{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L031","title":"Lesson 31","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 31: darkness, hearing and special schools · dialogue 2 of 3, guide dogs and training · dialogue 3 of 3, saying what must happen · perception drill, reporting what you heard · perception drill, if and even if · perception drill, saying how many · perception drill, daily obligations · pattern 1 1 of 3, asking about obligations · pattern 1 2 of 3, mailing, reporting facts you heard · pattern 2 1 of 2, discussing secondhand information · pattern 2 2 of 2, contrasting if and even if · pattern 3 1 of 3, conditional limits and responses · pattern 3 2 of 3, asking conditional questions · pattern 3 3 of 3, many times, many people, blindness and deafness from birth · reading selection 1 of 4, special schools and lipreading · reading selection 2 of 4, training, free education and transport · reading selection 4 of 4, naming sight and speech disabilities · questions 1 of 2, schools, disability, light, necessity, sight.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/31","lines":231},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/30","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/32","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Darkness, blindness and deafness · Dialogue 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Darkness, sight, and hearing","paragraphs":["One speaker finds the room very dark, and another offers to turn on the light. *明りを つけなければ 何も 見えませんよ* states that nothing can be seen without light.","*めくらは 目が 見えない 人ですが、 耳が 聞こえない 人を 何と 言いますか* contrasts a person who cannot see with one who cannot hear."]},{"title":"Kanji: 聞","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 明","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.001","source":"この へやは ずい分 くらいですが、 明るい へやは ありませんか。","translation":"This room is very dark, but isn't there a light room?","reading":"このへやはずいぶんくらいですが、あかるいへやはありませんか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"明るい","gloss":"light","reading":"あかるい"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 明るい へやが ないのです。","translation":"No, there is no light room.","reading":"ええ、あかるいへやがないのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"明るい","gloss":"light","reading":"あかるい"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"does not exist"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.003","source":"では、 明りを つけましょう。 明りを つけなければ 何も 見えませんよ。","translation":"Let's turn on the light, then. If we don't turn on the light, we can't see anything, you see.","reading":"では、あかりをつけましょう。あかりをつけなければなにもみえませんよ。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"do not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.004","source":"そうですね。 にんげんは 明りが なければ、 めくらと 同じですね。","translation":"That's right, isn't it? If a man doesn't have any light, he is as good as blind.","reading":"そうですね。にんげんはあかりがなければ、めくらとおなじですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"にんげん","gloss":"people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"does not exist"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind person"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.005","source":"めくらは 目が 見えない 人ですが、 耳が 聞こえない 人を 何と 言いますか。","translation":"The blind are people who cannot see, but what do you call a person who cannot hear?","reading":"めくらはめがみえないひとですが、みみがきこえないひとをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"can hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.006","source":"つんぼと 言います。","translation":"He is called deaf.","reading":"つんぼといいます。","words":[{"text":"つんぼ","gloss":"deaf"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"--NAKEREBA NARIMASEN 'must ---,' 'have to'\n\n1. --NAKEREBA NARIMASEN 'must ---,' 'have to'\n\na. In Japanese there are several possibilities that express the idea of obligation '--- must or has to do such-and-such.' The pattern --NAKUTEWA IKEMASEN has already been introduced, e.g.,\n\nIKANAKUTEWA IKEMASEN. \"I must go.\"\n\nb. Instead of the above expression of obligation, the pattern '--NAKEREBA NARIMASEN' may be used, e.g.,\n\nIKANAKEREBA NARIMASEN. \"I must go.\"\n\nc. Since --NAKUTEWA and --NAKEREBA are equivalent, as are IKEMASEN and NARIMASEN, the following four expressions mean about the same thing:\n\nIKANAKUTEWA IKEMASEN.\n\nIKANAKUTEWA NARIMASEN.\n\nIKANAKEREBA IKEMASEN.\n\nIKANAKEREBA NARIMASEN.\n\n\"I must go.\""},{"section":2,"text":"SOO DESU \"I hear,\" \"They say,\" \"I understand.\"\n\n2. SOO DESU \"I hear,\" \"They say,\" \"I understand.\"\n\nOccurring after the informal non-past basic ending or the informal past of an inflected word, soo desu means 'I hear that,' 'they say that,' 'I understand that.'\n\na. Verbs:\n\n(1) TANAKA-SAN WA ASHITA KAERIMASU. \"Mr. Tanaka will come home tomorrow.\"\n\n(2) TANAKA-SAN WA ASHITA KAERU SOO DESU. \"I understand that Mr. Tanaka is coming home tomorrow.\"\n\n(3) YAMADA-SAN WA KINOO KAERIMASHITA. \"Mr. Yamada came home yesterday.\"\n\n(4) YAMADA-SAN WA KINOO KAETTA SOO DESU. \"I hear Mr. Yamada came home yesterday.\"\n\nb. I-adjectives:\n\n(1) TENKI GA WARUI DESU. \"The weather is bad.\"\n\n(2) TENKI GA WARUI SOO DESU. \"I understand that the weather is bad.\"\n\n(3) OKANE GA ARIMASEN. \"I have no money.\"\n\n(4) OKANE GA NAI SOO DESU. \"I understand there is no money.\"\n\nc. Auxiliary Verbs:\n\n(1) ANO HITO WA NIHON E IKU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. \"He can't go to Japan.\"\n\n(2) ANO HITO WA NIHON E IKU KOTO GA DEKINAI SOO DESU. \"I understand he can't go to Japan.\"\n\n(3) ANO HITO WA NIHONGO GA NARAITAI DESU. \"He wants to learn Japanese.\"\n\n(4) NIHONGO GA NARAITAI SOO DESU. \"I understand he wants to learn Japanese.\"\n\nd. Copula:\n\n(1) SUZUKI-SAN WA SENSEI DESU. \"Mr. Suzuki is a teacher.\"\n\n(2) SUZUKI-SAN WA SENSEI DA SOO DESU. \"I understand that Mr. Suzuki is a teacher.\"\n\n(3) BURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO GA JOOZU DESU. \"Mr. Brown is good in Japanese.\"\n\n(4) BURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO GA JOOZU DA SOO DESU. \"I understand Mr. Brown is good in Japanese.\"\n\nThus, the speaker uses SOO DESU at the end of his statement when he wants to report something he hasn't actually witnessed himself. Even when he specifically states the source of his report, his statement must end\n\nin SOO DESU if the fact reported is not from his own observation or knowledge, e.g.,\n\nSHINBUN NI YORU TO, ASHITA WA AME GA FURU SOO DESU. \"According to the newspaper, it will rain tomorrow.\""},{"section":3,"text":"BA-form vs. TEMO-form\n\n3. BA-form vs. TEMO-form\n\na. BA-form means 'if,' and TEMO-form means 'even if.'\n\nb. If the question is asked by using BA-form,\n\n(1) if the answer is HAI, just repeat the question dropping KA.\n\n(2) if the answer is IIE, use TEMO-form in place of BA-form and change the predicate from negative to affirmative or from affirmative to negative.\n\nc. If the question is asked by using TEMO-form,\n\n(1) if the answer is HAI, just repeat the question dropping KA.\n\n(2) if the answer is IIE, use BA-form in place of TEMO-form and change the predicate from negative to affirmative or from affirmative to negative.\n\nExamples:\n\nAME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN KA. \"Are you not going if it rains?\"\n\nHAI, AME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN. \"No, I won't go if it rains.\"\n\nIIE, AME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU. \"Yes, I am going even if it rains.\"\n\nAME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU KA. \"Are you going even if it rains?\"\n\nHAI, AME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU. \"Yes, I am going even if it rains.\"\n\nIIE, AME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN. \"No, I am not going if it rains.\""},{"section":4,"text":"NAN + Counter + MO \"many ---\"\n\n4. NAN + Counter + MO \"many ---\"\n\nNAN plus a counter plus MO means 'many of whatever the counter indicates,' e.g.,\n\nNAN-NICHI MO many days\n\nNAN-NIN MO many people\n\nNAN-MAI MO many (sheets of ---)\n\nNAN-BON MO many (long objects)\n\nNAN-JIKAN MO many hours\n\nExamples:\n\nHON-YA GA NAN-GEN MO ARIMASU. \"There are many book stores.\"\n\nNAN-NICHI MO KAKARIMASU. \"It takes many days.\""},{"section":5,"text":"MOSHI 'if'\n\n5. MOSHI 'if'\n\nThe word MOSHI may occur at the beginning of a conditional sentence just to act as a signal telling the listener to expect a conditional form. However, the conditional clause must end in the conditional form even if the word MOSHI is used at the beginning of the clause.\n\nExamples:\n\nMOSHI AME GA FUREBA, IKIMASEN. \"I won't go if it rains.\"\n\nMOSHI YASUKEREBA, KAIMASU. \"I'll buy if it's cheap.\""},{"section":6,"text":"TO 'with' (accompaniment)\n\n6. TO 'with' (accompaniment)\n\nThe use of the particle TO with the meaning 'and,' 'if,' 'when,' and 'what is quoted' has already been introduced. Occurring after a noun, the particle TO also means 'with' denoting a relation of accompaniment or association, e.g.,\n\nYAMADA-SAN WA TANAKA-SAN TO HANASHIMASHITA. \"Mr. Yamada talked with Mr. Tanaka.\"\n\nSUZUKI-SAN TO ISSHO NI IKIMASHITA. \"I went with Mr. Suzuki.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"明るい","gloss":"light"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"明り","gloss":"light"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"めくら","gloss":"blind, blind person"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"つんぼ","gloss":"deaf"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Hearing and special schools · Dialogue 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Hearing and special schools","paragraphs":["The speakers compare limited hearing with inability to hear or speak. *目が 見えない 人や ものを 言うことが 出来ない 人の ために、 とくべつな 学校が あるそうですね* reports that special schools exist.","*その人たちは そこで とくべつな きょういくを うけます* states that these people receive special education there."]},{"title":"A signal for if","paragraphs":["*もし 耳が 遠ければ* means \"if one is hard of hearing.\" The opening *もし* signals that the conditional form *遠ければ* follows.","*耳が 遠くても* means \"even if one is hard of hearing.\"","The *そうです* in the school report marks information the speaker has heard."]},{"title":"Kanji: 話","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.007","source":"もし 耳が 遠ければ、 何も 聞くことが 出来ませんか。","translation":"If one is hard of hearing, can he not hear anything?","reading":"もしみみがとおければ、なにもきくことができませんか。","words":[{"text":"もし","gloss":"if"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠けれ","gloss":"hard of hearing","reading":"とおけれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"聞く","gloss":"hear","reading":"きく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.008","source":"いいえ、 耳が 遠くても、 人が 近くで 話せば 聞こえますよ。","translation":"Even if he is hard of hearing, if a person speaks to him close, he can hear.","reading":"いいえ、みみがとおくても、ひとがちかくではなせばきこえますよ。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠く","gloss":"hard of hearing","reading":"とおく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"話せ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなせ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"can hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.009","source":"おしと 言うのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is a deaf-mute?","reading":"おしというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"deaf-mute"},{"text":"と","gloss":"called"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.010","source":"おしと 言うのは うまれつき 耳が 聞こえない 人で、 ものを 言うことも 出来ないのです。","translation":"A deaf-mute is a person who cannot hear by nature and he can neither talk nor hear.","reading":"おしというのはうまれつきみみがきこえないひとで、ものをいうこともできないのです。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"deaf-mute"},{"text":"と","gloss":"called"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うまれつき","gloss":"by birth"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"cannot hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot hear"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"who"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.011","source":"目が 見えない 人や ものを 言うことが 出来ない 人の ために、 とくべつな 学校が あるそうですね。","translation":"I hear that there are special schools for the blind and deaf-mute, isn't that right?","reading":"めがみえないひとやものをいうことができないひとのために、とくべつながっこうがあるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"目","gloss":"eyesight","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"cannot see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot see"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"benefit"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.012","source":"ええ、 あります。 その人たちは そこで とくべつな きょういくを うけます。","translation":"Yes, there are. Blind people and deaf-mutes receive special education there.","reading":"ええ、あります。そのひとたちはそこでとくべつなきょういくをうけます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"きょう","gloss":"education"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"education"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もし","gloss":"if"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"遠く","gloss":"distant (place)"},{"word":"近く","gloss":"vicinity"},{"word":"おし","gloss":"deaf-mute"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"うまれつき","gloss":"by birth, by nature"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Guide dogs and training · Dialogue 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Training people and dogs","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss dogs used by blind people and the training these dogs receive. *長い くんれんが おわってから* places the joint training after the dog's long training.","*目が 見えない 人は その いぬを 買わなければ なりませんか* asks whether a blind person must buy the dog."]},{"title":"Doing something with someone","paragraphs":["*その いぬを もらう 人と 一しょに* means \"together with the person who receives that dog.\" After a noun, the particle *と* can mean \"with.\"","The line also has *何日も*, \"many days,\" and *くんれん しなければ なりません*, \"must train.\"","*もらうことも 出来るそうです* reports that a person without money can receive a dog."]},{"title":"Kanji: 米, 国","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 多","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.013","source":"米国では、 この頃は つえを 使わなくて、 いぬを 使う めくらの人が 多いそうですね。","translation":"I understand that nowadays in the United States there are many blind people who use dogs without using canes, is that right?","reading":"べいこくでは、このごろはつえをつかわなくて、いぬをつかうめくらのひとがおおいそうですね。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この頃","gloss":"nowadays"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つえ","gloss":"cane"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"not use","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not use"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"without"},{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.014","source":"ええ、 多いです。","translation":"Yes, that's right. There are many.","reading":"ええ、おおいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.015","source":"その いぬは とくべつな くんれんを うけるのですか。","translation":"Do those dogs receive special training?","reading":"そのいぬはとくべつなくんれんをうけるのですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うける","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.016","source":"ええ。 そして、 長い くんれんが おわってから、 今度は その いぬを もらう 人と 一しょに、 又 何日も くんれん しなければ なりません。","translation":"That's right. After the long training is over, this time they must go through training for many days together with the persons who receive them.","reading":"ええ。そして、ながいくんれんがおわってから、こんどはそのいぬをもらうひとといっしょに、またなんにちもくんれんしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"ええ。","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おわっ","gloss":"is over"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is over"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"今度","gloss":"this time","reading":"こんど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もらう","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"together"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.017","source":"目が 見えない 人は その いぬを 買わなければ なりませんか。","translation":"Must a blind person buy that dog?","reading":"めがみえないひとはそのいぬをかわなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"目","gloss":"eyesight","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"cannot see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot see"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dog"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L031.dlg.018","source":"ええ、 買わなければ なりません。 しかし、 お金が なければ もらうことも 出来るそうです。","translation":"That's right. However, I understand that if he has no money, he can receive one (free of charge), too.","reading":"ええ、かわなければなりません。しかし、おかねがなければもらうこともできるそうです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"},{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"do not have"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"もらう","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"この頃","gloss":"these days, nowadays"},{"word":"つえ","gloss":"cane"},{"word":"いぬ","gloss":"dog"},{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"word":"うける","gloss":"to receive (intangible things) (v.t.)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"今度","gloss":"this time, next time"},{"word":"もらう","gloss":"to receive (tangible things)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying what must happen · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"What someone must do","paragraphs":["*たつ* means \"stand up.\" *たたなければなりません* means \"must stand up.\"","A verb ending in *なければ* followed by *なりません* states an obligation. *買わなければなりません* means \"He must buy.\""]},{"title":"Obligations in questions and answers","paragraphs":["*生徒は 家でも べんきょうしなければなりませんか* asks \"Must the students study at home too?\"","*三時間ぐらい べんきょうしなければなりません* answers that they have to study for about three hours."]},{"title":"Kanji: 習","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.01","source":"買わなければなりません。","translation":"He must buy.","reading":"かわなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.02","source":"たつ —— たたなければなりません。","translation":"stand up — must stand up.","reading":"たつ——たたなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"たつ——","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"たた","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.03","source":"行く —— 行かなければなりません。","translation":"go — must go.","reading":"いく——いかなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"行く——","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.04","source":"話す —— 話さなければなりません。","translation":"speak — must speak.","reading":"はなす——はなさなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"話す——","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.05","source":"習う —— 習わなければなりません。","translation":"learn — must learn.","reading":"ならう——ならわなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"習う——","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"習わ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならわ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.06","source":"見る —— 見なければなりません。","translation":"see — must see.","reading":"みる——みなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"見る——","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.07","source":"おきる —— おきなければなりません。","translation":"get up — must get up.","reading":"おきる——おきなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"きる——","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.08","source":"来る —— 来なければなりません。","translation":"come — must come.","reading":"くる——こなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"来る——","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.09","source":"する —— しなければなりません。","translation":"do — must do.","reading":"する——しなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"する——","gloss":"do"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.10","source":"生徒は 家でも べんきょうしなければなりませんか。","translation":"Must the students study at home too?","reading":"せいとはいえでもべんきょうしなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.11","source":"はい、 大てい 三時間ぐらい べんきょうしなければなりません。","translation":"Yes, they usually have to study for about three hours.","reading":"はい、たいていさんじかんぐらいべんきょうしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.11.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.12","source":"手紙には 何セントの 切手を はらなければなりませんか。","translation":"How many cents in stamps must I put on a letter?","reading":"てがみにはなんセントのきってをはらなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"切手","gloss":"stamps","reading":"きって"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はら","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.12.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.13","source":"ふつう ゆうびんなら、 六セントの 切手を はらなければなりません。","translation":"If it is regular mail, you must put a six-cent stamp on it.","reading":"ふつうゆうびんなら、ろくセントのきってをはらなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"ふつう","gloss":"regular"},{"text":"ゆうびん","gloss":"mail"},{"text":"なら、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"切手","gloss":"stamp","reading":"きって"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はら","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.13.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.14","source":"生徒たちは ダイアログを おぼえなければなりませんか。","translation":"Must the students memorize the dialogues?","reading":"せいとたちはダイアログをおぼえなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogues"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.14.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.15","source":"はい、 毎日 ダイアログを おぼえなければなりません。","translation":"Yes, they must memorize a dialogue every day.","reading":"はい、まいにちダイアログをおぼえなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.15.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.16","source":"先生は 毎日 何時間ぐらい おしえなければなりませんか。","translation":"About how many hours must the teacher teach every day?","reading":"せんせいはまいにちなんじかんぐらいおしえなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.16.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp1.17","source":"毎日 五時間ぐらい おしえなければなりません。","translation":"The teacher must teach for about five hours every day.","reading":"まいにちごじかんぐらいおしえなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp1.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"きる——","gloss":"to wear (v.t.)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"切手","gloss":"postage stamp"},{"word":"ゆうびん","gloss":"postal service"},{"word":"なら、","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Reporting what you heard · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Information from another source","paragraphs":["*とくべつな 学校が ある そうです* means \"I understand that there is a special school.\" The reporting *そうです* follows the informal non-past or past form.","*とうきょうの 夏は むしあつい そうです* reports an I-adjective: \"I hear that summer in Tokyo is humid.\""]},{"title":"After a noun or NA-adjective","paragraphs":["*あの方は ゴルフが 上手だそうですね* means \"I hear that person is good at golf.\" A noun or NA-adjective uses *だ* before *そうです*.","*かなり 上手です* gives the direct reply: \"He is quite good.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.01","source":"とくべつな 学校が ある そうです。","translation":"I understand that there is a special school.","reading":"とくべつながっこうがあるそうです。","words":[{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.02","source":"とうきょうの 夏は むしあつい そうです。","translation":"I hear that summer in Tokyo is humid.","reading":"とうきょうのなつはむしあついそうです。","words":[{"text":"とうきょう","gloss":"Tokyo"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むしあつい","gloss":"humid"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.03","source":"日本語は かなり むずかしいそうですね。","translation":"I hear Japanese is rather difficult.","reading":"にほんごはかなりむずかしいそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"rather"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.04","source":"ええ、 とても むずかしいです。","translation":"Yes, it is very difficult.","reading":"ええ、とてもむずかしいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.05","source":"あの人は フランス語が 出来るそうですね。","translation":"I hear that person can speak French.","reading":"あのひとはフランスごができるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can speak","reading":"できる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.06","source":"はい、 出来ます。","translation":"Yes, he can.","reading":"はい、できます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.07","source":"あの方は ゴルフが 上手だそうですね。","translation":"I hear that person is good at golf.","reading":"あのかたはゴルフがじょうずだそうですね。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"が","gloss":"at"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.08","source":"ええ、 かなり 上手です。","translation":"Yes, he is quite good.","reading":"ええ、かなりじょうずです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"quite"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.09","source":"日本は きれいな 所だそうですね。","translation":"I hear Japan is a beautiful place.","reading":"にほんはきれいなところだそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"な","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp2.10","source":"ええ、 大へん きれいな 所です。","translation":"Yes, it is a very beautiful place.","reading":"ええ、たいへんきれいなところです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"な","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"むしあつい","gloss":"sultry, humid"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"If and even if · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"If and even if","paragraphs":["*話せば* means \"if one speaks.\" *話しても* means \"even if one speaks.\" The BA-form marks \"if,\" while the TEMO-form marks \"even if.\"","A *はい* answer repeats the question without *か*."]},{"title":"A negative answer reverses the result","paragraphs":["*雨が 降れば 行きませんか* asks \"Won't you go if it rains?\"","*いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます* answers \"No, I will go even if it rains.\" BA changes to TEMO, and the predicate becomes affirmative.","A TEMO question changes to BA in the same way when the answer is *いいえ*."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.01","source":"--れば vs. --ても","translation":"'if' vs. 'even if'","reading":"--ればブイエス--ても","words":[{"text":"--","gloss":"ending"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"vs.--","gloss":"versus"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.02","source":"話す —— 話せば —— 話しても","translation":"speak — if one speaks — even if one speaks.","reading":"はなす——はなせば——はなしても","words":[{"text":"話す——","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"話せ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなせ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.03","source":"読む —— 読めば —— 読んでも","translation":"read — if one reads — even if one reads.","reading":"よむ——よめば——よんでも","words":[{"text":"読む——","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"読め","gloss":"read","reading":"よめ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.04","source":"降る —— 降れば —— 降っても","translation":"fall — if it falls — even if it falls.","reading":"ふる——ふれば——ふっても","words":[{"text":"降る——","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.05","source":"来る —— 来れば —— 来ても","translation":"come — if one comes — even if one comes.","reading":"くる——くれば——きても","words":[{"text":"来る——","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"来れ","gloss":"come","reading":"くれ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.06","source":"する —— すれば —— しても","translation":"do — if one does — even if one does.","reading":"する——すれば——しても","words":[{"text":"する——","gloss":"do"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.07","source":"習う —— 習えば —— 習っても","translation":"learn — if one learns — even if one learns.","reading":"ならう——ならえば——ならっても","words":[{"text":"習う——","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"習え","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならえ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"習っ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.07.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.08","source":"長い —— 長ければ —— 長くても","translation":"long — if it is long — even if it is long.","reading":"ながい——ながければ——ながくても","words":[{"text":"長い——","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"長けれ","gloss":"long","reading":"ながけれ"},{"text":"ば——","gloss":"if"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"long","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.08.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.09","source":"雨が 降れば 行きませんか。","translation":"Won't you go if it rains?","reading":"あめがふればいきませんか。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.09.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.10","source":"いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます。","translation":"No, I will go even if it rains.","reading":"いいえ、あめがふってもいきます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.10.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.11","source":"この ひもは 短くても 使うことが 出来ますか。","translation":"Can this cord be used even if it is short?","reading":"このひもはみじかくてもつかうことができますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ひも","gloss":"cord"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"短く","gloss":"short","reading":"みじかく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.11.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.12","source":"いいえ、 短かければ 使うことは 出来ません。","translation":"No, if it is short, it cannot be used.","reading":"いいえ、みじかければつかうことはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"短かけれ","gloss":"is short","reading":"みじかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.12.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.13","source":"えんぴつが 短かければ 字を 書くことが 出来ませんか。","translation":"Can't you write if the pencil is short?","reading":"えんぴつがみじかければじをかくことができませんか。","words":[{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"短かけれ","gloss":"is short","reading":"みじかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"字","gloss":"writing","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.13.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.14","source":"いいえ、 短くても 字を 書くことが 出来ます。","translation":"No, you can write even if it is short.","reading":"いいえ、みじかくてもじをかくことができます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"短く","gloss":"is short","reading":"みじかく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"字","gloss":"writing","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.14.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.15","source":"耳が なければ 見ることが 出来ませんか。","translation":"Can't you see if you have no ears?","reading":"みみがなければみることができませんか。","words":[{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"do not have"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.15.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp3.16","source":"いいえ、 耳が なくても 見ることが 出来ます。","translation":"No, you can see even if you have no ears.","reading":"いいえ、みみがなくてもみることができます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"do not have"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp3.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"降る——","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"ひも","gloss":"cord, string"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying how many · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"Many of what the counter counts","paragraphs":["*何日も くんれんします* means \"We train for many days.\" *何* plus a counter plus *も* means many of what that counter counts.","*何人も* means \"many people,\" while *何本も* means \"many long objects.\""]},{"title":"A large quantity instead of a number","paragraphs":["*つくえの上に えんぴつが 何本 ありますか* asks how many pencils are on the desk.","*何本も あります* answers \"There are many.\" With *も*, the answer gives a large quantity instead of a number."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.01","source":"何日も くんれんします。","translation":"We train for many days.","reading":"なんにちもくんれんします。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"many days","reading":"なん"},{"text":"日","gloss":"many days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"train"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.01.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.02","source":"何人 —— 何人も","translation":"how many people — many people.","reading":"なんにん——なんにんも","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many people"},{"text":"人——","gloss":"how many people"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"many people"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.02.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.03","source":"何か月 —— 何か月も","translation":"how many months — many months.","reading":"なんかげつ——なんかげつも","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many months","reading":"なん"},{"text":"か月——","gloss":"how many months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many months","reading":"なん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"many months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.03.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.04","source":"何本 —— 何本も","translation":"how many long objects — many long objects.","reading":"なんぼん——なんぼんも","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many long objects"},{"text":"本——","gloss":"how many long objects"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many long objects"},{"text":"本","gloss":"many long objects"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.04.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.05","source":"何度 —— 何度も","translation":"how many times — many times.","reading":"なんど——なんども","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度——","gloss":"how many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.05.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.06","source":"何まい —— 何まいも","translation":"how many flat objects — many flat objects.","reading":"なんまい——なんまいも","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many flat objects","reading":"なん"},{"text":"まい——","gloss":"how many flat objects"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many flat objects","reading":"なん"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"many flat objects"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.06.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.07","source":"何時間 —— 何時間も","translation":"how many hours — many hours.","reading":"なんじかん——なんじかんも","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many hours","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間——","gloss":"how many hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many hours","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"many hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.07.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.08","source":"あなたは 日本人の 友だちが ありますか。","translation":"Do you have any Japanese friends?","reading":"あなたはにほんじんのともだちがありますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"友だち","gloss":"friends","reading":"ともだち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.08.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.09","source":"はい、 何人も あります。","translation":"Yes, I have many.","reading":"はい、なんにんもあります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many people","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"many people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.09.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.10","source":"日本へ 何度も 行きましたか。","translation":"Have you been to Japan many times?","reading":"にほんへなんどもいきましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.10.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.11","source":"はい、 何度も 行きました。","translation":"Yes, I have been there many times.","reading":"はい、なんどもいきました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.11.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.12","source":"つくえの上に えんぴつが 何本 ありますか。","translation":"How many pencils are there on the desk?","reading":"つくえのうえにえんぴつがなんぼんありますか。","words":[{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many long objects","reading":"なん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"how many long objects","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.12.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.13","source":"何本も あります。","translation":"There are many.","reading":"なんぼんもあります。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"many long objects","reading":"なん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"many long objects","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.13.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.14","source":"字しょが 何さつ ありますか。","translation":"How many dictionaries are there?","reading":"じしょがなんさつありますか。","words":[{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many volumes","reading":"なん"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"how many volumes"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.14.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L031.gp4.15","source":"字しょが 何さつも あります。","translation":"There are many dictionaries.","reading":"じしょがなんさつもあります。","words":[{"text":"字","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"じ"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many volumes","reading":"なん"},{"text":"さつ","gloss":"many volumes"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.gp4.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人——","gloss":"people"},{"word":"本——","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"時間——","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さつ","gloss":"numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Daily obligations · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Obligations in daily life","paragraphs":["*明日は 朝早く おきなければなりません* means \"I must get up early tomorrow morning.\" The *なければなりません* pattern states the obligation.","*日本語で 話さなければなりません* means \"I must speak in Japanese.\" Other lines apply the pattern to going, repairing, studying, walking, and memorizing."]},{"title":"Kanji: 歩","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.m1","source":"来月 日本へ 行かなければなりません。","translation":"I must go to Japan next month.","reading":"らいげつにほんへいかなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.01","source":"私は うでどけいを なおさなければなりません。","translation":"I must have my wristwatch repaired.","reading":"わたくしはうでどけいをなおさなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"う","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"で","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"どけい","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"なおさ","gloss":"have repaired"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.02","source":"今ばん べんきょうしなければなりません。","translation":"I must study tonight.","reading":"こんばんべんきょうしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こん"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.03","source":"明日は 朝早く おきなければなりません。","translation":"I must get up early tomorrow morning.","reading":"あしたはあさはやくおきなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.04","source":"自どうしゃが ないから、 歩いて 行かなければなりません。","translation":"Since I do not have a car, I must walk.","reading":"じどうしゃがないから、あるいていかなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"do not have"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"歩い","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.05","source":"日本語で 話さなければなりません。","translation":"I must speak in Japanese.","reading":"にほんごではなさなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.06","source":"この ダイアログを みんな おぼえなければ なりませんか。","translation":"Must everyone memorize this dialogue?","reading":"このダイアログをみんなおぼえなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.07","source":"はい、 みんな おぼえなければなりません。","translation":"Yes, everyone must memorize it.","reading":"はい、みんなおぼえなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"来月","gloss":"next month"},{"word":"ばん","gloss":"evening, night"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"みんな","gloss":"all"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about obligations · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An obligation or no need","paragraphs":["*この ぶんしょうを やくさなければなりませんか* asks \"Do I have to translate this passage?\"","*やくさなくても いいです* answers that translating it is not necessary."]},{"title":"An obligation in the past","paragraphs":["*学校へ 行かなければ なりませんでした* places the obligation in the past: \"I had to go to school.\"","The ending *から* gives that obligation as the reason the speaker could not visit."]}],"lines":[{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.08","source":"この ぶんしょうを やくさなければなりませんか。","translation":"Do I have to translate this passage?","reading":"このぶんしょうをやくさなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ぶんしょう","gloss":"passage"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やくさ","gloss":"translate"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.09","source":"いいえ、 やくさなくても いいです。","translation":"No, you don't have to translate it.","reading":"いいえ、やくさなくてもいいです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"やくさ","gloss":"translate"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.10","source":"昨ばん 家へ 来ませんでしたね。","translation":"You didn't come to my house last night, did you?","reading":"さくばんいえへきませんでしたね。","words":[{"text":"昨","gloss":"last night","reading":"さく"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"last night"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.11","source":"ええ、 昨ばんは 学校へ 行かなければ なりませんでしたから、 あなたの 家へ 行く ことが 出来ませんでした。","translation":"No, I had to go to school last night, so I couldn't go to your house.","reading":"ええ、さくばんはがっこうへいかなければなりませんでしたから、あなたのいえへいくことができませんでした。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"昨","gloss":"last night","reading":"さく"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"last night"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"past, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.12","source":"日本語を 習います。","translation":"I learn Japanese.","reading":"にほんごをならいます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習い","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.13","source":"お金を はらいます。","translation":"I pay the money.","reading":"おかねをはらいます。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はらい","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.14","source":"手紙を 書きます。","translation":"I write a letter.","reading":"てがみをかきます。","words":[{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書き","gloss":"write","reading":"かき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.15","source":"くつを はきます。","translation":"I put on shoes.","reading":"くつをはきます。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Mailing, reading and teaching · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Six actions as obligations","paragraphs":["*葉書を 出します* means \"I mail a postcard.\" In this pattern, the action becomes an obligation.","*早く やすみます* means \"I go to bed early.\" The other actions are teaching, reading, remaining until six, and asking a question."]}],"lines":[{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.16","source":"葉書を 出します。","translation":"I mail a postcard.","reading":"はがきをだします。","words":[{"text":"葉書","gloss":"postcard","reading":"はがき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"mail","reading":"だし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.17","source":"早く やすみます。","translation":"I go to bed early.","reading":"はやくやすみます。","words":[{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"やすみ","gloss":"go to bed"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.18","source":"五時間 おしえます。","translation":"I teach for five hours.","reading":"ごじかんおしえます。","words":[{"text":"五","gloss":"five hours","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"five hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.19","source":"しんぶんを 読みます。","translation":"I read the newspaper.","reading":"しんぶんをよみます。","words":[{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.20","source":"六時まで のこります。","translation":"I stay until six o'clock.","reading":"ろくじまでのこります。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"six o'clock","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時","gloss":"six o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"の","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"こり","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt1.21","source":"しつもんします。","translation":"I ask a question.","reading":"しつもんします。","words":[{"text":"しつもん","gloss":"ask a question"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt1.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しつもん","gloss":"question"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Reporting facts you heard · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Reports in the non-past","paragraphs":["*今ばん 雨が 降るそうです* means \"I understand it is going to rain tonight.\" The reporting *そうです* follows the informal form *降る*.","*スミスさんは フランス語が 上手だそうです* reports a NA-adjective with *だ*."]},{"title":"A report about the past","paragraphs":["*ブラウンさんは 日本へ 行ったそうです* means \"I hear Mr. Brown went to Japan.\" The informal past form *行った* stands before *そうです*."]}],"lines":[{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.01","source":"今ばん 雨が 降るそうです。","translation":"I understand it's going to rain tonight.","reading":"こんばんあめがふるそうです。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こん"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"will fall","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.02","source":"アラスカの 冬は 大へん さむいそうです。","translation":"I understand that the winter in Alaska is very cold.","reading":"アラスカのふゆはたいへんさむいそうです。","words":[{"text":"アラスカ","gloss":"Alaska"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.03","source":"あの人は 耳が 聞こえないそうです。","translation":"I hear that person cannot hear.","reading":"あのひとはみみがきこえないそうです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.04","source":"あの生徒は 毎ばん 三時間 べんきょうするそうです。","translation":"I hear that student studies for three hours every evening.","reading":"あのせいとはまいばんさんじかんべんきょうするそうです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎","gloss":"every evening","reading":"まい"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"every evening"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three hours","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"three hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.05","source":"山本さんは 耳が 遠いそうです。","translation":"I hear Mr. Yamamoto is hard of hearing.","reading":"やまもとさんはみみがとおいそうです。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"hard of hearing","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.06","source":"スミスさんは フランス語が 上手だそうです。","translation":"I hear Mr. Smith is good at French.","reading":"スミスさんはフランスごがじょうずだそうです。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フランス","gloss":"French"},{"text":"語","gloss":"French","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good at","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.07","source":"ブラウンさんは 日本へ 行ったそうです。","translation":"I hear Mr. Brown went to Japan.","reading":"ブラウンさんはにほんへいったそうです。","words":[{"text":"ブラウン","gloss":"Brown"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.08","source":"あの人は 左の目が よく 見えないそうですね。","translation":"I hear that person cannot see well out of his left eye.","reading":"あのひとはひだりのめがよくみえないそうですね。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"左","gloss":"left","reading":"ひだり"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"目","gloss":"eye","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"アラスカ","gloss":"Alaska"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Discussing secondhand information · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A report followed by confirmation","paragraphs":["*ニューヨークの 夏は あついそうですね* means \"I hear summers in New York are hot.\" The reporting form with *ね* invites confirmation.","*とても むしあついです* gives direct information: \"They are very hot and humid.\" The reply can confirm the report with a more exact fact."]}],"lines":[{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.09","source":"少しは 見えるのですが、 かなり わるいのでしょう。","translation":"He can see a little, but it is probably quite bad.","reading":"すこしはみえるのですが、かなりわるいのでしょう。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"見える","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it is that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"quite"},{"text":"わるい","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it is that"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.10","source":"日本人は きものを きると、 くつを はかないそうですね。","translation":"I hear that when Japanese people wear kimono, they do not wear shoes.","reading":"にほんじんはきものをきると、くつをはかないそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きる","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はかない","gloss":"do not wear"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.11","source":"ええ、 大てい きものを きると、 げたを はきます。","translation":"Yes, when they wear kimono, they usually wear wooden clogs.","reading":"ええ、たいていきものをきると、げたをはきます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大てい","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"きもの","gloss":"kimono"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きる","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.12","source":"ニューヨークの 夏は あついそうですね。","translation":"I hear summers in New York are hot.","reading":"ニューヨークのなつはあついそうですね。","words":[{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summers","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.13","source":"ええ、 とても むしあついです。","translation":"Yes, they are very hot and humid.","reading":"ええ、とてもむしあついです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"むしあつい","gloss":"hot and humid"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.14","source":"スミスさんは 日本語が よく 出来るそうですね。","translation":"I hear Mr. Smith is very good at Japanese.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんごがよくできるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Mr. Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr. Smith"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"is good at","reading":"できる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt2.15","source":"ええ、 クラスで 一番 よく 出来ますね。","translation":"Yes, he is the best in the class.","reading":"ええ、クラスでいちばんよくできますね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"クラス","gloss":"class"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"best","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"does","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt2.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"見える","gloss":"to be visible, can see (v.i.)"},{"word":"わるい","gloss":"bad"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"きもの","gloss":"KIMONO"},{"word":"きる","gloss":"to wear (v.t.)"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"word":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Contrasting if and even if · Pattern 3 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"From if to even if","paragraphs":["*雨が 降れば、 行きませんか* asks \"Won't you go if it rains?\"","*いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます* answers \"No, I will go even if it rains.\" The if-form becomes the even-if form, and the predicate becomes affirmative."]},{"title":"From even if to if","paragraphs":["*雨が 降っても 行きますか* asks whether the speaker will go even if it rains.","*いいえ、 雨が 降れば 行きません* answers \"No, if it rains, I will not go.\" The even-if form becomes the if-form, and the predicate becomes negative."]}],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.01","source":"雨が 降れば、 行きませんか。","translation":"Won't you go if it rains?","reading":"あめがふれば、いきませんか。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.02","source":"いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます。","translation":"No, I'll go even if it rains.","reading":"いいえ、あめがふってもいきます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"rains"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.03","source":"雨が 降っても 行きますか。","translation":"Will you go even if it rains?","reading":"あめがふってもいきますか。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"rains"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.04","source":"いいえ、 雨が 降れば 行きません。","translation":"No, if it rains, I won't go.","reading":"いいえ、あめがふればいきません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.05","source":"雨が 降れば、 あなたは はたらきませんか。","translation":"If it rains, don't you work?","reading":"あめがふれば、あなたははたらきませんか。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はたらき","gloss":"work"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.06","source":"いいえ、 雨が 降っても 私は はたらきます。","translation":"No, I work even if it rains.","reading":"いいえ、あめがふってもわたくしははたらきます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"rains"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はたらき","gloss":"work"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.07","source":"耳が 遠ければ、 話すことは 出来ませんか。","translation":"If you are hard of hearing, can't you speak?","reading":"みみがとおければ、はなすことはできませんか。","words":[{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠けれ","gloss":"is poor","reading":"とおけれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.08","source":"いいえ、 耳が 遠くても 話すことは 出来ます。","translation":"No, even if you are hard of hearing, you can speak.","reading":"いいえ、みみがとおくてもはなすことはできます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"遠く","gloss":"is poor","reading":"とおく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Conditional limits and responses · Pattern 3 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A result despite the condition","paragraphs":["*先生の しつもんを 一度 聞けば、 すぐ わかりますか* asks whether one hearing brings immediate understanding.","*一度 聞いても わかりません* answers \"I do not understand it even after hearing it once.\" The if-form becomes the even-if form, and the result becomes negative."]}],"lines":[{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.09","source":"先生の しつもんを 一度 聞けば、 すぐ わかりますか。","translation":"If you hear the teacher's question once, do you understand it right away?","reading":"せんせいのしつもんをいちどきけば、すぐわかりますか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"しつもん","gloss":"question"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"聞け","gloss":"hear","reading":"きけ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"right away"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.10","source":"いいえ、 時々 一度 聞いても わかりません。","translation":"No, sometimes I don't understand it even after hearing it once.","reading":"いいえ、ときどきいちどきいてもわかりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"hearing","reading":"きい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hearing"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even after"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.11","source":"目が なくても 見ることが 出来ますか。","translation":"Can you see even if you have no eyes?","reading":"めがなくてもみることができますか。","words":[{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"have none"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have none"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.12","source":"いいえ、 目が なければ、 見ることは 出来ません。","translation":"No, if you have no eyes, you cannot see.","reading":"いいえ、めがなければ、みることはできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"have none"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"see","reading":"みる"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.13","source":"へやが くらくても 明りを つけませんか。","translation":"Don't you turn on the light even if the room is dark?","reading":"へやがくらくてもあかりをつけませんか。","words":[{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"くらく","gloss":"is dark"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is dark"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.13.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.14","source":"いいえ、 へやが くらければ、 明りを つけます。","translation":"No, if the room is dark, I turn on the light.","reading":"いいえ、へやがくらければ、あかりをつけます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"くらけれ","gloss":"is dark"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.14.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.15","source":"その自どうしゃは たかいですが、 たかくても 買いますか。","translation":"That car is expensive, but will you buy it even if it is expensive?","reading":"そのじどうしゃはたかいですが、たかくてもかいますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"たかく","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"て","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.15.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.16","source":"いいえ、 たかければ、 買いません。","translation":"No, if it is expensive, I won't buy it.","reading":"いいえ、たかければ、かいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"たかけれ","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking conditional questions · Pattern 3 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"What happens under a condition","paragraphs":["*お金が あれば、 日本へ 行きますか* asks \"If you have money, will you go to Japan?\" The BA-form sets the condition.","*よく べんきょうしても 上手に なりませんか* asks whether improvement fails even with hard study. The TEMO-form means \"even if.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.17","source":"お金が あれば、 日本へ 行きますか。","translation":"If you have money, will you go to Japan?","reading":"おかねがあれば、にほんへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.17.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.18","source":"安ければ、 買いますか。","translation":"If it is cheap, will you buy it?","reading":"やすければ、かいますか。","words":[{"text":"安けれ","gloss":"cheap","reading":"やすけれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.18.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.19","source":"やさしければ、 べんきょうしませんか。","translation":"If it is easy, won't you study it?","reading":"やさしければ、べんきょうしませんか。","words":[{"text":"やさしけれ","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.19.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.20","source":"たべれば、 大きくなりますか。","translation":"If you eat, will you grow bigger?","reading":"たべれば、おおきくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"たべれ","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"bigger","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.20.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.21","source":"先生が 早く 話せば、 わかりませんか。","translation":"If the teacher speaks quickly, don't you understand?","reading":"せんせいがはやくはなせば、わかりませんか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"話せ","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなせ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.21.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt3.22","source":"よく べんきょうしても 上手に なりませんか。","translation":"Won't you get better even if you study hard?","reading":"よくべんきょうしてもじょうずになりませんか。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"better","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt3.22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Many times, years and objects · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Many with different counters","paragraphs":["*私は 何度も 日本へ 行きました* means \"I have been to Japan many times.\" The counter before *も* identifies what is numerous.","*何年も* means many years, *何本も* many long objects, *何人も* many people, and *何げんも* many buildings."]}],"lines":[{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.m1","source":"何日も 雨が 降りました。","translation":"It rained for many days.","reading":"なんにちもあめがふりました。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"many days","reading":"なん"},{"text":"日","gloss":"many days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many days"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"rained","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.m1.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.01","source":"私は 何度も 日本へ 行きました。","translation":"I have been to Japan many times.","reading":"わたくしはなんどもにほんへいきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many times"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"went","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.02","source":"あの方は 何年も 耳が 聞こえないのです。","translation":"That person has been unable to hear for many years.","reading":"あのかたはなんねんもみみがきこえないのです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many years","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"many years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many years"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"can hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it is that"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.03","source":"つくえの上に はくぼくが 何本も あります。","translation":"There are many pieces of chalk on the desk.","reading":"つくえのうえにはくぼくがなんぼんもあります。","words":[{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"はく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"ぼく","gloss":"chalk"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many pieces","reading":"なん"},{"text":"本","gloss":"many pieces","reading":"ぼん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many pieces"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.04","source":"この学校には 女の先生が 何人も 居ます。","translation":"There are many women teachers at this school.","reading":"このがっこうにはおんなのせんせいがなんにんもいます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many people","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"many people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.05","source":"山の中に 小さい 家が 何げんも あります。","translation":"There are many small houses in the mountains.","reading":"やまのなかにちいさいいえがなんげんもあります。","words":[{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"midst","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"家","gloss":"houses","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many houses","reading":"なん"},{"text":"げん","gloss":"many houses"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many houses"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"はく","gloss":"to wear (on feet or legs)"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Many people, years and boxes · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Whether the quantity is large","paragraphs":["*何年も 日本語を おしえていますか* asks whether the teacher has taught Japanese for many years.","*何人も 居ますか* asks whether many people are present. *はい、 何人も 居ます* confirms that there are many."]}],"lines":[{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.06","source":"先生、 あなたは もう 何年も 日本語を おしえていますか。","translation":"Teacher, have you been teaching Japanese for many years now?","reading":"せんせい、あなたはもうなんねんもにほんごをおしえていますか。","words":[{"text":"先生、","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"now"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many years","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"many years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many years"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.07","source":"ええ、 もう 二十年ぐらい おしえています。","translation":"Yes, I have been teaching it for about twenty years now.","reading":"ええ、もうにじゅうねんぐらいおしえています。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"now"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have been teaching"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.08","source":"この学校には くう軍の 軍人が 何人も 居ますか。","translation":"Are there many Air Force servicemen at this school?","reading":"このがっこうにはくうぐんのぐんじんがなんにんもいますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くう","gloss":"Air Force"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Air Force","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"servicemen","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many people","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"many people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.09","source":"はい、 何人も 居ます。","translation":"Yes, there are many.","reading":"はい、なんにんもいます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many people","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"many people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"many people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.10","source":"つくえの上に、 はこが いくつも ありますか。","translation":"Are there several boxes on the desk?","reading":"つくえのうえに、はこがいくつもありますか。","words":[{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"on"},{"text":"はこ","gloss":"boxes"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"several"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"several"},{"text":"も","gloss":"several"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L031.pt4.11","source":"いいえ、 一つしか ありません。","translation":"No, there is only one.","reading":"いいえ、ひとつしかありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.pt4.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Blindness and deafness from birth · Reading Selection 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Sight, hearing, and speech from birth","paragraphs":["The passage describes people who cannot see or speak. *ある人は うまれつきの めくら* means \"Some people are blind from birth.\"","*うまれつき 耳が 聞こえませんから* gives deafness from birth as the reason. *ものを 言うことも 出来ません* states that they cannot speak either."]}],"lines":[{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.001","source":"町を 歩いていると、 目の 見えない 人や、 ものを 言う","translation":"When you walk through town, you see people who cannot see and people who cannot","reading":"まちをあるいていると、めのみえないひとや、ものをいう","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"歩い","gloss":"are walking","reading":"あるい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"や、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.002","source":"ことが 出来ない 人を 見ます。","translation":"speak.","reading":"ことができないひとをみます。","words":[{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.003","source":"ある人は うまれつきの めくら","translation":"Some people are blind from birth.","reading":"あるひとはうまれつきのめくら","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うまれつき","gloss":"from birth"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.004","source":"です。","translation":"They are.","reading":"です。","words":[{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.005","source":"又 ある人は うまれつき 耳が 聞こえませんから、","translation":"Also, some people are deaf from birth, so","reading":"またあるひとはうまれつきみみがきこえませんから、","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うまれつき","gloss":"from birth"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"hearing","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"can hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.006","source":"ものを 言うことも 出来ません。","translation":"they cannot speak either.","reading":"ものをいうこともできません。","words":[{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.007","source":"ものを 言うことが 出来ない","translation":"A person who cannot speak","reading":"ものをいうことができない","words":[{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"や、","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special schools and lipreading · Reading Selection 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Schools and watching speech","paragraphs":["The passage says blind and mute people attend special schools. *とくべつな 学校に 行きます* means \"They go to special schools.\"","*話している 人の 口を 見ます* says they watch the speaker's mouth. *話の いみが わかるのです* states that they understand the speech."]},{"title":"Kanji: 外","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.008","source":"人を おしと 言います。","translation":"is called mute.","reading":"ひとをおしといいます。","words":[{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.009","source":"めくらや おしは、 その 人たちの","translation":"Blind and mute people","reading":"めくらやおしは、そのひとたちの","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"の","gloss":"their"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.010","source":"ために ある とくべつな 学校に 行きます。","translation":"go to special schools for them.","reading":"ためにあるとくべつながっこうにいきます。","words":[{"text":"ため","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.011","source":"おしは 外の 人が","translation":"When other people","reading":"おしはほかのひとが","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.012","source":"話している 時に、 話している 人の 口を 見ます。","translation":"are talking, mute people watch the speaker's mouth.","reading":"はなしているときに、はなしているひとのくちをみます。","words":[{"text":"話し","gloss":"are talking","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are talking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are talking"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"is talking","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is talking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is talking"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"口","gloss":"mouth","reading":"くち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"watch","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.013","source":"それで 話の","translation":"In this way, they","reading":"それではなしの","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"話","gloss":"speech","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.014","source":"いみが わかるのです。","translation":"understand what is being said.","reading":"いみがわかるのです。","words":[{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかる","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Training, touch and education · Reading Selection 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Training over many years","paragraphs":["The passage describes long training for communication and reading by touch. *何年も うけなければ なりません* combines an obligation with *何年も*, \"for many years.\"","*手を 使って 本を 読む くんれんを うけます* states that blind people receive training to read with their hands.","*これも 又 何年も かかります* says this training also takes many years."]}],"lines":[{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.015","source":"おしは 学校で いろいろな くんれんを","translation":"Mute people must receive various kinds of training at school","reading":"おしはがっこうでいろいろなくんれんを","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"いろいろ","gloss":"various"},{"text":"な","gloss":"various"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.016","source":"何年も うけなければ なりません。","translation":"for many years.","reading":"なんねんもうけなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.017","source":"めくらの人は 学校に 行って、 手を 使って 本を 読む","translation":"Blind people go to school and read books with their hands","reading":"めくらのひとはがっこうにいって、てをつかってほんをよむ","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hands","reading":"て"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.018","source":"くんれんを うけます。","translation":"after receiving training.","reading":"くんれんをうけます。","words":[{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.019","source":"これも 又 何年も かかります。","translation":"This also takes many years.","reading":"これもまたなんねんもかかります。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again","reading":"また"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.020","source":"しかし、","translation":"However,","reading":"しかし、","words":[{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.021","source":"日本では、 めくらや おしの 多くは、 お金が ありませんから、","translation":"in Japan, many blind and mute people do not have money, so","reading":"にほんでは、めくらやおしのおおくは、おかねがありませんから、","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.021.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Free education and transport · Reading Selection 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Transport and education without cost","paragraphs":["The passage reports that blind and mute people in the United States go to school by bus or car. *学校に 行くそうです* carries the report.","*お金も いりませんから* gives the absence of cost as the reason few people lack an education."]}],"lines":[{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.022","source":"学校へ 行くことが 出来ません。","translation":"they cannot go to school.","reading":"がっこうへいくことができません。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.022.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.023","source":"米国では、 めくらや おしの 人たちは","translation":"In the United States, blind and mute people","reading":"べいこくでは、めくらやおしのひとたちは","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"group"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.023.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.024","source":"だれでも バスや 自どうしゃで 学校に 行くそうです。","translation":"all reportedly go to school by bus or car.","reading":"だれでもバスやじどうしゃでがっこうにいくそうです。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"で","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.024.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.025","source":"そして、","translation":"And","reading":"そして、","words":[{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.025.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L031.rd.026","source":"お金も いりませんから、 きょういくの ない めくらや おしは すくない","translation":"since it does not cost any money, there are few blind or mute people without an education.","reading":"おかねもいりませんから、きょういくのないめくらやおしはすくない","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"cost"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きょう","gloss":"education"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"education"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"without"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すくない","gloss":"few"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.rd.026.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"バス","gloss":"bus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Naming sight and speech disabilities · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Names and abilities","paragraphs":["*ものを 言うことの 出来ない 人を 何と 言いますか* means \"What do you call a person who cannot speak?\" An answer names *おし*.","Other questions ask whether a person can see, hear, or speak and whether blind and mute people attend the same schools."]}],"lines":[{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.001","source":"そうです。","translation":"That's right.","reading":"そうです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.001.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.002","source":"町を 歩いていると、 時々 めくらの人を 見ますか。","translation":"When you walk around town, do you sometimes see blind people?","reading":"まちをあるいていると、ときどきめくらのひとをみますか。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"歩い","gloss":"are walking","reading":"あるい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are walking"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.002.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.003","source":"ものを 言うことの 出来ない 人を 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What do you call a person who cannot speak?","reading":"ものをいうことのできないひとをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.003.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.004","source":"目が 見えない 人を 何と 言いますか。","translation":"What do you call a person who cannot see?","reading":"めがみえないひとをなんといいますか。","words":[{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"call","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.004.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.005","source":"めくらや おしは 外の人と 同じ 学校へ 行きますか。","translation":"Do blind and mute people go to the same schools as other people?","reading":"めくらやおしはほかのひととおなじがっこうへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.005.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.006","source":"おしは 何を することが 出来ませんか。","translation":"What are mute people unable to do?","reading":"おしはなにをすることができませんか。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.006.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.007","source":"耳が 聞こえない 人は みんな おしですか。","translation":"Are all people who cannot hear mute?","reading":"みみがきこえないひとはみんなおしですか。","words":[{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.007.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.008","source":"うまれつき 耳が 聞こえない 人は、 ものを 言うことが 出来ませんか。","translation":"Are people who are deaf from birth unable to speak?","reading":"うまれつきみみがきこえないひとは、ものをいうことができませんか。","words":[{"text":"うまれつき","gloss":"from birth"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"hear","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Schools, guide dogs and lipreading · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Education and assistance","paragraphs":["*おしは 何年も とくべつな くんれんを うけなければ なりませんか* asks whether mute people must receive special training for many years.","*おしは どうして むこうの人の 話の いみが わかりますか* asks for the explanation about watching the speaker's mouth.","Other answers state whether special schools, special books, and trained dogs exist."]}],"lines":[{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.009","source":"おしや めくらの ために、 とくべつな 学校が ありますか。","translation":"Are there special schools for mute and blind people?","reading":"おしやめくらのために、とくべつながっこうがありますか。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.009.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.010","source":"めくらの ために とくべつの 本が ありますか。","translation":"Are there special books for blind people?","reading":"めくらのためにとくべつのほんがありますか。","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"の","gloss":"special"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.010.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.011","source":"おしは 何年も とくべつな くんれんを うけなければ なりませんか。","translation":"Do mute people have to receive special training for many years?","reading":"おしはなんねんもとくべつなくんれんをうけなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.011.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.012","source":"米国では、 学校へ 行かない めくらや おしが 多いですか。","translation":"In the United States, are there many blind and mute people who do not go to school?","reading":"べいこくでは、がっこうへいかないめくらやおしがおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.012.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.013","source":"つんぼは みんな ものを 言うことが 出来ませんか。","translation":"Are all deaf people unable to speak?","reading":"つんぼはみんなものをいうことができませんか。","words":[{"text":"つんぼ","gloss":"deaf people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"words"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.013.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.014","source":"日本では、 学校へ 行かない めくらの人や おしが 多いですか。","translation":"In Japan, are there many blind and mute people who do not go to school?","reading":"にほんでは、がっこうへいかないめくらのひとやおしがおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.014.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.015","source":"めくらの ために、 とくべつな くんれんを うけた いぬが 居ますか。","translation":"Are there dogs that have received special training to help blind people?","reading":"めくらのために、とくべつなくんれんをうけたいぬがいますか。","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"とくべつ","gloss":"special"},{"text":"な","gloss":"special"},{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.015.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"ja.dli.L031.q.016","source":"おしは どうして むこうの人の 話の いみが わかりますか。","translation":"How do mute people understand what the other person is saying?","reading":"おしはどうしてむこうのひとのはなしのいみがわかりますか。","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"mute people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"how"},{"text":"て","gloss":"how"},{"text":"むこう","gloss":"other"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"speech","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"むこう","gloss":"destination, yonder"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Disability, education and assistance words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"People, assistance, and perception","paragraphs":["These words cover disability, education, mobility assistance, and training. *つえ* means \"cane,\" *いぬ* means \"dog,\" and *くんれん* means \"training.\"","*見える* means \"to be visible\" or \"can see.\" *聞こえる* means \"to be audible\" or \"can hear.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":190,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.001","source":"へや","translation":"room","reading":"へや","words":[{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.001.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.002","source":"明り","translation":"light","reading":"あかり","words":[{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.002.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.003","source":"めくら","translation":"blind, blind person","reading":"めくら","words":[{"text":"めくら","gloss":"blind person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.003.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.004","source":"つんぼ","translation":"deaf","reading":"つんぼ","words":[{"text":"つんぼ","gloss":"deaf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.004.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.005","source":"おし","translation":"deaf-mute","reading":"おし","words":[{"text":"おし","gloss":"deaf-mute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.005.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.006","source":"きょういく","translation":"education","reading":"きょういく","words":[{"text":"きょういく","gloss":"education"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.006.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.007","source":"つえ","translation":"cane","reading":"つえ","words":[{"text":"つえ","gloss":"cane"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.007.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.008","source":"いぬ","translation":"dog","reading":"いぬ","words":[{"text":"いぬ","gloss":"dog"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.008.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.009","source":"くんれん","translation":"training","reading":"くんれん","words":[{"text":"くんれん","gloss":"training"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.009.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.010","source":"見える","translation":"to be visible, can see (v.i.)","reading":"みえる","words":[{"text":"見える","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.010.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.011","source":"聞こえる","translation":"to be audible, can hear (v.i.)","reading":"きこえる","words":[{"text":"聞こえる","gloss":"can hear","reading":"きこえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"きょういく","gloss":"education"},{"word":"聞こえる","gloss":"to be audible, can hear (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Light, speech and training words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Light, communication, and training","paragraphs":["These entries cover light, speech, education, and training. *明りを けす* means \"to switch off a light,\" while *明りを つける* means \"to turn on a light.\"","*うける* means receiving an intangible thing, such as training. *もらう* means receiving a tangible thing."]}],"lines":[{"number":201,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.012","source":"明りを けす","translation":"to switch off a light","reading":"あかりをけす","words":[{"text":"明りをけす","gloss":"switch off light","reading":"あかりをけす"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.012.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.013","source":"明りを つける","translation":"to turn on a light","reading":"あかりをつける","words":[{"text":"明りをつける","gloss":"turn on light","reading":"あかりをつける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.013.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.014","source":"ものを 言う","translation":"to speak, to utter words, talk","reading":"ものをいう","words":[{"text":"ものを言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"ものをいう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.014.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.015","source":"うける","translation":"to receive (intangible things) (v.t.)","reading":"うける","words":[{"text":"うける","gloss":"receive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.015.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.016","source":"きょういく する","translation":"to educate (v.t.)","reading":"きょういくする","words":[{"text":"きょういくする","gloss":"educate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.016.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.017","source":"くんれん する","translation":"to train (v.t.)","reading":"くんれんする","words":[{"text":"くんれんする","gloss":"train"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.017.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.018","source":"もらう","translation":"to receive (tangible things)","reading":"もらう","words":[{"text":"もらう","gloss":"receive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.018.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.019","source":"明るい","translation":"light","reading":"あかるい","words":[{"text":"明るい","gloss":"light","reading":"あかるい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.019.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.020","source":"くらい","translation":"dark","reading":"くらい","words":[{"text":"くらい","gloss":"dark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.020.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.021","source":"耳が 遠い","translation":"to be hard of hearing","reading":"みみがとおい","words":[{"text":"耳が遠い","gloss":"hard of hearing","reading":"みみがとおい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.021.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.022","source":"目が 見えません","translation":"can't see","reading":"めがみえません","words":[{"text":"目が見えません","gloss":"cannot see","reading":"めがみえません"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"明りをけす","gloss":"to switch off a light"},{"word":"明りをつける","gloss":"to turn on a light"},{"word":"ものを言う","gloss":"to speak, to utter words, talk"},{"word":"きょういくする","gloss":"to educate (v.t.)"},{"word":"くんれんする","gloss":"to train (v.t.)"},{"word":"耳が遠い","gloss":"to be hard of hearing"},{"word":"目が見えません","gloss":"can't see"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Necessity, hearsay and condition words · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Necessity, reports, and conditions","paragraphs":["*行かなければ なりません* means \"must go.\" *---そうです* means \"I hear that,\" and *何日も* means \"many days.\"","*もし* means \"if\" and signals a conditional. Other entries express purpose, contrast, birth, and inability to see or hear."]}],"lines":[{"number":212,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.023","source":"耳が 聞こえません","translation":"can't hear","reading":"みみがきこえません","words":[{"text":"耳が聞こえません","gloss":"cannot hear","reading":"みみがきこえません"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.023.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.024","source":"行かなければ なりません","translation":"must go (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"いかなければなりません","words":[{"text":"行かなければなりません","gloss":"must go","reading":"いかなければなりません"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.024.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.025","source":"---そうです","translation":"I hear that --- (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"---そうです","words":[{"text":"---そうです","gloss":"I hear that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.025.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.026","source":"何日も","translation":"many days (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"なんにちも","words":[{"text":"何日も","gloss":"many days","reading":"なんにちも"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.026.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.027","source":"しかし","translation":"however, but","reading":"しかし","words":[{"text":"しかし","gloss":"however"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.027.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.028","source":"ため(に)","translation":"for the purpose of, for the reason","reading":"ため(に)","words":[{"text":"ため(に)","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.028.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.029","source":"もし","translation":"if","reading":"もし","words":[{"text":"もし","gloss":"if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.029.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.030","source":"とくべつな","translation":"special","reading":"とくべつな","words":[{"text":"とくべつな","gloss":"special"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.030.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.031","source":"うまれつき","translation":"by birth, by nature","reading":"うまれつき","words":[{"text":"うまれつき","gloss":"by nature"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.031.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.032","source":"目が 見えない 人","translation":"person who can't see; a blind person","reading":"めがみえないひと","words":[{"text":"目が見えない人","gloss":"blind person","reading":"めがみえないひと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.032.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.033","source":"耳が 聞こえない 人","translation":"person who can't hear; deaf","reading":"みみがきこえないひと","words":[{"text":"耳が聞こえない人","gloss":"deaf person","reading":"みみがきこえないひと"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"耳が聞こえません","gloss":"can't hear"},{"word":"行かなければなりません","gloss":"must go (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"---そうです","gloss":"I hear that --- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"何日も","gloss":"many days (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"しかし","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"ため(に)","gloss":"for the purpose of, for the reason"},{"word":"とくべつな","gloss":"special"},{"word":"目が見えない人","gloss":"person who can't see; a blind person"},{"word":"耳が聞こえない人","gloss":"person who can't hear; deaf"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sight, hearing and ability phrases · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Ability with and without assistance","paragraphs":["*めくらは 何も見えません* means \"cannot see anything.\" *つんぼは 何も 聞こえません* means \"cannot hear anything.\"","*めくらは つえが なければ、 歩くことが 出来ません* says a blind person cannot walk without a cane.","Other phrases cover speech, learning Japanese, and switching off a light."]}],"lines":[{"number":223,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.034","source":"めくらは 何も見えません。","translation":"can't see anything","reading":"めくらはなにもみえません。","words":[{"text":"めくらは何も見えません。","gloss":"cannot see anything","reading":"めくらはなにもみえません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.034.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.035","source":"つんぼは 何も 聞こえません。","translation":"can't hear anything","reading":"つんぼはなにもきこえません。","words":[{"text":"つんぼは何も聞こえません。","gloss":"cannot hear anything","reading":"つんぼはなにもきこえません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.035.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.036","source":"おしは 何も 言うことが 出来ません。","translation":"can't say anything","reading":"おしはなにもいうことができません。","words":[{"text":"おしは何も言うことが出来ません。","gloss":"cannot say anything","reading":"おしはなにもいうことができません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.036.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.037","source":"先生の 話が よく 聞こえません。","translation":"I can't hear the teacher talk very well.","reading":"せんせいのはなしがよくきこえません。","words":[{"text":"先生の話がよく聞こえません。","gloss":"cannot hear teacher well","reading":"せんせいのはなしがよくきこえません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.037.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.038","source":"目が 見えない 人のために とくべつな 学校が あります。","translation":"There are special schools for people who can't see.","reading":"めがみえないひとのためにとくべつながっこうがあります。","words":[{"text":"目が見えない人のためにとくべつな学校があります。","gloss":"special schools for blind","reading":"めがみえないひとのためにとくべつながっこうがあります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.038.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.039","source":"めくらは つえが なければ、 歩くことが 出来ません。","translation":"... can't walk.","reading":"めくらはつえがなければ、あるくことができません。","words":[{"text":"めくらはつえがなければ、歩くことが出来ません。","gloss":"cannot walk without cane","reading":"めくらはつえがなければ、あるくことができません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.039.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.040","source":"あの先生は 四つの 外国語を 話すことが 出来ます。","translation":"foreign language","reading":"あのせんせいはよっつのがいこくごをはなすことができます。","words":[{"text":"あの先生は四つの外国語を話すことが出来ます。","gloss":"can speak four languages","reading":"あのせんせいはよっつのがいこくごをはなすことができます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.040.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.041","source":"私は 日本語を 習わなければなりません。","translation":"... have to learn.","reading":"わたくしはにほんごをならわなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"私は日本語を習わなければなりません。","gloss":"must learn Japanese","reading":"わたくしはにほんごをならわなければなりません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.041.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"ja.dli.L031.w.042","source":"私は 明りを けします。","translation":"I'll switch off the light.","reading":"わたくしはあかりをけします。","words":[{"text":"私は明りをけします。","gloss":"will switch off light","reading":"わたくしはあかりをけします。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L031.w.042.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"めくらは何も見えません。","gloss":"\"can't see anything\""},{"word":"つんぼは何も聞こえません。","gloss":"\"can't hear anything\""},{"word":"おしは何も言うことが出来ません。","gloss":"\"can't say anything\""},{"word":"先生の話がよく聞こえません。","gloss":"\"I can't hear the teacher talk very well.\""},{"word":"目が見えない人のためにとくべつな学校があります。","gloss":"\"There are special schools for people who can't see.\""},{"word":"めくらはつえがなければ、歩くことが出来ません。","gloss":"\"... can't walk.\""},{"word":"あの先生は四つの外国語を話すことが出来ます。","gloss":"\"foreign language\""},{"word":"私は日本語を習わなければなりません。","gloss":"\"... have to learn.\""},{"word":"私は明りをけします。","gloss":"\"I'll switch off the light.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}