{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L044","title":"Lesson 44","stage":"Kanji and everyday Japanese","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 44: comparing kabuki and opera · dialogue 1 of 4, actors in kabuki · dialogue 2 of 4, planning an evening performance · dialogue 3 of 4, tickets, leaving things unchanged · perception drill, actions brought to completion · perception drill, telling others what to do · perception drill, describing unchanged states · pattern 1 1 of 3, leaving things as they are · pattern 1 2 of 3, actions continuing without change · pattern 1 3 of 3, finishing things completely · pattern 2 1 of 2, things used up or forgotten · pattern 2 2 of 2, relaying requests and instructions · pattern 3 1 of 2, passing on specific requests · pattern 3 2 of 2, origins of kabuki and opera · reading selection 1 of 2, bunraku puppets and performers · reading selection 2 of 2, comparing kabuki, theatre and performance words · word list 1 of 4, actors, performance and preparation words · word list 3 of 4, theatre actions and expressions · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/44","lines":153},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/43","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/45","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Comparing Kabuki and opera · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Kabuki and opera","paragraphs":["Two speakers compare Kabuki with opera. *ええ、 オペラが 西洋で 人気が あるのと 同じでしょう*, \"Yes, it is. It is to Japan what opera is to the West.\"","They agree only to a degree. *あるてい度まで にていると 言えますね*, \"You can say that they resemble each other to a certain extent.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 有","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 西, 洋, 名","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.001","source":"かぶきは 有名ですね。","translation":"Kabuki is famous, isn't it?","reading":"かぶきはゆうめいですね。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"有名","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 オペラが 西洋で 人気が あるのと 同じでしょう。","translation":"Yes, it is. It is to Japan what opera is to the West.","reading":"ええ、オペラがせいようでにんきがあるのとおなじでしょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"the West","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"人気","gloss":"popular","reading":"にんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"is"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the way"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.003","source":"かぶきと オペラは にていますか。","translation":"Do Kabuki and opera resemble each other?","reading":"かぶきとオペラはにていますか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"に","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"て","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"い","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.004","source":"あるてい度まで にていると 言えますね。","translation":"You can say that they resemble each other to a certain extent.","reading":"あるていどまでにているといえますね。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"a certain"},{"text":"てい度","gloss":"extent"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"て","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"can say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.005","source":"どう ちがいますか。","translation":"How do they differ?","reading":"どうちがいますか。","words":[{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ちがい","gloss":"differ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---MAMA\n\nThe word MAMA is basically a noun meaning 'in the state,' 'as it is,' 'with,' etc. It describes a condition or a state in which a person or a thing exists. For example, YOGORETA KIMONO O KITA MAMA WATAKUSHI WA MACHI E IKIMASHITA means literally: \"I went to town in the condition in which I was wearing dirty clothes.\" Of course, this is more commonly translated: \"I went to town without changing into clean clothes,\" or \"I went to town in dirty clothes.\" The word MAMA may be used adverbially with or without the particles DE or NI. It may be used as an adjective by adding the particle NO.\n\nExamples:\n\nYOGORETA MAMA NI SHITE OKINASAI. \"Leave it dirty.\"\n\nKUTSU O HAITA MAMA DE IE NI HAIRIMASHITA. \"He entered a house with his shoes on.\"\n\nMUKASHI NO MAMA NO SHUUKAN GA TAKUSAN ARIMASU. \"There are many customs that are as they were long ago.\""},{"section":2,"text":"--TE SHIMAU\n\nSHIMAU is a verb meaning 'to finish' or 'to complete.' This verb is often used after the TE-form of a verb as a post-verb, to mean that the action has been finished completely. In this use, it has the force of the perfect tense in English. This TE-SHIMAU also indicates depletion of whatever the object of the verb may be.\n\nSONO HON WA YONDE SHIMAIMASHITA. \"I (have) finished reading that book.\"\n\n\"I have already read that book.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI GA SONO RINGO O TABETE SHIMAIMASHITA. \"I ate those apples up.\"\n\nIn the latter expression the idea conveyed is not completion of the act of eating but of depletion of the apples. So it is not \"I have finished eating the apples.\" Whether the meaning is the former or the latter depends on the context."},{"section":3,"text":"YOO NI IU\n\nKAU YOO NI ITTE KUDASAI.\n\nKAU YOO NI ITTE OKIMASU.\n\nKAU YOO NI IIMASHOO.\n\nKAU YOO NI IIMASU. (ITTE IMASU)\n\nKAU YOO NI IIMASHITA. (ITTE IMASHITA)\n\nYOO NI IU following the conclusive form of a verb has different meanings. Generally, it is used to make a request. Sometimes, full understanding of this is complicated by the omission of the subject and either the direct or indirect object.\n\nThe above examples are fairly clear in their meaning. Example \"a\" is a request or an indirect command to a third person (he) through a second person (you). That is, \"I request you to tell him to do ---\" expression. In this expression, of course, the subject is omitted. Examples \"b\" and \"c\" are usually the types of expressions used to show requests going from the first person to the third person. That is, \"I request him to do --\" sentence.\n\nExamples (d) and (e) can be one of the following:\n\nI (or you) request him to do\n\nHe request me to do\n\nHe said he'll do (quote)\n\nIn these expressions the subject clarifies the meaning.\n\nIn the sentences below, the performer of the action is denoted by the use of the particle NI.\n\nAKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI ITTE KUDASAI. \"Please tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book.\"\n\nAKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI ITTE OKIMASU. \"I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book.\"\n\nAKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASHOO. \"I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA AKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASU. \"I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book.\"\n\nAKIYAMA SAN WA WATAKUSHI NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASU. \"Mr. Akiyama tells me to buy that book.\"\n\nIn the last three examples the tense may be in the past or the past progressive tense as in example (e). The subject may be omitted as understood."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"西洋","gloss":"occident, the West"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"人気","gloss":"popularity"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Actors in Kabuki · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Drama without actresses","paragraphs":["The speakers turn from opera to Kabuki actors. *かぶきでは 役者は うたいません*, \"In Kabuki, actors don't sing.\"","Women performed in the past, but a ban ended that practice. *とく川時代に 女の かぶき役者を きんじてから、 居なくなりました* says female Kabuki actors disappeared after the ban."]},{"title":"Men in feminine roles","paragraphs":["The question *女がたは 男の 役者が えんじるのですか* asks whether male actors perform feminine roles. The answer is *そうです*, \"That's right.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 役","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 川","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.006","source":"オペラは うた、 かぶきは しばいと 言えるでしょう。 かぶきでは 役者は うたいません。","translation":"The emphasis in opera is on music; in Kabuki, it is on drama. In Kabuki, actors don't sing.","reading":"オペラはうた、かぶきはしばいといえるでしょう。かぶきではやくしゃはうたいません。","words":[{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うた、","gloss":"music"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しばい","gloss":"drama"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言える","gloss":"can be said","reading":"いえる"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うたい","gloss":"sing"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.007","source":"かぶき役者には 女は 居ないのですか。","translation":"Are there actresses among Kabuki players?","reading":"かぶきやくしゃにはおんなはいないのですか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"players","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.008","source":"ええ、 居ませんね。 むかしは 居たのですが、 とく川時代に 女の かぶき役者を きんじてから、 居なくなりました。","translation":"No, there are not. Ever since women were banned from playing in Kabuki dramas during the Tokugawa era, they disappeared.","reading":"ええ、いませんね。むかしはいたのですが、とくがわじだいにおんなのかぶきやくしゃをきんじてから、いなくなりました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"long ago"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"とく","gloss":"Tokugawa"},{"text":"川","gloss":"Tokugawa","reading":"がわ"},{"text":"時代","gloss":"era","reading":"じだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"players","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きんじ","gloss":"banned"},{"text":"て","gloss":"banned"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"since"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.009","source":"では、 この頃では、 女がたは 男の 役者が えんじるのですか。","translation":"Then, are feminine roles played by male actors these days?","reading":"では、このごろでは、おんながたはおとこのやくしゃがえんじるのですか。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"time","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"female roles","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"がた","gloss":"female roles"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男","gloss":"men","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"えんじる","gloss":"play"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.010","source":"そうです。 それは そうと、 今 いい かぶきが 来ていますが、 見に 行きませんか。","translation":"That's right. By the way, there is a good Kabuki here now. Wouldn't you like to go?","reading":"そうです。それはそうと、いまいいかぶきがきていますが、みにいきませんか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"as for"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"来","gloss":"is here","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is here"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is here"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is here"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"うた、","gloss":"song"},{"word":"しばい","gloss":"play, drama"},{"word":"言える","gloss":"can be said"},{"word":"役者","gloss":"actor, player"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"むかし","gloss":"ancient, old"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"川","gloss":"river"},{"word":"時代","gloss":"era, period"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"えんじる","gloss":"to perform, play"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Planning an evening performance · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The evening performance","paragraphs":["*それでは、 六日の 夜の 部に しましょう* settles on the evening performance on the sixth.","*始まるのは 何時ですか* asks when it starts. The answer *五時です* gives five o'clock."]},{"title":"Kanji: 丁","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.011","source":"それは 丁度 いい事ですね。 私も ぜひ 一度 かぶきを 見たいと 思っていたのですから。","translation":"Yes, I was hoping to see a Kabuki once, at least.","reading":"それはちょうどいいことですね。わたくしもぜひいちどかぶきをみたいとおもっていたのですから。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"丁度","gloss":"just","reading":"ちょうど"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ぜひ","gloss":"definitely"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"was hoping","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was hoping"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was hoping"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was hoping"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.012","source":"それでは、 六日の 夜の 部に しましょう。","translation":"Well then, let's go to the evening performance on the 6th.","reading":"それでは、むいかのよるのぶにしましょう。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"六","gloss":"sixth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"sixth"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"夜","gloss":"evening","reading":"よる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"部","gloss":"performance","reading":"ぶ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.013","source":"始まるのは 何時ですか。","translation":"What time does it start?","reading":"はじまるのはなんじですか。","words":[{"text":"始まる","gloss":"start","reading":"はじまる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何時","gloss":"what time","reading":"なんじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.014","source":"五時です。","translation":"At five o'clock.","reading":"ごじです。","words":[{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.015","source":"少し 早いですね。","translation":"Isn't that a little early?","reading":"すこしはやいですね。","words":[{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"早い","gloss":"early","reading":"はやい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ぜひ","gloss":"by all means"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"夜","gloss":"night, evening"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"何時","gloss":"what time"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Tickets, dinner and transport · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Plans before the performance","paragraphs":["The speakers arrange dinner, tickets, and transportation. *先に 買っておく方が いいです*, \"It's better to buy ahead of time.\"","They buy early because good seats sell out quickly. *よい ざせきは 早く 売り切れてしまいますから* means \"Because good seats sell out quickly.\""]},{"title":"A completely finished event","paragraphs":["In *売り切れてしまいます*, *しまいます* follows the TE-form. Here it presents the selling out as complete."]},{"title":"Kanji: 堂","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 先","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.016","source":"ええ、 少し 早いので、 仕事を 終ったら、 すぐ 行きましょう。 かぶきざの 食堂の テーブルを よやくしておきますから、 そこで 何か 食べましょう。","translation":"Yes, it's a little early, so let's go as soon as you finish your work. I'll reserve a table in the Kabuki theater restaurant. Let's eat something there.","reading":"ええ、すこしはやいので、しごとをおわったら、すぐいきましょう。かぶきざのしょくどうのテーブルをよやくしておきますから、そこでなにかたべましょう。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"早い","gloss":"early","reading":"はやい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"終っ","gloss":"finish","reading":"おわっ"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"},{"text":"かぶ","gloss":"Kabuki theater"},{"text":"きざ","gloss":"Kabuki theater"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"食堂","gloss":"restaurant","reading":"しょくどう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"テーブル","gloss":"table"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"よ","gloss":"reserve"},{"text":"やくし","gloss":"reserve"},{"text":"て","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"何","gloss":"some","reading":"なに"},{"text":"か","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.017","source":"入場けんは その晩 買うのですか。","translation":"Are you going to buy admission tickets that evening?","reading":"にゅうじょうけんはそのばんかうのですか。","words":[{"text":"入場","gloss":"admission ticket","reading":"にゅうじょう"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"admission ticket"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"晩","gloss":"evening","reading":"ばん"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.018","source":"いいえ、 先に 買っておく方が いいです。 よい ざせきは 早く 売り切れてしまいますから。","translation":"No, it's better to buy ahead of time, because good seats sell out quickly.","reading":"いいえ、さきにかっておくほうがいいです。よいざせきははやくうりきれてしまいますから。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"先","gloss":"ahead","reading":"さき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"of time"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"buy"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"方","gloss":"option","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"ざせき","gloss":"seats"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"売り切れ","gloss":"sell out","reading":"うりきれ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.019","source":"それでは、 その日には 私が 車で むかえに 行きますから、 会社の方で 待っていてください。","translation":"Well then, I shall go after you in my car on that day. Please be waiting at your firm.","reading":"それでは、そのひにはわたくしがくるまでむかえにいきますから、かいしゃのほうでまっていてください。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"くるま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"むかえ","gloss":"pick you up"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"company","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"方","gloss":"place","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"待っ","gloss":"be waiting","reading":"まっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"be waiting"},{"text":"い","gloss":"be waiting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"be waiting"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L044.dlg.020","source":"そうですか。 それは どうも。","translation":"Very well, I shall.","reading":"そうですか。それはどうも。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"very"},{"text":"も。","gloss":"much obliged"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"食堂","gloss":"dining hall, dining room"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けん","gloss":"numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ざせき","gloss":"seats"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"会社","gloss":"company, firm"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Leaving things unchanged · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"A state left unchanged","paragraphs":["*その ままにして おきなさい* means \"Leave it as it is.\" *まま* names the state in which a person or thing remains.","*まま* follows the words that name the state. *くつを はいたまま へやに はいります* means \"I go into a room with my shoes on.\""]},{"title":"A state that describes a noun","paragraphs":["With *の*, *まま* describes a noun. *むかしの ままの しゅうかん* means \"a custom as it was in ancient times.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.01","source":"この たてものは むかしの ままです。","translation":"This building is as it was long ago.","reading":"このたてものはむかしのままです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"たてもの","gloss":"building"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"long ago"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as it was"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.02","source":"その ままにして おきなさい。","translation":"Leave it as it is.","reading":"そのままにしておきなさい。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as it is"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"し","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"て","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.03","source":"くつを はいたまま へやに はいります。","translation":"I go into a room with my shoes on.","reading":"くつをはいたままへやにはいります。","words":[{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"wearing"},{"text":"た","gloss":"wearing"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"still on"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.04","source":"これは むかしの ままの しゅうかんです。","translation":"This is a custom as it was in ancient times.","reading":"これはむかしのままのしゅうかんです。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"ancient times"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as it was"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しゅうかん","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.05","source":"きょうしつの まどを あけた まま 家へ 帰っては いけません。","translation":"You must not go home leaving the classroom window open.","reading":"きょうしつのまどをあけたままいえへかえってはいけません。","words":[{"text":"きょうしつ","gloss":"classroom"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"return","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"allowed"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.06","source":"昨晩 明りを つけた まま 休みました。","translation":"Last night I went to bed with the light on.","reading":"さくばんあかりをつけたままやすみました。","words":[{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"明り","gloss":"light","reading":"あかり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turned on"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"休み","gloss":"went to bed","reading":"やすみ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.07","source":"今晩は そのまま 来てください。","translation":"Please come tonight just as you are.","reading":"こんばんはそのままきてください。","words":[{"text":"今晩は","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばんは"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as you are"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.08","source":"スミスさんは 日本へ 行った まま 帰って 来ません。","translation":"Mr. Smith went to Japan and has not come back.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんへいったままかえってきません。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"went","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"and stayed"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"come back","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come back"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come back","reading":"き"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.09","source":"そのまま 話してください。","translation":"Please tell it just as it is.","reading":"そのままはなしてください。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as it is"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"tell","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp1.10","source":"むかしの ままの しゅうかんが 沢山 のこっています。","translation":"Many customs remain just as they were in the old days.","reading":"むかしのままのしゅうかんがたくさんのこっています。","words":[{"text":"むかし","gloss":"old days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as they were"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しゅうかん","gloss":"customs"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"て","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"い","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"たてもの","gloss":"building"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"word":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"しゅうかん","gloss":"custom, habit"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"明り","gloss":"light"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Actions brought to completion · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"An action finished completely","paragraphs":["In *私は もう その本を 読んで しまいました*, the speaker has finished reading. After a TE-form, *しまう* presents the action as completely finished.","*かん字を 皆 わすれてしまいました* means \"I have forgotten all the kanji.\" The same form presents the loss as complete."]},{"title":"An object completely consumed","paragraphs":["The form can instead present an object as depleted. *スミスさんは 一人で 天ぷらを 食べてしまいました* means \"Mr. Smith ate the tempura all by himself.\"","The context distinguishes a finished action from a depleted object."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.01","source":"私は もう その本を 読んで しまいました。","translation":"I have already read that book.","reading":"わたくしはもうそのほんをよんでしまいました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"have read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"have read"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"have read"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.02","source":"かん字を 皆 わすれてしまいました。","translation":"I have forgotten all the kanji.","reading":"かんじをみなわすれてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"わすれ","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.03","source":"今日の ダイアログは もう おぼえてしまいました。","translation":"I've already memorized today's dialog.","reading":"きょうのダイアログはもうおぼえてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialog"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"have memorized"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have memorized"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"have memorized"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.04","source":"ビールを 飲んでしまいました。","translation":"I drank the beer.","reading":"ビールをのんでしまいました。","words":[{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ん","gloss":"drink","reading":"のん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"drink"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.05","source":"かりた お金を はらってしまいました。","translation":"I paid back the money I borrowed.","reading":"かりたおかねをはらってしまいました。","words":[{"text":"かり","gloss":"borrow"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はらっ","gloss":"pay back"},{"text":"て","gloss":"pay back"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp2.06","source":"スミスさんは 一人で 天ぷらを 食べてしまいました。","translation":"Mr. Smith ate the tempura all by himself.","reading":"スミスさんはひとりでてんぷらをたべてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一人","gloss":"alone","reading":"ひとり"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"天ぷら","gloss":"tempura","reading":"てんぷら"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp2.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"一人","gloss":"one person"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Telling others what to do · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"Telling a person to act","paragraphs":["*田村さんに 入場けんを 買うように 言います* means \"I'll tell Mr. Tamura to buy admission tickets.\" *ように 言います* follows the conclusive form and usually relays a request.","The person who is to act takes *に*. In this line, *田村さんに* marks Mr. Tamura as that person."]},{"title":"Passing the request through someone","paragraphs":["*パーカーさんに まどを あけるように 言ってください* means \"Please tell Mr. Parker to open the window.\" The speaker asks someone to pass on the request.","An omitted subject can change who requests the action. The stated subject makes that meaning clear."]}],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.01","source":"田村さんに 入場けんを 買うように 言います。","translation":"I'll tell Mr. Tamura to buy admission tickets.","reading":"たむらさんににゅうじょうけんをかうようにいいます。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"入場","gloss":"admission ticket","reading":"にゅうじょう"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"admission ticket"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.02","source":"先生は 生徒に こくばんの 所へ 行くように 言います。","translation":"The teacher tells the student to go to the blackboard.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにこくばんのところへいくようにいいます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"こくばん","gloss":"blackboard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.03","source":"スミスさんに もっと 勉強する ように 言います。","translation":"I tell Mr. Smith to study more.","reading":"スミスさんにもっとべんきょうするようにいいます。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.04","source":"家内は 私に あんまり 食べないように 言います。","translation":"My wife tells me not to eat too much.","reading":"かないはわたくしにあんまりたべないようにいいます。","words":[{"text":"家内","gloss":"my wife","reading":"かない"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"tell","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.05","source":"パーカーさんに まどを あけるように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Parker to open the window.","reading":"パーカーさんにまどをあけるようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あける","gloss":"open"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.06","source":"ジョンズさんに 日本語で 話すように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Jones to speak in Japanese.","reading":"ジョンズさんににほんごではなすようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.06.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L044.gp3.07","source":"田中さんに 少し 運動するように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Tanaka to get a little exercise.","reading":"たなかさんにすこしうんどうするようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"運動","gloss":"exercise","reading":"うんどう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.gp3.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"もっと","gloss":"more (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing unchanged states · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A condition that remains","paragraphs":["*この 町は むかしの ままです* means \"This town is as it was long ago.\" The *まま* marks an unchanged state.","The state can result from an action. *昨晩 着物を 着たまま 休みました* means \"I went to bed last night with my clothes on.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.m1","source":"この 町は むかしの ままです。","translation":"This town is as it was long ago.","reading":"このまちはむかしのままです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"long ago"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.01","source":"そのまま 食べます。","translation":"I'll eat it as is.","reading":"そのままたべます。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as is"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.02","source":"電とうを つけたまま 家へ 帰っては いけません。","translation":"You must not go home leaving the light on.","reading":"でんとうをつけたままいえへかえってはいけません。","words":[{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left on"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"go home"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"allowed"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.03","source":"田中さんは よごれたままの くつを はいています。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka is wearing dirty shoes (as they had become dirty).","reading":"たなかさんはよごれたままのくつをはいています。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よごれ","gloss":"become dirty"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is wearing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is wearing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.04","source":"田中さんの にわは 草が のびたままです。","translation":"The grass in Mr. Tanaka's yard has been left to grow.","reading":"たなかさんのにわはくさがのびたままです。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"草","gloss":"grass","reading":"くさ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left as is"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.05","source":"つかれていたので、 昨晩 着物を 着たまま 休みました。","translation":"Because I was tired, I went to bed last night with my clothes on.","reading":"つかれていたので、さくばんきものをきたままやすみました。","words":[{"text":"つか","gloss":"was tired"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was tired"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was tired"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was tired"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was tired"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"clothes","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"while wearing"},{"text":"休み","gloss":"go to bed","reading":"やすみ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.06","source":"このくつは まだ 買ったままで、 一度も はいていません。","translation":"These shoes are still just as I bought them, and I have never worn them.","reading":"このくつはまだかったままで、いちどもはいていません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as bought"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"have not worn"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have not worn"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have not worn"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"have not worn"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"have not worn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.07","source":"私が 日本で 住んでいた 家は、 まだ そのまま のこっています。","translation":"The house I lived in in Japan is still there just as it was.","reading":"わたくしがにほんですんでいたいえは、まだそのままのこっています。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"住ん","gloss":"lived","reading":"すん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"い","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"た","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"is still there"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is still there"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is still there"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is still there"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"にわ","gloss":"garden, yard"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Leaving things as they are · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"As it is","paragraphs":["*このまま 行っても いいでしょうか* asks whether the speaker may go in his current state. *まま* marks the unchanged condition.","*この映画は ほんとうの 出来事を そのまま 映画に したのです* says the movie reproduces the actual event without changing it."]},{"title":"Leaving a condition unchanged","paragraphs":["*つけたままに しておいてください* means \"Please leave it on.\" The light stays in the condition produced by *つけた*."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.08","source":"この木は 三か月前に うえたままで、 まだ 一度も こやしを やっていません。","translation":"This tree was planted three months ago, and I have not fertilized it even once yet.","reading":"このきはさんかげつまえにうえたままで、まだいちどもこやしをやっていません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"木","gloss":"tree","reading":"き"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"plant"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left as planted"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"have not fertilized"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have not fertilized"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have not fertilized"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"have not fertilized"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"have not fertilized"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.09","source":"この映画は ほんとうの 出来事を そのまま 映画に したのです。","translation":"This movie depicts an actual event just as it happened.","reading":"このえいがはほんとうのできごとをそのままえいがにしたのです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほんとう","gloss":"actual"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"出来事","gloss":"event","reading":"できごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as happened"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.10","source":"映画に 行きませんか。","translation":"Would you like to go to the movies?","reading":"えいがにいきませんか。","words":[{"text":"映画","gloss":"movies","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.11","source":"このまま 行っても いいでしょうか。","translation":"May I go just as I am?","reading":"このままいってもいいでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as I am"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"go"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"okay"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.12","source":"ええ、 そのままで いいです。","translation":"Yes, you are fine just as you are.","reading":"ええ、そのままでいいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as you are"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.13","source":"電とうを けしましょうか。","translation":"Shall I turn off the light?","reading":"でんとうをけしましょうか。","words":[{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"けし","gloss":"turn off"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.14","source":"いいえ、 つけたままに しておいてください。","translation":"No, please leave it on.","reading":"いいえ、つけたままにしておいてください。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"left on"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"keep"},{"text":"て","gloss":"keep"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.15","source":"山本さんは 家に 居ますか。","translation":"Is Mr. Yamamoto at home?","reading":"やまもとさんはいえにいますか。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"be","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"こやし","gloss":"fertilizer"},{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"出来事","gloss":"event, incident"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ましょう","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Actions continuing without change · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An earlier action still in effect","paragraphs":["*今朝 町へ 行ったまま、 まだ 帰ってこないのです* means \"He went into town this morning and has not come back yet.\"","The past verb before *まま* marks the action that produced the continuing state. Here, going to town still results in his absence."]}],"lines":[{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.16","source":"いいえ、 今朝 町へ 行ったまま、 まだ 帰ってこないのです。","translation":"No, he went into town this morning and has not come back yet.","reading":"いいえ、けさまちへいったまま、まだかえってこないのです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"今朝","gloss":"this morning","reading":"けさ"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"まま、","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"return","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"return"},{"text":"こ","gloss":"come"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.17","source":"その町は 十年前と 同じです。","translation":"That town is the same as it was ten years ago.","reading":"そのまちはじゅうねんまえとおなじです。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.18","source":"私は よごれた服を 着かえずに 映画を 見に 行きました。","translation":"I went to see a movie without changing out of my dirty clothes.","reading":"わたくしはよごれたふくをきかえずにえいがをみにいきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よごれ","gloss":"become dirty"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"服","gloss":"clothes","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着かえ","gloss":"change clothes","reading":"きかえ"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"not"},{"text":"に","gloss":"without"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.19","source":"秋山さんは 二時間前に 町へ 行って まだ 帰りません。","translation":"Mr. Akiyama went into town two hours ago and has not returned yet.","reading":"あきやまさんはにじかんまえにまちへいってまだかえりません。","words":[{"text":"秋山","gloss":"Akiyama","reading":"あきやま"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"町","gloss":"town","reading":"まち"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"go"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"return","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.20","source":"どうぞ たたないでください。","translation":"Please do not stand up.","reading":"どうぞたたないでください。","words":[{"text":"どうぞ","gloss":"please"},{"text":"たた","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt1.21","source":"田中さんは まどを しめないで 家へ 帰りました。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka went home without closing the window.","reading":"たなかさんはまどをしめないでいえへかえりました。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で","gloss":"without"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt1.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今朝","gloss":"this morning"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"服","gloss":"clothes, suits, uniform"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Finishing things completely · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Complete events","paragraphs":["*入場けんは もう 売り切れて しまいました* means \"Admission tickets are all sold out.\" The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents complete results.","The same form covers actions such as reading and forgetting. *その本を 読んでしまいました* means \"I finished reading that book.\""]},{"title":"Nothing remains","paragraphs":["Completion can apply to the object. *お金を 皆 使ってしまいました* means \"I spent all the money.\" Here, the money is exhausted."]}],"lines":[{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.m1","source":"入場けんは もう 売り切れて しまいました。","translation":"Admission tickets are all sold out.","reading":"にゅうじょうけんはもううりきれてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"入場","gloss":"admission ticket","reading":"にゅうじょう"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"admission ticket"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"売り切れ","gloss":"sold out","reading":"うりきれ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"sold out"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.01","source":"その本を 読んでしまいました。","translation":"I finished reading that book.","reading":"そのほんをよんでしまいました。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"read"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.02","source":"そのビールは 私が 飲んでしまいました。","translation":"I drank that beer.","reading":"そのビールはわたくしがのんでしまいました。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"飲ん","gloss":"drink","reading":"のん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"drink"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.03","source":"そのかん字を わすれてしまいました。","translation":"I have forgotten that kanji.","reading":"そのかんじをわすれてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"わすれ","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"て","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.04","source":"家が やけてしまいました。","translation":"The house burned down.","reading":"いえがやけてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"やけ","gloss":"burn down"},{"text":"て","gloss":"burn down"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.05","source":"お金を 皆 使ってしまいました。","translation":"I spent all the money.","reading":"おかねをみなつかってしまいました。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"spend","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"spend"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Things used up or forgotten · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Used or lost completely","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 私が 食べてしまいました* means \"No, I ate it all.\" The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents the sukiyaki as completely consumed.","*もう わすれてしまいました* says the Spanish has been forgotten. Here, the loss of the remembered Spanish is complete."]},{"title":"A command to finish","paragraphs":["*そんな ひげは そってしまいなさい* commands the listener to shave off the beard. *しまいなさい* presents shaving as an action to complete."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.06","source":"すきやきが まだ のこっていますか。","translation":"Is there any sukiyaki left?","reading":"すきやきがまだのこっていますか。","words":[{"text":"すきやき","gloss":"sukiyaki"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"is left"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is left"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is left"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is left"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.07","source":"いいえ、 私が 食べてしまいました。","translation":"No, I ate it all.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしがたべてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"eat"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.08","source":"あなたは スペイン語が 出来ますか。","translation":"Can you speak Spanish?","reading":"あなたはスペインごができますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スペイン","gloss":"Spanish"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Spanish","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.09","source":"十年前に 習ったのですから、 もう わすれてしまいました。","translation":"Since I learned it ten years ago, I have already forgotten it.","reading":"じゅうねんまえにならったのですから、もうわすれてしまいました。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"習っ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"わすれ","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"て","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.10","source":"この ひげを どう 思いますか。","translation":"What do you think of this beard?","reading":"このひげをどうおもいますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ひげ","gloss":"beard"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt2.11","source":"そんな ひげは そってしまいなさい、 きたないですよ。","translation":"Shave off a beard like that; it looks dirty.","reading":"そんなひげはそってしまいなさい、きたないですよ。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"ひげ","gloss":"beard"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そっ","gloss":"shave"},{"text":"て","gloss":"shave"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"off"},{"text":"なさい、","gloss":"do it"},{"text":"きたない","gloss":"dirty"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt2.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"すきやき","gloss":"SUKIYAKI"},{"word":"ひげ","gloss":"beard, whiskers"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Relaying requests and instructions · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A request passed on","paragraphs":["*スミスさんに ここへ 来るように 言ってください* means \"Please tell Mr. Smith to come here.\" In this line, *ように* introduces the relayed request.","*言ってください* asks another person to relay the request. *言っておきます* states that the speaker will relay it."]},{"title":"Relaying a negative instruction","paragraphs":["The verb before *ように* can be negative. *山田さんに あんまり 金を 使わないように 言っておきます* tells Mr. Yamada not to spend too much money."]},{"title":"Kanji: 枚","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.m1","source":"田村さんに 入場けんを 二枚 買うように 言っておきます。","translation":"I'll ask Mr. Tamura to buy two admission tickets.","reading":"たむらさんににゅうじょうけんをにまいかうようにいっておきます。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"入場","gloss":"admission ticket","reading":"にゅうじょう"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"admission ticket"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"枚","gloss":"flat-item counter"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"ask","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"ask"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.01","source":"スミスさんに ここへ 来るように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Smith to come here.","reading":"スミスさんにここへくるようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.02","source":"早く この仕事を すませるように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell him to finish this work quickly.","reading":"はやくこのしごとをすませるようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"すま","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.03","source":"ジョンズさんに 電とうを つけるように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Jones to turn on the light.","reading":"ジョンズさんにでんとうをつけるようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つける","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.04","source":"家内に 早く 帰るように 言っておきます。","translation":"I will tell my wife to come home early.","reading":"かないにはやくかえるようにいっておきます。","words":[{"text":"家内","gloss":"my wife","reading":"かない"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"come home","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.05","source":"山田さんに あんまり 金を 使わないように 言っておきます。","translation":"I will tell Mr. Yamada not to spend too much money.","reading":"やまださんにあんまりかねをつかわないようにいっておきます。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"spend","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Passing on specific requests · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A specific time and action","paragraphs":["*スミスさんに 明朝 九時頃 来るように 言っておいて ください* means \"Please tell Mr. Smith to come around nine tomorrow morning.\"","In *来るように 言っておいて ください*, *ように* introduces the requested action. The surrounding words specify the person and time."]},{"title":"Passing on what not to do","paragraphs":["*山田さんに 明日は おべんとうを 持って 来ないように 言ってください* asks someone to tell Mr. Yamada not to bring a boxed lunch tomorrow.","*そう 言っておきます* confirms that the request will be passed on."]}],"lines":[{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.06","source":"スミスさんに 明朝 九時頃 来るように 言っておいて ください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Smith to come around nine tomorrow morning.","reading":"スミスさんにみょうちょうくじごろくるようにいっておいてください。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"明朝","gloss":"tomorrow morning"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"so as to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"て","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.07","source":"はい、 かしこまりました。 そう 言っておきます。","translation":"Yes, certainly; I will tell him that.","reading":"はい、かしこまりました。そういっておきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かしこまり","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.08","source":"ジョンズさんに 明日は かん字の じ書を 持って 来るように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Jones to bring a kanji dictionary tomorrow.","reading":"ジョンズさんにあしたはかんじのじしょをもってくるようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"bring","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"bring","reading":"くる"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"so as to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.09","source":"はい、 かしこまりました。","translation":"Yes, certainly.","reading":"はい、かしこまりました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かしこまり","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.10","source":"山田さんに 明日は おべんとうを 持って 来ないように 言ってください。","translation":"Please tell Mr. Yamada not to bring a boxed lunch tomorrow.","reading":"やまださんにあしたはおべんとうをもってこないようにいってください。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorable"},{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"boxed lunch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"bring","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"so as to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L044.pt3.11","source":"はい、 そう 言っておきます。","translation":"Yes, I will tell him that.","reading":"はい、そういっておきます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.pt3.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"じ","gloss":"character, word"},{"word":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunch"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Origins of Kabuki and opera · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Two old theatrical forms","paragraphs":["Kabuki began about 370 years ago, and opera began at almost the same time. Both include singing and resemble each other historically.","*どちらも ほとんど むかしのまま 今日まで のこっています* says both have survived almost unchanged. The *まま* marks that unchanged state."]},{"title":"Kabuki becomes an all-male theater","paragraphs":["Women first performed Kabuki, but female actors were banned in 1629. *それからは 男の 役者だけに なってしまいました* says that afterward all the actors were men.","The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents that change as complete."]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.001","source":"かぶきは 今から 三百七十年 ほど 前に 始まりました。","translation":"Kabuki began about 370 years ago.","reading":"かぶきはいまからさんびゃくななじゅうねんほどまえにはじまりました。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"three hundred","reading":"さんびゃく"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.002","source":"おもしろい 事には ヨーロッパで オペラが 始まったのも ほとんど 同じ 時で、 かぶきも オペラも どちらも うたを うたうと 言う 事です。","translation":"Interestingly, opera began in Europe at almost the same time, and both Kabuki and opera feature singing.","reading":"おもしろいことにはヨーロッパでオペラがはじまったのもほとんどおなじときで、かぶきもオペラもどちらもうたをうたうということです。","words":[{"text":"おもしろい","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ヨーロッパ","gloss":"Europe"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"始まっ","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじまっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"どちら","gloss":"which"},{"text":"も","gloss":"both"},{"text":"うた","gloss":"song"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うたう","gloss":"sing"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.003","source":"れきしてきにも りょう方 にています。","translation":"Historically, too, the two resemble each other.","reading":"れきしてきにもりょうほうにています。","words":[{"text":"れきし","gloss":"historical"},{"text":"てき","gloss":"historical"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"りょう","gloss":"both"},{"text":"方","gloss":"both","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"て","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"い","gloss":"resemble each other"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"resemble each other"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.004","source":"どちらも ほとんど むかしのまま 今日まで のこっています。","translation":"Both have survived to the present day almost unchanged from the old days.","reading":"どちらもほとんどむかしのままきょうまでのこっています。","words":[{"text":"どちら","gloss":"both"},{"text":"も","gloss":"both"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"old days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"have survived"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have survived"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have survived"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have survived"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.005","source":"かぶきは さいしょは 女の 役者ばかりで やっていましたが、 千六百二十九年に 女の かぶき役者を きんじたので、 それからは 男の 役者だけに なってしまいました。","translation":"At first, Kabuki was performed only by women, but female Kabuki actors were banned in 1629, so after that all the actors were men.","reading":"かぶきはさいしょはおんなのやくしゃばかりでやっていましたが、せんろっぴゃくにじゅうくねんにおんなのかぶきやくしゃをきんじたので、それからはおとこのやくしゃだけになってしまいました。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さいしょ","gloss":"at first"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"only"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"was performed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was performed"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was performed"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was performed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was performed"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand"},{"text":"六百","gloss":"six hundred"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"きんじ","gloss":"ban"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男","gloss":"men","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"completely"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.006","source":"そして 男の 役者が 女にも なって しばいを します。","translation":"And the male actors also play women in the dramas.","reading":"そしておとこのやくしゃがおんなにもなってしばいをします。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"男","gloss":"men","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"become"},{"text":"しばい","gloss":"dramas"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"三百","gloss":"300"},{"word":"七十","gloss":"70"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"おもしろい","gloss":"interesting, to be fun"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"どちら","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"うた","gloss":"song"},{"word":"うたう","gloss":"to sing"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"word":"千","gloss":"1,000"},{"word":"六百","gloss":"600"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Bunraku puppets and performers · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"An old puppet theater","paragraphs":["Bunraku is a puppet theater that began in Osaka about two hundred years ago. *古くから そのまま のこっている* describes it as remaining unchanged since long ago.","The *まま* in this line marks a condition that remains."]},{"title":"Three performers for one puppet","paragraphs":["*一つの 人ぎょうを あやつるのに 三人 居ます* says three people operate one puppet because the puppets are large.","The operators are visible. *その 人ぎょうを あやつる 人は ぶたいに 出ています* places them on the stage."]}],"lines":[{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.007","source":"もう一つ 日本に 古くから そのまま のこっている ものに ぶんらくが あります。","translation":"Another thing that has remained unchanged in Japan since long ago is Bunraku.","reading":"もうひとつにほんにふるくからそのままのこっているものにぶんらくがあります。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"古く","gloss":"long ago","reading":"ふるく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.008","source":"ぶんらくは 人ぎょうしばいの 一つで、 今から 二百年ほど 前に 大さかで 始まりました。","translation":"Bunraku is a kind of puppet theater that began in Osaka about two hundred years ago.","reading":"ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいのひとつで、いまからにひゃくねんほどまえにおおさかではじまりました。","words":[{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet theater","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet theater"},{"text":"しばい","gloss":"puppet theater"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one kind","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one kind"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"二百","gloss":"two hundred","reading":"にひゃく"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"大","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おお"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"Osaka"},{"text":"か","gloss":"Osaka"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.009","source":"ぶんらくに 使う 人ぎょうは 女の 人ぎょうには あしが ありません。","translation":"Of the puppets used in Bunraku, the female puppets have no legs.","reading":"ぶんらくにつかうにんぎょうはおんなのにんぎょうにはあしがありません。","words":[{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"used","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"female","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あし","gloss":"legs"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.010","source":"かなり 大きな 人ぎょうを 使いますから、 一つの 人ぎょうを あやつるのに 三人 居ます。","translation":"Since the puppets used are fairly large, it takes three people to operate one puppet.","reading":"かなりおおきなにんぎょうをつかいますから、ひとつのにんぎょうをあやつるのにさんにんいます。","words":[{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あやつる","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L044.rd.011","source":"その 人ぎょうを あやつる 人は ぶたいに 出ています。","translation":"The people who operate the puppets are visible on the stage.","reading":"そのにんぎょうをあやつるひとはぶたいにでています。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あやつる","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぶたい","gloss":"stage"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"出","gloss":"are visible","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are visible"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are visible"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are visible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.rd.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"二百","gloss":"200"},{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あやつる","gloss":"to handle, manipulate"},{"word":"ぶたい","gloss":"stage"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing Kabuki, opera and Bunraku · Questions","teaching":[{"title":"History and features of three theaters","paragraphs":["The questions ask when Kabuki and opera began, who performs Kabuki, and how Bunraku puppets work.","*何人で この 人ぎょうを あやつりますか* means \"How many people operate this puppet?\" An answer gives the number from the reading.","*かぶきは ほとんど むかしのまま のこっていますか* asks whether Kabuki has remained almost unchanged. The answer states whether it has."]}],"lines":[{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.001","source":"かぶきは いつ頃 始まりましたか。","translation":"About when did Kabuki begin?","reading":"かぶきはいつごろはじまりましたか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when","reading":"いつごろ"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.001.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.002","source":"オペラは いつ頃 始まりましたか。","translation":"About when did opera begin?","reading":"オペラはいつごろはじまりましたか。","words":[{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ頃","gloss":"about when","reading":"いつごろ"},{"text":"始まり","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.002.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.003","source":"かぶきでも オペラでも うたを うたいますか。","translation":"Do they sing in both Kabuki and opera?","reading":"かぶきでもオペラでもうたをうたいますか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"うた","gloss":"songs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うたい","gloss":"sing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.003.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.004","source":"かぶきは ほとんど むかしのまま のこっていますか。","translation":"Has Kabuki remained almost unchanged from the old days?","reading":"かぶきはほとんどむかしのままのこっていますか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"むかし","gloss":"old days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"unchanged"},{"text":"のこっ","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has remained"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.004.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.005","source":"かぶきには 女の 役者は 居ませんでしたか。","translation":"Were there no actresses in Kabuki?","reading":"かぶきにはおんなのやくしゃはいませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"female","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.005.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.006","source":"今でも かぶきには 女の 役者は 居ませんか。","translation":"Are there still no actresses in Kabuki?","reading":"いまでもかぶきにはおんなのやくしゃはいませんか。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"女","gloss":"female","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"役者","gloss":"actors","reading":"やくしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.006.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.007","source":"ぶんらくは 人ぎょうしばいですか。","translation":"Is Bunraku puppet theater?","reading":"ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいですか。","words":[{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet theater","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet theater"},{"text":"しばい","gloss":"puppet theater"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.007.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.008","source":"ぶんらくは 古いものですか。","translation":"Is Bunraku old?","reading":"ぶんらくはふるいものですか。","words":[{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.008.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.009","source":"ぶんらくに 使う 人ぎょうには 手や あしが ありますか。","translation":"Do the puppets used in Bunraku have hands and feet?","reading":"ぶんらくにつかうにんぎょうにはてやあしがありますか。","words":[{"text":"ぶん","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"Bunraku"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"used","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hands","reading":"て"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"あし","gloss":"feet"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.009.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L044.q.010","source":"何人で この 人ぎょうを あやつりますか。","translation":"How many people operate this puppet?","reading":"なんにんでこのにんぎょうをあやつりますか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"人","gloss":"puppet","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぎょう","gloss":"puppet"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あやつり","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.q.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"古い","gloss":"old, antique"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Theatre and performance words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The people and places of theater","paragraphs":["This set names theatrical forms and the places and people involved. *かぶき* is \"Kabuki\", *オペラ* is \"opera\", and *役者* is \"actor, player\".","The set also includes Bunraku terms. *人ぎょうしばい* is \"puppet show\", and *ぶたい* is \"stage\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.001","source":"かぶきざ","translation":"Kabuki theater","reading":"かぶきざ","words":[{"text":"かぶきざ","gloss":"Kabuki theater"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.001.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.002","source":"かぶき","translation":"Kabuki","reading":"かぶき","words":[{"text":"かぶき","gloss":"Kabuki"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.002.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.003","source":"しばい","translation":"play, drama","reading":"しばい","words":[{"text":"しばい","gloss":"play or drama"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.003.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.004","source":"オペラ","translation":"opera","reading":"オペラ","words":[{"text":"オペラ","gloss":"opera"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.004.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.005","source":"西洋","translation":"occident, the West","reading":"せいよう","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"the West","reading":"せいよう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.005.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.006","source":"役者","translation":"actor, player","reading":"やくしゃ","words":[{"text":"役者","gloss":"actor","reading":"やくしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.006.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.007","source":"食堂","translation":"dining hall, dining room","reading":"しょくどう","words":[{"text":"食堂","gloss":"dining hall","reading":"しょくどう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.007.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.008","source":"ぶんらく","translation":"Bunraku puppet show","reading":"ぶんらく","words":[{"text":"ぶんらく","gloss":"Bunraku puppet show"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.008.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.009","source":"人ぎょうしばい","translation":"puppet show","reading":"にんぎょうしばい","words":[{"text":"人ぎょうしばい","gloss":"puppet show","reading":"にんぎょうしばい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.009.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.010","source":"人ぎょう","translation":"doll","reading":"にんぎょう","words":[{"text":"人ぎょう","gloss":"doll","reading":"にんぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.010.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.011","source":"ぶたい","translation":"stage","reading":"ぶたい","words":[{"text":"ぶたい","gloss":"stage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かぶきざ","gloss":"Kabuki theater"},{"word":"ぶんらく","gloss":"Bunraku puppet show"},{"word":"人ぎょうしばい","gloss":"puppet show"},{"word":"人ぎょう","gloss":"doll"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Actors, songs and resemblance · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Actors and what they do","paragraphs":["This set covers performers, actions, and change. *女がた* is \"feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator\", and *うた* is \"song\".","Several verbs describe comparison and prohibition. *にる* means \"to resemble\", while *きんじる* means \"to forbid, prohibit\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.012","source":"車","translation":"car, automobile","reading":"くるま","words":[{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"くるま"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.012.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.013","source":"ていど","translation":"degree, extent","reading":"ていど","words":[{"text":"ていど","gloss":"degree or extent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.013.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.014","source":"ひま","translation":"leisure time, free","reading":"ひま","words":[{"text":"ひま","gloss":"free time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.014.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.015","source":"女がた","translation":"feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator","reading":"おんながた","words":[{"text":"女がた","gloss":"female impersonator","reading":"おんながた"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.015.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.016","source":"うた","translation":"song","reading":"うた","words":[{"text":"うた","gloss":"song"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.016.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.017","source":"にる","translation":"to resemble","reading":"にる","words":[{"text":"にる","gloss":"resemble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.017.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.018","source":"言える","translation":"can be said","reading":"いえる","words":[{"text":"言える","gloss":"can be said","reading":"いえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.018.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.019","source":"うたう","translation":"to sing","reading":"うたう","words":[{"text":"うたう","gloss":"sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.019.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.020","source":"きんじる","translation":"to forbid, prohibit","reading":"きんじる","words":[{"text":"きんじる","gloss":"forbid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.020.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.021","source":"しゅつえんする","translation":"to appear in a play","reading":"しゅつえんする","words":[{"text":"しゅつえんする","gloss":"appear in play"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.021.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.022","source":"かわる","translation":"to change","reading":"かわる","words":[{"text":"かわる","gloss":"change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ていど","gloss":"degree, extent"},{"word":"ひま","gloss":"leisure time, free"},{"word":"女がた","gloss":"feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator"},{"word":"にる","gloss":"to resemble"},{"word":"きんじる","gloss":"to forbid, prohibit"},{"word":"しゅつえんする","gloss":"to appear in a play"},{"word":"かわる","gloss":"to change"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Performance and preparation words · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Performance and preparation","paragraphs":["This set covers performance and preparation. *えんじる* means \"to perform, play\", *売り切れる* means \"to be sold out\", and *先に* means \"beforehand\".","*--まま* means \"as it is, with\". It names an unchanged state."]}],"lines":[{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.023","source":"えんじる","translation":"to perform, play","reading":"えんじる","words":[{"text":"えんじる","gloss":"perform or play"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.023.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.024","source":"売り切れる","translation":"to be sold out","reading":"うりきれる","words":[{"text":"売り切れる","gloss":"be sold out","reading":"うりきれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.024.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.025","source":"むかえる","translation":"to welcome","reading":"むかえる","words":[{"text":"むかえる","gloss":"welcome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.025.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.026","source":"あやつる","translation":"to handle, manipulate","reading":"あやつる","words":[{"text":"あやつる","gloss":"handle or manipulate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.026.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.027","source":"有名な","translation":"famous","reading":"ゆうめいな","words":[{"text":"有名な","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめいな"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.027.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.028","source":"しだいに","translation":"gradually","reading":"しだいに","words":[{"text":"しだいに","gloss":"gradually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.028.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.029","source":"ぜひ","translation":"by all means","reading":"ぜひ","words":[{"text":"ぜひ","gloss":"by all means"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.029.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.030","source":"先に","translation":"beforehand","reading":"さきに","words":[{"text":"先に","gloss":"beforehand","reading":"さきに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.030.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.031","source":"あるていどまで","translation":"to a certain extent","reading":"あるていどまで","words":[{"text":"あるていどまで","gloss":"to a certain extent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.031.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.032","source":"--まま","translation":"as it is, with (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--まま","words":[{"text":"--まま","gloss":"as it is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.032.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.033","source":"仕方がない","translation":"can't be helped","reading":"しかたがない","words":[{"text":"仕方がない","gloss":"can't be helped","reading":"しかたがない"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"売り切れる","gloss":"to be sold out"},{"word":"むかえる","gloss":"to welcome"},{"word":"有名な","gloss":"famous"},{"word":"しだいに","gloss":"gradually"},{"word":"先に","gloss":"beforehand"},{"word":"あるていどまで","gloss":"to a certain extent"},{"word":"--まま","gloss":"as it is, with (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"仕方がない","gloss":"can't be helped"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Theatre actions and expressions · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Completion and relayed requests","paragraphs":["The two expressions name complete action and a relayed request. *--てしまう* means \"completely, finish\", and *--ように言います* means \"I'll tell him to do --\".","*中村さんに ぶんらくの 入場けんを 二枚 買うように 言っておきます* means \"I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.034","source":"--てしまう","translation":"completely, finish (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--てしまう","words":[{"text":"--てしまう","gloss":"finish completely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.034.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.035","source":"--ように言います","translation":"I'll tell him to do -- (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--ようにいいます","words":[{"text":"--ように言います","gloss":"tell someone to do","reading":"--ようにいいます"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.035.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.036","source":"中村さんに ぶんらくの 入場けんを 二枚 買うように 言っておきます。","translation":"I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku.","reading":"なかむらさんにぶんらくのにゅうじょうけんをにまいかうようにいっておきます。","words":[{"text":"中村さんにぶんらくの入場けんを二枚買うように言っておきます。","gloss":"ask Nakamura to buy","reading":"なかむらさんにぶんらくのにゅうじょうけんをにまいかうようにいっておきます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.036.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.037","source":"私は 今晩は ひまです。","translation":"I am free tonight.","reading":"わたくしはこんばんはひまです。","words":[{"text":"私は今晩はひまです。","gloss":"I am free tonight","reading":"わたくしはこんばんはひまです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.037.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.038","source":"時代が かわりました。","translation":"Time has changed.","reading":"じだいがかわりました。","words":[{"text":"時代がかわりました。","gloss":"times have changed","reading":"じだいがかわりました。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.038.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.039","source":"ぶんらくは 人ぎょうしばいとも 言えます。","translation":"You can also say that the Bunraku is a puppet show.","reading":"ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいともいえます。","words":[{"text":"ぶんらくは人ぎょうしばいとも言えます。","gloss":"also called puppet theater","reading":"ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいともいえます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.039.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.040","source":"ぶんらくで 使う 人ぎょうは 大きくて、 一つの 人ぎょうを 二三人の 人が あやつります。","translation":"Dolls that they use in Bunraku are large and two or three people manipulate a doll.","reading":"ぶんらくでつかうにんぎょうはおおきくて、ひとつのにんぎょうをにさんにんのひとがあやつります。","words":[{"text":"ぶんらくで使う人ぎょうは大きくて、一つの人ぎょうを二三人の人があやつります。","gloss":"large puppets manipulated together","reading":"ぶんらくでつかうにんぎょうはおおきくて、ひとつのにんぎょうをにさんにんのひとがあやつります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.040.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.041","source":"この頃 カラーテレビが しだいに ふえています。","translation":"These days, color television sets have gradually increased in number.","reading":"このごろカラーテレビがしだいにふえています。","words":[{"text":"この頃カラーテレビがしだいにふえています。","gloss":"color televisions are increasing","reading":"このごろカラーテレビがしだいにふえています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.041.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.042","source":"ぶんらくは 大きな ぶたいの 上で やります。","translation":"Bunraku is performed on the big stage.","reading":"ぶんらくはおおきなぶたいのうえでやります。","words":[{"text":"ぶんらくは大きなぶたいの上でやります。","gloss":"performed on large stage","reading":"ぶんらくはおおきなぶたいのうえでやります。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.042.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L044.w.043","source":"女の 役者は かぶきに しゅつえんしません。","translation":"Female actors don't appear in Kabuki.","reading":"おんなのやくしゃはかぶきにしゅつえんしません。","words":[{"text":"女の役者はかぶきにしゅつえんしません。","gloss":"women do not perform","reading":"おんなのやくしゃはかぶきにしゅつえんしません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L044.w.043.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--てしまう","gloss":"completely, finish (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"--ように言います","gloss":"I'll tell him to do -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"中村さんにぶんらくの入場けんを二枚買うように言っておきます。","gloss":"\"I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku.\""},{"word":"私は今晩はひまです。","gloss":"\"I am free tonight.\""},{"word":"時代がかわりました。","gloss":"\"Time has changed.\""},{"word":"ぶんらくは人ぎょうしばいとも言えます。","gloss":"\"You can also say that the Bunraku is a puppet show.\""},{"word":"ぶんらくで使う人ぎょうは大きくて、一つの人ぎょうを二三人の人があやつります。","gloss":"\"Dolls that they use in Bunraku are large and two or three people manipulate a doll.\""},{"word":"この頃カラーテレビがしだいにふえています。","gloss":"\"These days, color television sets have gradually increased in number.\""},{"word":"ぶんらくは大きなぶたいの上でやります。","gloss":"\"Bunraku is performed on the big stage.\""},{"word":"女の役者はかぶきにしゅつえんしません。","gloss":"\"Female actors don't appear in Kabuki.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}