{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L032","title":"Lesson 32","stage":"Sounds, kana, and the first conversations","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 32: buying and describing a suit · dialogue 1 of 3, comparing fabrics for clothing · dialogue 2 of 3, materials for uniforms and shoes · dialogue 3 of 3, questions inside statements · perception drill, resulting states and preparations · perception drill, past wants and negatives · perception drill, purposes, expressing unknown details · pattern 1 1 of 2, asking about unknown details · pattern 1 2 of 2, describing completed arrangements · pattern 2 1 of 2, identifying resulting states · pattern 2 2 of 2, informal past forms · pattern 3 1 of 2, explaining past wants · pattern 3 2 of 2, uses, materials, vests and winter clothing · reading selection 1 of 4, wool suits and neckties · reading selection 2 of 4, shoes and car convenience · reading selection 3 of 4, buying a japanese car · reading selection 4 of 4, questions about winter clothing · questions 1 of 2, questions about shoes and cars · questions 2 of 2, suits, dresses, construction materials and parts · word list 3 of 4, manufacturing and material choices · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/32","lines":197},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/31","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/33","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Buying and describing a suit · Dialogue 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A suit without a vest","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 上着と ズボンだけです* means \"No, only the coat and trousers.\" The new suit has no vest.","In this line, *だけ* means \"only.\" Here it follows the two named garments."]},{"title":"What the speaker does not know","paragraphs":["The material is thin, but its name is unknown. *何と 言うか 知りません* means \"I don't know what it is called.\"","Listen for the question ending in plain *言うか* inside the statement. In *チョッキの ついている せびろ*, *ついている* describes a suit with a vest attached."]},{"title":"Kanji: 新, 服, 着, 物","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 上","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.001","source":"新しい 服を 買いましたね。","translation":"You bought a new suit, didn't you?","reading":"あたらしいふくをかいましたね。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"服","gloss":"suit","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"bought","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"た","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 買いました。","translation":"Yes, I bought one.","reading":"ええ、かいました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"bought","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"bought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.003","source":"それには チョッキが ついていますか。","translation":"Does a vest come with it, too?","reading":"それにはチョッキがついていますか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"い","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.004","source":"いいえ、 上着と ズボンだけです。 この頃は チョッキの ついている せびろは すくないです。","translation":"No, just the coat and trousers. Suits that come with vests are few these days.","reading":"いいえ、うわぎとズボンだけです。このごろはチョッキのついているせびろはすくないです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"上着","gloss":"coat","reading":"うわぎ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ズボン","gloss":"trousers"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"just"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"この頃","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"},{"text":"の","gloss":"with"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suits"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すくない","gloss":"few"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.005","source":"その きれは 大へん うすいですね。 何と言う けおり物ですか。","translation":"That material is very thin, isn't it? What wool material is it?","reading":"そのきれはたいへんうすいですね。なんというけおりものですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"きれ","gloss":"material"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"うすい","gloss":"thin"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.006","source":"何と 言うか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what it is called.","reading":"なんというかしりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"Question(s) within a longer sentence\n\nWhen a question occurs within a longer sentence, this question contains a question word and normally ends in the informal form of an inflected word followed by the question particle KA.\n\nExamples:\n\nKore wa nan desu ka. (formal) \"What's this?\"\n\nKore wa nani ka. (informal) \"What's this?\"\n\nKore wa nani ka shirimasen. (formal) \"I don't know what this is.\"\n\nItsu ikimasu ka. (formal) \"When are you going?\"\n\nItsu iku ka. (informal) \"When are you going?\"\n\nItsu iku ka shirimasen. (formal) \"I don't know when I'm going.\"\n\nDoko e ikimashita ka. (formal) \"Where did he go?\"\n\nDoko e itta ka. (informal) \"Where did he go?\"\n\nDoko e itta ka shirimasen. (formal) \"I don't know where he went.\"\n\nNote that a question occurring within a longer sentence is a noun clause, and the case particles like o and ga do not usually occur after the question particle ka."},{"section":2,"text":"ITTE IMASU TE-form V.I. + IMASU\n\nKAITE ARIMASU TE-form V.T. + ARIMASU\n\nIn Lesson 23 some instances of verbs in TE-form plus IMASU describing existing conditions were lightly dealt with. For example, YAMAMOTO-SAN WA GETA O HAITE IMASU or OKUSAN WA KOSHIKAKETE IMASU.\n\nIn the case of intransitive verbs, context alone decides whether the TE-form plus IMASU is an action in progress or a state in which a subject of the sentence lies. If one hears an isolated expression as HITOBITO GA OOZEI HAITTE IMASU, it can be interpreted to mean either \"many people are entering\" or \"many people are inside \" (have entered and are in there now.) In the latter case the action of the verb has taken place at sometime in the past, and the result of that action is still persisting. When ARIMASU follows the TE-form of a transitive verb, the result is the same. And in such a case the normal direct object of the verb in TE-form becomes the subject of the sentence.\n\nFor example, MADO O SHIME MASHITA.\n\nMADO GA SHIMETE ARIMASU.\n\nthe translation is usually in the English passive voice. Thus, MADO GA SHIMETE ARIMASU is rendered, \"The window is closed.\" This may also be translated in perfectives if the situation is clear.\n\nSome transitive as well as intransitive verbs are intrinsically durational or momentary and not repetitive, thus lose the progressive meaning. For example, to wear, to stand, to open, etc., come under this category. Some transitive verbs in this category never have TE-form plus ARIMASU to express a persistent state.\n\nANO HITO WA KIMONO O KITE IMASU.\n\nThe meaning conveyed is that of a man attired in a kimono and not his act of putting a kimono on, unless one is watching such a scene for some reason. The verbs of knowing and remembering also belong to this category."},{"section":3,"text":"ATARASHIKATTA\n\nThis is the abrupt past tense of the I-adjectives.\n\nIt is formed by dropping its final I and placing KATTA in its place.\n\nExamples:\n\nOOI OOKATTA\n\nTAKAI TAKAKATTA\n\nYASASHII YASASHIKATTA\n\nSUZUSHII SUZUSHIKATTA\n\nSince this is an abrupt past, NO DESU or N DESU is added to soften the impression."},{"section":4,"text":"IKANAKATTA\n\nIKITAKATTA\n\nNAI which is added to the negative base of verbs is not an I-adjective but an auxiliary verb. However, the inflection follows that of the I-adjective. The same holds true with another auxiliary verb TAI, that shows desire. The abrupt past tense of verbs ending in these auxiliary verbs are formed by dropping the final I and placing KATTA in its place.\n\nExamples:\n\nIKANAI IKANAKATTA\n\nKONAI KONAKATTA\n\nKAITAI KAITAKATTA\n\nMITAI MITAKATTA"},{"section":5,"text":"NO NI 'in order to'\n\nThe compound particle NO NI follows the present tense conclusive form of a verb to express an idea 'in order to,' 'for,' 'to,' and 'for the purpose of.'\n\nExamples:\n\nHI O TSUKERU NO NI MATCHI O TSUKAIMASU. \"We use matches in order to light a fire.\"\n\nKOKO WA OYOGU NO NI YOI TOKORO DESU. \"This is a good place for swimming.\"\n\nReview Lesson 27 for the use of NI showing the purpose of verbs of coming and going."},{"section":6,"text":"DAKE 'only, just, at least'\n\nDAKE following substantives, phrases, and clauses means 'only,' 'just,' 'at least,' etc. Sometimes DAKE is followed by SHIKA and a negative verb which is translated positively. DAKE so used may replace case particles, such as GA, WA, and O.\n\nKOKO E KITA NO WA WATAKUSHI DAKE DESHITA. \"I was the only one who came here.\"\n\nNIPPONGO DAKE NARAIMASHITA. \"I learned only the Japanese language.\"\n\nANO HITO WA IU DAKE DE NANI MO SHINAI. \"He just talks and does nothing.\"\n\nKONO KODOMO WA OOKII DAKE DE NANI MO SHIRANAI. \"This child is just big and doesn't know anything.\"\n\nNIDO DAKE IKIMASHITA. \"I went there only twice.\"\n\nANATA NI DAKE (WA) HANASHIMASHOO. \"I'll tell it only to you.\"\n\nKORE DAKE DESU. \"This is all.\"\n\nKANJI O SEN DAKE WA NARAITAI. \"I want to learn at least 1,000 Kanji.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"服","gloss":"clothes, suits, uniform"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"上着","gloss":"coat"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ズボン","gloss":"trousers"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"この頃","gloss":"these days, nowadays"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"せびろ","gloss":"suit"},{"word":"きれ","gloss":"cloth, material"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"おり物","gloss":"textile, cloth, fabric"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing fabrics for clothing · Dialogue 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Silk for dresses and neckties","paragraphs":["The speakers compare wool, cotton, and silk fabrics. *日本では、 いい ドレスや 女の 着物などは 多く きぬおり物で こしらえますね* means \"They make such things as good dresses and women's kimonos with silk in Japan, don't they?\"","*ネクタイも 大抵 きぬおり物で こしらえます* means \"They make neckties, too, mostly with silk.\""]},{"title":"Cotton for handkerchiefs","paragraphs":["*ハンケチは 大抵 もめんおり物で こしらえます* means \"They usually make handkerchiefs with cotton materials.\"","The next statement contrasts silk: *きぬでは ほとんど こしらえません*, \"They hardly ever make them with silk.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 抵","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.007","source":"この頃は 日本でも いい けおり物や もめん おり物が 出来るそうですね。","translation":"I understand good woolen and cotton materials are manufactured in Japan these days, isn't that so?","reading":"このごろはにほんでもいいけおりものやもめんおりものができるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"この頃","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もめん","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"are manufactured","reading":"できる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.008","source":"ええ、 出来ます。 しかし、 女の くつ下は 米国のが ずっと いいですね。","translation":"Yes, that's right. However, as for women's stockings, American-made ones are much better.","reading":"ええ、できます。しかし、おんなのくつしたはべいこくのがずっといいですね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"are manufactured","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are manufactured"},{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"くつ下","gloss":"stockings"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ずっと","gloss":"much"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.009","source":"日本では、 いい ドレスや 女の 着物などは 多く きぬおり物で こしらえますね。","translation":"They make such things as good dresses and women's KIMONOS with silk in Japan, don't they?","reading":"にほんでは、いいドレスやおんなのきものなどはおおくきぬおりものでこしらえますね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"ドレス","gloss":"dresses"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimonos","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"silk fabric"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.010","source":"ええ、 こしらえます。 ネクタイも 大抵 きぬおり物で こしらえます。","translation":"Yes, that's right. They make neckties, too, mostly with silk.","reading":"ええ、こしらえます。ネクタイもたいていきぬおりものでこしらえます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"neckties"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"silk fabric"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.011","source":"ハンケチは。","translation":"How about handkerchiefs?","reading":"ハンケチは。","words":[{"text":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchiefs"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.012","source":"ハンケチは 大抵 もめんおり物で こしらえます。 きぬでは ほとんど こしらえません。","translation":"They usually make handkerchiefs with cotton materials. They hardly ever make them with silk.","reading":"ハンケチはたいていもめんおりものでこしらえます。きぬではほとんどこしらえません。","words":[{"text":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchiefs"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"もめん","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"hardly ever"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"do not make"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not make"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"くつ下","gloss":"socks, stocking"},{"word":"ずっと","gloss":"by far; very much"},{"word":"ドレス","gloss":"dress"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"きぬ","gloss":"silk"},{"word":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"},{"word":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Materials for uniforms and shoes · Dialogue 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Materials for uniforms","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss wool and cotton uniforms. *大抵 冬服も 夏服も けおり物で こしらえます* says that both winter and summer uniforms usually use wool.","Some items use cotton instead."]},{"title":"A finished object and its material","paragraphs":["*その 軍服の ボタンは 何で こしらえてありますか* asks \"What are the buttons on that uniform made of?\"","*これは しんちゅうで こしらえて あります* answers \"These are made of brass.\" The form presents the completed buttons in their present state."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.013","source":"軍服や オーバーは みんな けおり物で こしらえますか。","translation":"Do they make all military uniforms and overcoats with woolen textiles?","reading":"ぐんぶくやオーバーはみんなけおりものでこしらえますか。","words":[{"text":"軍服","gloss":"military uniforms","reading":"ぐんぶく"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoats"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"make"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.014","source":"はい。 大抵 冬服も 夏服も けおり物で こしらえます。 ある物は もめんおり物ですがね。","translation":"That's right. They usually make both winter uniforms and summer uniforms with woolen textiles though they make some things with cotton fabric.","reading":"はい。たいていふゆふくもなつぶくもけおりものでこしらえます。あるものはもめんおりものですがね。","words":[{"text":"はい。","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"冬服","gloss":"winter uniforms","reading":"ふゆふく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"夏服","gloss":"summer uniforms","reading":"なつぶく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"wool fabric"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もめん","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"cotton fabric"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が","gloss":"though"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.015","source":"その 軍服の ボタンは 何で こしらえてありますか。","translation":"What are the buttons on that uniform made of?","reading":"そのぐんぶくのボタンはなんでこしらえてありますか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"軍服","gloss":"uniform","reading":"ぐんぶく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ボタン","gloss":"buttons"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.016","source":"これは しんちゅうで こしらえて あります。","translation":"These are made of brass.","reading":"これはしんちゅうでこしらえてあります。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しんちゅう","gloss":"brass"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are made"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.017","source":"くつは 何で こしらえますか。","translation":"What do you make shoes of?","reading":"くつはなんでこしらえますか。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"make"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L032.dlg.018","source":"くつは ほとんど みんな かわで こしらえます。 くつには かわが 一番 いいのでしょう。","translation":"They make almost all shoes with leather. Perhaps leather is the best for shoes.","reading":"くつはほとんどみんなかわでこしらえます。くつにはかわがいちばんいいのでしょう。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"best","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"軍服","gloss":"military uniform"},{"word":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"},{"word":"みんな","gloss":"all"},{"word":"冬服","gloss":"winter suit"},{"word":"夏服","gloss":"summer suit"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"ボタン","gloss":"button"},{"word":"しんちゅう","gloss":"brass"},{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"word":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions inside statements · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"A question inside a statement","paragraphs":["*いつ 行くか 知りません* means \"I don't know when he will go.\" The question word *いつ* asks for the unknown time.","A question inside a longer sentence normally ends in a plain form followed by the question particle *か*."]},{"title":"The inner question ends at か","paragraphs":["*だれが まどを あけたか 知りません* means \"I don't know who opened the window.\" The inner question is *だれが まどを あけたか*.","The whole inner question works as a noun. Case particles such as *を* and *が* do not usually follow *か*."]},{"title":"Kanji: 書","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.01","source":"何と 言うか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what it is called.","reading":"なんというかしりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.02","source":"いつ 行くか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know when he will go.","reading":"いついくかしりません。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"will go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.03","source":"どこへ 行ったか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know where he went.","reading":"どこへいったかしりません。","words":[{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"went","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"went"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.04","source":"何をしているのか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what he is doing.","reading":"なにをしているのかしりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.05","source":"どう 書くのか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know how to write it.","reading":"どうかくのかしりません。","words":[{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.06","source":"どれを 買うのか わかりません。","translation":"I don't know which one to buy.","reading":"どれをかうのかわかりません。","words":[{"text":"どれ","gloss":"which one"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.07","source":"山本さんは 何時に かえりますか。","translation":"What time will Mr. Yamamoto return?","reading":"やまもとさんはなんじにかえりますか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"return"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.08","source":"何時に かえるか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what time he will return.","reading":"なんじにかえるかしりません。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かえる","gloss":"return"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.09","source":"どっちを 買いますか。","translation":"Which one will you buy?","reading":"どっちをかいますか。","words":[{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which one"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.10","source":"どっちを 買うか わかりません。","translation":"I don't know which one I will buy.","reading":"どっちをかうかわかりません。","words":[{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which one"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.11","source":"だれが まどを あけましたか。","translation":"Who opened the window?","reading":"だれがまどをあけましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.11.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp1.12","source":"だれが まどを あけたか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know who opened the window.","reading":"だれがまどをあけたかしりません。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"どれ","gloss":"which (of three or more) (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"どっち","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Resulting states and preparations · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"The form before あります","paragraphs":["*まどは もう あけてありますよ* says that the window is open now. The opening is complete, and its result remains.","The TE-form is the verb form ending here in *て*. A transitive verb in this form plus *あります* describes a persistent result."]},{"title":"The form before います","paragraphs":["*八時十分 ですから、 もう はじまっていますよ* says that the class started before ten past eight and remains in progress.","With an intransitive verb, the TE-form plus *います* can describe either an action in progress or its resulting state. Context decides which meaning applies."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.01","source":"このせびろには、 チョッキが ついています。","translation":"A vest comes with this suit.","reading":"このせびろには、チョッキがついています。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"い","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"comes with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.02","source":"このボタンは しんちゅうで こしらえてあります。","translation":"These buttons are made of brass.","reading":"このボタンはしんちゅうでこしらえてあります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ボタン","gloss":"buttons"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しんちゅう","gloss":"brass"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.03","source":"少し あついから、 まどを あけてください。","translation":"It's a little hot, so please open the window.","reading":"すこしあついから、まどをあけてください。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please open"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please open"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.04","source":"まどは もう あけてありますよ。","translation":"The window has already been opened.","reading":"まどはもうあけてありますよ。","words":[{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"has been opened"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been opened"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"has been opened"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.05","source":"花と言う かん字を おしえましたか。","translation":"Have you taught the character called 'hana'?","reading":"はなというかんじをおしえましたか。","words":[{"text":"花","gloss":"hana","reading":"はな"},{"text":"と","gloss":"called"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"character"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"character"},{"text":"字","gloss":"character","reading":"じ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.06","source":"はい、 もう そのかん字は おしえてあります。","translation":"Yes, that character has already been taught.","reading":"はい、もうそのかんじはおしえてあります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"character"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"has been taught"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been taught"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"has been taught"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.07","source":"クラスが もう はじまったでしょうか。","translation":"Has the class started already?","reading":"クラスがもうはじまったでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"クラス","gloss":"class"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"はじまっ","gloss":"start"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp2.08","source":"八時十分 ですから、 もう はじまっていますよ。","translation":"It's ten past eight, so it has already started.","reading":"はちじじゅっぷんですから、もうはじまっていますよ。","words":[{"text":"八","gloss":"eight o'clock"},{"text":"時","gloss":"eight o'clock"},{"text":"十分","gloss":"ten minutes"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"はじまっ","gloss":"has started"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has started"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has started"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Past wants and negatives · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"A quality in the past","paragraphs":["*はじめは やさしかったのですが、 この頃は むずかしく なりました* means \"It was easy at first, but lately it has become difficult.\"","The abrupt past of an I-adjective replaces its final *い* with *かった*. Adding *のです* or *んです* softens this abrupt form."]},{"title":"A negative action in the past","paragraphs":["Verb forms ending in *ない* also replace final *い* with *かった*. *使わなかった* means \"Did not use.\"","Forms ending in *たい* change the same way. *行きたかった* means \"I wanted to go.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.01","source":"多かった。","translation":"It was many.","reading":"おおかった。","words":[{"text":"多かっ","gloss":"many","reading":"おおかっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.02","source":"使わなかった。","translation":"Did not use.","reading":"つかわなかった。","words":[{"text":"使わ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.03","source":"行きたかった。","translation":"I wanted to go.","reading":"いきたかった。","words":[{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"wanted to"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.04","source":"日本語は やさしいでしょう。","translation":"Japanese is easy, isn't it?","reading":"にほんごはやさしいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.05","source":"はじめは やさしかったのですが、 この頃は むずかしく なりました。","translation":"It was easy at first, but lately it has become difficult.","reading":"はじめはやさしかったのですが、このごろはむずかしくなりました。","words":[{"text":"はじめ","gloss":"at first"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やさしかっ","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"この頃","gloss":"lately"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.06","source":"あなたは なぜ それを 買わなかったのですか。","translation":"Why didn't you buy it?","reading":"あなたはなぜそれをかわなかったのですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.07","source":"お金が なかったから、 買わなかったのです。","translation":"I didn't buy it because I didn't have any money.","reading":"おかねがなかったから、かわなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"have none"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.07.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.08","source":"あなたは みんなと 一しょに サンフランシスコへ 行かなかったんですか。","translation":"Didn't you go to San Francisco with everyone?","reading":"あなたはみんなといっしょにサンフランシスコへいかなかったんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.08.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp3.09","source":"行きたかったんですが、 お金が なかったから、 行くことが 出来なかったんです。","translation":"I wanted to go, but I couldn't because I didn't have any money.","reading":"いきたかったんですが、おかねがなかったから、いくことができなかったんです。","words":[{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"wanted to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"have none"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"could","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp3.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"word":"はじめ","gloss":"beginning"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Purposes, uses and costs · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"A purpose before the result","paragraphs":["*言葉の いみを 知るのに 使います* means \"You use it to find out the meanings of words.\"","*のに* follows the present plain form of a verb. It expresses \"in order to,\" \"for,\" or \"for the purpose of.\""]},{"title":"Purpose with time and convenience","paragraphs":["*ダイアログを おぼえるのに 時間が かかりますか* asks whether learning the dialogue takes time.","*学校へ 行くのに 便利です* means \"It is convenient for going to school.\" The phrase before *のに* names the purpose."]},{"title":"Kanji: 便, 利","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.01","source":"送るのに 便利です。","translation":"It's convenient to send.","reading":"おくるのにべんりです。","words":[{"text":"送る","gloss":"send","reading":"おくる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.01.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.02","source":"たべるのに 便利です。","translation":"It is convenient for eating.","reading":"たべるのにべんりです。","words":[{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.02.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.03","source":"書くのに 使います。","translation":"It is used for writing.","reading":"かくのにつかいます。","words":[{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.03.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.04","source":"習うのに いいです。","translation":"It is good for learning.","reading":"ならうのにいいです。","words":[{"text":"習う","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.04.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.05","source":"買うのに お金が いります。","translation":"You need money to buy it.","reading":"かうのにおかねがいります。","words":[{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.05.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.06","source":"おぼえるのに 時間が かかります。","translation":"It takes time to learn it.","reading":"おぼえるのにじかんがかかります。","words":[{"text":"おぼえる","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"time","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.06.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.07","source":"じ書は 何を するのに 使いますか。","translation":"What do you use a dictionary for?","reading":"じしょはなにをするのにつかいますか。","words":[{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.07.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.08","source":"言葉の いみを 知るのに 使います。","translation":"You use it to find out the meanings of words.","reading":"ことばのいみをしるのにつかいます。","words":[{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meanings"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知る","gloss":"find out","reading":"しる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.08.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.09","source":"こうくうゆうびんで 手紙を 出すのに いくら かかりますか。","translation":"How much does it cost to send a letter by airmail?","reading":"こうくうゆうびんでてがみをだすのにいくらかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"こうくう","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"ゆうびん","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出す","gloss":"send","reading":"だす"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"cost"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.09.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.10","source":"十セント かかります。","translation":"It costs ten cents.","reading":"じゅうセントかかります。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"cost"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.10.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.11","source":"ダイアログを おぼえるのに 時間が かかりますか。","translation":"Does it take time to learn the dialog?","reading":"ダイアログをおぼえるのにじかんがかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialog"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"おぼえる","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"time","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.11.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.12","source":"はい、 二時間ぐらい かかります。","translation":"Yes, it takes about two hours.","reading":"はい、にじかんぐらいかかります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.12.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.13","source":"あなたの お子さんは どうして 学校へ 行きますか。","translation":"How does your child go to school?","reading":"あなたのおこさんはどうしてがっこうへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"お","gloss":"child"},{"text":"子","gloss":"child","reading":"こ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"child"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"how"},{"text":"て","gloss":"how"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.13.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L032.gp4.14","source":"バスで 行きます。 バスが あるから、 学校へ 行くのに 便利です。","translation":"He goes by bus. Since there is a bus, it is convenient for going to school.","reading":"バスでいきます。バスがあるから、がっこうへいくのにべんりです。","words":[{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.gp4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"送る","gloss":"to send (v.t.)"},{"word":"おぼえる","gloss":"to memorize, remember (v.t.)"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"じ","gloss":"character, word"},{"word":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"word":"知る","gloss":"to know (v.t.)"},{"word":"ゆうびん","gloss":"postal service"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"出す","gloss":"to mail, send, take out"},{"word":"いくら","gloss":"how much? how many?"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"バス","gloss":"bus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Expressing unknown details · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The unknown detail","paragraphs":["*それは 何で こしらえてあるか 知りません* means \"I don't know what it is made of.\" Here *何で* asks about the material.","The question ending in *か* specifies the unknown detail."]},{"title":"Kind, time, and manner","paragraphs":["*これは どんな きれか 知りません* means \"I don't know what kind of material this is.\"","*私は 何時に 来るか わかりません* asks about time. *これを どうして たべるか 知っていますか* asks about manner."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.m1","source":"それは 何と言うか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what that is called.","reading":"それはなんというかしりません。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"called"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.01","source":"そこに 何が あるか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what is there.","reading":"そこになにがあるかしりません。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.02","source":"それは 何で こしらえてあるか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what it is made of.","reading":"それはなんでこしらえてあるかしりません。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"made"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.03","source":"これは どんな きれか 知りません。","translation":"I don't know what kind of material this is.","reading":"これはどんなきれかしりません。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"きれ","gloss":"material"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.04","source":"山本さんは 何を はいているか よく見えません。","translation":"I can't see clearly what Mr. Yamamoto is wearing on his feet.","reading":"やまもとさんはなにをはいているかよくみえません。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"wearing on feet"},{"text":"て","gloss":"wearing on feet"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"wearing on feet"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"clearly"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.05","source":"私は 何時に 来るか わかりません。","translation":"I don't know what time I will come.","reading":"わたくしはなんじにくるかわかりません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what time","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"what time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.06","source":"これを どうして たべるか 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know how to eat this?","reading":"これをどうしてたべるかしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"how"},{"text":"て","gloss":"how"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about unknown details · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From a direct question to an unknown detail","paragraphs":["*これは 何で こしらえてありますか* asks \"What is this made of?\"","The answer places that detail before *知りません*: *さあ、 何で こしらえてあるか 知りません*, \"Well, I don't know what it is made of.\""]},{"title":"An approximate time","paragraphs":["*さあ、 いつ頃 行くのか 知りません* means \"Well, I don't know about when he will go.\"","The inner question uses *頃* to make the unknown time approximate."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.07","source":"いいえ、 それを どうして たべるか 知りません。","translation":"No, I don't know how to eat it.","reading":"いいえ、それをどうしてたべるかしりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"how"},{"text":"て","gloss":"how"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.08","source":"この花は 何月頃 さくか 知っていますか。","translation":"Do you know about what month this flower blooms?","reading":"このはなはなんがつごろさくかしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flower","reading":"はな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"about"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.09","source":"いいえ、 何月頃 さくか 知りません。","translation":"No, I don't know about what month it blooms.","reading":"いいえ、なんがつごろさくかしりません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"月","gloss":"what month"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"about"},{"text":"さく","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.10","source":"山本さんは いつ頃 日本へ 行くのですか。","translation":"About when is Mr. Yamamoto going to Japan?","reading":"やまもとさんはいつごろにほんへいくのですか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when","reading":"いつごろ"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.11","source":"さあ、 いつ頃 行くのか 知りません。","translation":"Well, I don't know about when he will go.","reading":"さあ、いつごろいくのかしりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when","reading":"いつごろ"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.12","source":"これは 何で こしらえてありますか。","translation":"What is this made of?","reading":"これはなんでこしらえてありますか。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt1.13","source":"さあ、 何で こしらえてあるか 知りません。","translation":"Well, I don't know what it is made of.","reading":"さあ、なんでこしらえてあるかしりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"made"},{"text":"か","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さく","gloss":"to bloom (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing completed arrangements · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"An attached item","paragraphs":["*この 服には チョッキが ついています* means \"A vest comes with this suit.\" The vest is attached to the suit.","The TE-form plus *います* presents this attachment as a resulting state."]},{"title":"A completed arrangement","paragraphs":["In *このまどは 半分 あけてあります*, the TE-form plus *あります* presents the result of a completed action.","*この 手紙には 六セントの 切手が はって あります* means \"A six-cent stamp has been put on this letter.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 鉄","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.01","source":"この 服には チョッキが ついています。","translation":"A vest comes with this suit.","reading":"このふくにはチョッキがついています。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"服","gloss":"suit","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"い","gloss":"comes with"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.02","source":"こくばんには かん字が 書いてあります。","translation":"Kanji are written on the blackboard.","reading":"こくばんにはかんじがかいてあります。","words":[{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"written"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"are written","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are written"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are written"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.03","source":"このまどは 半分 あけてあります。","translation":"This window has been opened halfway.","reading":"このまどははんぶんあけてあります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"半分","gloss":"halfway","reading":"はんぶん"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"opened"},{"text":"て","gloss":"opened"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"opened"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.04","source":"この つくえは 木で こしらえて あります。","translation":"This desk is made of wood.","reading":"このつくえはきでこしらえてあります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"木","gloss":"wood","reading":"き"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.05","source":"この 手紙には 六セントの 切手が はって あります。","translation":"A six-cent stamp has been put on this letter.","reading":"このてがみにはろくセントのきってがはってあります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"切手","gloss":"stamp","reading":"きって"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"はっ","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.06","source":"自どうしゃは 鉄で こしらえて あります。","translation":"Automobiles are made of iron.","reading":"じどうしゃはてつでこしらえてあります。","words":[{"text":"自どう","gloss":"automobiles","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"automobiles"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"鉄","gloss":"iron","reading":"てつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.07","source":"この 小包は よく ゆわえて あります。","translation":"This package is tied securely.","reading":"このこづつみはよくゆわえてあります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"小包","gloss":"package","reading":"こづつみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"securely"},{"text":"ゆわえ","gloss":"tied"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tied"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"tied"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"半分","gloss":"half"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"切手","gloss":"postage stamp"},{"word":"鉄","gloss":"steel, iron"},{"word":"小包","gloss":"parcel, small package"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Identifying resulting states · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Writing that remains visible","paragraphs":["*あなたは、 こくばんに 書いてある 字が 見えますか* asks about characters written on the blackboard.","In *こくばんに 書いてある 字*, the TE-form plus *あります* presents the completed writing through its visible result."]},{"title":"Placement that still matters","paragraphs":["*先生の つくえの 上に おいて あります* means \"It has been placed on the teacher's desk.\"","The action is complete. Its result supplies the dictionary's present location."]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.08","source":"はい、 それは よく わかっています。","translation":"Yes, I understand that very well.","reading":"はい、それはよくわかっています。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"わかっ","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"い","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.09","source":"あなたは、 こくばんに 書いてある 字が 見えますか。","translation":"Can you see the characters written on the blackboard?","reading":"あなたは、こくばんにかいてあるじがみえますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"written","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"written"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"written"},{"text":"字","gloss":"characters","reading":"じ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.10","source":"いいえ、 あんまり 小さく 書いてあるから、 よく見えません。","translation":"No, I can't see them well because they are written too small.","reading":"いいえ、あんまりちいさくかいてあるから、よくみえません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"小さく","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさく"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"written","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"written"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"written"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"can see","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.11","source":"この男の 着物は きぬおり物で 出来ていますか。","translation":"Is this man's kimono made of silk material?","reading":"このおとこのきものはきぬおりものでできていますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimono","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"silk material"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"made","reading":"でき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"made"},{"text":"い","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.12","source":"いいえ。 男の 着物は 大抵 もめんおり物で こしらえます。","translation":"No. Men's kimonos are usually made of cotton material.","reading":"いいえ。おとこのきものはたいていもめんおりものでこしらえます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ。","gloss":"no"},{"text":"男","gloss":"men","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimonos","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"もめん","gloss":"cotton material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"cotton material"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.13","source":"スミスさんの わえいじ書は どこに ありますか。","translation":"Where is Mr. Smith's Japanese-English dictionary?","reading":"スミスさんのわえいじしょはどこにありますか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"わ","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"えいじ","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"Japanese-English dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt2.14","source":"先生の つくえの 上に おいて あります。","translation":"It has been placed on the teacher's desk.","reading":"せんせいのつくえのうえにおいてあります。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"つくえ","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt2.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"わ","gloss":"counter for birds (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Informal past forms · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Past qualities and actions","paragraphs":["*昨日は あつかった* means \"It was hot yesterday.\" Final *い* has become *かった* to mark the abrupt past.","*そのかん字を 習わなかった* means \"I didn't learn that kanji.\" The negative form *習わなかった* carries the same *かった* ending."]},{"title":"A past desire","paragraphs":["The desire form in *買いたかったが* makes its past in the same way.","*新しい 自どうしゃを 買いたかったが、 お金が なかった* means \"I wanted to buy a new car, but I didn't have the money.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.01","source":"女の人が 多かった。","translation":"There were many women.","reading":"おんなのひとがおおかった。","words":[{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"women"},{"text":"人","gloss":"women","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多かっ","gloss":"many","reading":"おおかっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.02","source":"ハンケチを 使わなかった。","translation":"I didn't use a handkerchief.","reading":"ハンケチをつかわなかった。","words":[{"text":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.03","source":"それを 見たかった。","translation":"I wanted to see it.","reading":"それをみたかった。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.04","source":"昨日は あつかった。","translation":"It was hot yesterday.","reading":"きのうはあつかった。","words":[{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつかっ","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.05","source":"この せびろは 安かった。","translation":"This suit was inexpensive.","reading":"このせびろはやすかった。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suit"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"安かっ","gloss":"inexpensive","reading":"やすかっ"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.05.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.06","source":"そのかん字を 習わなかった。","translation":"I didn't learn that kanji.","reading":"そのかんじをならわなかった。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習わ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.07","source":"さむかったから、 およがなかった。","translation":"I didn't swim because it was cold.","reading":"さむかったから、およがなかった。","words":[{"text":"さむかっ","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"およが","gloss":"swim"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.08","source":"新しい 自どうしゃを 買いたかったが、 お金が なかった。","translation":"I wanted to buy a new car, but I didn't have the money.","reading":"あたらしいじどうしゃをかいたかったが、おかねがなかった。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not have"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining past wants · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A past quality with an explanation","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 日本で 買ったから、 安かったんです* means \"No, it was inexpensive because I bought it in Japan.\"","The past form in *かった* takes *んです* because the speaker explains a fact."]},{"title":"A past desire and a limit","paragraphs":["*買いたかったのですが* expresses a past desire and softens the abrupt past with *のです*.","In *日本には 三年しか 居なかったから*, *しか* with the negative verb limits the stay to only three years."]}],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.09","source":"私も 日本へ 行きたかった。","translation":"I wanted to go to Japan, too.","reading":"わたくしもにほんへいきたかった。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.10","source":"そのうでどけいは たかかったでしょう。","translation":"That wristwatch must have been expensive.","reading":"そのうでどけいはたかかったでしょう。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"う","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"で","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"どけい","gloss":"wristwatch"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たかかっ","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.11","source":"いいえ、 日本で 買ったから、 安かったんです。","translation":"No, it was inexpensive because I bought it in Japan.","reading":"いいえ、にほんでかったから、やすかったんです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"安かっ","gloss":"inexpensive","reading":"やすかっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the reason"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.11.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.12","source":"なぜ あなたは この学校に 来たのですか。","translation":"Why did you come to this school?","reading":"なぜあなたはこのがっこうにきたのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.12.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.13","source":"日本語を 習いたかったから、 来たのです。","translation":"I came because I wanted to learn Japanese.","reading":"にほんごをならいたかったから、きたのです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習い","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならい"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the reason"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.13.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.14","source":"あなたは 日本へ 行った時、 きぬの ドレスや ネクタイを 買いましたか。","translation":"When you went to Japan, did you buy silk dresses and neckties?","reading":"あなたはにほんへいったとき、きぬのドレスやネクタイをかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"went","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時、","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ドレス","gloss":"dresses"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"neckties"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.14.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt3.15","source":"買いたかったのですが、 日本には 三年しか 居なかったから、 買う 時間が なかったのです。","translation":"I wanted to, but I was in Japan for only three years, so I didn't have time to buy any.","reading":"かいたかったのですが、にほんにはさんねんしかいなかったから、かうじかんがなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"居","gloss":"stayed","reading":"い"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"time","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not have"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the reason"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt3.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時、","gloss":"time"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Uses, needs and convenience · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A tool for a purpose","paragraphs":["In *私は たべるのに はしを 使います*, the verb before *のに* names a purpose.","*私は たべるのに はしを 使います* means \"I use chopsticks to eat.\" The purpose comes before the tool."]},{"title":"A material or means for a purpose","paragraphs":["*まどを こしらえるのに ガラスが いります* means \"Glass is needed to make a window.\"","*サンフランシスコへ 行くのに、 自どうしゃが あれば 便利です* presents a car as a convenient means of going to San Francisco."]}],"lines":[{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.m1","source":"かわの くつは なおすのに やさしいです。","translation":"It is easy to repair leather shoes.","reading":"かわのくつはなおすのにやさしいです。","words":[{"text":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なおす","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.m1.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.01","source":"モンテレーは あそぶのに よい 所です。","translation":"Monterey is a good place for recreation.","reading":"モンテレーはあそぶのによいところです。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あそぶ","gloss":"recreation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.02","source":"私は たべるのに はしを 使います。","translation":"I use chopsticks to eat.","reading":"わたくしはたべるのにはしをつかいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たべる","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"はし","gloss":"chopsticks"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.03","source":"私は 言葉の いみを 知るのに じ書を 使います。","translation":"I use a dictionary to find out the meanings of words.","reading":"わたくしはことばのいみをしるのにじしょをつかいます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meanings"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知る","gloss":"find out","reading":"しる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.04","source":"まどを こしらえるのに ガラスが いります。","translation":"Glass is needed to make a window.","reading":"まどをこしらえるのにガラスがいります。","words":[{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こしらえる","gloss":"make"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"needed"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.05","source":"サンフランシスコへ 行くのに、 自どうしゃが あれば 便利です。","translation":"It is convenient to have a car for going to San Francisco.","reading":"サンフランシスコへいくのに、じどうしゃがあればべんりです。","words":[{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なおす","gloss":"to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)"},{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"word":"あそぶ","gloss":"to play (v.i.)"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"こしらえる","gloss":"to make (v.t.)"},{"word":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Materials, costs and convenience · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Materials for making a dress","paragraphs":["In *ドレスを こしらえるのに*, the verb before *のに* names a purpose.","*ドレスを こしらえるのに、 どんな きれを 使いますか* asks which material is used to make a dress."]},{"title":"The cost of buying","paragraphs":["*オーバーを 買うのに、 いくらぐらい かかりますか* asks \"About how much does it cost to buy an overcoat?\"","The answer gives an approximate cost: *六十ドルぐらい かかるでしょう*, \"It will probably cost about sixty dollars.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.06","source":"小さい じ書は 使うのに 便利ですね。","translation":"A small dictionary is convenient to use, isn’t it?","reading":"ちいさいじしょはつかうのにべんりですね。","words":[{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.07","source":"はい、 便利です。","translation":"Yes, it is convenient.","reading":"はい、べんりです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.07.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.08","source":"ドレスを こしらえるのに、 どんな きれを 使いますか。","translation":"What kind of material do you use to make a dress?","reading":"ドレスをこしらえるのに、どんなきれをつかいますか。","words":[{"text":"ドレス","gloss":"dress"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こしらえる","gloss":"make"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"きれ","gloss":"material"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.09","source":"もめんおり物、 けおり物、 きぬおり物などを 使います。","translation":"We use cotton, wool, silk, and other materials.","reading":"もめんおりもの、けおりもの、きぬおりものなどをつかいます。","words":[{"text":"もめん","gloss":"cotton material"},{"text":"おり物、","gloss":"cotton material"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"おり物、","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"silk material"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.10","source":"オーバーを 買うのに、 いくらぐらい かかりますか。","translation":"About how much does it cost to buy an overcoat?","reading":"オーバーをかうのに、いくらぐらいかかりますか。","words":[{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"for"},{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかり","gloss":"cost"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L032.pt4.11","source":"そうですね。 六十ドルぐらい かかるでしょう。","translation":"Let me see. It will probably cost about sixty dollars.","reading":"そうですね。ろくじゅうドルぐらいかかるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"です","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かかる","gloss":"cost"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.pt4.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"おり物、","gloss":"textile, cloth, fabric"},{"word":"六十","gloss":"60"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Vests and winter clothing · Reading Selection 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Vests then and now","paragraphs":["The passage contrasts older suits with current ones. *私たちが わかかった 時には、 せびろには みんな チョッキが ついていました* says that all suits came with vests when the narrator was young.","In *チョッキが ついていました*, the TE-form presents the attached vest as a state."]},{"title":"More than a coat","paragraphs":["*上着だけでは 冬には さむい* means \"A coat alone is cold in winter.\" Here *だけ* limits the clothing to the coat.","The narrator must wear an overcoat over it."]}],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.001","source":"私たちが わかかった 時には、 せびろには みんな","translation":"When we were young, all suits","reading":"わたくしたちがわかかったときには、せびろにはみんな","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかかっ","gloss":"young"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suits"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"みんな","gloss":"all"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.002","source":"チョッキが ついていましたが、 この頃は チョッキは ついて","translation":"came with vests, but these days they do not","reading":"チョッキがついていましたが、このごろはチョッキはついて","words":[{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"came with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"came with"},{"text":"い","gloss":"came with"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"この頃","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.003","source":"いません。","translation":"come with them.","reading":"いません。","words":[{"text":"い","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.004","source":"私は 冬服には チョッキのあるのが 好きですが、","translation":"I like winter suits with vests, but","reading":"わたくしはふゆふくにはチョッキのあるのがすきですが、","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬服","gloss":"winter suits","reading":"ふゆふく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"having"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"好き","gloss":"like","reading":"すき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.005","source":"買うことが 出来ません。","translation":"I cannot buy one.","reading":"かうことができません。","words":[{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.006","source":"上着だけでは 冬には さむい","translation":"A coat alone is cold in winter,","reading":"うわぎだけではふゆにはさむい","words":[{"text":"上着","gloss":"coat","reading":"うわぎ"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"alone"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.007","source":"から、 その上に オーバーを 着なければなりません。","translation":"so I have to wear an overcoat over it.","reading":"から、そのうえにオーバーをきなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"その","gloss":"its"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"好き","gloss":"to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"さむい","gloss":"cold"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Wool suits and neckties · Reading Selection 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Clothes worn with a suit","paragraphs":["The narrator sometimes wears a wool shirt. *時々 けおり物の ワイシャツも 着ます* means \"Sometimes I also wear a wool shirt.\"","A suit requires a necktie. People wearing Western clothes usually wear shoes."]},{"title":"Silk neckties","paragraphs":["*ネクタイは 多くは きぬおり物で こしらえます* means \"Most neckties are made of silk.\"","The passage links the garment to its usual material."]}],"lines":[{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.008","source":"そして","translation":"And","reading":"そして","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.009","source":"時々 けおり物の ワイシャツも 着ます。","translation":"sometimes I also wear a wool shirt.","reading":"ときどきけおりもののワイシャツもきます。","words":[{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"け","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"wool material"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ワイシャツ","gloss":"shirt"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.010","source":"けおり物は","translation":"As for woolen material,","reading":"けおりものは","words":[{"text":"け","gloss":"woolen material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"woolen material"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.011","source":"せびろを 着ると ネクタイが いります。","translation":"when you wear a suit, you need a necktie.","reading":"せびろをきるとネクタイがいります。","words":[{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suit"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着る","gloss":"wear","reading":"きる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.012","source":"日本では、","translation":"In Japan,","reading":"にほんでは、","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.013","source":"ネクタイは 多くは きぬおり物で こしらえます。","translation":"most neckties are made of silk.","reading":"ネクタイはおおくはきぬおりものでこしらえます。","words":[{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"neckties"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"most","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk textile"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"silk textile"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.014","source":"又 よう服を 着ると 大抵 くつを はきます。","translation":"Also, when people wear Western clothes, they usually wear shoes.","reading":"またようふくをきるとたいていくつをはきます。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"Western clothes"},{"text":"服","gloss":"Western clothes","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着る","gloss":"wear","reading":"きる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"ワイシャツ","gloss":"dress shirt"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Shoes and car convenience · Reading Selection 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Shoes made with better leather","paragraphs":["Many people buy American-made shoes because good shoes cannot be made in Japan.","*日本せいのよりずっと いいかわで こしらえてある* says that they are made of much better leather than Japanese-made shoes.","In *こしらえてあるから*, the TE-form presents the shoes as completed objects made of that leather."]},{"title":"A car for two purposes","paragraphs":["*町へ 行くのにも、 学校へ 行くのにも 大へん 便利* says that a car is convenient for going to town and school.","In *町へ 行くのにも、 学校へ 行くのにも*, the verb before *のに* names each purpose."]}],"lines":[{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.015","source":"日本では、 よいくつが","translation":"Since good shoes cannot be made","reading":"にほんでは、よいくつが","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.016","source":"出来ませんから、 多くの 人々は 米国せいの くつを 買います。","translation":"in Japan, many people buy American-made shoes.","reading":"できませんから、おおくのひとびとはべいこくせいのくつをかいます。","words":[{"text":"出来","gloss":"be made","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"American-made","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"American-made"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.017","source":"少したかいのですが、 日本せいのよりずっと いいかわで","translation":"They are a little expensive, but they are made of much better leather than Japanese-made ones,","reading":"すこしたかいのですが、にほんせいのよりずっといいかわで","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese-made","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"Japanese-made"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"ずっと","gloss":"much"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.018","source":"こしらえてあるから、 たかくても その方が いいです。","translation":"so even though they are expensive, they are better.","reading":"こしらえてあるから、たかくてもそのほうがいいです。","words":[{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"たかく","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even though"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even though"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"方","gloss":"ones","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.019","source":"私は 先月 新しい 自どうしゃを 買いました。","translation":"I bought a new car last month.","reading":"わたくしはせんげつあたらしいじどうしゃをかいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先月","gloss":"last month","reading":"せんげつ"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.020","source":"自どう","translation":"Having a car","reading":"じどう","words":[{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.021","source":"しゃが あれば 町へ 行くのにも、 学校へ 行くのにも 大へん 便利","translation":"is very convenient for going into town and for going to school.","reading":"しゃがあればまちへいくのにも、がっこうへいくのにもたいへんべんり","words":[{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"also"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.021.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人々","gloss":"people"},{"word":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"先月","gloss":"last month"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Buying a Japanese car · Reading Selection 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A past desire without the money","paragraphs":["*もっと 早く 買いたかったのですが、 お金が なかったから* means \"I wanted to buy one sooner, but because I had no money.\"","In *買いたかったのですが*, final *い* has become *かった* to express a past desire.","*買うことが 出来なかったのです* states that the narrator could not buy one. The new car is Japanese-made."]}],"lines":[{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.022","source":"です。","translation":"It is.","reading":"です。","words":[{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.022.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.023","source":"もっと 早く 買いたかったのですが、 お金が なかったから、","translation":"I wanted to buy one sooner, but because I had no money,","reading":"もっとはやくかいたかったのですが、おかねがなかったから、","words":[{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"たかっ","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not have"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.023.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.024","source":"買うことが 出来なかったのです。","translation":"I could not buy one.","reading":"かうことができなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"it"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.024.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.025","source":"この 新しい 自どうしゃは","translation":"This new car","reading":"このあたらしいじどうしゃは","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.025.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L032.rd.026","source":"日本せいですが、 とてもいい 自どうしゃです。","translation":"is made in Japan, but it is a very good car.","reading":"にほんせいですが、とてもいいじどうしゃです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese-made","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"Japanese-made"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"car"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.rd.026.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もっと","gloss":"more (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions about winter clothing · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Winter clothing in the passage","paragraphs":["The questions ask when suits came with vests and what clothing provides winter warmth.","*いつ頃の せびろには チョッキが ついていましたか* means \"When did suits come with vests?\" An answer gives the time described in the passage.","Other answers state whether a coat is warm enough and when an overcoat or necktie is needed."]}],"lines":[{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.001","source":"あったかいですから。","translation":"Because it is warm.","reading":"あったかいですから。","words":[{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.001.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.002","source":"いつ頃の せびろには チョッキが ついていましたか。","translation":"When did suits come with vests?","reading":"いつごろのせびろにはチョッキがついていましたか。","words":[{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"when"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suits"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"い","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.002.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.003","source":"この頃 チョッキの ついている せびろが ありますか。","translation":"Are there any suits with vests these days?","reading":"このごろチョッキのついているせびろがありますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"these days","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"の","gloss":"with"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suits"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.003.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.004","source":"あなたは チョッキの ついている 冬服が 好きですか。","translation":"Do you like winter suits that come with vests?","reading":"あなたはチョッキのついているふゆふくがすきですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vests"},{"text":"の","gloss":"with"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"come with"},{"text":"冬服","gloss":"winter suits","reading":"ふゆふく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"好き","gloss":"like","reading":"すき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.004.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.005","source":"上着だけでは 冬には さむいですか。","translation":"Is a coat alone too cold in winter?","reading":"うわぎだけではふゆにはさむいですか。","words":[{"text":"上着","gloss":"coat","reading":"うわぎ"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"alone"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.005.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.006","source":"いつ オーバーを 着ますか。","translation":"When do you wear an overcoat?","reading":"いつオーバーをきますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.006.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.007","source":"けおり物の ワイシャツは あったかいですか。","translation":"Are wool shirts warm?","reading":"けおりもののワイシャツはあったかいですか。","words":[{"text":"け","gloss":"woolen material"},{"text":"おり物","gloss":"woolen material"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ワイシャツ","gloss":"shirts"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.007.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.008","source":"いつ ネクタイが いりますか。","translation":"When do you need a necktie?","reading":"いつネクタイがいりますか。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あったかい","gloss":"warm"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions about shoes and cars · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Materials, shoes, and the car","paragraphs":["The questions ask which material most neckties use, how American shoes compare, and what the narrator bought.","*なぜ 私は もっと 早く 自どうしゃを 買わなかったのですか* means \"Why didn't I buy an automobile sooner?\"","An answer gives the reason from the passage. Other answers identify the car's origin and whether it is convenient."]}],"lines":[{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.009","source":"日本では ネクタイの 多くは、 どんな きれで こしらえますか。","translation":"In Japan, what kind of material are most neckties made of?","reading":"にほんではネクタイのおおくは、どんなきれでこしらえますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"neckties"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"most","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"きれ","gloss":"material"},{"text":"で","gloss":"of"},{"text":"こしらえ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.009.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.010","source":"日本では よう服を 着て 大抵 げたを はきますか。","translation":"In Japan, do people usually wear wooden clogs with Western clothes?","reading":"にほんではようふくをきてたいていげたをはきますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"Western clothes"},{"text":"服","gloss":"Western clothes","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はき","gloss":"wear"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.010.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.011","source":"日本では よいくつが 出来ますか。","translation":"Are good shoes made in Japan?","reading":"にほんではよいくつができますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"be made","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.011.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.012","source":"米国せいの くつは 日本では 安いですか、 たかいですか。","translation":"Are American-made shoes cheap or expensive in Japan?","reading":"べいこくせいのくつはにほんではやすいですか、たかいですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"American-made","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"American-made"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"安い","gloss":"cheap","reading":"やすい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"たかい","gloss":"expensive"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.012.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.013","source":"私は 先月 何を 買いましたか。","translation":"What did I buy last month?","reading":"わたくしはせんげつなにをかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先月","gloss":"last month","reading":"せんげつ"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.013.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.014","source":"自どうしゃは 便利ですか。","translation":"Are automobiles convenient?","reading":"じどうしゃはべんりですか。","words":[{"text":"自どう","gloss":"automobiles","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"automobiles"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.014.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.015","source":"なぜ 私は もっと 早く 自どうしゃを 買わなかったのですか。","translation":"Why didn't I buy an automobile sooner?","reading":"なぜわたくしはもっとはやくじどうしゃをかわなかったのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"automobile","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"automobile"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.015.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L032.q.016","source":"私は どこせいの 自どうしゃを 買いましたか。","translation":"Where was the automobile I bought made?","reading":"わたくしはどこせいのじどうしゃをかいましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where-made"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"where-made"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"自どう","gloss":"automobile","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"しゃ","gloss":"automobile"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Suits, uniforms and trousers · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Suits and uniforms","paragraphs":["These words cover suits, uniforms, their parts, and where they were made. *服* can mean \"clothes,\" \"suits,\" or \"uniform.\"","*上着* means \"coat.\" *日本せい* means \"made in Japan.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.001","source":"服","translation":"clothes, suits, uniform","reading":"ふく","words":[{"text":"服","gloss":"clothes","reading":"ふく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.001.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.002","source":"夏服","translation":"summer suit","reading":"なつふく","words":[{"text":"夏服","gloss":"summer suit","reading":"なつふく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.002.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.003","source":"冬服","translation":"winter suit","reading":"ふゆふく","words":[{"text":"冬服","gloss":"winter suit","reading":"ふゆふく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.003.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.004","source":"軍服","translation":"military uniform","reading":"ぐんぷく","words":[{"text":"軍服","gloss":"military uniform","reading":"ぐんぷく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.004.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.005","source":"チョッキ","translation":"vest","reading":"チョッキ","words":[{"text":"チョッキ","gloss":"vest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.005.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.006","source":"ズボン","translation":"trousers","reading":"ズボン","words":[{"text":"ズボン","gloss":"trousers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.006.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.007","source":"上着","translation":"coat","reading":"うわぎ","words":[{"text":"上着","gloss":"coat","reading":"うわぎ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.007.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.008","source":"日本せい","translation":"made in Japan","reading":"にほんせい","words":[{"text":"日本せい","gloss":"made in Japan","reading":"にほんせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.008.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.009","source":"米国せい","translation":"made in U.S.","reading":"べいこくせい","words":[{"text":"米国せい","gloss":"made in U.S.","reading":"べいこくせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.009.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.010","source":"せびろ","translation":"suit","reading":"せびろ","words":[{"text":"せびろ","gloss":"suit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"日本せい","gloss":"made in Japan"},{"word":"米国せい","gloss":"made in U.S."}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Dresses, accessories and fabrics · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Clothes and their fabrics","paragraphs":["These words cover dresses, accessories, footwear, and textiles. *おり物* means \"textile,\" \"cloth,\" or \"fabric.\"","*きぬおり物* is \"silk textile,\" while *もめんおり物* is \"cotton textile.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.011","source":"ドレス","translation":"dress","reading":"ドレス","words":[{"text":"ドレス","gloss":"dress"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.011.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.012","source":"ワイシャツ","translation":"dress shirt","reading":"ワイシャツ","words":[{"text":"ワイシャツ","gloss":"dress shirt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.012.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.013","source":"ネクタイ","translation":"necktie","reading":"ネクタイ","words":[{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.013.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.014","source":"ハンケチ","translation":"handkerchief","reading":"ハンケチ","words":[{"text":"ハンケチ","gloss":"handkerchief"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.014.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.015","source":"オーバー","translation":"overcoat","reading":"オーバー","words":[{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.015.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.016","source":"くつ","translation":"shoes","reading":"くつ","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.016.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.017","source":"くつ下","translation":"socks, stocking","reading":"くつした","words":[{"text":"くつ下","gloss":"socks","reading":"くつした"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.017.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.018","source":"おり物","translation":"textile, cloth, fabric","reading":"おりもの","words":[{"text":"おり物","gloss":"textile","reading":"おりもの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.018.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.019","source":"きぬおり物","translation":"silk textile","reading":"きぬおりもの","words":[{"text":"きぬおり物","gloss":"silk textile","reading":"きぬおりもの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.019.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.020","source":"もめんおり物","translation":"cotton textile","reading":"もめんおりもの","words":[{"text":"もめんおり物","gloss":"cotton textile","reading":"もめんおりもの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"きぬおり物","gloss":"silk textile"},{"word":"もめんおり物","gloss":"cotton textile"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Construction materials and parts · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Materials and attached parts","paragraphs":["These words cover cloth, buttons, construction materials, and attachment. *きれ* means \"cloth\" or \"material.\"","*しんちゅう* means \"brass.\" *つく* means \"to be attached\" or \"to be lit.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":179,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.021","source":"きぬ","translation":"silk","reading":"きぬ","words":[{"text":"きぬ","gloss":"silk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.021.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.022","source":"きれ","translation":"cloth, material","reading":"きれ","words":[{"text":"きれ","gloss":"cloth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.022.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.023","source":"ボタン","translation":"button","reading":"ボタン","words":[{"text":"ボタン","gloss":"button"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.023.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.024","source":"しんちゅう","translation":"brass","reading":"しんちゅう","words":[{"text":"しんちゅう","gloss":"brass"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.024.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.025","source":"かわ","translation":"leather","reading":"かわ","words":[{"text":"かわ","gloss":"leather"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.025.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.026","source":"ガラス","translation":"glass","reading":"ガラス","words":[{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.026.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.027","source":"アルミ","translation":"aluminum","reading":"アルミ","words":[{"text":"アルミ","gloss":"aluminum"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.027.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.028","source":"木","translation":"wood","reading":"き","words":[{"text":"木","gloss":"wood","reading":"き"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.028.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.029","source":"鉄","translation":"steel, iron","reading":"てつ","words":[{"text":"鉄","gloss":"iron","reading":"てつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.029.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.030","source":"つく","translation":"to be attached; to be lit (v.i.)","reading":"つく","words":[{"text":"つく","gloss":"be attached"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.030.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"アルミ","gloss":"aluminum"},{"word":"つく","gloss":"to arrive, to reach (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Manufacturing and material choices · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Manufacture, convenience, and limits","paragraphs":["These words cover manufacture, convenience, and limits. *出来る* means \"to be manufactured\" or \"to be produced.\"","*便利な* means \"convenient.\" *だけ* means \"only\" and limits the item or amount before it."]},{"title":"Kanji: 後","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":189,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.031","source":"出来る","translation":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)","reading":"できる","words":[{"text":"出来る","gloss":"be manufactured","reading":"できる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.031.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.032","source":"便利な","translation":"convenient","reading":"べんりな","words":[{"text":"便利な","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんりな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.032.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.033","source":"だけ","translation":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"だけ","words":[{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.033.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.034","source":"私の 後に あるまどは ガラスと アルミで 出来ています。","translation":"The window, which is in back of me, is made of glass and aluminum.","reading":"わたくしのあとにあるまどはガラスとアルミでできています。","words":[{"text":"私の後にあるまどはガラスとアルミで出来ています。","gloss":"window made of glass","reading":"わたくしのあとにあるまどはガラスとアルミでできています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.034.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.035","source":"ワイシャツは 大抵 もめんおり物で こしらえてあります。","translation":"Dress shirts are usually made of cotton fabrics.","reading":"ワイシャツはたいていもめんおりものでこしらえてあります。","words":[{"text":"ワイシャツは大抵もめんおり物でこしらえてあります。","gloss":"cotton dress shirts","reading":"ワイシャツはたいていもめんおりものでこしらえてあります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.035.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.036","source":"前には 木と ガラス、 又は 鉄と ガラスで こしらえた まどが 多かったのです。","translation":"There were many windows that were made of wood and glass or steel and glass before.","reading":"まえにはきとガラス、またはてつとガラスでこしらえたまどがおおかったのです。","words":[{"text":"前には木とガラス、又は鉄とガラスでこしらえたまどが多かったのです。","gloss":"many wood-and-glass windows","reading":"まえにはきとガラス、またはてつとガラスでこしらえたまどがおおかったのです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.036.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.037","source":"アルミは 鉄より 物を こしらえるのに 便利です。","translation":"It is more convenient to make things out of aluminum than steel.","reading":"アルミはてつよりものをこしらえるのにべんりです。","words":[{"text":"アルミは鉄より物をこしらえるのに便利です。","gloss":"aluminum is more convenient","reading":"アルミはてつよりものをこしらえるのにべんりです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.037.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.038","source":"前には、 まどには アルミを 使わなかったのです。","translation":"They did not use aluminum for windows before.","reading":"まえには、まどにはアルミをつかわなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"前には、まどにはアルミを使わなかったのです。","gloss":"aluminum not used before","reading":"まえには、まどにはアルミをつかわなかったのです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.038.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"ja.dli.L032.w.039","source":"この じ書は ローマ字で 書いてあります。","translation":"This dictionary is written in Romaji.","reading":"このじしょはローマじでかいてあります。","words":[{"text":"このじ書はローマ字で書いてあります。","gloss":"dictionary written in Romaji","reading":"このじしょはローマじでかいてあります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L032.w.039.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"便利な","gloss":"convenient"},{"word":"私の後にあるまどはガラスとアルミで出来ています。","gloss":"\"The window, which is in back of me, is made of glass and aluminum.\""},{"word":"ワイシャツは大抵もめんおり物でこしらえてあります。","gloss":"\"Dress shirts are usually made of cotton fabrics.\""},{"word":"前には木とガラス、又は鉄とガラスでこしらえたまどが多かったのです。","gloss":"\"There were many windows that were made of wood and glass or steel and glass before.\""},{"word":"アルミは鉄より物をこしらえるのに便利です。","gloss":"\"It is more convenient to make things out of aluminum than steel.\""},{"word":"前には、まどにはアルミを使わなかったのです。","gloss":"\"They did not use aluminum for windows before.\""},{"word":"このじ書はローマ字で書いてあります。","gloss":"\"This dictionary is written in Romaji.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}