{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L045","title":"Lesson 45","stage":"Kanji and everyday Japanese","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 45: teaching through student actions · dialogue 1 of 4, classroom drills and examinations · dialogue 2 of 4, speaking speed and clarity · dialogue 3 of 4, discipline and classroom noise · dialogue 4 of 4, making others perform actions · perception drill, ease and difficulty of actions · perception drill, having students follow instructions · pattern 1 1 of 2, having children help at home · pattern 1 2 of 2, describing easy and difficult actions · pattern 2 1 of 2, comparing reading and memorising difficulty · pattern 2 2 of 2, a day at language school · questions 1 of 2, classroom routines and responsibilities · questions 2 of 2, tests, classroom actions and behaviour · word list 2 of 3, manner.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/45","lines":120},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/44","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/46","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Teaching through student actions · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Teaching through action","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss how one teacher teaches Japanese and how long the teacher has done it.","*色々な 事を 生徒に させながら、 言葉や ぶんしょうを 教えます* means \"I teach words and sentences, while having students perform various things.\""]},{"title":"Actions assigned to students","paragraphs":["*教か書を 読ませたり、 かん字を 書かせたり するのですか* means \"Do you have them read the textbook or write kanji?\"","*読ませたり* and *書かせたり* present reading and writing as actions that the teacher has students perform."]},{"title":"Kanji: 教","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.001","source":"あなたは もう 長い間 日本語を 教えているのですか。","translation":"Have you been teaching Japanese for a long time?","reading":"あなたはもうながいあいだにほんごをおしえているのですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"have been teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 千九百四十三年から ずっと 日本語を 教えています。","translation":"Yes, I have been teaching continuously since 1943.","reading":"ええ、せんきゅうひゃくよんじゅうさんねんからずっとにほんごをおしえています。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"since"},{"text":"ずっと","gloss":"continuously"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"have been teaching","reading":"しえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have been teaching"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have been teaching"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.003","source":"どんな ふうに 教えるのですか。","translation":"How do you teach it?","reading":"どんなふうにおしえるのですか。","words":[{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"ふう","gloss":"way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.004","source":"色々な 事を 生徒に させながら、 言葉や ぶんしょうを 教えます。","translation":"I teach words and sentences, while having students perform various things.","reading":"いろいろなことをせいとにさせながら、ことばやぶんしょうをおしえます。","words":[{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"have them do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them do"},{"text":"ながら、","gloss":"while"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"ぶんしょう","gloss":"sentences"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.005","source":"教か書を 読ませたり、 かん字を 書かせたり するのですか。","translation":"Do you have them read the textbook or write kanji?","reading":"きょうかしょをよませたり、かんじをかかせたりするのですか。","words":[{"text":"教","gloss":"textbook","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"textbook"},{"text":"書","gloss":"textbook","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"or things like"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書か","gloss":"write","reading":"かか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"or things like"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"SERU and SASERU:\n\n1. SERU and SASERU:\n\nThe causative is formed by adding SERU to the negative base of the consonant verbs (regular verbs).\n\nconsonant verbs | | causative | \nNARAU | (to learn) | NARAWASERU | (to make one learn)\nHATARAKU | (to work) | HATARAKASERU | (to make one work)\nISOGU | (to hurry) | ISOGASERU | (to make one hurry)\nSAGASU | (to search) | SAGASASERU | (to make one search)\nMATSU | (to wait) | MATASERU | (to make one wait)\nYOROKOBU | (to be happy) | YOROKOBASERU | (to make one happy)\nYOMU | (to read) | YOMASERU | (to make one read)\nWAKARU | (to understand) | WAKARASERU | (to make one understand)\n\nIn case of a vowel verb (semi-regular), the final ---RU is dropped and SASERU is added on.\n\n| | | \nORIRU | (to get off) | ORISASERU | (to make one get off)\nUERU | (to plant) | UESASERU | (to make one plant)\n\nThe causatives of the verbs KURU and SURU are KOSASERU and SASERU respectively. All the causative verbs formed in this manner belong to the ---ERU vowel-verb and follows its inflections.\n\nFor example:\n\nconsonant verb changed to the causative:\n\n| \nKAKASERU | to make one write\nKAKASE NAI | (negative)\nKAKASE MASU | (conjunctive)\nKAKASERU | (conclusive)\nKAKASERU TOKI | (attributive)\nKAKASE REBA | (conditional)\nKAKASE YO | (imperative)\nKAKASE YOO | (future)\n\nvowel verb changed to the causative:\n\n| \nTSUZUKESASERU | to make one continue\nTSUZUKESASENAI | (negative)\nTSUZUKESASE MASU | (conjunctive)\nTSUZUKESASERU | (conclusive)\nTSUZUKESASERU TOKI | (attributive)\nTSUZUKESASEREBA | (conditional)\nTSUZUKESASE YO | (imperative)\nTSUZUKESASE YOO | (future)\n\nThe causative, as its term implies, is a verb form used, when one causes another to act.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA YAMADA SAN NI HON O KAWASEMASHITA.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA YAMADA SAN O (NI) IKASEMASU.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA YAMADA SAN NI HON O KAI NI IKASEMASU.\n\nIn the above example, the one who causes another to act is I and the one who was made to act is YAMADA. YAMADA SAN in the above example is the agent, indicated by the particle NI, if the verb in the causative is transitive. If the verb in the causative is intransitive, the agent is indicated by the particle O. However, when the non-finite verb in the sentence is transitive and has its own direct object, as in the third example above, in order to lessen confusion and difficulty of understanding or the awkwardness of repeating the same sound, NI is used more commonly than O.\n\nThe causative is also commonly used when one asks for permission to do something or politely offers one's services to others. The English expressions 'allow one to --,' 'let one --,' or 'permit one to --' correspond to this use. In this usage, such post verbs as KUDASAI, YARU, AGERU, and MORAU are used.\n\nWATAKUSHI NI TETSUDAWASETE KUDASAI. \"Let me help.\" \"Allow me to help.\"\n\nKODOMO TACHI GA EIGA NI IKITAI TO IIMASU KARA IKASETE YARIMASHITA. \"Because the children said that they wanted to go to a movie, I let them go.\"\n\nKI O TSUKETE UNTEN SURU NO NARA JIDOOSHA O KAWASETE AGEYOO. \"If you promise to drive carefully, I'll let you buy a car.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA YAMADA SAN NO HON O YOMASETE MORAIMASU. \"I'll have Mr. Yamada allow me to read his book.\"\n\nSome verbs in Japanese are causative in themselves. Neither SERU nor SASERU is used. The verb YARU in the sense of 'to make one go' is a causative verb.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA KAIMONO NI KANAI O YARIMASHITA. \"I sent my wife shopping.\"\n\nAll regular verbs can become causative verbs by adding SU to the negative base.\n\nBase form | Negative Form | Causative\nNARAU | NARAWA | NARAWASU\nIKU | IKA | IKASU\nHANASU | HANASA | HANASASU\nISOGU | ISOGA | ISOGASU\nMATSU | MATA | MATASU\n\netc.\n\nWith these causative verbs, the rules on the particle after the agent are the same as those of SERU or SASERU. It is interesting to note that the use of conjunctive bases of all these causatives is confounding to say the least. One may say IKASEMASU and IKASHIMASU in the same sentence."},{"section":2,"text":"--YASUI and -- NIKUI\n\n2. --YASUI and -- NIKUI\n\nYASUI meaning 'easy' and NIKUI meaning 'difficult' are very commonly attached to the conjunctive form of a verb to form the compound 'easy to --' or 'difficult to --.' Since 'easiness' or 'difficultness' must be felt by the speaker, some intransitive verbs that take only the inanimate subject don't have these compound forms. Examples: FURU HAJIMARU, TERU, and KUMORU. Potential verbs also do not have these compounds:\n\n| | \nIKU -- | IKINIKUI | 'difficult to go'\n | IKIYASUI | 'easy to go'\nMIRU-- | MINIKUI | 'difficult to see'\n | MIYASUI | 'easy to see'\nKURU-- | KINIKUI | 'difficult to come'\n | KIYASUI | 'easy to come'\nSURU-- | SHINIKUI | 'difficult to do'\n | SHIYASUI | 'easy to do'"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"千","gloss":"1,000"},{"word":"九百","gloss":"900"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ずっと","gloss":"by far; very much"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ながら、","gloss":"while (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ぶんしょう","gloss":"sentence"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Classroom drills and examinations · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Actions, drills, and tests","paragraphs":["*ええ、 そして、 その外 まどを あけさせたり、 黒ばんの 所へ 行かせたりします* describes having students open windows or go to the blackboard.","The speakers move from actions assigned to students to examinations and question-and-answer drills.","*六週間に 一度、 こうとうしけんと ひっきしけんを やります* says that oral and written examinations occur once in six weeks."]},{"title":"Kanji: 取","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 黒","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.006","source":"ええ、 そして、 その外 まどを あけさせたり、 黒ばんの 所へ 行かせたりします。","translation":"Both, and besides that, I have them open windows or go to the blackboard and so forth.","reading":"ええ、そして、そのほかまどをあけさせたり、こくばんのところへいかせたりします。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"windows"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"or things like"},{"text":"黒ばん","gloss":"blackboard","reading":"こくばん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.007","source":"しけんは。","translation":"How about examinations?","reading":"しけんは。","words":[{"text":"しけ","gloss":"examinations"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"examinations"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.008","source":"六週間に 一度、 こうとうしけんと ひっきしけんを やります。 書き取りも やります。","translation":"We give oral examinations and written examinations once in six weeks. We also give dictation tests.","reading":"ろくしゅうかんにいちど、こうとうしけんとひっきしけんをやります。かきとりもやります。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度、","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"と","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"うし","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ひっき","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"し","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"書き取り","gloss":"dictation","reading":"かきとり"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.009","source":"もんどうの 時には、 生徒は 教か書を 出しているのですか。","translation":"Do students have their textbooks out during question and answer drills?","reading":"もんどうのときには、せいとはきょうかしょをだしているのですか。","words":[{"text":"もんどう","gloss":"question and answer"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"教","gloss":"textbooks","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"textbooks"},{"text":"書","gloss":"textbooks","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"have out","reading":"だし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have out"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have out"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.010","source":"いいえ、 もんどうの 時には 生徒は 教か書を しまっています。","translation":"No, during the question and answer period, students will have their textbooks put away.","reading":"いいえ、もんどうのときにはせいとはきょうかしょをしまっています。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"もんどう","gloss":"question and answer"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"教","gloss":"textbooks","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"か","gloss":"textbooks"},{"text":"書","gloss":"textbooks","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しまっ","gloss":"have put away"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have put away"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have put away"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have put away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"は。","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けん","gloss":"numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もんどう","gloss":"question and answer, dialogue"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Speaking speed and clarity · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Normal speed and clear speech","paragraphs":["*いいえ、 始は ゆっくり 言う 事が ありますが、 大抵 ふつうの 早さで 話します* says teachers sometimes speak slowly at first but usually speak at normal speed.","*しかし、 はっきり 話す 事が 大切ですね* says that speaking clearly is important.","The speakers then discuss six hours of daily instruction and whether students become tired."]},{"title":"Kanji: 声","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 大人","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.011","source":"先生は いつも ゆっくり 大きい 声でしつもんするのですね。","translation":"Do teachers always ask questions in a loud voice and slowly?","reading":"せんせいはいつもゆっくりおおきいこえでしつもんするのですね。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ゆっくり","gloss":"slowly"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"しつもん","gloss":"questions"},{"text":"する","gloss":"ask"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.012","source":"いいえ、 始は ゆっくり 言う 事が ありますが、 大抵 ふつうの 早さで 話します。 しかし、 はっきり 話す 事が 大切ですね。","translation":"No, sometimes we speak slowly at first, but usually we speak at normal speed. However, it is important to speak clearly.","reading":"いいえ、はじめはゆっくりいうことがありますが、たいていふつうのはやさではなします。しかし、はっきりはなすことがたいせつですね。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"始","gloss":"beginning","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゆっくり","gloss":"slowly"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"speak","reading":"いう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"ふつう","gloss":"normal"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"早","gloss":"speed","reading":"はや"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"speed"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"はっきり","gloss":"clearly"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.013","source":"じゅぎょうは 一日に 何時間 やりますか。","translation":"How many hours of instruction do you give in a day?","reading":"じゅぎょうはいちにちになんじかんやりますか。","words":[{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"instruction"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一日","gloss":"one day","reading":"いちにち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.014","source":"六時間 やります。","translation":"We give six hours.","reading":"ろくじかんやります。","words":[{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.015","source":"それでは、 午後には つかれて ねる 生徒や なまける 生徒が 出るでしょう。","translation":"Then, there will be some students who get tired and sleep or idle away their time, won't there?","reading":"それでは、ごごにはつかれてねるせいとやなまけるせいとがでるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"being"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つか","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get tired"},{"text":"ねる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"なまける","gloss":"be lazy"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出る","gloss":"appear","reading":"でる"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"ゆっくり","gloss":"slowly; deliberately; leisurely"},{"word":"声","gloss":"voice"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"しつもん","gloss":"question"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"はっきり","gloss":"clearly"},{"word":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"classroom instruction"},{"word":"一日","gloss":"first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"午後","gloss":"p.m., afternoon"},{"word":"ねる","gloss":"to sleep"},{"word":"なまける","gloss":"to be lazy (v.i.)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Discipline and classroom noise · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Noise and discipline","paragraphs":["*時には やかましい 組が あるでしょう* means \"There are sometimes noisy classes, aren't there?\"","The reply says a brief warning makes them quiet. The speakers then discuss soft voices, adult students, and discipline."]},{"title":"Difficult and easy actions","paragraphs":["*静かにしていないと 聞きにくい 事が ありますから* says that hearing can be difficult unless people are quiet.","*生徒は 大人ばかりですから、 取りあつかいやすいでしょうね* says that the adult students are easy to handle. *にくい* marks difficulty, and *やすい* marks ease in these lines."]},{"title":"Kanji: 静, 組","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.016","source":"いいえ、 生徒は 皆 一しょうけんめいですから、 静かに よく 勉強します。 じゅぎょう中 ねる 生徒は 居ません。","translation":"No, all students are serious. They study quietly and diligently. There is no student who sleeps during the instruction.","reading":"いいえ、せいとはみないっしょうけんめいですから、しずかによくべんきょうします。じゅぎょうちゅうねるせいとはいません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"very diligently","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"う","gloss":"very diligently"},{"text":"けんめい","gloss":"very diligently"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"静か","gloss":"quiet","reading":"しずか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"diligently"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"instruction"},{"text":"中","gloss":"during","reading":"ちゅう"},{"text":"ねる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"there are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.017","source":"時には やかましい 組が あるでしょう。","translation":"There are sometimes noisy classes, aren't there?","reading":"ときにはやかましいくみがあるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"時","gloss":"times","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やかましい","gloss":"noisy"},{"text":"組","gloss":"classes","reading":"くみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.018","source":"ありますがね、 ちょっと ちゅうい すると、 よくなります。 静かにしていないと 聞きにくい 事が ありますから。 ことに 小さい 声の人が居るとね。","translation":"Yes, there are, but they become quiet if you ask them to. There are times when it is difficult to hear, unless one is quiet, especially when there are persons with soft voices.","reading":"ありますがね、ちょっとちゅういすると、よくなります。しずかにしていないとききにくいことがありますから。ことにちいさいこえのひとがいるとね。","words":[{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ね、","gloss":"you know"},{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"briefly"},{"text":"ちゅうい","gloss":"warn"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"静か","gloss":"quiet","reading":"しずか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"し","gloss":"be"},{"text":"て","gloss":"be"},{"text":"い","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"聞き","gloss":"hear","reading":"きき"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"に","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"soft","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"there are","reading":"いる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.019","source":"生徒は 大人ばかりですから、 取りあつかいやすいでしょうね。","translation":"Since students are all adults, it is easy to handle them, isn't it?","reading":"せいとはおとなばかりですから、とりあつかいやすいでしょうね。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大人","gloss":"adults","reading":"おとな"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"all"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"取りあつかい","gloss":"handle","reading":"とりあつかい"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L045.dlg.020","source":"ええ、 きりつの もんだいは あまり ありませんね。","translation":"Yes, there is not too much of a discipline problem.","reading":"ええ、きりつのもんだいはあまりありませんね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"きり","gloss":"discipline"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"discipline"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もんだい","gloss":"problem"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"much"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"やかましい","gloss":"noisy"},{"word":"組","gloss":"class"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"ね、","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"ちゅうい","gloss":"first lieutenant"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"やすい","gloss":"cheap"},{"word":"きり","gloss":"fog"},{"word":"もんだい","gloss":"problem"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Making others perform actions · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Making or letting someone act","paragraphs":["*先生は 生徒に 本を 読ませます* means \"The teacher will have students read a book.\" The causative says one person makes or lets another person act.","A consonant verb adds *SERU* to its negative base. A vowel verb drops final *RU* and adds *SASERU*.","A transitive verb marks the person made to act with *に*. An intransitive verb marks that person with *を*.","*今晩は 早く 夕はんを 食べさせてください* requests permission to have dinner early that night."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.01","source":"先生は 生徒に 本を 読ませます。","translation":"The teacher will have students read a book.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにほんをよませます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.02","source":"先生は 生徒に 本を とじさせます。","translation":"The teacher will have students close a book.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにほんをとじさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.03","source":"私は スミスさんに それを させました。","translation":"I had Mr. Smith do it.","reading":"わたくしはスミスさんにそれをさせました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"had him"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite past"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.04","source":"私は 子供に 仕事を 手つだわせました。","translation":"I had my child help me with the work.","reading":"わたくしはこどもにしごとをてつだわせました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"手つだわ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだわ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"had them"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite past"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.05","source":"私は 生徒に 日本語を 話させます。","translation":"I have the students speak Japanese.","reading":"わたくしはせいとににほんごをはなさせます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.06","source":"私は スミスさんを じむしょへ 来させました。","translation":"I had Mr. Smith come to the office.","reading":"わたくしはスミスさんをじむしょへこさせました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"office"},{"text":"む","gloss":"office"},{"text":"しょ","gloss":"office"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"had him"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite past"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.07","source":"私は 生徒を たたせました。","translation":"I had the students stand up.","reading":"わたくしはせいとをたたせました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たた","gloss":"stand up"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"had them"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite past"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.08","source":"私は 家内に かみを からせます。","translation":"I have my wife cut my hair.","reading":"わたくしはかないにかみをからせます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家内","gloss":"wife","reading":"かない"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"hair"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"から","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have her"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp1.09","source":"今晩は 早く 夕はんを 食べさせてください。","translation":"Please let us have dinner early tonight.","reading":"こんばんはやくゆうはんをたべさせてください。","words":[{"text":"今晩は","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early"},{"text":"夕はん","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"let us"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please let us"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please let us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp1.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"じ","gloss":"character, word"},{"word":"かみ","gloss":"hair"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ease and difficulty of actions · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Difficult to read","paragraphs":["*この本は 字が 小さいから、 読みにくいです* means \"This book is hard to read because the characters are small.\"","*にくい* means \"difficult\" and attaches to a verb's conjunctive form. *読みにくいです* describes reading as difficult."]},{"title":"Easy to read","paragraphs":["*ひらがなは ローマ字より 読みやすいです* means \"Hiragana is easier to read than Romaji.\"","*やすい* means \"easy\" and attaches in the same place. *読みやすいです* describes reading as easy."]}],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.01","source":"この本は 字が 小さいから、 読みにくいです。","translation":"This book is hard to read because the characters are small.","reading":"このほんはじがちいさいから、よみにくいです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"字","gloss":"characters","reading":"じ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.02","source":"ひらがなは ローマ字より 読みやすいです。","translation":"Hiragana is easier to read than Romaji.","reading":"ひらがなはローマじよりよみやすいです。","words":[{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ローマ","gloss":"Romaji"},{"text":"字","gloss":"Romaji","reading":"じ"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.03","source":"くすりは 大抵 飲みにくいです。","translation":"Medicine is usually hard to take.","reading":"くすりはたいていのみにくいです。","words":[{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"take","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.04","source":"げたを はいていると、 歩きにくいです。","translation":"It is hard to walk when you are wearing geta.","reading":"げたをはいていると、あるきにくいです。","words":[{"text":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はい","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are wearing"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"歩き","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるき"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.05","source":"あんまり 早く 話すと わかりにくいです。","translation":"It is hard to understand when someone speaks too quickly.","reading":"あんまりはやくはなすとわかりにくいです。","words":[{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.06","source":"冬には かぜを ひきやすいです。","translation":"It is easy to catch a cold in winter.","reading":"ふゆにはかぜをひきやすいです。","words":[{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"a cold"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ひき","gloss":"catch"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.07","source":"ひらがなは かん字より 習いやすいです。","translation":"Hiragana is easier to learn than kanji.","reading":"ひらがなはかんじよりならいやすいです。","words":[{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"習い","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならい"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L045.gp2.08","source":"秋の 天気は かわりやすいです。","translation":"The weather in autumn is changeable.","reading":"あきのてんきはかわりやすいです。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"autumn","reading":"あき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かわり","gloss":"change"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easily"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.gp2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ひらがな","gloss":"HIRAGANA syllabary"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"word":"げた","gloss":"wooden clogs"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"word":"秋","gloss":"autumn, fall"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Having students follow instructions · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Directions through the causative","paragraphs":["*先生は 生徒に まどを あけさせます* means \"The teacher will have students open the window.\" The causative presents opening as the assigned action.","*スミスさんを ここへ 来させてください* means \"Please have Mr. Smith come here.\" The same form appears in a request."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.01","source":"先生は 生徒に ダイアログを 習わせます。","translation":"The teacher will have students learn the dialogue.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにダイアログをならわせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"have learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.02","source":"先生は 生徒に まどを あけさせます。","translation":"The teacher will have students open the window.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにまどをあけさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"have open"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have open"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.03","source":"先生は 生徒に しつもん させます。","translation":"The teacher will have students ask questions.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにしつもんさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"しつもん","gloss":"questions"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"ask"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.04","source":"先生は 生徒に 日本語で 話させます。","translation":"The teacher has the students speak in Japanese.","reading":"せんせいはせいとににほんごではなさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.05","source":"私は 家内に 子供の かみを からせます。","translation":"I have my wife cut the child’s hair.","reading":"わたくしはかないにこどものかみをからせます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家内","gloss":"my wife","reading":"かない"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"かみ","gloss":"hair"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"から","gloss":"cut"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have her"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.06","source":"私に へやの そうじを させてください。","translation":"Please let me clean the room.","reading":"わたくしにへやのそうじをさせてください。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"let me"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.07","source":"私は そんな 映画を 子供に 見せたくありません。","translation":"I do not want to show such a movie to children.","reading":"わたくしはそんなえいがをこどもにみせたくありません。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"見せ","gloss":"show","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"たく","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.08","source":"スミスさんを ここへ 来させてください。","translation":"Please have Mr. Smith come here.","reading":"スミスさんをここへこさせてください。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have him"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.09","source":"生徒に 大きい 声で こたえさせてください。","translation":"Please have the students answer in a loud voice.","reading":"せいとにおおきいこえでこたえさせてください。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こたえ","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.10","source":"はい、 大きい 声で こたえさせます。","translation":"Yes, I will have them answer in a loud voice.","reading":"はい、おおきいこえでこたえさせます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"こたえ","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"word":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"word":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Having children help at home · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Household work through the causative","paragraphs":["*あなたは お子さんに 家の 仕事を 手つだわせますか* means \"Do you have your children help with the housework?\" The causative asks about an assigned action.","*ええ、 週末には にわの 仕事を 手つだわせます* means \"Yes, I have them help with the yard work on weekends.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.11","source":"あなたは お子さんに 家の 仕事を させますか。","translation":"Do you have your children do housework?","reading":"あなたはおこさんにいえのしごとをさせますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"children"},{"text":"子","gloss":"children","reading":"こ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"children"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.12","source":"はい、 させます。","translation":"Yes, I do.","reading":"はい、させます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.13","source":"あなたは お子さんに 家の 仕事を 手つだわせますか。","translation":"Do you have your children help with the housework?","reading":"あなたはおこさんにいえのしごとをてつだわせますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"children"},{"text":"子","gloss":"children","reading":"こ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"children"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"手つだわ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだわ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.14","source":"ええ、 週末には にわの 仕事を 手つだわせます。","translation":"Yes, I have them help with the yard work on weekends.","reading":"ええ、しゅうまつにはにわのしごとをてつだわせます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"週末","gloss":"weekends","reading":"しゅうまつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"手つだわ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだわ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.15","source":"子供は ビールを 飲みます。","translation":"The child drinks beer.","reading":"こどもはビールをのみます。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.16","source":"今年は 家ぞくは ヨーロッパに 行きます。","translation":"This year the family is going to Europe.","reading":"ことしはかぞくはヨーロッパにいきます。","words":[{"text":"今年","gloss":"this year","reading":"ことし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家ぞく","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ヨーロッパ","gloss":"Europe"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.17","source":"スミスさんは 日本の 事を 話します。","translation":"Mr. Smith talks about Japan.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんのことをはなします。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk about","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.18","source":"今晩は 田中さんが うたいます。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka will sing tonight.","reading":"こんばんはたなかさんがうたいます。","words":[{"text":"今晩は","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばんは"},{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"うたい","gloss":"sing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt1.19","source":"子供は 米国の 学校に 行きます。","translation":"The child goes to an American school.","reading":"こどもはべいこくのがっこうにいきます。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"American","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"American"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt1.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"にわ","gloss":"garden, yard"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"今年","gloss":"this year"},{"word":"家ぞく","gloss":"family"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing easy and difficult actions · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Easy and difficult actions","paragraphs":["*ひらがなは 読みやすいです* means \"Hiragana is easy to read.\" The *やすい* form describes reading as easy.","*かん字は 読みにくいです* means \"Kanji is difficult to read.\" The *にくい* form describes the same action as difficult.","*店の 物が 古くなると、 売れにくくなります* means \"When the goods in a store get old, they become harder to sell.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.01","source":"ひらがなは 読みやすいです。","translation":"Hiragana is easy to read.","reading":"ひらがなはよみやすいです。","words":[{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.02","source":"かん字は 読みにくいです。","translation":"Kanji is difficult to read.","reading":"かんじはよみにくいです。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.03","source":"このくすりは 飲みにくいです。","translation":"This medicine is hard to take.","reading":"このくすりはのみにくいです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"take","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.04","source":"この頃 天気は かわりやすいです。","translation":"The weather has been changeable lately.","reading":"このごろてんきはかわりやすいです。","words":[{"text":"この頃","gloss":"lately","reading":"このごろ"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かわり","gloss":"change"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easily"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.05","source":"夜 おそくねると 朝 おきにくいです。","translation":"If you go to bed late at night, it is hard to get up in the morning.","reading":"よるおそくねるとあさおきにくいです。","words":[{"text":"夜","gloss":"night","reading":"よる"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"ねる","gloss":"go to bed"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"get up"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.06","source":"大人の 生徒は 取りあつかいやすいです。","translation":"Adult students are easy to handle.","reading":"おとなのせいとはとりあつかいやすいです。","words":[{"text":"大人","gloss":"adult","reading":"おとな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"取りあつかい","gloss":"handle","reading":"とりあつかい"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.07","source":"店の 物が 古くなると、 売れにくくなります。","translation":"When the goods in a store get old, they become harder to sell.","reading":"みせのものがふるくなると、うれにくくなります。","words":[{"text":"店","gloss":"store","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"物","gloss":"goods","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"古く","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"売れ","gloss":"sell","reading":"うれ"},{"text":"にくく","gloss":"harder to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"この頃","gloss":"these days, nowadays"},{"word":"夜","gloss":"night, evening"},{"word":"おそく","gloss":"late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"店","gloss":"store, shop"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing reading and memorising difficulty · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Ease for a particular group","paragraphs":["*この 学校の 生徒には ひらがなと かたかなでは、 どっちの 方が 読みやすいですか* asks which script is easier for this school's students to read.","The answer *ひらがなの 方が 読みやすいらしいです* says that hiragana seems easier to read.","*米国人には、 はしは 使いにくいですか* asks whether chopsticks are hard for Americans to use."]}],"lines":[{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.08","source":"この 学校の 生徒には ひらがなと かたかなでは、 どっちの 方が 読みやすいですか。","translation":"For the students at this school, which is easier to read, hiragana or katakana?","reading":"このがっこうのせいとにはひらがなとかたかなでは、どっちのほうがよみやすいですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"で","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"the two","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.09","source":"ひらがなの 方が 読みやすいらしいです。","translation":"Hiragana seems to be easier to read.","reading":"ひらがなのほうがよみやすいらしいです。","words":[{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"the two","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"read","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.10","source":"米国人には、 はしは 使いにくいですか。","translation":"Are chopsticks hard for Americans to use?","reading":"べいこくじんには、はしはつかいにくいですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"Americans","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Americans","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はし","gloss":"chopsticks"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.11","source":"ええ、 使いにくいらしいです。","translation":"Yes, they seem to be hard to use.","reading":"ええ、つかいにくいらしいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seem"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.12","source":"ダイアログは おぼえにくいですか。","translation":"Are the dialogues hard to memorize?","reading":"ダイアログはおぼえにくいですか。","words":[{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogues"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L045.pt2.13","source":"はい、 ある ダイアログは 大へん おぼえにくいです。","translation":"Yes, some dialogues are very hard to memorize.","reading":"はい、あるダイアログはたいへんおぼえにくいです。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogues"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.pt2.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かたかな","gloss":"KATAKANA syllabary"},{"word":"どっち","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"A day at language school · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Actions and difficulty at school","paragraphs":["The account describes a day of instruction, practice, examinations, and classroom responsibilities.","*あなた方の 先生は あなた方に 歩かせたり、 かん字を 書かせたり する 事が ありますか* means \"Does your teacher ever have you walk or write kanji?\"","An answer states whether the teacher assigns those actions. Other answers give durations or describe an action as easy or difficult."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.001","source":"西山さんは国ぼうしょうの語学校で、日本語を教えています。山田さんは、近くのある学校の先生で、そこで一日に三時間、日本語を教えています。今日山田さんは国ぼうしょうの語学校に来て、西山さんと色々話しています。西山さんは二十年近くも この学校で教えています。国ぼうしょう語学校では一日に六時間じゅぎょうがあります。この学校では、先生と生徒が大きな声でもんどうをします。生徒たちは始めはよく聞いて はつおんを習います。言いにくい言葉は、何度も言って見ます。それから、本を読んだり、かん字を書いたりします。又ある時は","translation":"Mr. Nishiyama teaches Japanese at the Department of Defense Language School. Mr. Yamada is a teacher at a nearby school, where he teaches Japanese for three hours a day. Today Mr. Yamada has come to the Department of Defense Language School and is talking about various things with Mr. Nishiyama. Mr. Nishiyama has been teaching at this school for nearly twenty years. At the Department of Defense Language School, there are six hours of classes a day. At this school, the teachers and students conduct question-and-answer drills in loud voices. At first, the students listen carefully and learn pronunciation. They try saying difficult words many times. Then they read books and write kanji. At other times,","reading":"にしやまさんはこくぼうしょうのごがっこうで、にほんごをおしえています。やまださんは、ちかくのあるがっこうのせんせいで、そこでいちにちにさんじかん、にほんごをおしえています。きょうやまださんはこくぼうしょうのごがっこうにきて、にしやまさんといろいろはなしています。にしやまさんはにじゅうねんちかくもこのがっこうでおしえています。こくぼうしょうごがっこうではいちにちにろくじかんじゅぎょうがあります。このがっこうでは、せんせいとせいとがおおきなこえでもんどうをします。せいとたちははじめはよくきいてはつおんをならいます。いいにくいことばは、なんどもいってみます。それから、ほんをよんだり、かんじをかいたりします。またあるときは","words":[{"text":"西山","gloss":"Nishiyama","reading":"にしやま"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Defense Department","reading":"こく"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"Defense Department"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"Defense Department"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language school","reading":"ご"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"language school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"is teaching","reading":"しえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"a certain"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day","reading":"にち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"時間、","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"is teaching","reading":"しえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Defense Department","reading":"こく"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"Defense Department"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"Defense Department"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language school","reading":"ご"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"language school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"has come"},{"text":"西山","gloss":"Nishiyama","reading":"にしやま"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various things","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"is talking","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is talking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is talking"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is talking"},{"text":"西山","gloss":"Nishiyama","reading":"にしやま"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"近く","gloss":"nearly","reading":"ちかく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"has been teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"国","gloss":"Defense Language School","reading":"こく"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"Defense Language School"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"Defense Language School"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Defense Language School","reading":"ご"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"Defense Language School","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一日","gloss":"each day","reading":"いちにち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"classes"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voices","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"もんどう","gloss":"drills"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"students"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"始め","gloss":"at first","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"carefully"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"listen","reading":"きい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"おん","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習い","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"見","gloss":"try","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"from"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"だり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"write","reading":"かい"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"時","gloss":"times","reading":"とき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.001.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.002","source":"もんどうするばかりでなく、色々の事をしながら話します。先生は生徒に色々の事をさせます。本を読ませたり、黒ばんに出させたり、まどをあけさせたり、しめさせたりする事もあります。このように生徒は一日中勉強するのですが、それでもなまけずに、一生けんめいに勉強します。この学校では、こうとうしけんとひっきしけんが六週間に一度あります。しけんの時には、皆 静かにしけんをうけます。なまける生徒は一人も居ません。生徒はほとんど皆軍人ですから、きりつのもんだいも少いし、取りあつかいにくい生徒は居ません。山田さんは生徒の習っている所を見たり、生徒と話したりして、三時頃帰って行きました。","translation":"Besides doing question-and-answer drills, they talk while doing various things. The teachers have the students do various things. Sometimes they have them read books, go up to the blackboard, and open and close the windows. In this way, the students study all day, but even so, they do not slack off and study very hard. At this school, there are oral and written examinations once every six weeks. During examinations, everyone takes the test quietly. There is not a single student who slacks off. Since almost all the students are military personnel, there are few discipline problems, and there are no students who are hard to handle. Mr. Yamada watched the students learning and talked with them, and then went home at around three o’clock.","reading":"もんどうするばかりでなく、いろいろのことをしながらはなします。せんせいはせいとにいろいろのことをさせます。ほんをよませたり、こくばんにださせたり、まどをあけさせたり、しめさせたりすることもあります。このようにせいとはいちにちじゅうべんきょうするのですが、それでもなまけずに、いっしょうけんめいにべんきょうします。このがっこうでは、こうとうしけんとひっきしけんがろくしゅうかんにいちどあります。しけんのときには、みなしずかにしけんをうけます。なまけるせいとはひとりもいません。せいとはほとんどみなぐんじんですから、きりつのもんだいもすくないし、とりあつかいにくいせいとはいません。やまださんはせいとのならっているところをみたり、せいととはなしたりして、さんじごろかえっていきました。","words":[{"text":"もんどう","gloss":"drills"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"only"},{"text":"で","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なく、","gloss":"not"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various things","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ながら","gloss":"while"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teachers","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various things","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"黒ばん","gloss":"blackboard","reading":"こくばん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"go up","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"windows"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"しめさ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have them"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"happen"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"日","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"中","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"it"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"なまけ","gloss":"slack off"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"not"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"一生","gloss":"very hard","reading":"いっしょう"},{"text":"けんめい","gloss":"very hard"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"と","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"うし","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"oral examination"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ひっき","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"し","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"written examination"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"occur"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"し","gloss":"examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"examination"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"everyone","reading":"みな"},{"text":"静か","gloss":"quietly","reading":"しずか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"quietly"},{"text":"し","gloss":"examination"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"examination"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"なまける","gloss":"slacking"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一人","gloss":"one person","reading":"ひとり"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exists","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きり","gloss":"discipline"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"discipline"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もんだい","gloss":"problems"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"取りあつかい","gloss":"handle","reading":"とりあつかい"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"習っ","gloss":"are learning","reading":"ならっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are learning"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are learning"},{"text":"所","gloss":"activity","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"watched","reading":"み"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talked","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"around"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"went home"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"went","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.002.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.003","source":"西山さんは 何年ぐらい 教えていますか。","translation":"About how many years has Mr. Nishiyama been teaching?","reading":"にしやまさんはなんねんぐらいおしえていますか。","words":[{"text":"西山","gloss":"Nishiyama","reading":"にしやま"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"has been teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has been teaching"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.003.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.004","source":"山田さんは 一日中 日本語ばかり 教えていますか。","translation":"Does Mr. Yamada teach nothing but Japanese all day?","reading":"やまださんはいちにちじゅうにほんごばかりおしえていますか。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"日","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"中","gloss":"all day"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"nothing but"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"is teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is teaching"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.004.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.005","source":"あなたは 毎日 何時間 学校で 勉強しますか。","translation":"How many hours do you study at school each day?","reading":"あなたはまいにちなんじかんがっこうでべんきょうしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"each day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.005.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.006","source":"あなた方の 先生は あなた方に 歩かせたり、 かん字を 書かせたり する 事が ありますか。","translation":"Does your teacher ever have you walk or write kanji?","reading":"あなたがたのせんせいはあなたがたにあるかせたり、かんじをかかせたりすることがありますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"歩か","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have you"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書か","gloss":"write","reading":"かか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"have you"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.006.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.007","source":"日本語の はつおんは むずかしいですか。","translation":"Is Japanese pronunciation difficult?","reading":"にほんごのはつおんはむずかしいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"は","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"おん","gloss":"pronunciation"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.007.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.008","source":"かん字は おぼえにくいですか、 おぼえやすいですか。","translation":"Are kanji hard to memorize, or are they easy to memorize?","reading":"かんじはおぼえにくいですか、おぼえやすいですか。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"やすい","gloss":"easy to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"しょう","gloss":"award, reward"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"近く","gloss":"vicinity"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"時間、","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ながら","gloss":"while (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"一人","gloss":"one person"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Classroom routines and responsibilities · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Routines and responsibilities","paragraphs":["The questions concern hearing, study, tests, cleaning, noise, sleep, and assigned actions.","*先生は どんな ふうにして 言葉を 習わせますか* means \"How does the teacher have you learn words?\"","An answer describes the teacher's method. Other answers identify a person, give a duration, or state whether an action occurs."]},{"title":"Kanji: 室","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.009","source":"教室の 後の 方に 居ると、 聞きにくいですか。","translation":"Is it hard to hear when you are at the back of the classroom?","reading":"きょうしつのうしろのほうにいると、ききにくいですか。","words":[{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"後","gloss":"back","reading":"うしろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"part","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"are","reading":"いる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"聞き","gloss":"hear","reading":"きき"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"hard to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.009.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.010","source":"あなた方は 学校で なまけて 勉強しませんか。","translation":"Do you slack off and not study at school?","reading":"あなたがたはがっこうでなまけてべんきょうしませんか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"なまけ","gloss":"slack off"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.010.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.011","source":"先生は どんな ふうにして 言葉を 習わせますか。","translation":"How does the teacher have you learn words?","reading":"せんせいはどんなふうにしてことばをならわせますか。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"ふう","gloss":"way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"have learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.011.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.012","source":"書き取りの しけんの 時には、 本を しまわなくても いいですか。","translation":"During a dictation test, is it all right not to put your books away?","reading":"かきとりのしけんのときには、ほんをしまわなくてもいいですか。","words":[{"text":"書き取り","gloss":"dictation","reading":"かきとり"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"し","gloss":"test"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"test"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しまわ","gloss":"put away"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.012.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.013","source":"あなた方の 教室の そうじを するのは だれですか。","translation":"Who cleans your classroom?","reading":"あなたがたのきょうしつのそうじをするのはだれですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you all"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"who"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.013.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.014","source":"じゅぎょう中に 教室の 外が やかましい 事が ありますか。","translation":"Is it ever noisy outside the classroom during class?","reading":"じゅぎょうちゅうにきょうしつのそとがやかましいことがありますか。","words":[{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"during class"},{"text":"中","gloss":"during class","reading":"ちゅう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"やかましい","gloss":"noisy"},{"text":"事","gloss":"occasion","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.014.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.015","source":"あなたは 毎晩 何時間 ぐらい ねなければ なりませんか。","translation":"About how many hours do you have to sleep every night?","reading":"あなたはまいばんなんじかんぐらいねなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎晩","gloss":"every night","reading":"まいばん"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many hours","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"how many hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"ね","gloss":"must sleep"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must sleep"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must sleep"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"have to"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.015.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L045.q.016","source":"あなたは 自動車を 奥さんに あらわせますか。","translation":"Do you have your wife wash the car?","reading":"あなたはじどうしゃをおくさんにあらわせますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃを"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"く"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"あらわせ","gloss":"have wash"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"},{"word":"ね","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Tests, voices and classes · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Oral and written examinations","paragraphs":["*しけん* means \"examination\" or \"test\". *こうとうしけん* means \"oral examination\", and *ひっきしけん* means \"written examination\".","The remaining words name classroom instruction, classes, voices, speed, discipline, and problems."]}],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.001","source":"ぶんしょう","translation":"sentence","reading":"ぶんしょう","words":[{"text":"ぶんしょう","gloss":"sentence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.001.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.002","source":"しけん","translation":"examination, test","reading":"しけん","words":[{"text":"しけん","gloss":"test"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.002.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.003","source":"こうとうしけん","translation":"oral examination","reading":"こうとうしけん","words":[{"text":"こうとうしけん","gloss":"oral examination"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.003.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.004","source":"ひっきしけん","translation":"written examination","reading":"ひっきしけん","words":[{"text":"ひっきしけん","gloss":"written examination"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.004.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.005","source":"書取り","translation":"dictation","reading":"かきとり","words":[{"text":"書取り","gloss":"dictation","reading":"かきとり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.005.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.006","source":"声","translation":"voice","reading":"こえ","words":[{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.006.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.007","source":"大きい 声","translation":"loud voice","reading":"おおきいこえ","words":[{"text":"大きい声","gloss":"loud voice","reading":"おおきいこえ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.007.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.008","source":"早さ","translation":"speed","reading":"はやさ","words":[{"text":"早さ","gloss":"speed","reading":"はやさ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.008.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.009","source":"じゅぎょう","translation":"classroom instruction","reading":"じゅぎょう","words":[{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"classroom instruction"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.009.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.010","source":"組","translation":"class","reading":"くみ","words":[{"text":"組","gloss":"class","reading":"くみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.010.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.011","source":"きりつ","translation":"discipline","reading":"きりつ","words":[{"text":"きりつ","gloss":"discipline"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.011.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.012","source":"もんだい","translation":"problem","reading":"もんだい","words":[{"text":"もんだい","gloss":"problem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"しけん","gloss":"examination, test"},{"word":"こうとうしけん","gloss":"oral examination"},{"word":"ひっきしけん","gloss":"written examination"},{"word":"書取り","gloss":"dictation"},{"word":"大きい声","gloss":"loud voice"},{"word":"早さ","gloss":"speed"},{"word":"きりつ","gloss":"discipline"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Classroom actions and behaviour · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Actions and behavior","paragraphs":["These words cover classroom actions and behavior. *させる* means \"to make one do\".","*--にくい* means \"difficult to\", and *--やすい* means \"easy to\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.013","source":"そうじ","translation":"cleaning","reading":"そうじ","words":[{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.013.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.014","source":"させる","translation":"to make one do\n(See Grammar Notes)","reading":"させる","words":[{"text":"させる","gloss":"make someone do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.014.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.015","source":"やらせる","translation":"to make one do","reading":"やらせる","words":[{"text":"やらせる","gloss":"make someone do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.015.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.016","source":"しまう","translation":"to put away","reading":"しまう","words":[{"text":"しまう","gloss":"put away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.016.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.017","source":"ねる","translation":"to sleep","reading":"ねる","words":[{"text":"ねる","gloss":"sleep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.017.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.018","source":"なまける","translation":"to be lazy (v.i.)","reading":"なまける","words":[{"text":"なまける","gloss":"be lazy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.018.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.019","source":"静かにする","translation":"to be quiet","reading":"しずかにする","words":[{"text":"静かにする","gloss":"be quiet","reading":"しずかにする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.019.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.020","source":"けす","translation":"to erase, extinguish","reading":"けす","words":[{"text":"けす","gloss":"erase or extinguish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.020.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.021","source":"やかましい","translation":"noisy","reading":"やかましい","words":[{"text":"やかましい","gloss":"noisy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.021.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.022","source":"--にくい","translation":"difficult to --\n(See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--にくい","words":[{"text":"--にくい","gloss":"difficult to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.022.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.023","source":"--やすい","translation":"easy to --\n(See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--やすい","words":[{"text":"--やすい","gloss":"easy to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.023.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.024","source":"ずっと","translation":"all the time,\ncontinuously","reading":"ずっと","words":[{"text":"ずっと","gloss":"continuously"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"させる","gloss":"to make one do\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"やらせる","gloss":"to make one do"},{"word":"しまう","gloss":"to put away"},{"word":"静かにする","gloss":"to be quiet"},{"word":"けす","gloss":"to erase, extinguish"},{"word":"--にくい","gloss":"difficult to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"--やすい","gloss":"easy to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Manner, effort and independence · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"How and when actions happen","paragraphs":["These words describe manner, effort, independence, and time during class.","*はっきり* means \"clearly\". *自分で* means \"by oneself\". *じゅぎょう中* means \"during the class instruction\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.025","source":"かわるがわる","translation":"alternately","reading":"かわるがわる","words":[{"text":"かわるがわる","gloss":"alternately"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.025.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.026","source":"はっきり","translation":"clearly","reading":"はっきり","words":[{"text":"はっきり","gloss":"clearly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.026.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.027","source":"一しょうけんめい","translation":"with all one's might","reading":"いっしょうけんめい","words":[{"text":"一しょうけんめい","gloss":"with all one's might","reading":"いっしょうけんめい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.027.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.028","source":"静かに","translation":"quietly","reading":"しずかに","words":[{"text":"静かに","gloss":"quietly","reading":"しずかに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.028.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.029","source":"自分で","translation":"by oneself","reading":"じぶんで","words":[{"text":"自分で","gloss":"by oneself","reading":"じぶんで"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.029.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.030","source":"じゅぎょう中","translation":"during the class\ninstruction","reading":"じゅぎょうちゅう","words":[{"text":"じゅぎょう中","gloss":"during class instruction","reading":"じゅぎょうちゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.030.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.031","source":"どんなふうに","translation":"how, in what manner","reading":"どんなふうに","words":[{"text":"どんなふうに","gloss":"in what manner"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.031.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.032","source":"二十年近く","translation":"nearly 20 years","reading":"にじゅうねんちかく","words":[{"text":"二十年近く","gloss":"nearly twenty years","reading":"にじゅうねんちかく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.032.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.033","source":"生徒は 黒ばんを けしたり、 教室の そうじをしたり しません。","translation":"Students don't do such things as erasing blackboards and cleaning classrooms.","reading":"せいとはこくばんをけしたり、きょうしつのそうじをしたりしません。","words":[{"text":"生徒は黒ばんをけしたり、教室のそうじをしたりしません。","gloss":"no erasing or cleaning","reading":"せいとはこくばんをけしたり、きょうしつのそうじをしたりしません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.033.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.034","source":"生徒は 時々 自分で 勉強します。","translation":"Students sometimes study by themselves.","reading":"せいとはときどきじぶんでべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"生徒は時々自分で勉強します。","gloss":"students sometimes study alone","reading":"せいとはときどきじぶんでべんきょうします。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.034.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L045.w.035","source":"時々 先生は 生徒に かわるがわる 話させます。","translation":"Sometimes the teacher will have students talk alternately.","reading":"ときどきせんせいはせいとにかわるがわるはなさせます。","words":[{"text":"時々先生は生徒にかわるがわる話させます。","gloss":"students talk in turns","reading":"ときどきせんせいはせいとにかわるがわるはなさせます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L045.w.035.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かわるがわる","gloss":"alternately"},{"word":"一しょうけんめい","gloss":"with all one's might"},{"word":"静かに","gloss":"quietly"},{"word":"自分で","gloss":"by oneself"},{"word":"じゅぎょう中","gloss":"during the class\ninstruction"},{"word":"どんなふうに","gloss":"how, in what manner"},{"word":"二十年近く","gloss":"nearly 20 years"},{"word":"生徒は黒ばんをけしたり、教室のそうじをしたりしません。","gloss":"\"Students don't do such things as erasing blackboards and cleaning classrooms.\""},{"word":"生徒は時々自分で勉強します。","gloss":"\"Students sometimes study by themselves.\""},{"word":"時々先生は生徒にかわるがわる話させます。","gloss":"\"Sometimes the teacher will have students talk alternately.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}