{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L027","title":"Lesson 27","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 27: predicting spring weather and blossoms · dialogue 1 of 4, predicting the rainy season · dialogue 2 of 4, summer heat and flower viewing · dialogue 3 of 4, planning a flower-viewing outing · dialogue 4 of 4, predicting events and conditions · pattern 1 1 of 3, asking about likely outcomes · pattern 1 2 of 3, everyday verbs in plain forms · pattern 1 3 of 3, making offers and suggestions · pattern 2 1 of 3, accepting invitations and offers · pattern 2 2 of 3, everyday actions and clothing · pattern 2 3 of 3, conditions involving rain and study · pattern 3 1 of 2, conditions involving home and blossoms · pattern 3 2 of 2, going places for a purpose · pattern 4 1 of 2, coming and going for purposes · pattern 4 2 of 2, spring blossoms and flower viewing · reading selection 1 of 3, rainy season and summer escapes · reading selection 2 of 3, autumn leaves and winter skiing · reading selection 3 of 3, asking about spring in japan · questions 1 of 2, asking about later seasonal changes · questions 2 of 2, seasons, outdoor activities and weather verbs · word list 2 of 4, degree and time adverbs · word list 3 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/27","lines":182},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/26","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/28","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Predicting spring weather and blossoms · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Spring gets warmer","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss warmer spring weather and the arrival of cherry blossoms. *ずい分 あったかく なりましたね* means \"It has become very warm, hasn't it?\""]},{"title":"A probable result","paragraphs":["*三月には まだ さかないでしょう* means \"They probably won't bloom in March.\" The form *でしょう* presents the speaker's prediction as probable."]},{"title":"Kanji: 花, 天, 気","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.001","source":"ずい分 あったかく なりましたね。","translation":"It has become very warm, hasn't it?","reading":"ずいぶんあったかくなりましたね。","words":[{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 もう 三月ですから、 これから だんだん あったかく なります。","translation":"Yes. It's already March, so from now on it will gradually get warmer.","reading":"ええ、もうさんがつですから、これからだんだんあったかくなります。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"now"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"だんだん","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.003","source":"では、 もう さくらの 花が さきますね。","translation":"Then, cherry blossoms will soon bloom, won't they?","reading":"では、もうさくらのはながさきますね。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"cherry blossom"},{"text":"花","gloss":"blossom","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.004","source":"三月には まだ さかないでしょう。","translation":"They probably won't bloom in March.","reading":"さんがつにはまださかないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still not"},{"text":"さか","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.005","source":"春に なると、 天気が よくなりますが、 いつ頃 まで この よい 天気が つづきますか。","translation":"When it becomes spring, the weather becomes good, but till about when will this good weather last?","reading":"はるになると、てんきがよくなりますが、いつごろまでこのよいてんきがつづきますか。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つづき","gloss":"last"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Inflections of DESU\n\nThe copula DESU is a unique word in Japanese and it is inflected as follows:\n\nName of form | Form\nBasic form | DESU\nConjectural form | DESHOO\nTA form | DESHITA\n\nDESU\n\nSeveral uses of the basic form DESU have been introduced. Thus:\n\nIt may be preceded by a substantive (noun or pronoun), e.g.,\n\nKORE WA HON DESU. \"This is a book.\"\n\nKORE WA TAIHEN KIREI DESU. \"This is very pretty.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by an I-adjective, e.g.,\n\nFUYU WA SAMUI DESU. \"The winter is cold.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by -NAI, which is the informal equivalent of -MASEN, e.g.,\n\nWAKARANAI DESU. \"I don't understand.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by N(O) 'matter,' e.g.,\n\nKORE WA CHIISAI N DESU. \"This is small.\"\n\nSHIRANAI N DESU. \"I don't know.\"\n\nSHITTE IRU N DESU. \"I know.\"\n\nSHITTE ITA N DESU. \"I knew.\"\n\nIt may follow certain particles, e.g.,\n\nNIPPON KARA DESU. \"It's from Japan.\"\n\nJUUICHI-JI MADE DESU. \"It's till 11:00 o'clock.\"\n\nDESHITA\n\nDESHITA is the past tense of DESU, and its several uses have also been introduced. Thus:\n\nIt may be preceded by a substantive (noun or pronoun), e.g.,\n\nKORE WA HON DESHITA. \"This was a book.\"\n\nKORE WA TAIHEN KIREI DESHITA. \"This was very pretty.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by an I-adjective, e.g.,\n\nKINOO WA SAMUI DESHITA. \"It was cold yesterday.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by -MASEN, e.g.,\n\nWAKARIMASEN DESHITA. \"I didn't understand.\"\n\nThe construction WAKARANAI DESHITA is used by some, but it is not a common expression.\n\nIt may be preceded by certain particles, e.g.,\n\nNIPPON KARA DESHITA. \"It was from Japan.\"\n\nDESHOO\n\nDESHOO is the conjectural form of the copula DESU, and it is less positive and less direct equivalent of DESU, and so it infers the speaker's conjecture or guess.\n\nIt may be preceded by a substantive (noun or pronoun), e.g.,\n\nANO KATA WA SENSEI DESHOO. \"He's probably a teacher.\" or \"I think he's a teacher.\"\n\nANO UCHI WA KIREI DESHOO. \"That house is probably clean.\" or \"I guess that house is clean.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by the informal form of an I-adjective or a verb, e.g.,\n\nTOOKYOO NO FUYU WA SAMUI DESHOO. \"The winter in Tokyo is probably cold.\" or \"I guess it's cold in the winter in Tokyo.\"\n\nASHITA WA SAMUI DESHOO. \"It will probably be cold tomorrow.\" or \"I think it will be cold tomorrow.\"\n\nMAINICHI WA IKANAI DESHOO. \"He probably doesn't go everyday.\" or \"I guess he doesn't go everyday.\" or \"I don't think he goes everyday.\"\n\nRAISHUU WA IKANAI DESHOO. \"He probably won't go next week.\" or \"I think he'll not go next week.\" or \"I don't think he'll go next week.\"\n\nMAINICHI IKU DESHOO. \"He probably goes everyday.\" or \"I think he goes everyday.\"\n\nRAISHUU IKU DESHOO. \"He'll probably go next week.\" or \"I think he'll go next week.\"\n\nIMA TABETE IRU DESHOO. \"He's probably eating now.\" or \"I think he's eating now.\"\n\nTABETA DESHOO. \"He probably ate.\" or \"I think he ate.\"\n\nMOO TABETA DESHOO. \"He's probably eaten already.\" or \"I think he's eaten already.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by N(O) 'matter,' e.g.,\n\nCHIISAI N DESHOO. \"It's probably small.\" or \"I think it's small.\"\n\nIKANAI N DESHOO. \"He probably doesn't go.\" or \"He probably won't go.\"\n\nIKU N DESHOO. \"He probably goes.\" or \"He'll probably go.\"\n\nTABETE IRU N DESHOO. \"He's probably eating.\"\n\nTABETA N DESHOO. \"He probably ate.\"\n\nIt may be preceded by certain particles, e.g.,\n\nNIPPON KARA DESHOO. \"It's probably from Japan.\"\n\nIn questions, the less direct DESHOO is a little more polite than DESU. Compare the following two questions:\n\nNAN DESU KA? \"What is it?\"\n\nNAN DESHOO KA? \"What would it be?\" or \"I wonder what it is.\"\n\nDESHOO? in sentence final position with a high rising intonation indicates that the sentence is a question and it calls for an answer from the person spoken to, e.g.,\n\nBOOSHI DESHOO? \"It's a hat, isn't it?\"\n\nHAI, SOO DESU. \"Yes, that's right.\""},{"section":2,"text":"-MASHOO\n\nThe ending -MASU is used to construct polite, formal verbs, and each of it's inflected forms is used only when tacked to the conjunctive ending of verbs. It is inflected as follows:\n\nName of form | Form\nNegative form | -MASEN\nBasic form | -MASU\nConditional form | -MASUREBA or -MASEBA\nImperative form | -MASE or -MASHI\nConjectural form | -MASHOO\nTE form | -MASHITE\nTA form | -MASHITA\n\n-MASHOO\n\nFollowing the conjunctive ending of verbs, the conjectural form -MASHOO adds several meanings to the verbs.\n\nInvitation \"Let's do so-and-so.\"\n\nOne meaning of the -MASHOO form is an invitation. It corresponds to the English rhetorical question \"let's do so-and-so.\"\n\nExamples:\n\nKAERIMASHOO. Let's go home.\n\nTABEMASHOO. Let's eat.\n\nSHIMASHOO. Let's do it.\n\nMATA KIMASHOO. Let's come again.\n\nSuggestion \"Shall we do so-and-so?\"\n\nThe -MASHOO form plus the question particle KA is a suggestion. It corresponds to the English question \"shall we do so-and-so?\"\n\nExamples:\n\nKAERIMASHOO KA. Shall we go home?\n\nEE, KAERIMASHOO. Yes, let's go home.\n\nTABEMASHOO KA. Shall we eat?\n\nEE, TABEMASHOO. Yes, let's eat.\n\nSHIMASHOO KA. Shall we do it?\n\nEE, SHIMASHOO. Yes, let's do it.\n\nMATA KIMASHOO KA. Shall we come again?\n\nEE, MATA KIMASHOO. Yes, let's come again.\n\nOffer \"Shall I do so-and-so?\"\n\nA question ending in -MASHOO KA may also mean an offer which corresponds to the English question \"shall I do so-and-so?\" Only the context determines whether the question means a suggestion \"shall we do so-and-so?\" or an offer \"shall I do so-and so?\"\n\nMADO O AKEMASHOO KA. \"Shall I open the window?\"\n\nEE, AKETE KUDASAI. \"Yes, please open it.\"\n\n(WATAKUSHI GA) IKIMASHOO KA. \"Shall I go?\"\n\nEE, ITTE KUDASAI. \"Yes, please go.\"\n\nIntention \"I guess I'll do so-and-so.\"\n\nDepending on the context, the -MASHOO form is also used as the less positive and less direct equivalent of -MASU to indicate an intention of the speaker (the first person, singular) with the meaning \"I guess I'll do so-and-so.\"\n\nExamples:\n\nKYOO WA HAYAKU KAERIMASU. \"I'll go home early today.\"\n\nKYOO WA HAYAKU KAERIMASHOO. \"I guess I'll go home early today.\"\n\nDEWA, ASHITA IKIMASU. \"Then, I'll go tomorrow.\"\n\nDEWA, ASHITA IKIMASHOO. \"Then, I guess I'll go tomorrow.\""},{"section":3,"text":"Subjects of dependent clauses\n\nGA is used for the subject of a dependent clause, and WA is used for the subject of a main clause.\n\nConclusive ending plus TO 'if' or 'when':\n\nAME GA FURU TO MICHI GA WARUKU NARIMASU. \"If it rains, the road becomes bad.\"\n\nTE-ending of a verb plus KARA 'after ---':\n\nKODOMOTACHI GA KAETTE KARA, YUUHAN O TABEMASU. \"After our children come home, we eat supper.\"\n\nClause plus KARA 'because':\n\nAME GA FUTTE IRU KARA, UCHI NI IMASU. \"Because it's raining, I'm home.\"\n\nAdjectival clause plus TOKI 'when':\n\nAME GA FURU TOKI NI WA, JIDOOSHA DE IKIMASU. \"When it rains, I go by car.\" or\n\nAME NO FURU TOKI NI WA JIDOOSHA DE IKIMASU. \"When it rains, I go by car.\"\n\nNote that the subject of a dependent clause, if mentioned, is normally indicated by GA except in adjectival clauses whose subjects may also be indicated by NO.\n\nThe subject of a main clause, if mentioned, may occur either within the clause or at the beginning of the complex sentence.\n\nExamples:\n\nKODOMOTACHI GA KAETTE KARA (WATAKUSHITACHI WA) YUUHAN O TABEMASU. \"After our children come home, we eat supper.\" or\n\n(WATAKUSHITACHI WA), KODOMOTACHI GA KAETTE KARA, YUUHAN O TABEMASU. \"We eat supper after our children come home.\"\n\nHowever, if the dependent clause and the main clause refer to the same subject, the subject of the dependent clause is always left out and the subject of the main clause, if mentioned, occurs at the beginning of the complex sentence.\n\nExamples:\n\n(WATAKUSHI WA) KIMONO O KIRU TO, ITSUMO GETA O HAKIMASU. \"I always wear GETA when I wear KIMONO.\"\n\nTANAKA-SAN WA UCHI NI KAETTE KARA, SAN-JIKAN HATARAKIMASU. \"Mr. Tanaka works 3 hours after he goes home.\""},{"section":4,"text":"MI NI IKU 'go to see'\n\nThe particle NI indicates the purpose of an action and occurs in phrases meaning 'for the purpose of doing so-and-so,' 'in order to do so-and-so,' or 'to do so-and-so.'\n\nThe purpose of a locomotive action, such as IKU 'to go,' KAERU 'to return,' KURU 'to come,' DERU 'to go out,' and DEKAKERU 'to go out,' is the conjunctive ending of a verb or a verbal noun, and it occurs in front of the particle NI.\n\nExamples:\n\nKAU 'buy':\n\nJIBIKI O KAI NI IKIMASHITA. \"I went to buy the dictionary.\"\n\nMIRU 'see':\n\nHANA O MI NI KIMASHITA. \"I came to see the flowers.\"\n\nTABERU 'eat':\n\nHIRUHAN O TABE NI KAERIMASHITA. \"He went home to eat lunch.\"\n\nSURU 'do':\n\nNIHONGO O BENKYOO-SHI NI KIMASHITA. \"I came to study Japanese.\"\n\nHANAMI 'cherry-blossom viewing':\n\nHANAMI NI DEKAKEMASU. \"I'm going out for the purpose of cherry-blossom viewing.\"\n\nBENKYOO 'studying':\n\nNIHONGO NO BENKYOO NI KIMASHITA. \"I came to study Japanese.\"\n\nSANPO 'walk':\n\nSANPO NI DEKAKEMASHITA. \"He went out for a walk.\"\n\nThe purpose of an action other than locomotive action will be introduced in a later lesson."},{"section":5,"text":"DOO 'how?' or 'what?'\n\nDOO is a question word meaning 'how?' or 'what?' Its exact meaning depends on the context in which it is used.\n\nExamples:\n\nDOO DESU KA. How are you? or How is it?\n\nDOO DESHITA KA. How was it?\n\nDOO KAKIMASU KA. How do you write it?\n\nDOO SHIMASU KA. What'll you do? or What do you do?\n\nDOO SHIMASHOO KA. What shall I do?\n\nDOO SHIMASHITA KA. What did you do? or What happened?\n\nDOO SHITE How? or Why?\n\nDOO NARIMASU KA. How will it turn out? or What'll happen?\n\nDOO SURU KOTO MO DEKIMASEN. Nothing can be done about it?\n\nDOO IU IMI DESU KA. What does it mean?\n\nDOO OMOIMASU KA. What do you think of it?\n\nLike KORE, SORE, ARE, and DORE, DOO also completes a set of KO-, SO-, A-, and DO- words as in the following table:\n\nKOO 'this way,' 'this manner'\n\nKOO SHIMASHITA. \"I did it this way.\"\n\nSOO 'that way,' 'that manner'\n\nSOO SHITE KUDASAI. \"please do it that way.\"\n\nAA 'that way,' 'that manner'\n\nAA DE MO KOO DE MO NAI. \"It's neither this way or that.\"\n\nDOO 'how?'\n\nDOO SHIMASHOO. \"What shall we do?\""},{"section":6,"text":"HOTONDO 'almost'\n\nThe word HOTONDO is an adverb meaning 'almost' or 'nearly.' When it is followed by a negative, its English equivalent may be 'hardly' or 'scarcely.'\n\nExamples:\n\nHOTONDO MAINICHI AME GA FURIMASU. \"It rains almost everyday.\"\n\nHOTONDO MINNA KIMASHITA. \"Almost all of them came.\"\n\nHOTONDO MAISHUU IKIMASU. \"I go nearly every week.\"\n\nAME WA HOTONDO FURIMASEN. \"It hardly rains.\" (Lit: \"It almost doesn't rain.\")\n\nHOTONDO ARUKU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN DESHITA. \"I could hardly walk.\" (Lit: \"I almost couldn't walk.\")\n\nMACHIGAI WA HOTONDO ARIMASEN. \"There are scarcely any mistakes.\" (Lit: \"There aren't almost any mistakes.\")"},{"section":7,"text":"DESU\n\nThe copula DESU and its other forms are frequently used in making a brief reply to a question. In other words, they are often used in place of the verbs used in questions.\n\nExamples:\n\nNANJI MADE HATARAKIMASU KA. \"Till what time do you work?\"\n\nGOJI MADE DESU. \"(I work) till 3 o'clock.\"\n\nNANIGO O OSHIETE IMASU KA. \"What language are you teaching?\"\n\nNIHONGO DESU. \"(I'm teaching) Japanese.\"\n\nITSU IKIMASU KA. \"When is he going?\"\n\nASHITA DESHOO. \"(He's) probably (going) tomorrow.\"\n\nITSU GORO MADE KONO II OTENKI GA TSUZUKIMASU KA. \"Till about when will this fine weather last?\"\n\nROKU-GATSU MADE DESU. \"(It'll last) till June.\""},{"section":8,"text":"NI(WA) 'for'\n\nThe particle NI (WA) has occurred many times in previous lessons, but in this lesson it is used to mean 'for.'\n\nExamples:\n\nWATAKUSHI NI WA MUZUKASHII DESU. \"It's difficult for me.\"\n\nJIDOOSHA NO ARU HITO NI WA HAKONE GA II DESU.\n\n\"For those who have cars, HAKONE is good.\"\n\nYUUHAN NI WA NANI O TABEMASU KA. \"What'll you eat for supper?\"\n\nHANAMI NI WA HAKONE GA II DESU. \"Hakone is good for cherry-blossom viewing.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だんだん","gloss":"gradually, step by step"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"さくら","gloss":"cherry (flower)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"春","gloss":"spring"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Predicting the rainy season · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Almost every day","paragraphs":["*六月の 半ば頃から やく 一か月 ほとんど 毎日 雨が 降ります* means \"From around mid-June, it rains almost every day for about one month.\"","*ほとんど* means \"almost or nearly.\" Here it states how often the rain falls."]},{"title":"A short duration answer","paragraphs":["*六月まで つづきます* means \"It will last till June.\" A short reply can use *です* or one of its forms instead of the question's verb.","*ROKU-GATSU MADE DESU* means \"It'll last till June.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 雨, 降","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 今, 年, 半","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.006","source":"六月まで つづきます。 六月の 半ば頃から やく 一か月 ほとんど 毎日 雨が 降ります。","translation":"It will last till June. From around the middle of June, for about one month, it will rain almost everyday.","reading":"ろくがつまでつづきます。ろくがつのなかばごろからやくいちかげつほとんどまいにちあめがふります。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"June","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"月","gloss":"June","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"つづき","gloss":"last"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"六","gloss":"June","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"月","gloss":"June","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"半ば","gloss":"middle","reading":"なかば"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"やく","gloss":"about"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"month","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.007","source":"今年も 降るでしょうか。","translation":"I wonder if it will rain this year, too?","reading":"ことしもふるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.008","source":"ええ、 今年も きっと 降るでしょう。","translation":"I am sure it will rain this year, too.","reading":"ええ、ことしもきっとふるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"きっと","gloss":"surely"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.009","source":"いつ頃 天気が よくなりますか。","translation":"Around when does the weather get better?","reading":"いつごろてんきがよくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when","reading":"いつごろ"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.010","source":"七月の 半ば頃 よくなります。","translation":"It gets better around the middle of July.","reading":"しちがつのなかばごろよくなります。","words":[{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月","gloss":"July"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"半ば","gloss":"middle","reading":"なかば"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"半ば","gloss":"middle, halfway"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"やく","gloss":"approximately (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"今年","gloss":"this year"},{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"きっと","gloss":"surely"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Summer heat and flower viewing · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"What people do","paragraphs":["*春に さくらの 花が さくと、 人々は どうしますか* means \"When cherry blossoms bloom in the spring, what will people do?\"","*どう* is a question word meaning \"how or what.\" In *どうしますか*, it asks what someone does."]},{"title":"For flower viewing","paragraphs":["*花見には おべんとうを もって 行くんですか* asks whether people take a box lunch for flower viewing.","In this line, *には* means \"for.\" It identifies the activity for which the box lunch is intended."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.011","source":"とうきょうの 夏は あついですか。","translation":"Is the summer in Tokyo hot?","reading":"とうきょうのなつはあついですか。","words":[{"text":"とうきょう","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.012","source":"ええ、 大へん むしあついです。","translation":"Yes, it's very sultry.","reading":"ええ、たいへんむしあついです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"むしあつい","gloss":"sultry"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.013","source":"春に さくらの 花が さくと、 人々は どうしますか。","translation":"When cherry blossoms bloom in the spring, what will people do?","reading":"はるにさくらのはながさくと、ひとびとはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"cherry blossom"},{"text":"花","gloss":"blossom","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.014","source":"花見に でかけます。","translation":"They go out for flower viewing.","reading":"はなみにでかけます。","words":[{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"でかけ","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.015","source":"花見には おべんとうを もって 行くんですか。","translation":"Do you take a box lunch to flower viewing?","reading":"はなみにはおべんとうをもっていくんですか。","words":[{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorable"},{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"take along","reading":"いく"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"},{"word":"むしあつい","gloss":"sultry, humid"},{"word":"さく","gloss":"to bloom (v.i.)"},{"word":"人々","gloss":"people"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing, cherry-blossom viewing"},{"word":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunch"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Planning a flower-viewing outing · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"An invitation accepted","paragraphs":["One speaker proposes a flower-viewing trip. *ええ、 一しょに 行きましょう* accepts the invitation and agrees to go together."]},{"title":"A suitable place","paragraphs":["*花見には どこが いいですか* means \"Where is good for flower viewing?\" The *には* meaning \"for\" frames the activity.","*じどうしゃの ある 人には はこねが いいでしょう* says Hakone is probably good for people with a car."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.016","source":"ええ、 ごちそうを もって 行きます。","translation":"Yes, we take an elaborate meal.","reading":"ええ、ごちそうをもっていきます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ご","gloss":"elaborate meal"},{"text":"ちそう","gloss":"elaborate meal"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"take along","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.017","source":"今度 一しょに 行きませんか。","translation":"Let's go together this time.","reading":"こんどいっしょにいきませんか。","words":[{"text":"今度","gloss":"this time","reading":"こんど"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.018","source":"ええ、 一しょに 行きましょう。","translation":"Yes, let's go.","reading":"ええ、いっしょにいきましょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.019","source":"花見には どこが いいですか。","translation":"Where is good for flower viewing?","reading":"はなみにはどこがいいですか。","words":[{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L027.dlg.020","source":"そうですね。 じどうしゃの ある 人には はこねが いいでしょう。 近い ところでは こがねいや うえの こうえんが いいですね。","translation":"Let me see. For those who have a car, Hakone is probably good. Among closer places, Koganei and Ueno Park are good.","reading":"そうですね。じどうしゃのあるひとにははこねがいいでしょう。ちかいところではこがねいやうえのこうえんがいいですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"have"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はこ","gloss":"Hakone"},{"text":"ね","gloss":"Hakone"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"places"},{"text":"で","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こがね","gloss":"Koganei"},{"text":"いや","gloss":"Koganei and"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"の","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"こうえん","gloss":"park"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今度","gloss":"this time, next time"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"こうえん","gloss":"park"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Predicting events and conditions · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A probable identity","paragraphs":["*その方は 先生でしょう* means \"He probably is a teacher.\" *でしょう* is the conjectural form of *です* and states a guess instead of a fact."]},{"title":"Probable qualities and events","paragraphs":["*そとは さむい でしょう* means \"It probably is cold outside.\" *でしょう* follows the plain form of an I-adjective.","It also follows a plain verb form. *今日は 雨は 降らないでしょう* means \"It probably won't rain today.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.m1","source":"B. さくらは 三月には まだ さかないでしょう。↓","translation":"Cherry blossoms probably won't bloom in March yet.","reading":"B.さくらはさんがつにはまださかないでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"B.","gloss":"label B"},{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry blossoms"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still not"},{"text":"さか","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.01","source":"今年は はやく さくでしょう。↓","translation":"They will probably bloom earlier this year.","reading":"ことしははやくさくでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"early"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.02","source":"さくらは 三月には まだ さかないでしょう。↓","translation":"Cherry blossoms probably won't bloom in March yet.","reading":"さくらはさんがつにはまださかないでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry blossoms"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still not"},{"text":"さか","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.03","source":"C. その方は 先生でしょう。↓","translation":"He probably is a teacher.","reading":"C.そのかたはせんせいでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"C.","gloss":"label C"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.04","source":"その方は 先生でしょう。↓","translation":"He probably is a teacher.","reading":"そのかたはせんせいでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.05","source":"D. そとは さむいでしょう。↓","translation":"It probably is cold outside.","reading":"D.そとはさむいでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"D.","gloss":"label D"},{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.06","source":"そとは さむい でしょう。↓","translation":"It probably is cold outside.","reading":"そとはさむいでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.07","source":"今日は 雨は 降らないでしょう。","translation":"It probably won't rain today.","reading":"きょうはあめはふらないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"降ら","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.08","source":"スミスさんは た分 来ないでしょう。","translation":"Mr. Smith probably won't come.","reading":"スミスさんはたぶんこないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"た","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"分","gloss":"probably","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.09","source":"家ないも すぐ かえるでしょう。","translation":"My wife will probably come home soon, too.","reading":"かないもすぐかえるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"家","gloss":"wife","reading":"か"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"かえる","gloss":"come home"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"でしょう。↓","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そと","gloss":"outside"},{"word":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about likely outcomes · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A question about probability","paragraphs":["*スミスさんは さかなを たべるでしょうか* asks \"Will Mr. Smith probably eat fish?\" The answer *ええ、 たべるでしょう* means \"Yes, he probably will.\"","The probable statement with *でしょう* becomes a question when *か* follows it."]},{"title":"For the students","paragraphs":["*この かん字は 生徒には むずかしいでしょうか* asks whether the kanji will probably be difficult for the students.","The *には* meaning \"for\" identifies the people who may find it difficult."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.10","source":"それは 子供には 少し 大きいでしょう。","translation":"That is probably a little big for a child.","reading":"それはこどもにはすこしおおきいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.11","source":"明日は 雨が 降るでしょう。","translation":"It will probably rain tomorrow.","reading":"あしたはあめがふるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.12","source":"スミスさんは さかなを たべるでしょうか。","translation":"Will Mr. Smith probably eat fish?","reading":"スミスさんはさかなをたべるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.13","source":"ええ、 たべるでしょう。","translation":"Yes, he probably will.","reading":"ええ、たべるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.14","source":"明日は 雨が 降るでしょうか。","translation":"Will it probably rain tomorrow?","reading":"あしたはあめがふるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.15","source":"いいえ、 明日は 雨は 降らないでしょう。","translation":"No, it probably won't rain tomorrow.","reading":"いいえ、あしたはあめはふらないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"降ら","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.16","source":"この かん字は 生徒には むずかしいでしょうか。","translation":"Will this kanji probably be difficult for the students?","reading":"このかんじはせいとにはむずかしいでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.17","source":"ええ、 生徒には 少し むずかしいでしょう。","translation":"Yes, it will probably be a little difficult for the students.","reading":"ええ、せいとにはすこしむずかしいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.18","source":"明日 はらいます。","translation":"I will pay tomorrow.","reading":"あしたはらいます。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"はらい","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.19","source":"来週 来ます。","translation":"I will come next week.","reading":"らいしゅうきます。","words":[{"text":"来週","gloss":"next week","reading":"らいしゅう"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"来週","gloss":"next week"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Everyday verbs in plain forms · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Polite verbs in daily use","paragraphs":["*日本語を はなしません* means \"I don't speak Japanese.\" *たべました* means \"I ate.\"","*かえりますか* means \"Will you go home?\" These lines use polite negative, past, nonpast, and question forms."]}],"lines":[{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.20","source":"日本語を はなしません。","translation":"I don't speak Japanese.","reading":"にほんごをはなしません。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はなし","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.21","source":"おべんとうを もって来ます。","translation":"I will bring a boxed lunch.","reading":"おべんとうをもってきます。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"boxed lunch"},{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"boxed lunch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.22","source":"よく わかりません。","translation":"I don't understand very well.","reading":"よくわかりません。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.23","source":"八時頃 はじまります。","translation":"It begins around eight o'clock.","reading":"はちじごろはじまります。","words":[{"text":"八","gloss":"eight o'clock"},{"text":"時","gloss":"eight o'clock"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"はじまり","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.24","source":"たべました。","translation":"I ate.","reading":"たべました。","words":[{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.24.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.25","source":"よく べんきょうしません。","translation":"I don't study much.","reading":"よくべんきょうしません。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"much"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.25.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.26","source":"かえりますか。","translation":"Will you go home?","reading":"かえりますか。","words":[{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.26.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt1.27","source":"かぜが ふきます。","translation":"The wind blows.","reading":"かぜがふきます。","words":[{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふき","gloss":"blow"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt1.27.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Making offers and suggestions · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An invitation to act","paragraphs":["*町へ 行きましょう* means \"Let's go to town.\" *ましょう* is the conjectural form of *ます* and can invite joint action.","It follows a verb's conjunctive ending, as in *行きましょう*."]},{"title":"A suggestion or an offer","paragraphs":["*まどを しめましょうか* can suggest closing the window together or offer to close it. Context determines which meaning applies.","*私が しましょうか* means \"Shall I do it?\" The subject *私が* makes this question an offer."]}],"lines":[{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.m1","source":"A. まどを しめましょうか。","translation":"Shall I close the window?\" or \"Shall we close the window?","reading":"A.まどをしめましょうか。","words":[{"text":"A.","gloss":"speaker A"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.01","source":"まどを しめましょうか。","translation":"Shall I close the window?\" or \"Shall we close the window?","reading":"まどをしめましょうか。","words":[{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.02","source":"B. 町へ 行きましょう。","translation":"Let's go to town.","reading":"B.まちへいきましょう。","words":[{"text":"B.","gloss":"speaker B"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.03","source":"町へ 行きましょう。","translation":"Let's go to town.","reading":"まちへいきましょう。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.04","source":"私が しましょうか。","translation":"Shall I do it?","reading":"わたくしがしましょうか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.05","source":"私が 行きましょうか。","translation":"Shall I go?","reading":"わたくしがいきましょうか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.06","source":"一しょに たべましょうか。","translation":"Shall we eat together?","reading":"いっしょにたべましょうか。","words":[{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.07","source":"もう やすみましょう。","translation":"Let's rest now.","reading":"もうやすみましょう。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"now"},{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.08","source":"今日は はやく かえりましょう。","translation":"Let's go home early today.","reading":"きょうははやくかえりましょう。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"early"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ましょう","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Accepting invitations and offers · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Two kinds of acceptance","paragraphs":["*明日 一しょに サンフランシスコへ 行きましょうか* suggests going together. *ええ、 一しょに 行きましょう* accepts the suggestion.","*まどを あけましょうか* offers to open the window. *はい、 まどを あけてください* accepts with a request: \"Yes, please open the window.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.09","source":"もう 少し べんきょうしましょう。","translation":"Let's study a little more.","reading":"もうすこしべんきょうしましょう。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"more"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.10","source":"明日 一しょに サンフランシスコへ 行きましょうか。","translation":"Shall we go to San Francisco together tomorrow?","reading":"あしたいっしょにサンフランシスコへいきましょうか。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.11","source":"ええ、 一しょに 行きましょう。","translation":"Yes, let's go together.","reading":"ええ、いっしょにいきましょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.12","source":"まどを あけましょうか。","translation":"Shall I open the window?","reading":"まどをあけましょうか。","words":[{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.13","source":"はい、 まどを あけてください。","translation":"Yes, please open the window.","reading":"はい、まどをあけてください。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.14","source":"さあ、 はじめましょうか。","translation":"Well then, shall we begin?","reading":"さあ、はじめましょうか。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well then"},{"text":"はじめ","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.15","source":"はい、 はじめましょう。","translation":"Yes, let's begin.","reading":"はい、はじめましょう。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"はじめ","gloss":"begin"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.16","source":"沢山 買います。","translation":"I buy a lot.","reading":"たくさんかいます。","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.17","source":"はやく あるきます。","translation":"I walk quickly.","reading":"はやくあるきます。","words":[{"text":"はやく","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"あるき","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"はじめ","gloss":"beginning"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Everyday actions and clothing · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Actions and clothing","paragraphs":["*ここに こしかけます* describes taking a seat here. The verbs also describe movement, repair, play, walking, and clothing.","*ぼうしを かぶって 行きます* means \"I put on a hat and go.\" *きものを きます* means \"I wear a kimono.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.18","source":"いすを なおします。","translation":"I repair the chair.","reading":"いすをなおします。","words":[{"text":"いす","gloss":"chair"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"なおし","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.19","source":"一しょに あそびます。","translation":"We play together.","reading":"いっしょにあそびます。","words":[{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"あそび","gloss":"play"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.20","source":"ここに こしかけます。","translation":"I sit down here.","reading":"ここにこしかけます。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"こしかけ","gloss":"sit down"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.21","source":"もって 来る。","translation":"To bring it.","reading":"もってくる。","words":[{"text":"もっ","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来る。","gloss":"bring","reading":"くる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.22","source":"さんぽします。","translation":"I take a walk.","reading":"さんぽします。","words":[{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"a walk"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.23","source":"ぼうしを かぶって 行きます。","translation":"I put on a hat and go.","reading":"ぼうしをかぶっていきます。","words":[{"text":"ぼうし","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かぶっ","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.23.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.24","source":"たちます。","translation":"I stand up.","reading":"たちます。","words":[{"text":"たち","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.24.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt2.25","source":"きものを きます。","translation":"I wear a kimono.","reading":"きものをきます。","words":[{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"き","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt2.25.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"さんぽ","gloss":"strolling"},{"word":"きもの","gloss":"KIMONO"},{"word":"き","gloss":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Conditions involving rain and study · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The subject inside a condition","paragraphs":["*雨が 降ると、 私は はたらきません* means \"When it rains, I don't work.\"","The particle *が* marks the subject of the dependent clause. The particle *は* marks the subject of the main clause."]},{"title":"The subject inside a time clause","paragraphs":["*あなたが そのえを 見ている 時に、 私は この本を 買いました* means \"While you were looking at that picture, I bought this book.\"","*あなたが* is the dependent clause's subject. *私は* is the main clause's subject."]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.m1","source":"A. 雨が 降ると、 道が わるくなります。","translation":"When it rains, the road becomes bad.","reading":"A.あめがふると、みちがわるくなります。","words":[{"text":"A.","gloss":"speaker A"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わるく","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.01","source":"雨が 降ると、 道が わるくなります。","translation":"When it rains, the road becomes bad.","reading":"あめがふると、みちがわるくなります。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わるく","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.02","source":"B. 雨が 降る時には、 大てい かぜが ふきます。","translation":"When it rains, usually the wind blows.","reading":"B.あめがふるときには、たいていかぜがふきます。","words":[{"text":"B.","gloss":"speaker B"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふき","gloss":"blow"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.03","source":"雨が 降る時には、 大てい かぜが ふきます。","translation":"When it rains, usually the wind blows.","reading":"あめがふるときには、たいていかぜがふきます。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふき","gloss":"blow"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.04","source":"雨が 降ると、 私は はたらきません。","translation":"When it rains, I don't work.","reading":"あめがふると、わたくしははたらきません。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はたらき","gloss":"work"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.05","source":"あなたが べんきょうしないと、 外の 生徒も べんきょうしません。","translation":"If you don't study, the other students won't study either.","reading":"あなたがべんきょうしないと、ほかのせいともべんきょうしません。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.06","source":"あなたが そのえを 見ている 時に、 私は この本を 買いました。","translation":"While you were looking at that picture, I bought this book.","reading":"あなたがそのえをみているときに、わたくしはこのほんをかいました。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"え","gloss":"picture"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"were looking","reading":"み"},{"text":"て","gloss":"were looking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"were looking"},{"text":"時","gloss":"while","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"while"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Conditions involving home and blossoms · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"One subject in each clause","paragraphs":["*先生が はやく はなすと、 生徒は わかりませんか* means \"When the teacher speaks quickly, don't the students understand?\"","*が* for a dependent clause subject marks *先生*. *は* for a main clause subject marks *生徒*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 雪","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.07","source":"雪が 降っている 時には、 私は 家の 中に 居ます。","translation":"When it is snowing, I stay inside the house.","reading":"ゆきがふっているときには、わたくしはいえのなかにいます。","words":[{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"is snowing","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is snowing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is snowing"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"居","gloss":"stay","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.08","source":"おくさんが 家に 居ない 時には、 あなたは どこで たべますか。","translation":"When your wife is not at home, where do you eat?","reading":"おくさんがいえにいないときには、あなたはどこでたべますか。","words":[{"text":"おく","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be","reading":"い"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.09","source":"大てい 町で たべます。","translation":"I usually eat in town.","reading":"たいていまちでたべます。","words":[{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.10","source":"さくらの 花が さくと、 人々は どうしますか。","translation":"When the cherry blossoms bloom, what do people do?","reading":"さくらのはながさくと、ひとびとはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"花","gloss":"blossoms","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.11","source":"花見に 行きます。","translation":"They go to see the cherry blossoms.","reading":"はなみにいきます。","words":[{"text":"花見","gloss":"cherry blossom viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.12","source":"先生が はやく はなすと、 生徒は わかりませんか。","translation":"When the teacher speaks quickly, don't the students understand?","reading":"せんせいがはやくはなすと、せいとはわかりませんか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"はやく","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"はなす","gloss":"speaks"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt3.13","source":"はい、 わかりません。","translation":"No, they don't understand.","reading":"はい、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt3.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"雪","gloss":"snow"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Going places for a purpose · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Going out for an activity","paragraphs":["*私は 花見に でかけます* means \"I go out for flower viewing.\" The particle *に* marks the purpose of going out.","A verbal noun such as *花見* or *さんぽ* stands before *に*."]},{"title":"Going somewhere to act","paragraphs":["*私は 町へ くつを 買いに 行きます* means \"I go to town to buy shoes.\"","With a verb, *に* follows its conjunctive form. Here *買いに* states the purpose, and *行きます* gives the movement."]}],"lines":[{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.m1","source":"A. 私は 花見に でかけます。","translation":"I go out for flower viewing.","reading":"A.わたくしははなみにでかけます。","words":[{"text":"A.","gloss":"A"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"でかけ","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.m1.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.01","source":"私は 花見に でかけます。","translation":"I go out for flower viewing.","reading":"わたくしははなみにでかけます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"でかけ","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.02","source":"B. 私は 町へ くつを 買いに 行きます。","translation":"I go to town to buy shoes.","reading":"B.わたくしはまちへくつをかいにいきます。","words":[{"text":"B.","gloss":"B"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.03","source":"私は 町へ くつを 買いに 行きます。","translation":"I go to town to buy shoes.","reading":"わたくしはまちへくつをかいにいきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.04","source":"私は さんぽに でかけます。","translation":"I go out for a walk.","reading":"わたくしはさんぽにでかけます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さんぽ","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"でかけ","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.05","source":"がっこうへ べんきょうに 行きます。","translation":"I go to school to study.","reading":"がっこうへべんきょうにいきます。","words":[{"text":"がっこう","gloss":"school"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.05.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.06","source":"私は 毎日 家へ ひるはんを たべに かえります。","translation":"I go home every day to eat lunch.","reading":"わたくしはまいにちいえへひるはんをたべにかえります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"ひる","gloss":"lunch"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"lunch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たべ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.07","source":"今ばん ともだちの 家へ あそびに 行きます。","translation":"I am going to a friend's house to visit tonight.","reading":"こんばんともだちのいえへあそびにいきます。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こん"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"あそび","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"word":"ばん","gloss":"evening, night"},{"word":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Coming and going for purposes · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The purpose of coming and going","paragraphs":["*あなたは この 学校へ 何を しに 来ましたか* asks what someone came to the school to do. *私は べんきょうを しに 来ました* answers \"I came to study.\"","*くつを 買いに 行くんです* means \"I am going to buy shoes.\" The purpose phrase *買いに* stands before *行くんです*."]}],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.08","source":"ともだちが あたらしい じどうしゃを 見せに 来ました。","translation":"A friend came to show me a new car.","reading":"ともだちがあたらしいじどうしゃをみせにきました。","words":[{"text":"ともだち","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"じどう","gloss":"car"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見せ","gloss":"show","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.09","source":"あなたは この 学校へ 何を しに 来ましたか。","translation":"What did you come to this school to do?","reading":"あなたはこのがっこうへなにをしにきましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.10","source":"私は べんきょうを しに 来ました。","translation":"I came to study.","reading":"わたくしはべんきょうをしにきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.11","source":"あなたは 今ばん 何を しますか。","translation":"What are you going to do tonight?","reading":"あなたはこんばんなにをしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こん"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.11.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.12","source":"学校へ よしゅうに 行きます。","translation":"I am going to school to prepare for class.","reading":"がっこうへよしゅうにいきます。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"よ","gloss":"prepare for class"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"prepare for class"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.12.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.13","source":"今から どこへ 行くんですか。","translation":"Where are you going now?","reading":"いまからどこへいくんですか。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.13.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L027.pt4.14","source":"くつを 買いに 行くんです。","translation":"I am going to buy shoes.","reading":"くつをかいにいくんです。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.pt4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あたらしい","gloss":"new"},{"word":"しゅう","gloss":"state"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Spring blossoms and flower viewing · Reading Selection 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Spring flowers and flower viewing","paragraphs":["The passage moves from warmer March weather to cherry blossoms in early April. *花が さくと* means \"When the flowers bloom.\"","*人々は べんとうを もって 花見に 行きます* says people take box lunches and go to see the flowers.","The purpose phrase *花見に 行きます* states that they go for flower viewing."]}],"lines":[{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.001","source":"日本で 一番 さむい 月は 二月ですが、 三月の 半ばに","translation":"The coldest month in Japan is February, but in the middle of March","reading":"にほんでいちばんさむいつきはにがつですが、さんがつのなかばに","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"つき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"February","reading":"に"},{"text":"月","gloss":"February","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"半ば","gloss":"middle","reading":"なかば"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.002","source":"なると あたたかく なります。","translation":"it becomes warm.","reading":"なるとあたたかくなります。","words":[{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"あたたかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.003","source":"そして 三月の おわり頃には","translation":"And around the end of March,","reading":"そしてさんがつのおわりごろには","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"三","gloss":"March","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"March","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"おわり","gloss":"end"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.004","source":"いろいろの 花が さきます。","translation":"various flowers bloom.","reading":"いろいろのはながさきます。","words":[{"text":"いろいろ","gloss":"various"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.005","source":"とうきょうでは 大てい","translation":"In Tokyo, usually","reading":"とうきょうではたいてい","words":[{"text":"とうきょう","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.006","source":"四月の はじめに さくらの 花が さきます。","translation":"the cherry blossoms bloom at the beginning of April.","reading":"しがつのはじめにさくらのはながさきます。","words":[{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月","gloss":"April"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"はじめ","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.007","source":"花が さくと","translation":"When the flowers bloom,","reading":"はながさくと","words":[{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.008","source":"人々は べんとうを もって 花見に 行きます。","translation":"people take box lunches and go to see the flowers.","reading":"ひとびとはべんとうをもってはなみにいきます。","words":[{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっ","gloss":"take"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"おわり","gloss":"end"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Rainy season and summer escapes · Reading Selection 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Rain before summer heat","paragraphs":["The passage follows spring weather into the rainy season and humid summer. *六月に なると 雨が 沢山 降ります* means \"When June comes, it rains a lot.\"","*ほとんど 毎日 降ります* means \"It rains almost every day.\"","By the middle of July, the weather becomes hot and humid, so people go to the sea or the mountains."]},{"title":"Kanji: 海","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.009","source":"沢山の","translation":"Many","reading":"たくさんの","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.010","source":"人々は うえの こうえんや こがねいや はこねに 行きます。","translation":"people go to Ueno Park, Koganei, and Hakone.","reading":"ひとびとはうえのこうえんやこがねいやはこねにいきます。","words":[{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"の","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"こうえん","gloss":"park"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"こがね","gloss":"Koganei"},{"text":"いや","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"Hakone"},{"text":"こね","gloss":"Hakone"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.011","source":"三月、 四月、 五月は 天気が よくて あったかいです。","translation":"In March, April, and May, the weather is good and warm.","reading":"さんがつ、しがつ、ごがつはてんきがよくてあったかいです。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"March"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"March"},{"text":"四","gloss":"April"},{"text":"月、","gloss":"April"},{"text":"五","gloss":"May"},{"text":"月","gloss":"May"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.012","source":"六月に なると 雨が 沢山 降ります。","translation":"When June comes, it rains a lot.","reading":"ろくがつになるとあめがたくさんふります。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"June","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"月","gloss":"June","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.013","source":"大てい 一か月ぐらい","translation":"Usually, for about one month,","reading":"たいていいっかげつぐらい","words":[{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one month"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"one month"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.014","source":"ほとんど 毎日 降ります。","translation":"it rains almost every day.","reading":"ほとんどまいにちふります。","words":[{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.015","source":"七月の 半ばには 天気が","translation":"By the middle of July, the weather","reading":"しちがつのなかばにはてんきが","words":[{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月","gloss":"July"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"半ば","gloss":"middle","reading":"なかば"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.016","source":"むしあつく なりますから、 人々は 海や 山へ でかけます。","translation":"becomes hot and humid, so people go to the sea or the mountains.","reading":"むしあつくなりますから、ひとびとはうみややまへでかけます。","words":[{"text":"むしあつく","gloss":"hot and humid"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"でかけ","gloss":"go out"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"月、","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Autumn leaves and winter skiing · Reading Selection 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"From autumn coolness to winter snow","paragraphs":["The passage moves from cooler September weather to red leaves and winter snow. *木の はが あかく なります* means \"The leaves on the trees turn red.\"","*人々は スキーに 行きます* says people go skiing because much snow falls in the mountains.","The purpose phrase *スキーに 行きます* states that they go to ski."]}],"lines":[{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.017","source":"そして","translation":"And","reading":"そして","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.018","source":"九月頃 すずしく なってから かえります。","translation":"they return after it becomes cool around September.","reading":"くがつごろすずしくなってからかえります。","words":[{"text":"九","gloss":"September"},{"text":"月","gloss":"September"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"すずしく","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.019","source":"十一月には もう","translation":"By November,","reading":"じゅういちがつにはもう","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"November"},{"text":"一","gloss":"November"},{"text":"月","gloss":"November"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.020","source":"木の はが あかく なります。","translation":"the leaves on the trees turn red.","reading":"きのはがあかくなります。","words":[{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あかく","gloss":"red"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.021","source":"それからは つめたい かぜが","translation":"After that, a cold wind","reading":"それからはつめたいかぜが","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つめたい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.021.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.022","source":"ふいて とても さむく なります。","translation":"blows, and it becomes very cold.","reading":"ふいてとてもさむくなります。","words":[{"text":"ふい","gloss":"blows"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"さむく","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.022.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.023","source":"山には 雪が 沢山 降り","translation":"A lot of snow falls in the mountains,","reading":"やまにはゆきがたくさんふり","words":[{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"falls","reading":"ふり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.023.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L027.rd.024","source":"ますから、 人々は スキーに 行きます。","translation":"so people go skiing.","reading":"ますから、ひとびとはスキーにいきます。","words":[{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スキー","gloss":"skiing"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.rd.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"つめたい","gloss":"cold (not weather)"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"スキー","gloss":"ski"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about spring in Japan · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Spring changes and flower viewing","paragraphs":["These questions ask when Japan becomes warm, when flowers bloom, and where people view them.","*花が さくと、 人々は どうしますか* means \"When the flowers bloom, what do people do?\" An answer states their action, such as going for flower viewing."]}],"lines":[{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.001","source":"日本で 一番 さむいのは 何月でしょうか。","translation":"What month is probably the coldest in Japan?","reading":"にほんでいちばんさむいのはなんがつでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.001.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.002","source":"いつ頃 あったかく なりますか。","translation":"Around when does it become warm?","reading":"いつごろあったかくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"around when"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.002.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.003","source":"とうきょうでは 花が さくのは いつ頃ですか。","translation":"Around when do the flowers bloom in Tokyo?","reading":"とうきょうでははながさくのはいつごろですか。","words":[{"text":"とうきょう","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"around when"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.003.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.004","source":"花が さくと、 人々は どうしますか。","translation":"When the flowers bloom, what do people do?","reading":"はながさくと、ひとびとはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.004.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.005","source":"沢山の 人々は どこへ 花見に 行きますか。","translation":"Where do many people go to see the flowers?","reading":"たくさんのひとびとはどこへはなみにいきますか。","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.005.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.006","source":"日本では 春には 天気が いいですか。","translation":"Is the weather good in spring in Japan?","reading":"にほんでははるにはてんきがいいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about later seasonal changes · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From rain to winter snow","paragraphs":["These questions move from the rainy season through summer heat, autumn leaves, and winter snow.","*山に 雪が 沢山 降ると、 人々は どうしますか* means \"When much snow falls in the mountains, what do people do?\"","An answer gives what people do under that condition."]}],"lines":[{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.007","source":"いつ頃 お天気は わるく なりますか。","translation":"Around when does the weather become bad?","reading":"いつごろおてんきはわるくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"around when"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honored"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わるく","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.007.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.008","source":"その時には 雨が 沢山 降りますか。","translation":"Does it rain a lot then?","reading":"そのときにはあめがたくさんふりますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.008.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.009","source":"いつ頃から むしあつく なりますか。","translation":"Around when does it start to become hot and humid?","reading":"いつごろからむしあつくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"around when"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"むしあつく","gloss":"hot and humid"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.009.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.010","source":"むしあつく なると、 人々は どうしますか。","translation":"When it becomes hot and humid, what do people do?","reading":"むしあつくなると、ひとびとはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"むしあつく","gloss":"hot and humid"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.010.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.011","source":"秋には 木のはが どうなりますか。","translation":"What happens to the leaves on the trees in autumn?","reading":"あきにはきのはがどうなりますか。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"autumn","reading":"あき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"木のは","gloss":"tree leaves","reading":"きのは"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.011.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L027.q.012","source":"山に 雪が 沢山 降ると、 人々は どうしますか。","translation":"When a lot of snow falls in the mountains, what do people do?","reading":"やまにゆきがたくさんふると、ひとびとはどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"falls","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.q.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"秋","gloss":"autumn, fall"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Seasons, weather and nature · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The seasons and the natural world","paragraphs":["These entries name seasons, blossoms, flower viewing, weather, natural features, and people.","*四き* means \"four seasons.\" *さくら* means \"cherry tree or cherry blossom,\" and *花見* means \"flower viewing or cherry-blossom viewing.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.001","source":"四き","translation":"four seasons","reading":"しき","words":[{"text":"四き","gloss":"four seasons","reading":"しき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.001.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.002","source":"さくら","translation":"cherry tree, cherry blossom","reading":"さくら","words":[{"text":"さくら","gloss":"cherry blossoms"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.002.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.003","source":"花見","translation":"flower viewing, cherry-blossom viewing","reading":"はなみ","words":[{"text":"花見","gloss":"flower viewing","reading":"はなみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.003.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.004","source":"天気","translation":"weather","reading":"てんき","words":[{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.004.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.005","source":"雨","translation":"rain","reading":"あめ","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.005.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.006","source":"雪","translation":"snow","reading":"ゆき","words":[{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.006.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.007","source":"半ば","translation":"middle, halfway","reading":"なかば","words":[{"text":"半ば","gloss":"middle","reading":"なかば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.007.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.008","source":"かぜ","translation":"wind","reading":"かぜ","words":[{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.008.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.009","source":"海","translation":"sea, ocean","reading":"うみ","words":[{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.009.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.010","source":"は","translation":"leaves","reading":"は","words":[{"text":"は","gloss":"leaves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.010.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.011","source":"人々","translation":"people","reading":"ひとびと","words":[{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"四き","gloss":"four seasons"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Outdoor activities and weather verbs · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Activities and weather verbs","paragraphs":["These entries cover outdoor activities and verbs for continuing, precipitation, blowing, and setting out.","*降る* means \"to fall\" for rain. *雨が 降る* means \"to rain,\" and *雪が 降る* means \"to snow.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.012","source":"べんとう","translation":"box lunch","reading":"べんとう","words":[{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.012.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.013","source":"ごちそう","translation":"feast","reading":"ごちそう","words":[{"text":"ごちそう","gloss":"feast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.013.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.014","source":"スキー","translation":"ski","reading":"スキー","words":[{"text":"スキー","gloss":"ski"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.014.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.015","source":"今年","translation":"this year","reading":"ことし","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.015.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.016","source":"こうえん","translation":"park","reading":"こうえん","words":[{"text":"こうえん","gloss":"park"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.016.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.017","source":"つづく","translation":"to last, continue","reading":"つづく","words":[{"text":"つづく","gloss":"continue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.017.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.018","source":"降る","translation":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)","reading":"ふる","words":[{"text":"降る","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.018.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.019","source":"雨が 降る","translation":"to rain","reading":"あめがふる","words":[{"text":"雨が降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめがふる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.019.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.020","source":"雪が 降る","translation":"to snow","reading":"ゆきがふる","words":[{"text":"雪が降る","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆきがふる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.020.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.021","source":"ふく","translation":"to blow (v.i.)","reading":"ふく","words":[{"text":"ふく","gloss":"blow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.021.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.022","source":"でかける","translation":"to go out, set out (v.i.)","reading":"でかける","words":[{"text":"でかける","gloss":"go out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ごちそう","gloss":"feast"},{"word":"つづく","gloss":"to last, continue"},{"word":"雨が降る","gloss":"to rain"},{"word":"雪が降る","gloss":"to snow"},{"word":"ふく","gloss":"to blow (v.i.)"},{"word":"でかける","gloss":"to go out, set out (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Degree and time adverbs · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Degree and time","paragraphs":["These entries describe degree, gradual change, certainty, time, and shared action. They also include words used in short replies and phrases meaning \"for.\"","*だんだん* means \"gradually or step by step.\" *ほとんど* means \"almost,\" and *きっと* means \"surely.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.023","source":"むしあつい","translation":"sultry, humid","reading":"むしあつい","words":[{"text":"むしあつい","gloss":"humid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.023.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.024","source":"つめたい","translation":"cold (not weather)","reading":"つめたい","words":[{"text":"つめたい","gloss":"cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.024.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.025","source":"ずい分","translation":"very much","reading":"ずいぶん","words":[{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very much","reading":"ずいぶん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.025.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.026","source":"だんだん","translation":"gradually, step by step","reading":"だんだん","words":[{"text":"だんだん","gloss":"gradually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.026.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.027","source":"もう","translation":"soon, before long","reading":"もう","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"soon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.027.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.028","source":"ほとんど","translation":"almost (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ほとんど","words":[{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.028.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.029","source":"きっと","translation":"surely","reading":"きっと","words":[{"text":"きっと","gloss":"surely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.029.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.030","source":"とても","translation":"extremely, very much","reading":"とても","words":[{"text":"とても","gloss":"extremely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.030.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.031","source":"一しょに","translation":"together","reading":"いっしょに","words":[{"text":"一しょに","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.031.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.032","source":"には","translation":"for (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"には","words":[{"text":"には","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.032.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.033","source":"です","translation":"to be (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"です","words":[{"text":"です","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一しょに","gloss":"together"},{"word":"には","gloss":"for (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Seasons, weather and probability · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Weather, probability, and invitations","paragraphs":["These entries combine seasonal weather statements with probability, invitations, and asking what someone does.","*でしょう* means \"probably,\" and *ましょう* means \"Let's.\" *今年は はやく さくでしょう* predicts that the blossoms will probably bloom earlier this year."]}],"lines":[{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.034","source":"でしょう","translation":"probably (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"でしょう","words":[{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.034.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.035","source":"ましょう","translation":"let's (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ましょう","words":[{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.035.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.036","source":"どうしますか","translation":"What does one do? (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"どうしますか","words":[{"text":"どうしますか","gloss":"what does one do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.036.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.037","source":"スキーは できません","translation":"(I) can't ski.","reading":"スキーはできません","words":[{"text":"スキーはできません","gloss":"I can't ski"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.037.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.038","source":"夏には 沢山の人が 海や 山へ 行きます。","translation":"In summer, many people go to the sea and the mountains.","reading":"なつにはたくさんのひとがうみややまへいきます。","words":[{"text":"夏には沢山の人が海や山へ行きます。","gloss":"summer trips to nature","reading":"なつにはたくさんのひとがうみややまへいきます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.038.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.039","source":"秋には 山の 木のはが あかくなって、 とても きれいです。","translation":"In autumn, tree leaves become red, and they are very pretty.","reading":"あきにはやまのこのはがあかくなって、とてもきれいです。","words":[{"text":"秋には山の木のはがあかくなって、とてもきれいです。","gloss":"autumn leaves turn red","reading":"あきにはやまのこのはがあかくなって、とてもきれいです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.039.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.040","source":"冬には つめたい かぜが ふいて、 さむいです。","translation":"In winter, cold wind blows and it's cold.","reading":"ふゆにはつめたいかぜがふいて、さむいです。","words":[{"text":"冬にはつめたいかぜがふいて、さむいです。","gloss":"cold winter wind blows","reading":"ふゆにはつめたいかぜがふいて、さむいです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.040.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.041","source":"とうきょうでは、 冬に 雪は あまり 降りません。","translation":"In Tokyo, it doesn't snow too much in winter.","reading":"とうきょうでは、ふゆにゆきはあまりふりません。","words":[{"text":"とうきょうでは、冬に雪はあまり降りません。","gloss":"Tokyo gets little snow","reading":"とうきょうでは、ふゆにゆきはあまりふりません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.041.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.042","source":"山へ 行くと、 雪が 沢山 ありますから、 スキーが できます。","translation":"When you go to the mountains, there is much snow, so you can ski.","reading":"やまへいくと、ゆきがたくさんありますから、スキーができます。","words":[{"text":"山へ行くと、雪が沢山ありますから、スキーができます。","gloss":"snow enables mountain skiing","reading":"やまへいくと、ゆきがたくさんありますから、スキーができます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.042.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L027.w.043","source":"A. 今年は はやく さくでしょう。↓","translation":"They will probably bloom earlier this year.","reading":"A.ことしははやくさくでしょう。↓","words":[{"text":"A.今年ははやくさくでしょう。↓","gloss":"early bloom this year","reading":"A.ことしははやくさくでしょう。↓"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L027.w.043.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どうしますか","gloss":"What does one do? (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"スキーはできません","gloss":"(I) can't ski."},{"word":"夏には沢山の人が海や山へ行きます。","gloss":"\"In summer, many people go to the sea and the mountains.\""},{"word":"秋には山の木のはがあかくなって、とてもきれいです。","gloss":"\"In autumn, tree leaves become red, and they are very pretty.\""},{"word":"冬にはつめたいかぜがふいて、さむいです。","gloss":"\"In winter, cold wind blows and it's cold.\""},{"word":"とうきょうでは、冬に雪はあまり降りません。","gloss":"\"In Tokyo, it doesn't snow too much in winter.\""},{"word":"山へ行くと、雪が沢山ありますから、スキーができます。","gloss":"\"When you go to the mountains, there is much snow, so you can ski.\""},{"word":"A.今年ははやくさくでしょう。↓","gloss":"\"They will probably bloom earlier this year.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}