{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L047","title":"Lesson 47","stage":"Kanji and everyday Japanese","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 47: selecting military language students · dialogue 1 of 3, why soldiers study languages · dialogue 2 of 3, homework and course lengths · dialogue 3 of 3, being made to study · perception drill, describing past states · perception drill, required school activities · pattern 1 1 of 3, what students must do · pattern 1 2 of 3, making soldiers work and exercise · pattern 1 3 of 3, people and places in the past · pattern 2 1 of 2, past circumstances and descriptions · pattern 2 2 of 2, military need for foreign languages · reading selection 1 of 3, selecting and training military linguists · reading selection 2 of 3, examinations, language school purpose and students · questions 1 of 2, schoolwork, science, courses, linguists.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/47","lines":159},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/46","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/48","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Selecting military language students · Dialogue 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Selection by written examination","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss how the school selects students, who are practically all military personnel.","*この 学校へ しがんする 人に 試験を うけさせます* says that applicants must take an examination. The school selects from those who pass.","*いいえ、 ひっき 試験です* means \"No, it is a written examination.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 試, 験, 頭","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 口, 学","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.001","source":"この 学校へ 来る 生徒は 皆 軍人ですか。","translation":"Are all the students who come to this school soldiers?","reading":"このがっこうへくるせいとはみなぐんじんですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.002","source":"そう、 ほとんど 皆 軍人です。","translation":"Yes, they are practically all soldiers.","reading":"そう、ほとんどみなぐんじんです。","words":[{"text":"そう、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"practically"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.003","source":"生徒は 皆 えらばれて 来るのですか。","translation":"Do all the students come here after being selected?","reading":"せいとはみなえらばれてくるのですか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"えらば","gloss":"selected"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"selected"},{"text":"て","gloss":"after"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.004","source":"この 学校へ しがんする 人に 試験を うけさせます。 そして その 試験に パスした 者の 中から えらぶのです。","translation":"Persons who volunteer for this school are required (caused) to take an examination. And then they select students from among those who passed the examination.","reading":"このがっこうへしがんするひとにしけんをうけさせます。そしてそのしけんにパスしたもののなかからえらぶのです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteer"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"volunteer"},{"text":"する","gloss":"volunteer"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"うけ","gloss":"take"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"パス","gloss":"pass"},{"text":"し","gloss":"passed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"者","gloss":"people","reading":"もの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"えらぶ","gloss":"select"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.005","source":"それは 口頭試験ですか。","translation":"Is it an oral examination?","reading":"それはこうとうしけんですか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"口頭","gloss":"oral","reading":"こうとう"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.006","source":"いいえ、 ひっき 試験です。","translation":"No, it is a written examination.","reading":"いいえ、ひっきしけんです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ひっき","gloss":"written"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"SERARERU and SASERARERU\n\n1. SERARERU and SASERARERU\n\nThe construction and the use of the causative and the passive was already introduced in Lessons 45 and 46 respectively, e.g.,\n\n| \nKAWASERU | 'make one buy'\nKAWARERU | 'be bought'\n\nWhen one of the suffixes SERU, SASERU, RERU, or RARERU is suffixed to a verb, that verb takes on the --ERU vowel verb characteristics and loses its original identity as far as further inflections of the verb is concerned. To construct a causative-passive combination in Japanese, the passive suffix RERU or RARERU is always suffixed to the causative SERU stem, e.g.,\n\n| \nIKASERU | 'make one go'\nIKASERARERU | 'be made to go'\n\nWATAKUSHI WA ISHA NO TOKORO E IKASERAREMASHITA. \"I was made to go to a doctor.\"\n\n| \nTABESASERU | 'make one eat; feed'\nTABESASERARERU | 'be made to eat'\n\nWATAKUSHI WA KIRAI NA SAKANA O TABESASERARETA. \"I was made to eat fish that I don't like.\"\n\nIn Japanese this combination is, therefore, a causative-passive combination. The agent who causes the action is indicated by the particle NI; the direct object is always retained and indicated by the particle O.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA YAMADA NI TANAKA-SAN NO SAIFU O NUSUMASERARETA. \"I was made to steal Mr. Tanaka's wallet by Yamada.\"\n\nThe causative-passive form of the irregular verb SURU is SASERARERU.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA IROIRO NO KOTO O BENKYOO SASERAREMASU. \"I'm made to study various things.\""},{"section":2,"text":"DATTA\n\n2. DATTA\n\nDATTA is the past tense of the copulative verb DA meaning 'be.' Since this DA is not as polite as DESU, its use is also restricted. For the conversation between close friends, however, this is commonly used. DATTA occurs after a noun or a copulative noun.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA SHOOKOO DATTA. \"I was an officer (military)\"\n\nSONO HANA WA KIREI DATTA. \"That flower was beautiful.\"\n\nVery often the idea 'used to' is incorporated in the expression when DATTA follows a noun or a copulative noun.\n\nANO HITO WA WAKAI TOKI NI WA KIREI DATTA. \"She used to be pretty when she was young.\"\n\nANO HITO WA EIGO GA HETA DATTA. \"He used to be poor in English.\"\n\nANO HITO WA NINKI-HAIYUU DATTA. \"He used to be a popular actor.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI WA SENSEI DATTA. \"I used to be a teacher.\" \"I was a teacher.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そう、","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"えらぶ","gloss":"to select, choose"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Why soldiers study languages · Dialogue 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A smaller world","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss why soldiers need foreign languages and what students do besides study.","*私たちが 子供だった 頃には* places their childhood in the past. They considered Europe and Asia very distant places then."]},{"title":"Past childhood and required work","paragraphs":["In *子供だった*, *だった* describes the speakers as children in the past.","*中隊で 色々の 事を やらせられます* means \"They are made to do various things at their companies.\" The verb marks required work."]},{"title":"Kanji: 国, 頃","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.007","source":"軍人が 外国語を 勉強すると 言えば、 ちょっと へんに 聞こえませんか。","translation":"Isn't it odd that soldiers study foreign language?","reading":"ぐんじんががいこくごをべんきょうするといえば、ちょっとへんにきこえませんか。","words":[{"text":"軍人","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign language","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"foreign language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"somewhat"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"odd"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in manner"},{"text":"聞こえ","gloss":"sound","reading":"きこえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.008","source":"それは 古い かんがえですよ。 か学が すすんで 来たので、 この せかいは どんどん ちぢまって 来るのです。 今日では 遠い 国、 近い 国の べつは ありません。","translation":"That's an old idea, I would say. This world is rapidly shrinking because of the advance of science. Today there is no differentiation between distant countries and neighboring countries.","reading":"それはふるいかんがえですよ。かがくがすすんできたので、このせかいはどんどんちぢまってくるのです。こんにちではとおいくに、ちかいくにのべつはありません。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"かんがえ","gloss":"idea"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"か","gloss":"science"},{"text":"学","gloss":"science","reading":"がく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすん","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんどん","gloss":"rapidly"},{"text":"ちぢまっ","gloss":"shrinking"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"becoming","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"distant","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"国、","gloss":"countries","reading":"くに"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"国","gloss":"countries","reading":"くに"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"べつ","gloss":"distinction"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.009","source":"その 通りです。 私たちが 子供だった 頃には、 ヨーロッパや アジアは ずい分 遠い 所と かんがえて いましたよ。","translation":"That's right. When we were children, we used to consider Europe and Asia very distant places.","reading":"そのとおりです。わたくしたちがこどもだったごろには、ヨーロッパやアジアはずいぶんとおいところとかんがえていましたよ。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"way","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"were"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"頃","gloss":"time","reading":"ごろ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ヨーロッパ","gloss":"Europe"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"distant","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"所","gloss":"places","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"かんがえ","gloss":"used to consider"},{"text":"て","gloss":"used to consider"},{"text":"い","gloss":"used to consider"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"used to consider"},{"text":"た","gloss":"used to consider"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"used to consider"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.010","source":"米国の 兵隊は せかい中の 国々に 送られているのですから、 外国語を 知っていなければ ならないのです。","translation":"Since American soldiers are sent to countries throughout the world, they must know foreign languages.","reading":"べいこくのへいたいはせかいじゅうのくにぐににおくられているのですから、がいこくごをしっていなければならないのです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"中","gloss":"throughout","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"国々","gloss":"countries","reading":"くにぐに"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"送ら","gloss":"are sent","reading":"おくら"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are sent"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are sent"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are sent"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign languages","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"foreign languages","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"know"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"must"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.011","source":"この 学校の 生徒は 勉強の 外には 何も させられないのですか。","translation":"Aren't the students of this school made to do anything other than study?","reading":"このがっこうのせいとはべんきょうのほかにはなにもさせられないのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.012","source":"いいえ、 軍人ですから、 中隊で 色々の 事を やらせられます。 朝 早くから すいじ場で 働かせられる 事も あります。","translation":"Since they are soldiers, they are made to do various things at their companies. Sometimes, they are made to work from early in the morning in the kitchen.","reading":"いいえ、ぐんじんですから、ちゅうたいでいろいろのことをやらせられます。あさはやくからすいじばではたらかせられることもあります。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"中隊","gloss":"companies","reading":"ちゅうたい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"すい","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"場","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"ば"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"働か","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"古い","gloss":"old, antique"},{"word":"かんがえ","gloss":"idea, thinking"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"word":"どんどん","gloss":"rapidly"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"国、","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"べつ","gloss":"difference, distinction"},{"word":"通り","gloss":"street"},{"word":"頃","gloss":"approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"兵隊","gloss":"soldier"},{"word":"国々","gloss":"countries"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"中隊","gloss":"company"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"じ","gloss":"character, word"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Homework and course lengths · Dialogue 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Homework and course lengths","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss homework and the length of the courses.","*次の 日の ダイアログを あんきして 来なければなりません* says that students must memorize the next day's dialogue.","*三か月、 六か月、 九か月、 十二か月の コースが ありますが、 大抵は 十二か月です* lists four course lengths and says most last twelve months."]},{"title":"Kanji: 次, 宿","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 題, 出","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.013","source":"宿題は ないのですか。","translation":"Don't they have homework?","reading":"しゅくだいはないのですか。","words":[{"text":"宿題","gloss":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not have"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.014","source":"ありますよ。 次の 日の ダイアログを あんきして 来なければなりません。 時々、 話しを 書いて 出さなければなりません。","translation":"Yes, they have. They are required to memorize the next day's dialogue. Sometimes, they are required to write a story and hand it in.","reading":"ありますよ。つぎのひのダイアログをあんきしてこなければなりません。ときどき、はなしをかいてださなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"次","gloss":"next","reading":"つぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日","gloss":"day","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あんき","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"時々、","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"story","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書い","gloss":"write","reading":"かい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"submit","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"are required to"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.015","source":"生徒は 何か月で この 学校を そつぎょうするのですか。","translation":"How many months does it take before the students of this school can graduate?","reading":"せいとはなんかげつでこのがっこうをそつぎょうするのですか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そつぎょう","gloss":"graduate"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L047.dlg.016","source":"三か月、 六か月、 九か月、 十二か月の コースが ありますが、 大抵は 十二か月です。","translation":"There are three months, six months, nine months, and twelve months courses, but most of them are twelve months.","reading":"さんかげつ、ろっかげつ、きゅうかげつ、じゅうにかげつのコースがありますが、たいていはじゅうにかげつです。","words":[{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"か月、","gloss":"months"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"か月、","gloss":"months"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"か月、","gloss":"months"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"コース","gloss":"courses"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"most","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"twelve","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"twelve","reading":"に"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.dlg.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"宿題","gloss":"homework"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogue"},{"word":"時々、","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"コース","gloss":"course (of study)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Being made to study · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"The subject is made to act","paragraphs":["*生徒は 先生に 毎日 新しい 言葉を 二三十 おぼえさせられます* means \"The students are made by the teacher to learn twenty or thirty new words every day.\"","A passive suffix follows the causative stem. The combined verb says that the subject is made to act."]},{"title":"The causer and the object","paragraphs":["The person who causes the action takes *に*. In the first line, *先生に* identifies the teacher.","A direct object keeps *を*. *生徒は 先生に 本を とじさせられます* means \"The students are made by the teacher to close their books.\"","With *する*, the form is *SASERARERU*. *勉強させられます* means \"We are made to study.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.01","source":"私たちは 行かせられます。","translation":"We are made to go.","reading":"わたくしたちはいかせられます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"are made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.02","source":"食べさせられます。","translation":"We are made to eat.","reading":"たべさせられます。","words":[{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"are made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.03","source":"勉強させられます。","translation":"We are made to study.","reading":"べんきょうさせられます。","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"are made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.04","source":"先生は 生徒に 毎日 新しい 言葉を 二三十 おぼえさせます。","translation":"The teacher makes the students learn twenty or thirty new words every day.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにまいにちあたらしいことばをにさんじゅうおぼえさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二三十","gloss":"twenty or thirty","reading":"にさんじゅう"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.05","source":"生徒は 先生に 毎日 新しい 言葉を 二三十 おぼえさせられます。","translation":"The students are made by the teacher to learn twenty or thirty new words every day.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにまいにちあたらしいことばをにさんじゅうおぼえさせられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二三十","gloss":"twenty or thirty","reading":"にさんじゅう"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.06","source":"先生は 生徒に 毎日 かん字を 八つぐらい 習わせます。","translation":"The teacher makes the students learn about eight kanji every day.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにまいにちかんじをやっつぐらいならわせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"やっ"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"items"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"makes learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.07","source":"生徒は 先生に 毎日 かん字を 八つぐらい 習わせられます。","translation":"The students are made by the teacher to learn about eight kanji every day.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにまいにちかんじをやっつぐらいならわせられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji","reading":"かんじ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"やっ"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"items"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"made to learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.08","source":"先生は 生徒に 大きい 声で 読ませます。","translation":"The teacher makes the students read aloud.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにおおきいこえでよませます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.09","source":"生徒は 先生に 大きい 声で 読ませられます。","translation":"The students are made by the teacher to read aloud.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにおおきいこえでよませられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"loud","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"声","gloss":"voice","reading":"こえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.10","source":"先生は 生徒に 本を とじさせます。","translation":"The teacher makes the students close their books.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにほんをとじさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.11","source":"生徒は 先生に 本を とじさせられます。","translation":"The students are made by the teacher to close their books.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにほんをとじさせられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とじ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.11.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.12","source":"先生は 生徒に じ書を 持って 来させます。","translation":"The teacher makes the students bring their dictionaries.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにじしょをもってこさせます。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"bring","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"こ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.12.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp1.13","source":"生徒は 先生に じ書を 持って 来させられます。","translation":"The students are made by the teacher to bring their dictionaries.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにじしょをもってこさせられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"dictionary"},{"text":"書","gloss":"dictionary","reading":"しょ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"bring","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"こ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"made to"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"声","gloss":"voice"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing past states · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"The plain form for was","paragraphs":["*田中たいいは 先生だった* means \"Captain Tanaka was a teacher.\" *だった* is the plain past of *だ* and is less polite than *です*.","Close friends commonly use this form. It follows a noun or a NA-adjective."]},{"title":"A former quality","paragraphs":["*あの 女の 方は 若い 時には きれいだった* means \"That woman was beautiful when she was young.\"","After a noun or a NA-adjective, *だった* often expresses \"used to be.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.01","source":"田中たいいは 先生だった。","translation":"Captain Tanaka was a teacher.","reading":"たなかたいいはせんせいだった。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"い","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.02","source":"そこは 静かだった。","translation":"That place was quiet.","reading":"そこはしずかだった。","words":[{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"静か","gloss":"quiet","reading":"しずか"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.03","source":"先週の 火曜日は 十四日 だった。","translation":"Last Tuesday was the fourteenth.","reading":"せんしゅうのかようびはじゅうよっかだった。","words":[{"text":"先週","gloss":"last week","reading":"せんしゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"火曜","gloss":"Tuesday","reading":"かよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Tuesday","reading":"び"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.04","source":"昨日は いい 天気 だった。","translation":"The weather was good yesterday.","reading":"きのうはいいてんきだった。","words":[{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.05","source":"スミスさんは 将校 だった。","translation":"Mr. Smith was an officer.","reading":"スミスさんはしょうこうだった。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"将校","gloss":"officer","reading":"しょうこう"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.06","source":"あの 女の 方は 若い 時には きれいだった。","translation":"That woman was beautiful when she was young.","reading":"あのおんなのかたはわかいときにはきれいだった。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.07","source":"あの 先生は 英語が 下手だった。","translation":"That teacher was poor at English.","reading":"あのせんせいはえいごがへただった。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"下手","gloss":"poor at","reading":"へた"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.08","source":"ジョンズさんは 軍人 だった。","translation":"Mr. Jones was a serviceman.","reading":"ジョンズさんはぐんじんだった。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"serviceman","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L047.gp2.09","source":"私は 子供の 時には さかなが きらい だった。","translation":"I disliked fish when I was a child.","reading":"わたくしはこどものときにはさかながきらいだった。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.gp2.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"先週","gloss":"last week"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"下手","gloss":"unskilled, poor in doing things"},{"word":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"word":"きらい","gloss":"dislike (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Required school activities · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Required school activities","paragraphs":["*生徒は 先生に 本を 読ませられます* means \"Students are made to read a book.\" The causative-passive form marks the required activity."]},{"title":"Time and amount","paragraphs":["*私たちは 毎晩 三時間ぐらい 勉強させられます* means \"We are made to study for about three hours every evening.\"","A time or amount can accompany the required action."]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.01","source":"生徒は 先生に 本を 読ませられます。","translation":"Students are made to read a book.","reading":"せいとはせんせいにほんをよませられます。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.02","source":"私は 着物を 着させられました。","translation":"I was made to wear kimonos.","reading":"わたくしはきものをきさせられました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimono","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.03","source":"私たちは 時々 運動させられます。","translation":"Sometimes we are made to exercise.","reading":"わたくしたちはときどきうんどうさせられます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"運動","gloss":"exercise","reading":"うんどう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.04","source":"私たちは 毎日 日本語を 話させられます。","translation":"We are made to speak Japanese every day.","reading":"わたくしたちはまいにちにほんごをはなさせられます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.05","source":"金曜日には いつも さかなを 食べさせられます。","translation":"We are always made to eat fish on Fridays.","reading":"きんようびにはいつもさかなをたべさせられます。","words":[{"text":"金曜","gloss":"Friday","reading":"きんよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Friday","reading":"び"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.06","source":"私は 一月に ここへ 来させられました。","translation":"I was made to come here in January.","reading":"わたくしはいちがつにここへこさせられました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.07","source":"私たちは 毎日 黒ばんに かん字を 書かせられます。","translation":"We are made to write kanji on the blackboard every day.","reading":"わたくしたちはまいにちこくばんにかんじをかかせられます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"黒ばん","gloss":"blackboard","reading":"こくばん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書か","gloss":"write","reading":"かか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.08","source":"私たちは 毎晩 三時間ぐらい 勉強させられます。","translation":"We are made to study for about three hours every evening.","reading":"わたくしたちはまいばんさんじかんぐらいべんきょうさせられます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎晩","gloss":"every evening","reading":"まいばん"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"What students must do · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"What students are made to do","paragraphs":["*あなた方は 毎日 学校で どんな 事を させられますか* asks \"What kinds of things are you made to do at school every day?\"","*ダイアログを あんきさせられたり、 本を 読ませられたり します* names memorizing dialogues and reading books as examples."]},{"title":"How much students learn","paragraphs":["*あなた方は かん字を いくつぐらい 習わせられるのですか* asks how many kanji the students will be made to learn.","*八百ぐらい 習わせられるそうです* reports that they will be made to learn about eight hundred."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.09","source":"私は 友だちに 長い 間 待たせられました。","translation":"My friend made me wait a long time.","reading":"わたくしはともだちにながいあいだまたせられました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"友だち","gloss":"friend","reading":"ともだち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"待た","gloss":"wait"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.10","source":"あなた方は 毎日 学校で どんな 事を させられますか。","translation":"What kinds of things are you made to do at school every day?","reading":"あなたがたはまいにちがっこうでどんなことをさせられますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.11","source":"ダイアログを あんきさせられたり、 本を 読ませられたり します。","translation":"We are made to do such things as memorize dialogues and read books.","reading":"ダイアログをあんきさせられたり、ほんをよませられたりします。","words":[{"text":"ダイアログ","gloss":"dialogues"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あんき","gloss":"memorize"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"such things as"},{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"読ま","gloss":"read","reading":"よま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"such things as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.12","source":"あなた方は かん字を いくつぐらい 習わせられるのですか。","translation":"About how many kanji are you going to be made to learn?","reading":"あなたがたはかんじをいくつぐらいならわせられるのですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"方","gloss":"you all","reading":"がた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"many"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.13","source":"八百ぐらい 習わせられるそうです。","translation":"I hear that we are going to be made to learn about eight hundred.","reading":"はっぴゃくぐらいならわせられるそうです。","words":[{"text":"八百","gloss":"eight hundred","reading":"はっぴゃく"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.14","source":"生徒は 先生の しつもんに 日本語で こたえさせられますか。","translation":"Are the students made to answer the teacher's questions in Japanese?","reading":"せいとはせんせいのしつもんににほんごでこたえさせられますか。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"しつもん","gloss":"questions"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"こたえ","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.15","source":"はい、 日本語で こたえさせられます。","translation":"Yes, they are made to answer in Japanese.","reading":"はい、にほんごでこたえさせられます。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"こたえ","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"させ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"be made"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.16","source":"私は 中隊の すいじ場で、 二週間に 一度 働きます。","translation":"I work in the company kitchen once every two weeks.","reading":"わたくしはちゅうたいのすいじばで、にしゅうかんにいちどはたらきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"中隊","gloss":"company","reading":"ちゅうたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"すい","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"場","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"ば"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"time","reading":"ど"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"八百","gloss":"800"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"しつもん","gloss":"question"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Making soldiers work and exercise · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Making people act","paragraphs":["*あの 将校は 兵に 運動させています* means \"That officer is making the soldiers exercise.\"","These lines use causative forms without passive forms. An officer, teacher, or commander makes other people act.","*中隊長は 私たちを 二十マイルぐらい 歩かせます* says that the company commander makes the group walk about twenty miles."]}],"lines":[{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.17","source":"私は 月給日には 銀行へ 行きます。","translation":"I go to the bank on payday.","reading":"わたくしはげっきゅうびにはぎんこうへいきます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"月給","gloss":"payday","reading":"げっきゅう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"payday","reading":"び"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"銀行","gloss":"bank","reading":"ぎんこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.18","source":"私は 毎週 土曜日には、 にわの 手入れを します。","translation":"I take care of the garden every Saturday.","reading":"わたくしはまいしゅうどようびには、にわのていれをします。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎週","gloss":"every week"},{"text":"土曜","gloss":"Saturday"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Saturday"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にわ","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手入れ","gloss":"care","reading":"ていれ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.19","source":"時代物 映画は きらいですが、 見ました。","translation":"I dislike period movies, but I saw it.","reading":"じだいものえいがはきらいですが、みました。","words":[{"text":"時代","gloss":"period","reading":"じだい"},{"text":"物","gloss":"period","reading":"もの"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movies","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.20","source":"あの 将校は 兵に 運動させています。","translation":"That officer is making the soldiers exercise.","reading":"あのしょうこうはへいにうんどうさせています。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"将校","gloss":"officer","reading":"しょうこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"兵","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"運動","gloss":"exercise","reading":"うんどう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.21","source":"先生は 生徒に 話させています。","translation":"The teacher is having the students speak.","reading":"せんせいはせいとにはなさせています。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"話さ","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなさ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt1.22","source":"中隊長は 私たちを 二十マイルぐらい 歩かせます。","translation":"The company commander makes us walk about twenty miles.","reading":"ちゅうたいちょうはわたくしたちをにじゅうマイルぐらいあるかせます。","words":[{"text":"中隊","gloss":"company commander","reading":"ちゅうたい"},{"text":"長","gloss":"company commander","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"歩か","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるか"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt1.22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"月給","gloss":"monthly wage"},{"word":"銀行","gloss":"bank"},{"word":"にわ","gloss":"garden, yard"},{"word":"手入れ","gloss":"care, mending"},{"word":"時代","gloss":"era, period"},{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"マイル","gloss":"mile"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"People and places in the past · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Former identities and qualities","paragraphs":["*私は この 学校の 生徒 だった* means \"I was a student at this school.\"","The plain past *だった* describes former identities and qualities. *あの方は 日本語が 上手 だった* means \"He was good in Japanese.\""]},{"title":"Former dates and places","paragraphs":["*二十年前には ここは 小さな ぎょ港 だった* means \"This was a small fishing port twenty years ago.\"","The same form identifies a place as it was in the past."]}],"lines":[{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.01","source":"私は この 学校の 生徒 だった。","translation":"I was a student at this school.","reading":"わたくしはこのがっこうのせいとだった。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.02","source":"あの方は 日本語が 上手 だった。","translation":"He was good in Japanese.","reading":"あのかたはにほんごがじょうずだった。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good at","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.03","source":"田中さんは 有名な 女ゆう だった。","translation":"Miss Tanaka was a famous actress.","reading":"たなかさんはゆうめいなじょゆうだった。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Miss"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"有名","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめい"},{"text":"な","gloss":"famous"},{"text":"女","gloss":"actress","reading":"じょ"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"actress"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.04","source":"むかしの 映画は 皆 白黒 映画 だった。","translation":"Movies in the old days were all black-and-white movies.","reading":"むかしのえいがはみなしろくろえいがだった。","words":[{"text":"むかし","gloss":"old days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movies","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"白黒","gloss":"black-and-white","reading":"しろくろ"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movies","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.05","source":"二三年前まで あの方は 元気 だった。","translation":"That person was well until two or three years ago.","reading":"にさんねんまえまであのかたはげんきだった。","words":[{"text":"二三","gloss":"two or three","reading":"にさん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"元気","gloss":"well","reading":"げんき"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.06","source":"私は 昨日は ひま だった。","translation":"I was free yesterday.","reading":"わたくしはきのうはひまだった。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひま","gloss":"free"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.07","source":"じゅん年は きょ年だった。","translation":"Last year was a leap year.","reading":"じゅんねんはきょねんだった。","words":[{"text":"じゅん","gloss":"leap year"},{"text":"年","gloss":"leap year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きょ年","gloss":"last year"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.08","source":"二十年前には ここは 小さな ぎょ港 だった。","translation":"This was a small fishing port twenty years ago.","reading":"にじゅうねんまえにはここはちいさなぎょこうだった。","words":[{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さな","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさな"},{"text":"ぎ","gloss":"fishing port"},{"text":"ょ","gloss":"fishing port"},{"text":"港","gloss":"fishing port","reading":"こう"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.09","source":"さかい 先生は 軍人 だったそうですね。","translation":"I hear that Mr. Sakai was a serviceman, isn't that right?","reading":"さかいせんせいはぐんじんだったそうですね。","words":[{"text":"さかい","gloss":"Sakai"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"Mr.","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"serviceman","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.10","source":"ええ、 さかいさんは りく軍の 将校 だったんです。","translation":"Yes, Mr. Sakai was an army officer.","reading":"ええ、さかいさんはりくぐんのしょうこうだったんです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"さかい","gloss":"Sakai"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"りく","gloss":"army"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"army","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"将校","gloss":"officer","reading":"しょうこう"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"むかし","gloss":"ancient, old"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ひま","gloss":"leisure time, free"},{"word":"小さな","gloss":"small (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"港","gloss":"port, harbor"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Past circumstances and descriptions · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A relationship in the past","paragraphs":["*あの方は 田村さんの 奥さん だったんですか* means \"Was that woman Mr. Tamura's wife?\"","The plain past *だった* identifies the relationship as past."]},{"title":"A past intention","paragraphs":["*行くつもり だったのですが、 いそがしくて 行けなかったのです* means \"I intended to go, but I was busy and couldn't.\"","Here, *だった* places the intention in the past. Other lines use the polite past *でした* for past conditions and characteristics."]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.11","source":"あの方は 田村さんの 奥さん だったんですか。","translation":"Was that woman Mr. Tamura's wife?","reading":"あのかたはたむらさんのおくさんだったんですか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"woman","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.12","source":"そうらしいです。 私も 知らなかったんです。","translation":"It seems so. I didn't know either.","reading":"そうらしいです。わたくしもしらなかったんです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"know","reading":"しら"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.13","source":"あなたは 昨晩の 映画に 来ていなかったのですね。","translation":"You weren't at the movie last night, were you?","reading":"あなたはさくばんのえいがにきていなかったのですね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"be"},{"text":"い","gloss":"be"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.14","source":"ええ、 行くつもり だったのですが、 いそがしくて 行けなかったのです。","translation":"No, I intended to go, but I was busy and couldn't.","reading":"ええ、いくつもりだったのですが、いそがしくていけなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intention"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いそがしく","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行け","gloss":"can go","reading":"いけ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.15","source":"ここは 小さい ぎょ港でした。","translation":"This was a small fishing port.","reading":"ここはちいさいぎょこうでした。","words":[{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"ぎ","gloss":"fishing port"},{"text":"ょ","gloss":"fishing port"},{"text":"港","gloss":"fishing port","reading":"こう"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.16","source":"あの 映画は 天ねん色でした。","translation":"That movie was in color.","reading":"あのえいがはてんねんしょくでした。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"天","gloss":"in color","reading":"てん"},{"text":"ねん","gloss":"in color"},{"text":"色","gloss":"in color","reading":"しょく"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.17","source":"あの方は ずっと けんこうでしたが、 二か月ほど 前から 病気に なっています。","translation":"That person had always been healthy, but has been ill for about two months.","reading":"あのかたはずっとけんこうでしたが、にかげつほどまえからびょうきになっています。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずっと","gloss":"always"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ago","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"ill","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.18","source":"休でしたから 海に 行きました。","translation":"Since it was a day off, I went to the seaside.","reading":"やすみでしたからうみにいきました。","words":[{"text":"休","gloss":"day off","reading":"やすみ"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"海","gloss":"seaside","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.19","source":"あの 生徒は かん字を 書くのが 上手でした。","translation":"That student was good at writing kanji.","reading":"あのせいとはかんじをかくのがじょうずでした。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good at","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L047.pt2.20","source":"これは むずかしい 試験でした。","translation":"This was a difficult examination.","reading":"これはむずかしいしけんでした。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"is"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.pt2.20.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ずっと","gloss":"by far; very much"},{"word":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Military need for foreign languages · Reading Selection 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Why military personnel need languages","paragraphs":["The passage describes a military language school and explains why its students need foreign languages.","*か学が すすんで 来て、 せかいは どん〱 ちぢまって 来ている* says that science has advanced and the world has grown smaller.","*米国の 兵隊は ヨーロッパや アジアの 国々に 行っていますので* gives another reason. American soldiers serve in countries whose languages they must know."]}],"lines":[{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.001","source":"この学校は りく軍、 かい軍、 くう軍、 そして かい兵たいの軍人に 外国語を 教える 学校ですが、 兵隊でない 生徒も 居ます。","translation":"This school teaches foreign languages to members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, but there are also civilian students.","reading":"このがっこうはりくぐん、かいぐん、くうぐん、そしてかいへいたいのぐんじんにがいこくごをおしえるがっこうですが、へいたいでないせいともいます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"りく","gloss":"Army"},{"text":"軍、","gloss":"Army","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"Navy"},{"text":"軍、","gloss":"Navy","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"くう","gloss":"Air Force"},{"text":"軍、","gloss":"Air Force","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"Marine Corps"},{"text":"兵","gloss":"Marine Corps","reading":"へい"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"Marine Corps"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえる"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldier","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.002","source":"軍人が 外国語を 習うと 言えば、 少し へんに 聞こえるかも 知れません。","translation":"It may sound a little strange to say that military personnel study foreign languages.","reading":"ぐんじんががいこくごをならうといえば、すこしへんにきこえるかもしれません。","words":[{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習う","gloss":"study","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"聞こえる","gloss":"sound","reading":"きこえる"},{"text":"か","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"も","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"知れ","gloss":"know","reading":"しれ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.003","source":"けれども、 か学が すすんで 来て、 せかいは どん〱 ちぢまって 来ているのですから、 遠い国、 近い国の べつは なくなりました。","translation":"However, as science has advanced and the world has steadily grown smaller, the distinction between distant and nearby countries has disappeared.","reading":"けれども、かがくがすすんできて、せかいはどんどんちぢまってきているのですから、とおいくに、ちかいくにのべつはなくなりました。","words":[{"text":"けれど","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"か","gloss":"science"},{"text":"学","gloss":"science","reading":"がく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすん","gloss":"has advanced"},{"text":"で","gloss":"has advanced"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has advanced","reading":"き"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"has advanced"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どん","gloss":"steadily"},{"text":"〱","gloss":"steadily"},{"text":"ちぢまっ","gloss":"has grown smaller"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has grown smaller"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has grown smaller","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has grown smaller"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has grown smaller"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"distant","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"国、","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"nearby","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"べつ","gloss":"distinction"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なくなり","gloss":"disappeared"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.004","source":"そのため、 外国語の 勉強は 大へん 大切に なりました。","translation":"For that reason, the study of foreign languages has become very important.","reading":"そのため、がいこくごのべんきょうはたいへんたいせつになりました。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"ため、","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大へん","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"become"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.005","source":"その上、 米国の 兵隊は ヨーロッパや アジアの 国々に 行っていますので、 それらの国の 言葉を 知っていなければなりません。","translation":"Furthermore, since American soldiers are stationed in countries in Europe and Asia, they must know the languages of those countries.","reading":"そのうえ、べいこくのへいたいはヨーロッパやアジアのくにぐににいっていますので、それらのくにのことばをしっていなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"上、","gloss":"addition","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ヨーロッパ","gloss":"Europe"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"国々","gloss":"countries","reading":"くにぐに"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"are stationed","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are stationed"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are stationed"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are stationed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"those"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"those"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"国","gloss":"countries","reading":"くに"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"languages","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"must know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.006","source":"言葉が わからないと、 こまります。","translation":"If they do not understand the language, they will have difficulty.","reading":"ことばがわからないと、こまります。","words":[{"text":"言葉","gloss":"language","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こまり","gloss":"have difficulty"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"have difficulty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"聞こえる","gloss":"to be audible, can hear (v.i.)"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"大へん","gloss":"very"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Selecting and training military linguists · Reading Selection 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Selection and required study","paragraphs":["The passage follows volunteers who are selected for language study and sent to the school.","*学校では 毎日 色々の 事を 習わせられます* says that students are made to learn various things every day.","*語学の外に その 国の 人々の しゅうかんについても 勉強させられます* adds the customs of the people whose language they study."]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.007","source":"それで、 しがんした 兵隊の 中から","translation":"So, from among the soldiers who volunteered,","reading":"それで、しがんしたへいたいのなかから","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"た","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.008","source":"てきとうな 人を えらんで、 語学を やらせます。","translation":"they select suitable people and have them study languages.","reading":"てきとうなひとをえらんで、ごがくをやらせます。","words":[{"text":"てきとう","gloss":"suitable"},{"text":"な","gloss":"describing"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"えらん","gloss":"select"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"語学","gloss":"language study","reading":"ごがく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"make study"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make study"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make study"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.009","source":"ある 軍人は 外国語が わからなければ、 仕事が 出来ませんから、 きらいでも 習わせられます。","translation":"Some military personnel cannot do their jobs unless they understand a foreign language, so they are made to learn one even if they do not like it.","reading":"あるぐんじんはがいこくごがわからなければ、しごとができませんから、きらいでもならわせられます。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"jobs","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"made to learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"made to learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.010","source":"私は 一月に この 学校へ 送られて 来ました。","translation":"I was sent to this school in January.","reading":"わたくしはいちがつにこのがっこうへおくられてきました。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"January","reading":"いち"},{"text":"月","gloss":"January","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"送ら","gloss":"was sent","reading":"おくら"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was sent"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was sent"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.011","source":"学校では 毎日 色々の 事を 習わせられます。","translation":"At the school, we are made to learn various things every day.","reading":"がっこうではまいにちいろいろのことをならわせられます。","words":[{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"made to learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to learn"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"made to learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.012","source":"語学の外に その 国の 人々の しゅうかんについても 勉強させられます。","translation":"Besides the language, we are also made to study the customs of the people of that country.","reading":"ごがくのほかにそのくにのひとびとのしゅうかんについてもべんきょうさせられます。","words":[{"text":"語学","gloss":"language study","reading":"ごがく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人々","gloss":"people","reading":"ひとびと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しゅうかん","gloss":"customs"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"made to study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"made to study"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to study"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to study"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"made to study"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"語学","gloss":"language study"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"人々","gloss":"people"},{"word":"しゅうかん","gloss":"custom, habit"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Examinations, duties and motivation · Reading Selection 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"School and company duties","paragraphs":["The speaker has homework and examinations and studies late each night.","*勉強の外に 中隊事務室や 中隊の すい事場で、 色々の 仕事も やらせられます* says that the speaker must also perform company duties."]},{"title":"A reason to volunteer","paragraphs":["*私の 友だちが この 学校の 生徒だったので* gives the reason. The speaker's friend was a student at the school.","*私も しがんして 語学の 勉強に 来たのです* says that the speaker also volunteered and came to study languages."]}],"lines":[{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.013","source":"そして 毎日 宿題が あるし、 学校では 口頭、 試験や ひっき 試験も あるので、 毎晩 おそくまで 勉強しなければなりません。","translation":"And since we have homework every day and there are oral and written examinations at school, we have to study until late every night.","reading":"そしてまいにちしゅくだいがあるし、がっこうではこうとう、しけんやひっきしけんもあるので、まいばんおそくまでべんきょうしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"宿題","gloss":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and also"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"口頭、","gloss":"oral","reading":"こうとう"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examinations","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"ひっき","gloss":"written"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examinations","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"毎晩","gloss":"every night","reading":"まいばん"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"must study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must study"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.014","source":"勉強の外に 中隊事務室や 中隊の すい事場で、 色々の 仕事も やらせられます。","translation":"Besides studying, we are also made to do various jobs in the company office and the company kitchen.","reading":"べんきょうのほかにちゅうたいじむしつやちゅうたいのすいじばで、いろいろのしごともやらせられます。","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"studying","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"中隊","gloss":"company"},{"text":"事務","gloss":"office"},{"text":"室","gloss":"room"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"中隊","gloss":"company","reading":"ちゅうたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"すい事","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"すいじ"},{"text":"場","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"ば"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"at"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"jobs","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"made to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.015","source":"私の 友だちが この 学校の 生徒だったので、 私も しがんして 語学の 勉強に 来たのです。","translation":"A friend of mine was a student at this school, so I volunteered too and came here to study languages.","reading":"わたくしのともだちがこのがっこうのせいとだったので、わたくしもしがんしてごがくのべんきょうにきたのです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"友だち","gloss":"friend","reading":"ともだち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"て","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"語学","gloss":"language study","reading":"ごがく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.016","source":"しがんした 時、 試験を 取らせられましたが、 ちっとも むずかしくは ありませんでした。","translation":"When I volunteered, I was made to take an examination, but it was not difficult at all.","reading":"しがんしたとき、しけんをとらせられましたが、ちっともむずかしくはありませんでした。","words":[{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"た","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"時、","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"取ら","gloss":"was made to take","reading":"とら"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"not at all"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L047.rd.017","source":"そして えらばれて 来たのですから、 よく 勉強して 日本語が 上手に なりたいのです。","translation":"And since I was selected to come here, I want to study hard and become good at Japanese.","reading":"そしてえらばれてきたのですから、よくべんきょうしてにほんごがじょうずになりたいのです。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"えらば","gloss":"was selected"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was selected"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was selected"},{"text":"来","gloss":"to come","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"good at","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"become"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.rd.017.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"おそく","gloss":"late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"時、","gloss":"time"},{"word":"ちっとも","gloss":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Language school purpose and students · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The school and its purpose","paragraphs":["The questions ask what the school teaches, who attends, and why military personnel need languages.","*この 学校は 何を 教える 学校ですか* means \"What does this school teach?\" An answer names foreign languages as the subject."]}],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.001","source":"この 学校は 何を 教える 学校ですか。","translation":"What does this school teach?","reading":"このがっこうはなにをおしえるがっこうですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教える","gloss":"teaches","reading":"おしえる"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.001.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.002","source":"外国語の外に 何を 教えますか。","translation":"What do they teach besides foreign languages?","reading":"がいこくごのほかになにをおしえますか。","words":[{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"languages","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.002.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.003","source":"か学が すすむと、 せかいは せまく なりますか。","translation":"As science advances, does the world become smaller?","reading":"かがくがすすむと、せかいはせまくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"か","gloss":"science"},{"text":"学","gloss":"science","reading":"がく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすむ","gloss":"advances"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまく","gloss":"smaller"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.003.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.004","source":"軍人が 外国語を 勉強するのは へんですか。","translation":"Is it odd for military personnel to study foreign languages?","reading":"ぐんじんががいこくごをべんきょうするのはへんですか。","words":[{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"languages","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"odd"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.004.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.005","source":"兵隊でない 生徒は この 学校に 居ませんか。","translation":"Are there no students at this school who are not soldiers?","reading":"へいたいでないせいとはこのがっこうにいませんか。","words":[{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.005.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.006","source":"米国の 軍人は 米国にしか 居ませんか。","translation":"Are American military personnel only in the United States?","reading":"べいこくのぐんじんはべいこくにしかいませんか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are there","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.006.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.007","source":"米国の 兵隊は どこの 国々に 行っていますか。","translation":"What countries have American soldiers gone to?","reading":"べいこくのへいたいはどこのくにぐににいっていますか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldiers","reading":"へいたい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"国々","gloss":"countries","reading":"くにぐに"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"have gone","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have gone"},{"text":"い","gloss":"have gone"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"have gone"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.007.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.008","source":"軍人は だれでも 外国語を 知っていなければ なりませんか。","translation":"Does every member of the military have to know a foreign language?","reading":"ぐんじんはだれでもがいこくごをしっていなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"だれ","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"で","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"も","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"must know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"い","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must know"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.008.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.009","source":"外国語は きらいでも、 習わせられる 軍人が ありますか。","translation":"Are there military personnel who are made to learn a foreign language even if they do not like it?","reading":"がいこくごはきらいでも、ならわせられるぐんじんがありますか。","words":[{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"習わせ","gloss":"made to learn","reading":"ならわせ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"made to learn"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.009.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.010","source":"私は 何月に この 学校へ 送られましたか。","translation":"In what month was I sent to this school?","reading":"わたくしはなんがつにこのがっこうへおくられましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"月","gloss":"month","reading":"がつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"送ら","gloss":"was sent","reading":"おくら"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"was sent"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was sent"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was sent"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"すすむ","gloss":"to advance"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だれ","gloss":"who?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Schoolwork, examinations and company duties · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Required work at school","paragraphs":["The questions ask about homework, examinations, language study, and work in the company.","*この 学校では 語学ばかり させられますか* asks whether students are made to do only language study. An answer also names other duties."]}],"lines":[{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.011","source":"この 学校では 語学ばかり させられますか。","translation":"At this school, are we made to do nothing but study languages?","reading":"このがっこうではごがくばかりさせられますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"語学","gloss":"language study","reading":"ごがく"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"nothing but"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.011.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.012","source":"宿題は 毎日 ありますか。","translation":"Is there homework every day?","reading":"しゅくだいはまいにちありますか。","words":[{"text":"宿題","gloss":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.012.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.013","source":"試験には どんなのが ありますか。","translation":"What kinds of examinations are there?","reading":"しけんにはどんなのがありますか。","words":[{"text":"試験","gloss":"examinations","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.013.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.014","source":"毎日 試験が ありますか。","translation":"Is there an examination every day?","reading":"まいにちしけんがありますか。","words":[{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is there"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.014.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.015","source":"なぜ 毎晩 おそくまで 勉強しなければ なりませんか。","translation":"Why do we have to study until late every night?","reading":"なぜまいばんおそくまでべんきょうしなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"毎晩","gloss":"every night","reading":"まいばん"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"must study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.015.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.016","source":"この 学校に 来ている 軍人は 中隊で 仕事を させられますか。","translation":"Are the military personnel attending this school made to work in the company?","reading":"このがっこうにきているぐんじんはちゅうたいでしごとをさせられますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"attending","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"attending"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"attending"},{"text":"軍人","gloss":"military personnel","reading":"ぐんじん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"中隊","gloss":"company","reading":"ちゅうたい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"made to do"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.016.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.017","source":"私は しがんしてから 試験を 取らせられましたか。","translation":"Was I made to take an examination after I volunteered?","reading":"わたくしはしがんしてからしけんをとらせられましたか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"し","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"て","gloss":"volunteered"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"取ら","gloss":"was made to take","reading":"とら"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was made to take"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.017.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.018","source":"私は 何の 生徒ですか。","translation":"What am I studying?","reading":"わたくしはなんのせいとですか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.018.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L047.q.019","source":"よく 勉強すれば 外国語は 一年ぐらいで 習えますか。","translation":"If you study hard, can you learn a foreign language in about a year?","reading":"よくべんきょうすればがいこくごはいちねんぐらいでならえますか。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"習え","gloss":"can learn","reading":"ならえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"can learn"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.q.019.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Science, soldiers and schoolwork · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"The world and the school","paragraphs":["These words cover the setting and work of a military language school.","*か学* means \"science,\" and *せかい* means \"world.\" At school, *宿題* means \"homework.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.001","source":"頃","translation":"the time","reading":"ごろ","words":[{"text":"頃","gloss":"the time","reading":"ごろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.001.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.002","source":"か学","translation":"science","reading":"かがく","words":[{"text":"か学","gloss":"science","reading":"かがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.002.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.003","source":"せかい","translation":"world","reading":"せかい","words":[{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.003.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.004","source":"べつ","translation":"difference, distinction","reading":"べつ","words":[{"text":"べつ","gloss":"distinction"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.004.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.005","source":"アジア","translation":"Asia","reading":"アジア","words":[{"text":"アジア","gloss":"Asia"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.005.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.006","source":"兵隊","translation":"soldier","reading":"へいたい","words":[{"text":"兵隊","gloss":"soldier","reading":"へいたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.006.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.007","source":"口頭試験","translation":"oral examination","reading":"こうとうしけん","words":[{"text":"口頭試験","gloss":"oral examination","reading":"こうとうしけん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.007.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.008","source":"すい事場","translation":"kitchen","reading":"すいじじょう","words":[{"text":"すい事場","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"すいじじょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.008.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.009","source":"語学","translation":"language study","reading":"ごがく","words":[{"text":"語学","gloss":"language study","reading":"ごがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.009.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.010","source":"宿題","translation":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい","words":[{"text":"宿題","gloss":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.010.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.011","source":"話","translation":"story, talk","reading":"はなし","words":[{"text":"話","gloss":"story, talk","reading":"はなし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か学","gloss":"science"},{"word":"口頭試験","gloss":"oral examination"},{"word":"すい事場","gloss":"kitchen"},{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Courses, countries and selection · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Countries and selection","paragraphs":["These words cover courses, countries, scientific change, and the selection of language students.","*国* means \"country\" or \"nation,\" while *国々* means \"countries.\" *えらぶ* means \"to select\" or \"choose.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.012","source":"そつぎょう生","translation":"graduate","reading":"そつぎょうせい","words":[{"text":"そつぎょう生","gloss":"graduate","reading":"そつぎょうせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.012.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.013","source":"国","translation":"country, nation","reading":"くに","words":[{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.013.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.014","source":"国々","translation":"countries","reading":"くにぐに","words":[{"text":"国々","gloss":"countries","reading":"くにぐに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.014.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.015","source":"語学者","translation":"linguist","reading":"ごがくしゃ","words":[{"text":"語学者","gloss":"linguist","reading":"ごがくしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.015.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.016","source":"かんがえ","translation":"idea, thinking","reading":"かんがえ","words":[{"text":"かんがえ","gloss":"idea, thinking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.016.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.017","source":"コース","translation":"course (of study)","reading":"コース","words":[{"text":"コース","gloss":"course"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.017.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.018","source":"かんがえる","translation":"to think","reading":"かんがえる","words":[{"text":"かんがえる","gloss":"think"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.018.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.019","source":"すすむ","translation":"to advance","reading":"すすむ","words":[{"text":"すすむ","gloss":"advance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.019.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.020","source":"ちぢまる","translation":"to shrink","reading":"ちぢまる","words":[{"text":"ちぢまる","gloss":"shrink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.020.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.021","source":"えらぶ","translation":"to select, choose","reading":"えらぶ","words":[{"text":"えらぶ","gloss":"choose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.021.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.022","source":"しがんする","translation":"to volunteer","reading":"しがんする","words":[{"text":"しがんする","gloss":"volunteer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"そつぎょう生","gloss":"graduate"},{"word":"語学者","gloss":"linguist"},{"word":"かんがえる","gloss":"to think"},{"word":"ちぢまる","gloss":"to shrink"},{"word":"しがんする","gloss":"to volunteer"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Examinations, graduation and proficiency · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Progress in study","paragraphs":["These words describe progress through a course and the wider setting for language study.","*--にパスする* means \"to pass examinations,\" *そつぎょうする* means \"to graduate,\" and *たっ者* means \"proficient.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.023","source":"--にパスする","translation":"to pass (exams)","reading":"--にパスする","words":[{"text":"--にパスする","gloss":"pass exams"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.023.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.024","source":"出す","translation":"to put out, hand in","reading":"だす","words":[{"text":"出す","gloss":"hand in","reading":"だす"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.024.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.025","source":"そつぎょうする","translation":"to graduate (from)","reading":"そつぎょうする","words":[{"text":"そつぎょうする","gloss":"graduate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.025.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.026","source":"あんきする","translation":"to memorize","reading":"あんきする","words":[{"text":"あんきする","gloss":"memorize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.026.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.027","source":"へんに","translation":"odd, funny","reading":"へんに","words":[{"text":"へんに","gloss":"oddly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.027.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.028","source":"どんどん","translation":"rapidly","reading":"どんどん","words":[{"text":"どんどん","gloss":"rapidly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.028.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.029","source":"おもに","translation":"mainly, chiefly","reading":"おもに","words":[{"text":"おもに","gloss":"mainly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.029.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.030","source":"たっ者","translation":"proficient","reading":"たっしゃ","words":[{"text":"たっ者","gloss":"proficient","reading":"たっしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.030.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.031","source":"へんに聞こえる","translation":"to sound odd","reading":"へんにきこえる","words":[{"text":"へんに聞こえる","gloss":"sound odd","reading":"へんにきこえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.031.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.032","source":"すすんで来る","translation":"to advance","reading":"すすんでくる","words":[{"text":"すすんで来る","gloss":"advance","reading":"すすんでくる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.032.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.033","source":"せかい中の","translation":"throughout the world","reading":"せかいちゅうの","words":[{"text":"せかい中の","gloss":"throughout the world","reading":"せかいちゅうの"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--にパスする","gloss":"to pass (exams)"},{"word":"出す","gloss":"to mail, send, take out"},{"word":"そつぎょうする","gloss":"to graduate (from)"},{"word":"あんきする","gloss":"to memorize"},{"word":"へんに","gloss":"odd, funny"},{"word":"おもに","gloss":"mainly, chiefly"},{"word":"たっ者","gloss":"proficient"},{"word":"へんに聞こえる","gloss":"to sound odd"},{"word":"すすんで来る","gloss":"to advance"},{"word":"せかい中の","gloss":"throughout the world"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Linguists, graduates and proficiency · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Required study and past identity","paragraphs":["These entries include two grammar expressions used throughout the lesson.","*勉強させられる* means \"to be made to study.\" *--だった* means \"was\" or \"were.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.034","source":"今日では","translation":"at present, today","reading":"こんにちでは","words":[{"text":"今日では","gloss":"at present","reading":"こんにちでは"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.034.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.035","source":"その通り","translation":"as you say, just like it","reading":"そのとおり","words":[{"text":"その通り","gloss":"that's right","reading":"そのとおり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.035.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.036","source":"勉強させられる","translation":"to be made to study\n(See Grammar Notes)","reading":"べんきょうさせられる","words":[{"text":"勉強させられる","gloss":"made to study","reading":"べんきょうさせられる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.036.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.037","source":"--だった","translation":"was, were\n(See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--だった","words":[{"text":"--だった","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.037.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.038","source":"そう","translation":"yes, that's right","reading":"そう","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.038.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.039","source":"この 学校の そつぎょう生は 大抵 外国へ 送られます。","translation":"Graduates of this school are usually sent to foreign countries.","reading":"このがっこうのそつぎょうせいはたいていがいこくへおくられます。","words":[{"text":"この学校のそつぎょう生は大抵外国へ送られます。","gloss":"graduates usually sent abroad","reading":"このがっこうのそつぎょうせいはたいていがいこくへおくられます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.039.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.040","source":"あの 生徒は 語学が 出来ません。","translation":"That student is a poor linguist.","reading":"あのせいとはごがくができません。","words":[{"text":"あの生徒は語学が出来ません。","gloss":"student poor at languages","reading":"あのせいとはごがくができません。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.040.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.041","source":"あの 先生は 語学者です。","translation":"That teacher is a linguist.","reading":"あのせんせいはごがくしゃです。","words":[{"text":"あの先生は語学者です。","gloss":"teacher is a linguist","reading":"あのせんせいはごがくしゃです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.041.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.042","source":"あの 生徒は 語学が たっ者です。","translation":"That student is proficient in language.","reading":"あのせいとはごがくがたっしゃです。","words":[{"text":"あの生徒は語学がたっ者です。","gloss":"student proficient in language","reading":"あのせいとはごがくがたっしゃです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.042.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L047.w.043","source":"この 学校の 生徒は おもに 軍人です。","translation":"Students of this school are mainly soldiers.","reading":"このがっこうのせいとはおもにぐんじんです。","words":[{"text":"この学校の生徒はおもに軍人です。","gloss":"students are mainly soldiers","reading":"このがっこうのせいとはおもにぐんじんです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L047.w.043.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"今日では","gloss":"at present, today"},{"word":"その通り","gloss":"as you say, just like it"},{"word":"勉強させられる","gloss":"to be made to study\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"--だった","gloss":"was, were\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"この学校のそつぎょう生は大抵外国へ送られます。","gloss":"\"Graduates of this school are usually sent to foreign countries.\""},{"word":"あの生徒は語学が出来ません。","gloss":"\"That student is a poor linguist.\""},{"word":"あの先生は語学者です。","gloss":"\"That teacher is a linguist.\""},{"word":"あの生徒は語学がたっ者です。","gloss":"\"That student is proficient in language.\""},{"word":"この学校の生徒はおもに軍人です。","gloss":"\"Students of this school are mainly soldiers.\""}],"paradigms":[]}]}