{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L041","title":"Lesson 41","stage":"Kanji and everyday Japanese","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 41: caring for a winter lawn · dialogue 1 of 4, mowing and sowing by season · dialogue 2 of 4, pruning trees for flowers · dialogue 3 of 4, helping sow seeds together · dialogue 4 of 4, preparing things for later · perception drill, doing two things together · perception drill, unexpected effects on health · perception drill, acting now for later · pattern 1 1 of 2, leaving things ready beforehand · pattern 1 2 of 2, working during other activities · pattern 2 1 of 2, pairing everyday actions · pattern 2 2 of 2, contrary and unexpected results · pattern 3 1 of 2, unexpected comparisons and choices · pattern 3 2 of 2, winter garden care · reading selection 1 of 2, gardening and tea with friends · reading selection 2 of 2, weather and winter gardening questions · questions 1 of 2, visitors, lawn and garden nouns · word list 1 of 3, gardening actions and time · word list 2 of 3, timing.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/41","lines":146},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/40","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/42","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Caring for a winter lawn · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Winter care for a lawn","paragraphs":["One speaker admires a lawn, but its owner says frost has damaged its color.","The owner says, *ええ、 こやしを やって、 さっちゅうざいを まいておきます*, \"Yes, I use fertilizer and scatter insecticide for future growth.\""]},{"title":"Work done for later","paragraphs":["In *さっちゅうざいを まいておきます*, the TE-form with *おきます* marks work whose result is for future use."]},{"title":"Kanji: 美, 色, 悪","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.001","source":"あなたの家の しばふは ずい分 きれいですね。","translation":"Your lawn is really pretty.","reading":"あなたのいえのしばふはずいぶんきれいですね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"しばふ","gloss":"lawn"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"really"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"pretty"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.002","source":"遠くから 見ると 美しいですが、 近くで 見ると、 そうでも ありません。 しもが 降って、 色が 少し 悪く なりました。","translation":"It's pretty, when you look from afar, but it isn't, if you see it close by. We had frost and the color of it turned (or faded) a little.","reading":"とおくからみるとうつくしいですが、ちかくでみると、そうでもありません。しもがふって、いろがすこしわるくなりました。","words":[{"text":"遠く","gloss":"afar","reading":"とおく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"look","reading":"みる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"美しい","gloss":"pretty","reading":"うつくしい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"close by","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"見る","gloss":"look","reading":"みる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is not"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"しも","gloss":"frost"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"fell","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"色","gloss":"color","reading":"いろ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"worse","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.003","source":"冬でも こやしを やるのですか。","translation":"Do you use fertilizer even in winter?","reading":"ふゆでもこやしをやるのですか。","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"apply"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.004","source":"ええ、 こやしを やって、 さっちゅうざいを まいておきます。","translation":"Yes, I use fertilizer and scatter insecticide (for the sake of future growth).","reading":"ええ、こやしをやって、さっちゅうざいをまいておきます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"apply"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"さっ","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"ちゅ","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"うざい","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"scatter"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"for later"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.005","source":"しばふは たびたび かるのですか。","translation":"Do you mow the lawn often?","reading":"しばふはたびたびかるのですか。","words":[{"text":"しばふ","gloss":"lawn"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たびたび","gloss":"often"},{"text":"かる","gloss":"mow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"TE + OKU\n\nOKU as a principal verb means 'to put' or 'to place' or 'to put aside,' but when used as a terminal verb after the TE form of a verb, it indicates that there is a certain space of time between the time of doing and the time when the result of the action is needed. It literally means 'to do something and put it aside for future use.'\n\nExamples:\n\nHANASHITE OKIMASU \"I tell someone (so that he will know about it, when you see him again/or for his future reference).\"\n\nKAITE OKIMASHOO \"I'll write it down (for it may be needed afterwards).\"\n\nKOSHIRAETE OITE KUDASAI \"Please make it (so that it will be there, when I call for it).\"\n\nThe parenthetical portion is not used in translation everytime, but the meaning carried by the verb OKU in a careful interpretation or translation should not be overlooked.\n\nb With some verbs, TE + OKU carry the meaning of 'just to leave alone' or 'to let someone or something keep on doing.' In this usage, there is not even a hint of the meaning 'for future use.'\n\nExamples:\n\nASOBASETE OKU 'to leave one idle'\n\nOKOSHITE OKINASAI \"Let him stay awake.\"\n\nThis usage does not appear in this lesson, but will not be treated as a new pattern, when it does appear."},{"section":2,"text":"NAGARA\n\nNAGARA is a particle, and when it is used after the second base of a verb, it means the action following occurs simultaneously with the one indicated by the verb preceding it. Both actions are performed by the same person.\n\nExample:\n\nANO KATA WA ARUKI NAGARA HANASHIMASHITA. \"He talked while walking.\"\n\nIn the above example, 'walk' and 'speak' took place simultaneously and both actions were performed by the subject ANO KATA.\n\nWhen NAGARA follows a noun or the second base of a verb in a progressive tense, it conveys the idea 'even though.' This usage will be introduced later."},{"section":3,"text":"KAETTE\n\nThis word may be expressed in English by 'on the contrary' or 'rather.'\n\nExamples:\n\nAMARI BENKYOO SUREBA KAETTE WARUI DESU. \"On the contrary, if you study too much, it is bad.\"\n\nSORE GA KAETTE II DESU. \"On the contrary, that is better.\"\n\nAME GA FUTTE KARA KAETTE ATSUKU NARIMASHITA. \"After it rained, it got all the hotter.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"しばふ","gloss":"lawn"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"遠く","gloss":"distant (place)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"近く","gloss":"vicinity"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"しも","gloss":"frost"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"やる","gloss":"to do"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"たびたび","gloss":"often, frequently"},{"word":"かる","gloss":"to clip, to cut"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Mowing and sowing by season · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Seasons for lawns and flowers","paragraphs":["The speakers compare mowing in winter and summer, then discuss planting flowers and sowing seeds.","*このへんでは 二月が そんな 物の たねを まく 時きです* means \"Around here, February is the season to sow such seeds.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 花","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.006","source":"冬の間は 一週間か 二週間に 一度、 夏には 一週間に 一度か 二度かります。 夏には よく のびますから。","translation":"During winter, I mow it once in one or two weeks, and in summer I mow once or twice a week, because it grows faster in summer.","reading":"ふゆのあいだはいっしゅうかんかにしゅうかんにいちど、なつにはいっしゅうかんにいちどかにどかります。なつにはよくのびますから。","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"間","gloss":"duration"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"week","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"か","gloss":"or"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度、","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"week","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"か","gloss":"or"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"かり","gloss":"mow"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.007","source":"あそこには 何を うえるのですか。","translation":"What are you going to plant there?","reading":"あそこにはなにをうえるのですか。","words":[{"text":"あそこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うえる","gloss":"plant"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.008","source":"草花を うえたいと 思っています。","translation":"I am hoping to plant flowers.","reading":"くさばなをうえたいとおもっています。","words":[{"text":"草花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"くさばな"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"plant"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"am hoping","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am hoping"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am hoping"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am hoping"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.009","source":"たねは 今頃 まくのですか。","translation":"Do you sow seeds around this time?","reading":"たねはいまごろまくのですか。","words":[{"text":"たね","gloss":"seeds"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今頃","gloss":"around this time","reading":"いまごろ"},{"text":"まく","gloss":"sow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.010","source":"ええ、 このへんでは 二月が そんな 物の たねを まく 時きです。","translation":"Yes, around here, February is the season to sow seeds of such plants.","reading":"ええ、このへんではにがつがそんなもののたねをまくときです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"物","gloss":"plants","reading":"もの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"たね","gloss":"seeds"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ま","gloss":"sow"},{"text":"く","gloss":"sow"},{"text":"時","gloss":"season","reading":"と"},{"text":"き","gloss":"season"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あそこ","gloss":"over there"},{"word":"うえる","gloss":"to plant, sow"},{"word":"草花","gloss":"flowering plant, flower"},{"word":"たね","gloss":"seed"},{"word":"今頃","gloss":"this time of year, nowadays"},{"word":"まく","gloss":"to spread, scatter, sow seeds"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"き","gloss":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pruning trees for flowers · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Flowers where sunlight is limited","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss pruning trees and whether fog, cold, and limited sunlight prevent flowers from blooming.","*日が あまり てらない 所で かえって 美しい 花が 沢山 さきます* means \"On the contrary, many beautiful flowers bloom where the sun does not shine much.\""]},{"title":"A contrary result","paragraphs":["In that line, *かえって* marks a result contrary to the expected effect of limited sunlight."]},{"title":"Kanji: 終, 始","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 若, 切","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.011","source":"その木は まだ えだを 切らないのですか。","translation":"Haven't you cut the branches of those trees yet?","reading":"そのきはまだえだをきらないのですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切ら","gloss":"have not cut","reading":"きら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"have not cut"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.012","source":"二月の 終りか、 三月の 始めに、 えだを 切ってやります。 そうすると 若いめが 出て、 美しい 花が さきます。","translation":"I cut the branches at the end of February or at the beginning of March. Then the young buds come out and beautiful flowers bloom.","reading":"にがつのおわりか、さんがつのはじめに、えだをきってやります。そうするとわかいめがでて、うつくしいはながさきます。","words":[{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"終り","gloss":"end","reading":"おわり"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"始め","gloss":"beginning","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切っ","gloss":"cut","reading":"きっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と","gloss":"then"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"め","gloss":"buds"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"come out","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"come out"},{"text":"美しい","gloss":"beautiful","reading":"うつくしい"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.013","source":"このへんは 夏には きりが あって、 さむいから、 花が あまり さかないでしょう。","translation":"Because it's foggy and cold around here in summer, not many flowers bloom, right?","reading":"このへんはなつにはきりがあって、さむいから、はながあまりさかないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"area"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きり","gloss":"fog"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"many"},{"text":"さか","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.014","source":"そうでも ないですよ。 日が あまり てらない 所で かえって 美しい 花が 沢山 さきます。","translation":"On the contrary, many beautiful flowers bloom at places where the sun doesn't shine much.","reading":"そうでもないですよ。ひがあまりてらないところでかえってうつくしいはながたくさんさきます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"much"},{"text":"てら","gloss":"shine"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"所","gloss":"places","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"text":"美しい","gloss":"beautiful","reading":"うつくしい"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.015","source":"でも、 日が つよくてって、 あつい 日も あるでしょう。","translation":"But there are days, when the sun shines hard and hot, aren't there?","reading":"でも、ひがつよくてって、あついひもあるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つよく","gloss":"strongly"},{"text":"て","gloss":"shines"},{"text":"って、","gloss":"shines"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"えだ","gloss":"branch (tree)"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"め","gloss":"bud"},{"word":"きり","gloss":"fog"},{"word":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"かえって","gloss":"on the contrary, rather (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"つよく","gloss":"strong"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Helping sow seeds together · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Help with sowing seeds","paragraphs":["One speaker offers to help sow seeds. The other accepts and offers beer during the work.","*ビールでも 飲みながら やってください* means \"Please work while drinking beer or something.\""]},{"title":"Two actions together","paragraphs":["In that line, *飲みながら* connects drinking with the work performed at the same time by the same person."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.016","source":"ええ、 そんな 時には、 花が 日に やけますから、 ちゅういしなければ なりません。","translation":"Yes, at such times the flowers get burnt by the sun; so we must be careful.","reading":"ええ、そんなときには、はながひにやけますから、ちゅういしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"時","gloss":"times","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"やけ","gloss":"get burned"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ちゅうい","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"し","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must be careful"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must be careful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.017","source":"さあ、 それでは、 たねを まくのを 手つだいましょうか。","translation":"Well, shall I help you sow seeds?","reading":"さあ、それでは、たねをまくのをてつだいましょうか。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たね","gloss":"seeds"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"まく","gloss":"sow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"手つだい","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだい"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.018","source":"そうですね。 手つだってもらいましょうか。 ここに ビールが ありますから、 ビールでも 飲みながら やってください。","translation":"Please do. There is beer here; you can work while drinking beer (or something).","reading":"そうですね。てつだってもらいましょうか。ここにビールがありますから、ビールでものみながらやってください。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"手つだっ","gloss":"receive help","reading":"てつだっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"receive help"},{"text":"もらい","gloss":"receive help"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"も","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"please work"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please work"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.019","source":"ありがとう ございます。 (仕事を すませて) これで いいですか。","translation":"Thank you. (After finishing the job) Is this all right?","reading":"ありがとうございます。(しごとをすませて)これでいいですか。","words":[{"text":"ありがとう","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"ござい","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"(仕事","gloss":"after the job","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"すま","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"て)","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L041.dlg.020","source":"ええ、 けっこうです。 どうも ありがとうございました。","translation":"Yes, that's fine. Thank you very much.","reading":"ええ、けっこうです。どうもありがとうございました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"けっこう","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"very"},{"text":"も","gloss":"much"},{"text":"ありがとう","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"ござい","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"thank you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ちゅうい","gloss":"first lieutenant"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"さあ、","gloss":"well, now, here, come"},{"word":"ましょう","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"ながら","gloss":"while (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けっこう","gloss":"splendid, fine"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Preparing things for later · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Food bought for later","paragraphs":["*私は 沢山 食料品を 買って おきます* means \"I will buy a lot of food and put it aside for future use.\"","The buying happens before the food is needed."]},{"title":"An action for future use","paragraphs":["After the TE-form of a verb, *おきます* says the action occurs now because its result is needed later.","*これを こくじばんに はっておいてください* means \"Please put this up on the bulletin board for later use.\"","An English meaning can omit the later need, but the Japanese still carries it."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.01","source":"私は 沢山 食料品を 買って おきます。","translation":"I'll buy a lot of food (and put it aside for future use).","reading":"わたくしはたくさんしょくりょうひんをかっておきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot"},{"text":"食料","gloss":"food"},{"text":"品","gloss":"food"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"will buy ahead","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will buy ahead"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will buy ahead"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will buy ahead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.02","source":"日本へ 行くかも 知れないから、 日本語を 習っておきます。","translation":"I am learning Japanese because I may go to Japan.","reading":"にほんへいくかもしれないから、にほんごをならっておきます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"may go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"か","gloss":"may go"},{"text":"も","gloss":"may go"},{"text":"知れ","gloss":"may go","reading":"しれ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"may go"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習っ","gloss":"learn in advance","reading":"ならっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"learn in advance"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"learn in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"learn in advance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.03","source":"少し かぜが 出ましたから、 ドアを しめておきます。","translation":"A little wind has come up, so I will close the door.","reading":"すこしかぜがでましたから、ドアをしめておきます。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"came up","reading":"で"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"came up"},{"text":"た","gloss":"came up"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ドア","gloss":"door"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"will close"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will close"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will close"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will close"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.04","source":"友だちに 手紙を 出しておきます。","translation":"I will send a letter to my friend.","reading":"ともだちにてがみをだしておきます。","words":[{"text":"友だち","gloss":"friend","reading":"ともだち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"will send ahead","reading":"だし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will send ahead"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will send ahead"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will send ahead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.05","source":"こくばんに 新しい かん字を 書いておきます。","translation":"I will write the new kanji on the blackboard.","reading":"こくばんにあたらしいかんじをかいておきます。","words":[{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"will write ahead","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will write ahead"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will write ahead"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will write ahead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp1.06","source":"これを こくじばんに はっておいてください。","translation":"Please put this up on the bulletin board.","reading":"これをこくじばんにはっておいてください。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こく","gloss":"bulletin board"},{"text":"じばん","gloss":"bulletin board"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"はっ","gloss":"put up beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"put up beforehand"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"put up beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"put up beforehand"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"put up beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp1.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Doing two things together · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Talking during a walk","paragraphs":["*散歩しながら 話しましょう* means \"Let's talk while strolling.\"","The strolling and talking happen at the same time."]},{"title":"One person, two actions","paragraphs":["*ながら* comes after a verb stem and means that the same person performs that action and the next action simultaneously.","*夕はんを 食べながら テレビを 見ます* means \"I watch television while eating dinner.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.01","source":"散歩しながら 話しましょう。","translation":"Let's talk while strolling.","reading":"さんぽしながらはなしましょう。","words":[{"text":"散歩","gloss":"stroll","reading":"さんぽ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"let us talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let us talk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.02","source":"夕はんを 食べながら テレビを 見ます。","translation":"I watch television while eating dinner.","reading":"ゆうはんをたべながらテレビをみます。","words":[{"text":"夕はん","gloss":"dinner","reading":"ゆうはん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"watch","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.03","source":"私は 話しながら 書く事は 出来ません。","translation":"I cannot write while talking.","reading":"わたくしははなしながらかくことはできません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"cannot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.04","source":"歩きながら 飲むのは むずかしい事です。","translation":"It is difficult to drink while walking.","reading":"あるきながらのむのはむずかしいことです。","words":[{"text":"歩き","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるき"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"飲む","gloss":"drink","reading":"のむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.05","source":"田中さんは おしえながら 学校に 行っています。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka goes to school while teaching.","reading":"たなかさんはおしえながらがっこうにいっています。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おしえ","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"attends","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"attends"},{"text":"い","gloss":"attends"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"attends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp2.06","source":"スミスさんは テレビを 見ながら 勉強します。","translation":"Mr. Smith studies while watching television.","reading":"スミスさんはテレビをみながらべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"watch","reading":"み"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp2.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Unexpected effects on health · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"Too much exercise","paragraphs":["*あまり 運動すると、 かえって 体に 悪いです* means \"On the contrary, if you exercise too much, it will be bad for your health.\"","The bad result runs against the expected benefit of exercise."]},{"title":"The contrary result","paragraphs":["*かえって* means \"on the contrary\" or \"rather\" and stands before a result that opposes an expected conclusion.","*ある仕事には 若い人より 年よりの 方が かえっていいです* means \"For some jobs, older people are actually better than young people.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.01","source":"あまり 運動すると、 かえって 体に 悪いです。","translation":"(On the contrary) if you exercise too much, it will be bad for your health.","reading":"あまりうんどうすると、かえってからだにわるいです。","words":[{"text":"あまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"運動","gloss":"exercise","reading":"うんどう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.02","source":"あんまり 沢山 食べると、 かえって 体に 悪いです。","translation":"If you eat too much, it is actually bad for your health.","reading":"あんまりたくさんたべると、かえってからだにわるいです。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.03","source":"さけを 少し 飲むのは、 かえって 体に いいです。","translation":"Drinking a little sake is actually good for your health.","reading":"さけをすこしのむのは、かえってからだにいいです。","words":[{"text":"さけ","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"飲む","gloss":"drink","reading":"のむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.04","source":"あんまり 勉強するのは、 かえって 悪いです。","translation":"Studying too much is actually bad for you.","reading":"あんまりべんきょうするのは、かえってわるいです。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.05","source":"あんまり くすりを 飲むのは、 かえって 体に 悪いです。","translation":"Taking too much medicine is actually bad for your health.","reading":"あんまりくすりをのむのは、かえってからだにわるいです。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲む","gloss":"take","reading":"のむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L041.gp3.06","source":"ある仕事には 若い人より 年よりの 方が かえっていいです。","translation":"For some jobs, older people are actually better than young people.","reading":"あるしごとにはわかいひとよりとしよりのほうがかえっていいです。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"jobs","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"年より","gloss":"older people","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"方","gloss":"side","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.gp3.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"体","gloss":"body, health"},{"word":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Acting now for later · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Preparation in advance","paragraphs":["*さっちゅうざいを まいておきます* means \"I scatter insecticide for future sake.\"","The TE-form with *おきます*, as in *買っておきました*, marks preparations such as scattering, buying, studying, and reading in advance.","*これは 大切ですから、 読んでおいてください* asks someone to read something important beforehand."]},{"title":"Kanji: 皆","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.m1","source":"さっちゅうざいを まいておきます。","translation":"I scatter insecticide for future sake.","reading":"さっちゅうざいをまいておきます。","words":[{"text":"さっ","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"ちゅ","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"うざい","gloss":"insecticide"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"scatter beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"scatter beforehand"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"scatter beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"scatter beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.01","source":"冬の間に こやしを やっておきます。","translation":"I use fertilizer during the winter.","reading":"ふゆのあいだにこやしをやっておきます。","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"間","gloss":"duration"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"apply beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"apply beforehand"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"apply beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"apply beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.02","source":"新しい かん字を カードに 書いておきます。","translation":"I will write the new kanji on cards.","reading":"あたらしいかんじをカードにかいておきます。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"カード","gloss":"cards"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"write beforehand","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"write beforehand"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"write beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"write beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.03","source":"セール(sale)が ありましたから、 かんづめを 沢山 買っておきました。","translation":"There was a sale, so I bought plenty of canned goods to have on hand.","reading":"セール(sale)がありましたから、かんづめをたくさんかっておきました。","words":[{"text":"セール","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"(sale)","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there was"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"there was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"there was"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"かんづめ","gloss":"canned goods"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"plenty","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought for later","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bought for later"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"bought for later"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"bought for later"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"bought for later"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.04","source":"昨ばん、 三時間ぐらい よしゅうしておきました。","translation":"Last night, I studied ahead for about three hours.","reading":"さくばん、さんじかんぐらいよしゅうしておきました。","words":[{"text":"昨","gloss":"last","reading":"さく"},{"text":"ばん、","gloss":"night"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"よ","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"て","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"study ahead"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"study ahead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.05","source":"習った かん字を 皆 べんきょうしておきました。","translation":"I studied all the kanji we learned.","reading":"ならったかんじをみなべんきょうしておきました。","words":[{"text":"習っ","gloss":"learned","reading":"ならっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"studied for later"},{"text":"し","gloss":"studied for later"},{"text":"て","gloss":"studied for later"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"studied for later"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"studied for later"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"studied for later"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.06","source":"ほこりが たちますから、 水を まいておいて ください。","translation":"Please sprinkle some water because it is dusty.","reading":"ほこりがたちますから、みずをまいておいてください。","words":[{"text":"ほこり","gloss":"dust"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"rises"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"水","gloss":"water","reading":"みず"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"please sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"please sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please sprinkle beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.07","source":"はい、 水を まいておきます。","translation":"Yes, I will sprinkle some water.","reading":"はい、みずをまいておきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"水","gloss":"water","reading":"みず"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"まい","gloss":"will sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will sprinkle beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will sprinkle beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.08","source":"これは 大切ですから、 読んでおいてください。","translation":"This is important, so please read it beforehand.","reading":"これはたいせつですから、よんでおいてください。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"please read beforehand","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"please read beforehand"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"please read beforehand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please read beforehand"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please read beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"セール","gloss":"sale"},{"word":"かんづめ","gloss":"canned goods"},{"word":"ばん、","gloss":"evening, night"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"しゅう","gloss":"state"},{"word":"ほこり","gloss":"dust"},{"word":"水","gloss":"water"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Leaving things ready beforehand · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Leave the light on","paragraphs":["*今ばん おそく 帰りますから、 電とうを つけておいてください* means \"I will return late tonight, so please leave the light on.\"","The TE-form with *おきます*, as in *読んでおきます*, marks an action completed before it is needed.","*はい、 電とうを つけておきます* confirms that the light will be left on."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.09","source":"はい、 読んでおきます。","translation":"Yes, I will read it beforehand.","reading":"はい、よんでおきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"will read beforehand","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"will read beforehand"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will read beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will read beforehand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.10","source":"今ばん おそく 帰りますから、 電とうを つけておいてください。","translation":"I will come home late tonight, so please leave the light on.","reading":"こんばんおそくかえりますから、でんとうをつけておいてください。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"this","reading":"こん"},{"text":"ばん","gloss":"evening"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"will return","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"will return"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"please leave on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please leave on"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"please leave on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please leave on"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please leave on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.11","source":"はい、 電とうを つけておきます。","translation":"Yes, I will leave the light on.","reading":"はい、でんとうをつけておきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"will leave on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"will leave on"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"will leave on"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will leave on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.12","source":"習う","translation":"To learn.","reading":"ならう","words":[{"text":"習う","gloss":"to learn","reading":"ならう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.13","source":"読む","translation":"To read.","reading":"よむ","words":[{"text":"読む","gloss":"to read","reading":"よむ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.14","source":"すませる","translation":"To finish.","reading":"すませる","words":[{"text":"すま","gloss":"to finish"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"to finish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.15","source":"食べる","translation":"To eat.","reading":"たべる","words":[{"text":"食べる","gloss":"to eat","reading":"たべる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt1.16","source":"べんきょうする","translation":"To study.","reading":"べんきょうする","words":[{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt1.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ばん","gloss":"evening, night"},{"word":"おそく","gloss":"late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Working during other activities · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Work during another action","paragraphs":["*ビールを 飲みながら 働きます* means \"I work while drinking beer.\"","The *ながら* in *飲みながら* connects the continuing action of drinking with the work done at the same time.","*えを 見せながら 日本の 事を 話しました* presents showing pictures and talking about Japan as simultaneous actions."]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.m1","source":"ビールを 飲みながら 働きます。","translation":"I work while drinking beer.","reading":"ビールをのみながらはたらきます。","words":[{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.01","source":"子供は ラジオを 聞きながら べんきょうします。","translation":"The child studies while listening to the radio.","reading":"こどもはラジオをききながらべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"聞き","gloss":"listen","reading":"きき"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.02","source":"自動車を 運転しながら 話してもいいです。","translation":"You may talk while driving a car.","reading":"じどうしゃをうんてんしながらはなしてもいいです。","words":[{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"運転","gloss":"drive","reading":"うんてん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"talk"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"may"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.03","source":"田中さんは 家の仕事を 手つだいながら 学校へ 行きます。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka goes to school while helping with the work at home.","reading":"たなかさんはいえのしごとをてつだいながらがっこうへいきます。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"手つだい","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだい"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.04","source":"あの生徒は 道を 歩きながら べんきょうします。","translation":"That student studies while walking along the road.","reading":"あのせいとはみちをあるきながらべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"道","gloss":"road","reading":"みち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"歩き","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるき"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.05","source":"私は しんぶんを 読みながら 朝めしを 食べます。","translation":"I eat breakfast while reading the newspaper.","reading":"わたくしはしんぶんをよみながらあさめしをたべます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.06","source":"今日は 天気が いいから、 散歩しながら べんきょうしましょう。","translation":"The weather is nice today, so let us study while taking a walk.","reading":"きょうはてんきがいいから、さんぽしながらべんきょうしましょう。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"散歩","gloss":"walk","reading":"さんぽ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.07","source":"ええ、 そうしましょう。","translation":"Yes, let us do that.","reading":"ええ、そうしましょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.08","source":"田中さんの 話は おもしろかったですか。","translation":"Was Mr. Tanaka's talk interesting?","reading":"たなかさんのはなしはおもしろかったですか。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おもしろかっ","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"です","gloss":"was"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.09","source":"ええ、 えを 見せながら 日本の 事を 話しました ので、 大へん おもしろかったです。","translation":"Yes, it was very interesting because he talked about Japan while showing us pictures.","reading":"ええ、えをみせながらにほんのことをはなしましたので、たいへんおもしろかったです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"え","gloss":"pictures"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見せ","gloss":"show","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"about"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"おもしろかっ","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pairing everyday actions · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Studying while shaving","paragraphs":["*スミスさんは 毎朝 ひげを そりながら、 かん字を べんきょうするそうですね* means \"I hear that Mr. Smith studies kanji while shaving every morning.\"","The *ながら* in *そりながら* marks shaving as simultaneous with studying. The same person performs both actions."]}],"lines":[{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.10","source":"スミスさんは 毎朝 ひげを そりながら、 かん字を べんきょうするそうですね。","translation":"I hear that Mr. Smith studies kanji while shaving every morning.","reading":"スミスさんはまいあさひげをそりながら、かんじをべんきょうするそうですね。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎朝","gloss":"every morning","reading":"まいあさ"},{"text":"ひげ","gloss":"beard"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そり","gloss":"shave"},{"text":"ながら、","gloss":"while"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.11","source":"そうですか。 私は そんな 事は 出来ませんね。","translation":"Is that so? I cannot do such a thing.","reading":"そうですか。わたくしはそんなことはできませんね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.12","source":"朝めしを 食べています。","translation":"I am eating breakfast.","reading":"あさめしをたべています。","words":[{"text":"朝めし","gloss":"breakfast","reading":"あさめし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"am eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am eating"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.13","source":"しんぶんを 読んでいます。","translation":"I am reading the newspaper.","reading":"しんぶんをよんでいます。","words":[{"text":"しんぶん","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"am reading","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"am reading"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am reading"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am reading"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.14","source":"ざっしを 売りました。","translation":"I sold magazines.","reading":"ざっしをうりました。","words":[{"text":"ざっし","gloss":"magazines"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"売り","gloss":"sell","reading":"うり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.15","source":"学校へ 行きました。","translation":"I went to school.","reading":"がっこうへいきました。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.16","source":"お早うございますと 言います。","translation":"I say, “Good morning.”","reading":"おはようございますといいます。","words":[{"text":"お早う","gloss":"good morning","reading":"おはよう"},{"text":"ござい","gloss":"good morning"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"good morning"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.17","source":"毎朝 きょうしつに はいります。","translation":"I enter the classroom every morning.","reading":"まいあさきょうしつにはいります。","words":[{"text":"毎朝","gloss":"every morning","reading":"まいあさ"},{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.18","source":"りんごを 食べています。","translation":"I am eating an apple.","reading":"りんごをたべています。","words":[{"text":"りんご","gloss":"apple"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"am eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am eating"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt2.19","source":"あそんでいます。","translation":"I am playing.","reading":"あそんでいます。","words":[{"text":"あそん","gloss":"am playing"},{"text":"で","gloss":"am playing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am playing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"am playing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt2.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ひげ","gloss":"beard, whiskers"},{"word":"ながら、","gloss":"while (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"りんご","gloss":"apple"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Contrary and unexpected results · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"An unexpected change","paragraphs":["*私は さけを やめて かえって 体が 悪く なりました* means \"I gave up sake, and my health actually got worse.\"","The *かえって* in this line marks the worse health as contrary to the expected result.","*雨が 降ってから かえって あつく なりました* likewise presents hotter weather after rain as unexpected."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.m1","source":"今行くと かえって 悪いです。","translation":"On the contrary, it will be bad if you go now.","reading":"いまいくとかえってわるいです。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"will be"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.01","source":"コーヒーより ビールの方が かえって 体に いいです。","translation":"Beer is actually better for your health than coffee.","reading":"コーヒーよりビールのほうがかえってからだにいいです。","words":[{"text":"コーヒー","gloss":"coffee"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.02","source":"雨が 降ってから かえって あつく なりました。","translation":"After it rained, it actually became hotter.","reading":"あめがふってからかえってあつくなりました。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"rained","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"rained"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"hotter"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.03","source":"私は さけを やめて かえって 体が 悪く なりました。","translation":"I gave up sake, and my health actually got worse.","reading":"わたくしはさけをやめてかえってからだがわるくなりました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さけ","gloss":"sake"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やめ","gloss":"gave up"},{"text":"て","gloss":"gave up"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"体","gloss":"health","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"worse","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.04","source":"あんまり べんきょうすると、 つかれて かえって 習えません。","translation":"If you study too much, you get tired and actually cannot learn.","reading":"あんまりべんきょうすると、つかれてかえってならえません。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"べんきょう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"つか","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"習え","gloss":"can learn","reading":"ならえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.05","source":"あんまり 休むと、 かえって つかれます。","translation":"If you rest too much, you actually get tired.","reading":"あんまりやすむと、かえってつかれます。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"休む","gloss":"rest","reading":"やすむ"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"つかれ","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"コーヒー","gloss":"coffee"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Unexpected comparisons and choices · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The unexpectedly better choice","paragraphs":["*ある仕事には 若い人より 年よりの人の 方が かえって てきとうですね* means \"For some jobs, older people are actually more suitable than young people.\"","The *かえって* from *かえっていいです* marks the older group as the unexpectedly better comparison.","*ペンは 少し 高くても、 いいのを 買う方が かえっていいですね* presents buying a good pen as better despite its price."]}],"lines":[{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.06","source":"年よりの 生徒は 習うのが おそいですね。","translation":"Older students are slow to learn, are they not?","reading":"としよりのせいとはならうのがおそいですね。","words":[{"text":"年より","gloss":"older","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"習う","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おそい","gloss":"slow"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.07","source":"ええ、 かえって 若い 生徒の 方が 早く 習いますよ。","translation":"Yes, younger students actually learn faster.","reading":"ええ、かえってわかいせいとのほうがはやくならいますよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"younger","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"ones","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"faster","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"習い","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.08","source":"ある仕事には 若い人より 年よりの人の 方が かえって てきとうですね。","translation":"For some jobs, older people are actually more suitable than young people, are they not?","reading":"あるしごとにはわかいひとよりとしよりのひとのほうがかえっててきとうですね。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"jobs","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"年より","gloss":"older","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"ones","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"てきとう","gloss":"suitable"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.09","source":"ええ、 私の 店では、 年よりの人の 方が かえっていいです。","translation":"Yes, at my store, older people are actually better.","reading":"ええ、わたくしのみせでは、としよりのひとのほうがかえっていいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"私","gloss":"my","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"店","gloss":"store","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"年より","gloss":"older","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"ones","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.10","source":"ペンは 少し 高くても、 いいのを 買う方が かえっていいですね。","translation":"Even if a pen is a little expensive, it is actually better to buy a good one, is it not?","reading":"ペンはすこしたかくても、いいのをかうほうがかえっていいですね。","words":[{"text":"ペン","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"方","gloss":"choice","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L041.pt3.11","source":"ええ、 安いのは 早く 悪く なりますからね。","translation":"Yes, because cheap ones wear out quickly.","reading":"ええ、やすいのははやくわるくなりますからね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"安い","gloss":"cheap","reading":"やすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.pt3.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"店","gloss":"store, shop"},{"word":"ペン","gloss":"pen"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Winter garden care · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Winter work for spring growth","paragraphs":["The passage describes warmer weather after a cold winter, then explains winter pruning and fertilizing.","*えだを てきとうに 切っておくと、 又 新しいのが 出て、 春には 美しい 花が 沢山 さきます* connects earlier pruning with new branches and spring flowers.","The TE-form with *おく*, as in *こやしを やっておきます*, marks care completed before its later result."]}],"lines":[{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.001","source":"今年の冬は 雪が 降ったりして さむい冬でしたが、 この頃は あったかくなって 来ましたから、 しもは もう 降らないでしょう。","translation":"This winter was cold, with snow and such, but lately it has been getting warmer, so there probably will not be any more frost.","reading":"ことしのふゆはゆきがふったりしてさむいふゆでしたが、このごろはあったかくなってきましたから、しもはもうふらないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雪","gloss":"snow","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降っ","gloss":"fell","reading":"ふっ"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"この頃","gloss":"lately"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あったかく","gloss":"warmer"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"become"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"しも","gloss":"frost"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"any more"},{"text":"降ら","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.002","source":"ある木は 冬になると、 えだを 切って やらなければなりません。","translation":"Some trees have to have their branches cut when winter comes.","reading":"あるきはふゆになると、えだをきってやらなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切っ","gloss":"cut","reading":"きっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"do for"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.003","source":"えだを てきとうに 切っておくと、 又 新しいのが 出て、 春には 美しい 花が 沢山 さきます。","translation":"If you cut the branches properly beforehand, new ones will grow, and many beautiful flowers will bloom in spring.","reading":"えだをてきとうにきっておくと、またあたらしいのがでて、はるにはうつくしいはながたくさんさきます。","words":[{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"てきとう","gloss":"properly"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in manner"},{"text":"切っ","gloss":"cut","reading":"きっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"beforehand"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again","reading":"また"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"grow","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"美しい","gloss":"beautiful","reading":"うつくしい"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"bloom"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.004","source":"にわの木や 草には、 冬の間にも こやしを やっておきます。","translation":"We put fertilizer on the trees and plants in the garden even during the winter.","reading":"にわのきやくさには、ふゆのあいだにもこやしをやっておきます。","words":[{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"草","gloss":"plants","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"during"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"apply"},{"text":"て","gloss":"apply"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"beforehand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.005","source":"そうすると、 元気よく のびて 美しくなります。","translation":"Then they grow vigorously and become beautiful.","reading":"そうすると、げんきよくのびてうつくしくなります。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"元気","gloss":"vigor","reading":"げんき"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"美しく","gloss":"beautiful","reading":"うつくしく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.006","source":"時々 春になってから ひどい しもが 降る 事があります。","translation":"Sometimes there is a severe frost after spring has come.","reading":"ときどきはるになってからひどいしもがふることがあります。","words":[{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"春","gloss":"spring","reading":"はる"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"ひどい","gloss":"severe"},{"text":"しも","gloss":"frost"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"falls","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"occasion","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今年","gloss":"this year"},{"word":"雪","gloss":"snow"},{"word":"この頃","gloss":"these days, nowadays"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"春","gloss":"spring"},{"word":"にわ","gloss":"garden, yard"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gardening and tea with friends · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Work and conversation","paragraphs":["A visitor joins the garden work, and the friends work while discussing how to grow plants.","*私たちは 木や 花や やさいなどの 作り方に ついて 話しながら 十二時すぎまで 働きました* presents their talking and working as simultaneous actions."]},{"title":"Tea instead of beer","paragraphs":["The friends find no beer. *ビールよりお茶の方が かえって よい* presents tea as the unexpectedly better drink.","They then talk while drinking tea, another use of *ながら* for two actions by the same people."]}],"lines":[{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.007","source":"そんな 時には 気を つけないと、 木のめや 若い 花の つぼみが くろくなります。","translation":"At times like that, if you are not careful, the buds on the trees and the buds of young flowers will turn black.","reading":"そんなときにはきをつけないと、きのめやわかいはなのつぼみがくろくなります。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"時","gloss":"times","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"気","gloss":"care","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"め","gloss":"buds"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"つぼみ","gloss":"buds"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"くろく","gloss":"black"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.008","source":"又 あるものは 夏には、 日に やけますから、 どこにでも うえる 事は 出来ません。","translation":"Also, some plants get scorched by the sun in summer, so they cannot be planted just anywhere.","reading":"またあるものはなつには、ひにやけますから、どこにでもうえることはできません。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"plants"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"やけ","gloss":"get scorched"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"anywhere"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"any"},{"text":"うえる","gloss":"plant"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act of","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.009","source":"今日は 天気が よいので、 朝十時頃から 外に 出て、 にわの手入れを したり、 花を うえたりしていましたら、 ネルソンさんが あそびに 来ました。","translation":"Since the weather was fine today, I went outside at about ten in the morning and was tending the garden and planting flowers when Mr. Nelson came to visit.","reading":"きょうはてんきがよいので、あさじゅうじごろからそとにでて、にわのていれをしたり、はなをうえたりしていましたら、ネルソンさんがあそびにきました。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"about"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出","gloss":"went out","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"went out"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手入れ","gloss":"tending","reading":"ていれ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"plant"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あそび","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.010","source":"ネルソンさんも にわで 働くのが 好きですから、 私たちは 木や 花や やさいなどの 作り方に ついて 話しながら 十二時すぎまで 働きました。","translation":"Mr. Nelson also likes working in the garden, so we worked until after twelve while talking about how to grow trees, flowers, vegetables, and such.","reading":"ネルソンさんもにわではたらくのがすきですから、わたくしたちはきやはなややさいなどのつくりかたについてはなしながらじゅうにじすぎまではたらきました。","words":[{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"working","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"好き","gloss":"likes","reading":"すき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"やさい","gloss":"vegetables"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"作り","gloss":"how to grow","reading":"つくり"},{"text":"方","gloss":"how to grow","reading":"かた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve","reading":"に"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"すぎ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.011","source":"少しのどが かわいたし、 仕事も 終ったので、 ビールを 飲みたいと 思って 家の中にはいりましたが、 ビールは ありませんでした。","translation":"We were a little thirsty and had finished the work, so we went into the house thinking we would like some beer, but there was none.","reading":"すこしのどがかわいたし、しごともおわったので、ビールをのみたいとおもっていえのなかにはいりましたが、ビールはありませんでした。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"のど","gloss":"throats"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かわい","gloss":"were thirsty"},{"text":"た","gloss":"were thirsty"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"終っ","gloss":"finished","reading":"おわっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"finished"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"thinking","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"thinking"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"entered"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L041.rd.012","source":"ネルソンさんは ビールよりお茶の方が かえって よいと 言いましたから、 お茶を 飲みながら 色々の 事について 話しました。","translation":"Mr. Nelson said that tea would actually be better than beer, so we talked about various things while drinking tea.","reading":"ネルソンさんはビールよりおちゃのほうがかえってよいといいましたから、おちゃをのみながらいろいろのことについてはなしました。","words":[{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"お","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"茶","gloss":"tea","reading":"ちゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"actually"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"said","reading":"いい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"お","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"茶","gloss":"tea","reading":"ちゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つぼみ","gloss":"buds"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"手入れ","gloss":"care, mending"},{"word":"好き","gloss":"to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"やさい","gloss":"vegetable"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"すぎ","gloss":"past, after"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"のど","gloss":"throat"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Weather and winter gardening questions · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Reasons for winter garden care","paragraphs":["The questions ask about winter weather, pruning, fertilizing, and the morning's work.","*なぜ えだを 切ってやる方が いいですか* means \"Why is it better to cut the branches?\"","An answer gives the later result, such as new growth and flowers in spring."]}],"lines":[{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.001","source":"今年の冬は あたたかいでしたか。","translation":"Was this winter warm?","reading":"ことしのふゆはあたたかいでしたか。","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.001.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.002","source":"今年は 冬に 雨が 沢山 降りましたか。","translation":"Did it rain a lot this winter?","reading":"ことしはふゆにあめがたくさんふりましたか。","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"降り","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.002.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.003","source":"この頃は まだ さむいですか。","translation":"Is it still cold these days?","reading":"このごろはまださむいですか。","words":[{"text":"この頃","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"さむい","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.003.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.004","source":"まだ しもが 降るでしょうか。","translation":"Do you think there will still be frost?","reading":"まだしもがふるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"しも","gloss":"frost"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.004.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.005","source":"ある木は 冬に えだを 切ってやる方が いいですか。","translation":"Is it better to cut the branches of some trees in winter?","reading":"あるきはふゆにえだをきってやるほうがいいですか。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切っ","gloss":"cut","reading":"きっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"do for"},{"text":"方","gloss":"choice","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.005.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.006","source":"なぜ えだを 切ってやる方が いいですか。","translation":"Why is it better to cut the branches?","reading":"なぜえだをきってやるほうがいいですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branches"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切っ","gloss":"cut","reading":"きっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"do for them"},{"text":"方","gloss":"option","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.006.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.007","source":"なぜ 冬に にわの木に こやしを やりますか。","translation":"Why do you put fertilizer on the trees in the garden in winter?","reading":"なぜふゆににわのきにこやしをやりますか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"put"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.007.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.008","source":"今朝 私は 何をしていましたか。","translation":"What was I doing this morning?","reading":"けさわたくしはなにをしていましたか。","words":[{"text":"今朝","gloss":"this morning","reading":"けさ"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was doing"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あたたかい","gloss":"warm"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"今朝","gloss":"this morning"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Visitors, flowers and drinks · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The visitor and the drinks","paragraphs":["The questions ask who visited, what the friends did, and their views on gardening and drinks.","*私たちは お茶を 飲みながら 何をしましたか* means \"What did the friends do while drinking tea?\"","An answer names the simultaneous action: they talked about various things."]}],"lines":[{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.009","source":"だれが あそびに 来ましたか。","translation":"Who came to visit?","reading":"だれがあそびにきましたか。","words":[{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あそび","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.009.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.010","source":"私たちは お茶を 飲みながら 何をしましたか。","translation":"What did we do while drinking tea?","reading":"わたくしたちはおちゃをのみながらなにをしましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"茶","gloss":"tea","reading":"ちゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.010.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.011","source":"ネルソンさんは お茶より ビールの方が 好きですか。","translation":"Does Mr. Nelson like beer better than tea?","reading":"ネルソンさんはおちゃよりビールのほうがすきですか。","words":[{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"茶","gloss":"tea","reading":"ちゃ"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"好き","gloss":"like","reading":"すき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.011.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.012","source":"ネルソンさんは にわで 働くのは きらいですか。","translation":"Does Mr. Nelson dislike working in the garden?","reading":"ネルソンさんはにわではたらくのはきらいですか。","words":[{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.012.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.013","source":"ある花は 夏に 日に やけますか。","translation":"Do some flowers get scorched by the sun in summer?","reading":"あるはなはなつにひにやけますか。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flowers","reading":"はな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"やけ","gloss":"get scorched"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.013.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.014","source":"ネルソンさんは 何をしに 来ましたか。","translation":"What did Mr. Nelson come to do?","reading":"ネルソンさんはなにをしにきましたか。","words":[{"text":"ネルソン","gloss":"Nelson"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.014.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L041.q.015","source":"あなたは のどが かわくと、 何が 飲みたいですか。","translation":"What do you want to drink when you are thirsty?","reading":"あなたはのどがかわくと、なにがのみたいですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"のど","gloss":"throat"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かわく","gloss":"gets dry"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.q.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"きらい","gloss":"dislike (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かわく","gloss":"to dry (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lawn and garden nouns · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Things in a winter garden","paragraphs":["This group names lawns, winter weather, garden materials, plants, and plant parts.","*しばふ* means \"lawn\", *しも* means \"frost\", and *こやし* means \"fertilizer\".","The words identify what winter garden work affects and what weather can damage."]}],"lines":[{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.001","source":"しばふ","translation":"lawn","reading":"しばふ","words":[{"text":"しばふ","gloss":"lawn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.001.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.002","source":"しも","translation":"frost","reading":"しも","words":[{"text":"しも","gloss":"frost"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.002.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.003","source":"こやし","translation":"fertilizer","reading":"こやし","words":[{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.003.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.004","source":"さっちゅうざい","translation":"insecticide","reading":"さっちゅうざい","words":[{"text":"さっちゅうざい","gloss":"insecticide"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.004.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.005","source":"草花","translation":"flowering plant, flower","reading":"くさばな","words":[{"text":"草花","gloss":"flowering plant","reading":"くさばな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.005.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.006","source":"たね","translation":"seed","reading":"たね","words":[{"text":"たね","gloss":"seed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.006.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.007","source":"時き","translation":"season, time","reading":"とき","words":[{"text":"時き","gloss":"season","reading":"とき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.007.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.008","source":"えだ","translation":"branch (tree)","reading":"えだ","words":[{"text":"えだ","gloss":"branch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.008.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.009","source":"め","translation":"bud","reading":"め","words":[{"text":"め","gloss":"bud"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.009.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.010","source":"きり","translation":"fog","reading":"きり","words":[{"text":"きり","gloss":"fog"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.010.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.011","source":"今ばん","translation":"tonight","reading":"こんばん","words":[{"text":"今ばん","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"さっちゅうざい","gloss":"insecticide"},{"word":"時き","gloss":"season, time"},{"word":"今ばん","gloss":"this evening, tonight"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gardening actions and time · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Garden actions and changing conditions","paragraphs":["This group names garden actions, future times, and changes caused by growth or weather.","*まく* means \"to spread, scatter, or sow seeds\", *切る* means \"to cut\", and *すませる* means \"to finish\".","These verbs cover preparing a garden, tending plants, and completing the work."]},{"title":"Kanji: 明日","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.012","source":"明ばん","translation":"tomorrow night","reading":"みょうばん","words":[{"text":"明ばん","gloss":"tomorrow night","reading":"みょうばん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.012.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.013","source":"明日","translation":"tomorrow","reading":"あした","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.013.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.014","source":"セール","translation":"sale","reading":"セール","words":[{"text":"セール","gloss":"sale"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.014.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.015","source":"まく","translation":"to spread, scatter, sow seeds","reading":"まく","words":[{"text":"まく","gloss":"sow seeds"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.015.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.016","source":"のびる","translation":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch","reading":"のびる","words":[{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grow tall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.016.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.017","source":"切る","translation":"to cut","reading":"きる","words":[{"text":"切る","gloss":"cut","reading":"きる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.017.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.018","source":"ちゅういする","translation":"to be careful","reading":"ちゅういする","words":[{"text":"ちゅういする","gloss":"be careful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.018.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.019","source":"すませる","translation":"to finish","reading":"すませる","words":[{"text":"すませる","gloss":"finish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.019.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.020","source":"日にやける","translation":"to be sunburnt","reading":"ひにやける","words":[{"text":"日にやける","gloss":"be sunburnt","reading":"ひにやける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.020.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.021","source":"しもが降る","translation":"to have frost","reading":"しもがふる","words":[{"text":"しもが降る","gloss":"have frost","reading":"しもがふる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.021.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.022","source":"つよく","translation":"strong","reading":"つよく","words":[{"text":"つよく","gloss":"strongly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"明ばん","gloss":"tomorrow night"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"のびる","gloss":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch"},{"word":"切る","gloss":"to cut"},{"word":"ちゅういする","gloss":"to be careful"},{"word":"すませる","gloss":"to finish"},{"word":"日にやける","gloss":"to be sunburnt"},{"word":"しもが降る","gloss":"to have frost"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Timing, togetherness and contrast · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"When and how actions connect","paragraphs":["This group combines timing and togetherness words with expressions for preparation, simultaneous action, and contrast.","*---ておく* means \"to do something for future use\", *ながら* means \"while\", and *かえって* means \"on the contrary\" or \"rather\".","*明ばんは 皆で 一しょに 食べましょう* means \"Let's all eat together tomorrow night.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.023","source":"---ておく","translation":"to do -- for future use (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"---ておく","words":[{"text":"---ておく","gloss":"do for later"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.023.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.024","source":"今頃","translation":"this time of year, nowadays","reading":"いまごろ","words":[{"text":"今頃","gloss":"this time of year","reading":"いまごろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.024.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.025","source":"このへん","translation":"this vicinity","reading":"このへん","words":[{"text":"このへん","gloss":"this vicinity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.025.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.026","source":"かえって","translation":"on the contrary, rather (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"かえって","words":[{"text":"かえって","gloss":"on the contrary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.026.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.027","source":"ながら","translation":"while (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"ながら","words":[{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.027.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.028","source":"皆で","translation":"altogether","reading":"みなで","words":[{"text":"皆で","gloss":"all together","reading":"みなで"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.028.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.029","source":"一しょに","translation":"together","reading":"いっしょに","words":[{"text":"一しょに","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.029.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.030","source":"明日は 早く 仕事を すませます。","translation":"I'll finish the work early tomorrow.","reading":"あしたははやくしごとをすませます。","words":[{"text":"明日は早く仕事をすませます。","gloss":"finish work early tomorrow","reading":"あしたははやくしごとをすませます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.030.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.031","source":"明ばんは 皆で 一しょに 食べましょう。","translation":"Let's all eat together tomorrow night.","reading":"みょうばんはみなでいっしょにたべましょう。","words":[{"text":"明ばんは皆で一しょに食べましょう。","gloss":"eat together tomorrow night","reading":"みょうばんはみなでいっしょにたべましょう。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.031.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L041.w.032","source":"今ばん 私の 家へ あそびに 来てください。","translation":"Please come over to our house for a visit tonight.","reading":"こんばんわたくしのいえへあそびにきてください。","words":[{"text":"今ばん私の家へあそびに来てください。","gloss":"visit our house tonight","reading":"こんばんわたくしのいえへあそびにきてください。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L041.w.032.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"---ておく","gloss":"to do -- for future use (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"このへん","gloss":"this vicinity"},{"word":"皆で","gloss":"altogether"},{"word":"一しょに","gloss":"together"},{"word":"明日は早く仕事をすませます。","gloss":"\"I'll finish the work early tomorrow.\""},{"word":"明ばんは皆で一しょに食べましょう。","gloss":"\"Let's all eat together tomorrow night.\""},{"word":"今ばん私の家へあそびに来てください。","gloss":"\"Please come over to our house for a visit tonight.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}