月 あります。","translation":"There are twelve months in one year.","reading":"いちねんにはじゅうにかげつあります。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve","reading":"に"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.002","source":"さいしょの月は","translation":"The first month is","reading":"さいしょのつきは","words":[{"text":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"つき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.003","source":"一月で、 しょう月とも 言います。","translation":"January, which is also called SHŌGATSU.","reading":"いちがつで、しょうがつともいいます。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"New Year"},{"text":"月","gloss":"New Year","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.004","source":"さい後の月は 十二月","translation":"The last month is December","reading":"さいごのつきはじゅうにがつ","words":[{"text":"さい後","gloss":"last"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"つき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月","gloss":"December"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.005","source":"です。","translation":"It is.","reading":"です。","words":[{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.006","source":"十二月、 一月、 二月は 冬で、 あるところは 大へん","translation":"December, January, and February are winter, and in some places it is very","reading":"じゅうにがつ、いちがつ、にがつはふゆで、あるところはたいへん","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"December"},{"text":"二","gloss":"December"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"December"},{"text":"一","gloss":"January"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"January"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February"},{"text":"月","gloss":"February"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"places"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.007","source":"さむいです。","translation":"cold.","reading":"さむいです。","words":[{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.008","source":"三月、 四月、 五月は 春です。","translation":"March, April, and May are spring.","reading":"さんがつ、しがつ、ごがつははるです。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"March"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"March"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"April"},{"text":"五","gloss":"May"},{"text":"月","gloss":"May"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"る"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Seasons and upcoming Japan travel · Reading Selection 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Spring through autumn","paragraphs":["*三月は まだ 少し さむくて、 はなが さくのは 大てい 四月です* links March cold with flowers usually blooming in April.","The passage then groups *六月、 七月、 八月* as summer and *九月、 十月、 十一月* as autumn."]},{"title":"Travel next month","paragraphs":["*私は 来月 家ぞくを つれて 日本へ 行くのです* means \"I am going to Japan with my family next month.\"","The informal *行く* comes before *NO DESU*, which presents the plan as a softened explanation."]}],"lines":[{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.009","source":"春は","translation":"Spring","reading":"はるは","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.010","source":"あったかいですが、 三月は まだ 少し さむくて、 はなが","translation":"is warm, but March is still a little cold, and the flowers","reading":"あったかいですが、さんがつはまだすこしさむくて、はなが","words":[{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"さむく","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"flowers"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.011","source":"さくのは 大てい 四月です。","translation":"usually bloom in April.","reading":"さくのはたいていしがつです。","words":[{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.012","source":"六月、 七月、 八月は 夏です。","translation":"June, July, and August are summer.","reading":"ろくがつ、しちがつ、はちがつはなつです。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"June"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"June"},{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"July"},{"text":"八","gloss":"August"},{"text":"月","gloss":"August"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.013","source":"夏になると、 あついです。","translation":"When summer comes, it is hot.","reading":"なつになると、あついです。","words":[{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.014","source":"九月、 十月、 十一月は 秋です。","translation":"September, October, and November are fall.","reading":"くがつ、じゅうがつ、じゅういちがつはあきです。","words":[{"text":"九","gloss":"September"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"September"},{"text":"十","gloss":"October"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"October"},{"text":"十","gloss":"November"},{"text":"一","gloss":"November"},{"text":"月","gloss":"November"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.015","source":"私は 来月 家ぞくを つれて 日本へ 行くのです。","translation":"I am going to Japan with my family next month.","reading":"わたくしはらいげつかぞくをつれてにほんへいくのです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.016","source":"サンフランシスコから ひこうきで 行くと 十四時間ぐらい","translation":"It takes about fourteen hours to go by plane from San Francisco,","reading":"サンフランシスコからひこうきでいくとじゅうよじかんぐらい","words":[{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ひ","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"こうき","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteen"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"来月","gloss":"next month"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Distance and family travel · Reading Selection 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Japan is not close","paragraphs":["*日本は 近くは ないのです* means \"Japan is not close.\" The I-adjective takes its *く* form before *は ない*.","*五千マイル ぐらい 遠いところです* gives the approximate distance as five thousand miles."]},{"title":"The time of an earlier trip","paragraphs":["*私は 前に 日本に 行った時には* means \"When I went to Japan before.\"","*行った* is the informal past before *時*. The following line explains that a baby was the reason the family did not go."]}],"lines":[{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.017","source":"かかりますが、 日本は 近くは ないのです。","translation":"but Japan is not close.","reading":"かかりますが、にほんはちかくはないのです。","words":[{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.018","source":"五千マイル","translation":"Five thousand miles","reading":"ごせんマイル","words":[{"text":"五千","gloss":"five thousand","reading":"ごせん"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.019","source":"ぐらい 遠いところです。","translation":"is about how far away it is.","reading":"ぐらいとおいところです。","words":[{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"distance"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.020","source":"私は 前に 日本に 行った時には、","translation":"When I went to Japan before,","reading":"わたくしはまえににほんにいったときには、","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.021","source":"あかんぼうが あったから 家ぞくを つれて 行きませんでした。","translation":"I did not take my family because we had a baby.","reading":"あかんぼうがあったからかぞくをつれていきませんでした。","words":[{"text":"あかんぼう","gloss":"baby"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.021.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L025.rd.022","source":"こんどは 家ないは 日本に 行って、 日本語を べんきょうすると","translation":"This time, my wife says she will go to Japan and study Japanese","reading":"こんどはかないはにほんにいって、にほんごをべんきょうすると","words":[{"text":"こんど","gloss":"this time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"wife","reading":"か"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.rd.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"五千","gloss":"5,000"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"あかんぼう","gloss":"baby"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about months and seasons · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Months within the seasons","paragraphs":["The questions ask for the number and names of months within a year and its seasons.","*一年には 何か月 ありますか* means \"How many months are there in one year?\" An answer gives a number with *KAGETSU*.","*夏は 何月から 何月までですか* asks for the first and last month of summer. An answer gives month names with *GATSU*."]}],"lines":[{"number":183,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.001","source":"秋は すずしいです。","translation":"Fall is cool.","reading":"あきはすずしいです。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.001.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.002","source":"言っています。","translation":"She says so.","reading":"いっています。","words":[{"text":"言っ","gloss":"says so","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"says so"},{"text":"い","gloss":"says so"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"says so"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.002.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.003","source":"一年には 何か月 ありますか。","translation":"How many months are there in one year?","reading":"いちねんにはなんかげつありますか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many months","reading":"なん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"how many months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.003.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.004","source":"一月は しょう月とも 言いますか。","translation":"Is January also called SHŌGATSU?","reading":"いちがつはしょうがつともいいますか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"New Year"},{"text":"月","gloss":"New Year","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.004.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.005","source":"冬は いつですか。","translation":"When is winter?","reading":"ふゆはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.005.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.006","source":"いつ さむいですか。","translation":"When is it cold?","reading":"いつさむいですか。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.006.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.007","source":"三月、 四月、 五月は 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What are March, April, and May called?","reading":"さんがつ、しがつ、ごがつはなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"March"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"March"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"April"},{"text":"五","gloss":"May"},{"text":"月","gloss":"May"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.007.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.008","source":"夏は 何月から 何月までですか。","translation":"From what month to what month is summer?","reading":"なつはなんがつからなんがつまでですか。","words":[{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.008.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.009","source":"あたたかいのは いつですか。","translation":"When is it warm?","reading":"あたたかいのはいつですか。","words":[{"text":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.009.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about seasons and Japan · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Seasons and travel details","paragraphs":["The questions ask when flowers bloom, where the family travels, how long the trip takes, and why an earlier trip differed.","*さくらの はなが さくのは 大てい 何月ですか* means \"What month do the cherry blossoms usually bloom?\" An answer names a calendar month.","*前に 私の 家ないは なぜ 日本へ 行きませんでしたか* asks for a reason. An answer states why the wife did not go."]}],"lines":[{"number":192,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.010","source":"夏の つぎに 来るのは 秋ですか、 冬ですか。","translation":"Does fall or winter come after summer?","reading":"なつのつぎにくるのはあきですか、ふゆですか。","words":[{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"つぎ","gloss":"next"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.010.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.011","source":"三月には あたたかく なりますか。","translation":"Does it get warm in March?","reading":"さんがつにはあたたかくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたたかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.011.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.012","source":"さくらの はなが さくのは 大てい 何月ですか。","translation":"What month do the cherry blossoms usually bloom?","reading":"さくらのはながさくのはたいていなんがつですか。","words":[{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"はな","gloss":"blossoms"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.012.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.013","source":"私は 来月 どこへ 行きますか。","translation":"Where am I going next month?","reading":"わたくしはらいげつどこへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.013.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.014","source":"ひこうきで 行くと、 日本まで 何時間ぐらい かかりますか。","translation":"If you go by plane, about how many hours does it take to get to Japan?","reading":"ひこうきでいくと、にほんまでなんじかんぐらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"ひこ","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"うきで","gloss":"airplane"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.014.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.015","source":"サンフランシスコ から 日本まで 何マイル ぐらい ありますか。","translation":"About how many miles is it from San Francisco to Japan?","reading":"サンフランシスコからにほんまでなんマイルぐらいありますか。","words":[{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.015.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.016","source":"前に 私の 家ないは なぜ 日本へ 行きませんでしたか。","translation":"Why did my wife not go to Japan before?","reading":"まえにわたくしのかないはなぜにほんへいきませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"wife","reading":"か"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.016.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"ja.dli.L025.q.017","source":"家ないは 日本へ 行って 何を しますか。","translation":"What will my wife do when she goes to Japan?","reading":"かないはにほんへいってなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"家","gloss":"wife","reading":"か"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.q.017.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つぎ","gloss":"next"},{"word":"さくら","gloss":"cherry (flower)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Months January through September · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The first eleven calendar months","paragraphs":["The entries begin with *年*, \"year,\" then name calendar months from *一月*, \"January,\" through *十一月*, \"November.\"","Each month name combines a numeral with the *GATSU* counter. The readings include *四月* for April and *九月* for September."]}],"lines":[{"number":200,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.001","source":"年","translation":"year (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"ねん","words":[{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.001.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.002","source":"一月","translation":"January","reading":"いちがつ","words":[{"text":"一月","gloss":"January","reading":"いちがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.002.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.003","source":"二月","translation":"February","reading":"にがつ","words":[{"text":"二月","gloss":"February","reading":"にがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.003.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.004","source":"三月","translation":"March","reading":"さんがつ","words":[{"text":"三月","gloss":"March","reading":"さんがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.004.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.005","source":"四月","translation":"April","reading":"しがつ","words":[{"text":"四月","gloss":"April","reading":"しがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.005.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.006","source":"五月","translation":"May","reading":"ごがつ","words":[{"text":"五月","gloss":"May","reading":"ごがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.006.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.007","source":"六月","translation":"June","reading":"ろくがつ","words":[{"text":"六月","gloss":"June","reading":"ろくがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.007.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.008","source":"七月","translation":"July","reading":"しちがつ","words":[{"text":"七月","gloss":"July","reading":"しちがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.008.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.009","source":"八月","translation":"August","reading":"はちがつ","words":[{"text":"八月","gloss":"August","reading":"はちがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.009.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.010","source":"九月","translation":"September","reading":"くがつ","words":[{"text":"九月","gloss":"September","reading":"くがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.010.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.011","source":"十月","translation":"October","reading":"じゅうがつ","words":[{"text":"十月","gloss":"October","reading":"じゅうがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.011.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.012","source":"十一月","translation":"November","reading":"じゅういちがつ","words":[{"text":"十一月","gloss":"November","reading":"じゅういちがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一月","gloss":"January"},{"word":"二月","gloss":"February"},{"word":"三月","gloss":"March"},{"word":"四月","gloss":"April"},{"word":"五月","gloss":"May"},{"word":"六月","gloss":"June"},{"word":"七月","gloss":"July"},{"word":"八月","gloss":"August"},{"word":"九月","gloss":"September"},{"word":"十月","gloss":"October"},{"word":"十一月","gloss":"November"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Relative months and seasons · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Relative months and seasons","paragraphs":["*今月* is \"this month,\" *来月* is \"next month,\" and *先月* is \"last month.\" The other entries extend this sequence in both directions.","The same group includes *十二月*, \"December,\" and the four seasons from *春*, \"spring,\" through *冬*, \"winter.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":212,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.013","source":"十二月","translation":"December","reading":"じゅうにがつ","words":[{"text":"十二月","gloss":"December","reading":"じゅうにがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.013.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.014","source":"月","translation":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"つき","words":[{"text":"月","gloss":"moon; month","reading":"つき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.014.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.015","source":"しょう月","translation":"January, New Year’s Day","reading":"しょうがつ","words":[{"text":"しょう月","gloss":"New Year's Day","reading":"しょうがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.015.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.016","source":"今月","translation":"this month","reading":"こんげつ","words":[{"text":"今月","gloss":"this month","reading":"こんげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.016.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.017","source":"来月","translation":"next month","reading":"らいげつ","words":[{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.017.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.018","source":"さ来月","translation":"the month after next","reading":"さらいげつ","words":[{"text":"さ来月","gloss":"month after next","reading":"さらいげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.018.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.019","source":"先月","translation":"last month","reading":"せんげつ","words":[{"text":"先月","gloss":"last month","reading":"せんげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.019.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.020","source":"先々月","translation":"the month before last","reading":"せんせんげつ","words":[{"text":"先々月","gloss":"month before last","reading":"せんせんげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.020.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.021","source":"春","translation":"spring","reading":"はる","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.021.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.022","source":"夏","translation":"summer","reading":"なつ","words":[{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.022.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.023","source":"秋","translation":"autumn, fall","reading":"あき","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"fall","reading":"あき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.023.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.024","source":"冬","translation":"winter","reading":"ふゆ","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"十二月","gloss":"December"},{"word":"しょう月","gloss":"January, New Year’s Day"},{"word":"さ来月","gloss":"the month after next"},{"word":"先々月","gloss":"the month before last"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Weather and travel expressions · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Weather, travel, and months","paragraphs":["*あたたかい* and *あったかい* both mean \"warm.\" The other weather words mean \"hot,\" \"cool,\" and \"cold.\"","*つれて来る* means \"to bring\" and applies to animate beings. *何か月* asks \"how many months.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":224,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.025","source":"つぎ","translation":"next","reading":"つぎ","words":[{"text":"つぎ","gloss":"next"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.025.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.026","source":"さく","translation":"to bloom (v.i.)","reading":"さく","words":[{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.026.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.027","source":"つれて来る","translation":"to bring (animate beings only)","reading":"つれてくる","words":[{"text":"つれて来る","gloss":"bring someone","reading":"つれてくる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.027.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.028","source":"つれて行く","translation":"to take along (animate beings only)","reading":"つれていく","words":[{"text":"つれて行く","gloss":"take someone along","reading":"つれていく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.028.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.029","source":"あたたかい","translation":"warm","reading":"あたたかい","words":[{"text":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.029.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.030","source":"あったかい","translation":"warm","reading":"あったかい","words":[{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.030.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.031","source":"あつい","translation":"hot","reading":"あつい","words":[{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.031.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.032","source":"すずしい","translation":"cool","reading":"すずしい","words":[{"text":"すずしい","gloss":"cool"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.032.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.033","source":"さむい","translation":"cold","reading":"さむい","words":[{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.033.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.034","source":"大へん","translation":"very","reading":"たいへん","words":[{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.034.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.035","source":"何か月","translation":"How many months? (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"なんかげつ","words":[{"text":"何か月","gloss":"how many months","reading":"なんかげつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.035.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.036","source":"何月","translation":"what month?","reading":"なんがつ","words":[{"text":"何月","gloss":"what month","reading":"なんがつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つれて来る","gloss":"to bring (animate beings only)"},{"word":"つれて行く","gloss":"to take along (animate beings only)"},{"word":"何か月","gloss":"How many months? (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"何月","gloss":"what month?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Months, seasons and temperatures · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Relative months and seasons","paragraphs":["*今月は 四月です* means \"This month is April.\" *先月は 三月でした* means \"Last month was March.\"","*夏は 六月、 七月、 八月で、 大へん あついです* groups the summer months and describes them as very hot.","*冬には 大へん さむいです* means \"In winter, it is very cold.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":236,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.037","source":"--んです","translation":"it’s --- (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--んです","words":[{"text":"--んです","gloss":"it is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.037.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.038","source":"さむく(は)ない","translation":"not cold (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"さむく(は)ない","words":[{"text":"さむく(は)ない","gloss":"not cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.038.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.039","source":"今月は 四月です。","translation":"This month is April.","reading":"こんげつはしがつです。","words":[{"text":"今月は四月です。","gloss":"This month is April","reading":"こんげつはしがつです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.039.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.040","source":"来月は 五月です。","translation":"Next month is May.","reading":"らいげつはごがつです。","words":[{"text":"来月は五月です。","gloss":"Next month is May","reading":"らいげつはごがつです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.040.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.041","source":"さ来月は 六月です。","translation":"The month after next is June.","reading":"さらいげつはろくがつです。","words":[{"text":"さ来月は六月です。","gloss":"Month after next: June","reading":"さらいげつはろくがつです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.041.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.042","source":"先月は 三月でした。","translation":"Last month was March.","reading":"せんげつはさんがつでした。","words":[{"text":"先月は三月でした。","gloss":"Last month was March","reading":"せんげつはさんがつでした。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.042.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.043","source":"先々月は 二月でした。","translation":"The month before last was February.","reading":"せんせんげつはにがつでした。","words":[{"text":"先々月は二月でした。","gloss":"Month before last: February","reading":"せんせんげつはにがつでした。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.043.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.044","source":"夏は 六月、 七月、 八月で、 大へん あついです。","translation":"Summer is June, July, August and it's very hot.","reading":"なつはろくがつ、しちがつ、はちがつで、たいへんあついです。","words":[{"text":"夏は六月、七月、八月で、大へんあついです。","gloss":"Summer is very hot","reading":"なつはろくがつ、しちがつ、はちがつで、たいへんあついです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.044.m4a"},{"number":244,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.045","source":"秋になると、 すずしく なります。","translation":"It gets cool when it becomes autumn.","reading":"あきになると、すずしくなります。","words":[{"text":"秋になると、すずしくなります。","gloss":"Autumn becomes cool","reading":"あきになると、すずしくなります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.045.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.046","source":"冬には 大へん さむいです。","translation":"In winter, it's very cold.","reading":"ふゆにはたいへんさむいです。","words":[{"text":"冬には大へんさむいです。","gloss":"Winter is very cold","reading":"ふゆにはたいへんさむいです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.046.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.047","source":"秋は 冬の 前に 来ます。","translation":"Autumn comes before winter.","reading":"あきはふゆのまえにきます。","words":[{"text":"秋は冬の前に来ます。","gloss":"Autumn comes before winter","reading":"あきはふゆのまえにきます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.047.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"ja.dli.L025.w.048","source":"冬は 秋の つぎに 来ます。","translation":"Winter comes after autumn.","reading":"ふゆはあきのつぎにきます。","words":[{"text":"冬は秋のつぎに来ます。","gloss":"Winter comes after autumn","reading":"ふゆはあきのつぎにきます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L025.w.048.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--んです","gloss":"it’s --- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"さむく(は)ない","gloss":"not cold (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"今月は四月です。","gloss":"\"This month is April.\""},{"word":"来月は五月です。","gloss":"\"Next month is May.\""},{"word":"さ来月は六月です。","gloss":"\"The month after next is June.\""},{"word":"先月は三月でした。","gloss":"\"Last month was March.\""},{"word":"先々月は二月でした。","gloss":"\"The month before last was February.\""},{"word":"夏は六月、七月、八月で、大へんあついです。","gloss":"\"Summer is June, July, August and it's very hot.\""},{"word":"秋になると、すずしくなります。","gloss":"\"It gets cool when it becomes autumn.\""},{"word":"冬には大へんさむいです。","gloss":"\"In winter, it's very cold.\""},{"word":"秋は冬の前に来ます。","gloss":"\"Autumn comes before winter.\""},{"word":"冬は秋のつぎに来ます。","gloss":"\"Winter comes after autumn.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}