{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L061","title":"Lesson 61","stage":"Kanji and everyday Japanese","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 61: tokyo's circular railway routes · dialogue 1 of 3, regional trains and busy railways · dialogue 2 of 3, railway lines and endpoints · dialogue 3 of 3, linking actions and settings · perception drill, emphasising surprising amounts · perception drill, saying how often things happen · perception drill, saying both things apply · perception drill, linking contrasting daily actions · pattern 1 1 of 2, daytime and nighttime routines · pattern 1 2 of 2, emphasising remarkable extent · pattern 2 1 of 2, reacting to large changes · pattern 2 2 of 2, stating regular time intervals · pattern 3 1 of 2, asking about regular intervals · pattern 3 2 of 2, pairing people, saying both options are included · pattern 4 2 of 2, railways serving tokyo · reading selection 1 of 3, tokyo railways and routes · reading selection 2 of 3, inbound and outbound trains · reading selection 3 of 3, japan's railway network · questions 1 of 2, railway routes and directions · questions 2 of 2, railway directions and line names · word list 1 of 4, regional and private railway words · word list 2 of 4, words for railway traffic · word list 3 of 4, travel.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/61","lines":167},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/60","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/62","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Tokyo's circular railway routes · Dialogue 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The electric trains of Tokyo","paragraphs":["A speaker describes Tokyo rail travel. *国電には 線が 沢山 ありますが、まず山手線 について 話しましょう* means \"There are many National Electric Railway lines, but first I will discuss the Yamate Line.\"","*国電* is short for *KOKUTETSU DENSHA*. Seven lines run around Tokyo.","The *山手線* returns to *品川駅*. The *中おう線* crosses the center and runs west to *高お*."]},{"title":"Actions along the route","paragraphs":["*山手線は 品川駅を出て、北に行き、上のを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* traces successive movements from Shinagawa to Ikebukuro.","In that line, *行き* and *走り* link actions without another TE-form."]},{"title":"Kanji: 線, 北, 南, 品","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 御, 東, 西","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 上","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.001","source":"東京の交通について 話してくださいませんか。 さそく通行には もうなれましたが、国電、国鉄 などについて。","translation":"Won't you please talk a little about transportation in Tokyo? I am already accustomed to left-side traffic, but please talk about the National Electric Railways and the National Railways.","reading":"とうきょうのこおつうについてはなしてくださいませんか。さそくつうこうにはもうなれましたが、こくでん、こくてつなどについて。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"transportation","reading":"こおつう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please"},{"text":"ください","gloss":"please"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"さそ","gloss":"left-side"},{"text":"く","gloss":"left-side"},{"text":"通行","gloss":"traffic","reading":"つうこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"accustomed"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"国電、","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て。","gloss":"about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.002","source":"国電には 線が 沢山 ありますが、まず山手線 について 話しましょう。","translation":"There are many lines in the National Electric Railways, but first of all, I'll talk about the Yamate Line.","reading":"こくでんにはせんがたくさんありますが、まずやまてせんについてはなしましょう。","words":[{"text":"国電","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"線","gloss":"lines","reading":"せん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"まず","gloss":"first"},{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"will, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.003","source":"ええ、どうぞ。","translation":"Yes, please.","reading":"ええ、どうぞ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"どうぞ。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.004","source":"山手線は 品川駅を出て、北に行き、上のを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます。 そこから 南に走り、新じゅく、しぶや、目ぐろを 通って 又 品川駅に 帰ります。","translation":"The Yamate Line starts from Shinagawa station and runs north and after passing through Ueno, it runs west and comes out at Ikebukuro. From there it runs south and after passing through Shinjuku, Shibuya, Meguro, it again returns to Shinagawa station.","reading":"やまてせんはしながわえきをでて、きたにいき、うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。そこからみなみにはしり、しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。","words":[{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"品川","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"しながわ"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"北","gloss":"north","reading":"きた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き、","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"上","gloss":"Ueno","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"pass through","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"pass through"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"走り、","gloss":"run","reading":"はしり"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"Ikebukuro"},{"text":"ぶくろ","gloss":"Ikebukuro"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"出","gloss":"come out","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"南","gloss":"south","reading":"みなみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"走り、","gloss":"run","reading":"はしり"},{"text":"新","gloss":"Shinjuku","reading":"しん"},{"text":"じゅく、","gloss":"Shinjuku"},{"text":"しぶや、","gloss":"Shibuya"},{"text":"目","gloss":"Meguro","reading":"め"},{"text":"ぐろ","gloss":"Meguro"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"pass through","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"pass through"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again","reading":"また"},{"text":"品川","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"しながわ"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"return","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.005","source":"では、山手線と言うのは 東京を 一まわりしているのですね。","translation":"Then the Yamate Line loops once around Tokyo, doesn't it?","reading":"では、やまてせんというのはとうきょうをひとまわりしているのですね。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"around"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"まわり","gloss":"loop"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"ongoing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"ongoing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.006","source":"そうです。 そして そのまん中を 中おう線が よこぎっています。 よよぎで 山手線と 一緒に なって、そこから 西に走って 高おまで 行きます。","translation":"That's right. And right through the center, the Chuuoo Line crosses. It comes together with the Yamate Line at Yoyogi and from there it runs west and goes to Takao.","reading":"そうです。そしてそのまんなかをちゅうおうせんがよこぎっています。よよぎでやまてせんといっしょになって、そこからにしにはしってたかおまでいきます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"まん中","gloss":"center"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"中","gloss":"Chuo Line","reading":"ちゅう"},{"text":"おう","gloss":"Chuo Line"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Chuo Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よこぎっ","gloss":"crosses"},{"text":"て","gloss":"crosses"},{"text":"い","gloss":"crosses"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"crosses"},{"text":"よよ","gloss":"Yoyogi"},{"text":"ぎ","gloss":"Yoyogi"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"一緒","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"come together"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"come together"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"走っ","gloss":"runs","reading":"はしっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"runs"},{"text":"高","gloss":"Takao","reading":"たか"},{"text":"お","gloss":"Takao"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"goes","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"1 Second base or Continuative\n\nThe TE-form of verbs is usually used in continuing a statement, but when too many TE-forms run together, the second base (MASU form without MASU), which has the continuative function in literary style, is sometimes used.\n\nExamples:\n\nASAKUSA O TOOTTE KARA NISHI NI HASHIRI --- After passing through ASAKUSA, it runs west and ---.\n\nKYOO WA SAKANA O TABE, ASU WA GYUUNIKU O TABEMASU. I'll eat fish today and beef tomorrow.\n\nARU TOKI WA HITORI DE BENKYOO SHI MATA ARU TOKI WA MINNA TO ISSHO NI BENKYOO SHIMASHITA. I studied by myself at one time, and at another time I studied with everybody."},{"section":2,"text":"AREBA ARU MONO DESU\n\nThe BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + the basic form of the same verb + MONO DESU expresses the idea of a very emphatic ARU and can be translated as \"There surely are many.\"\n\nExamples:\n\nTABEREBA TABERU MONO DESU. He surely eats a lot.\n\nNOMEBA NOMU MONO DESU NE. He surely drinks, doesn't he?\n\nFUREBA FURU MONO DESU NE. It surely rains a lot, doesn't it?\n\nNEREBA NERU MONO DESU NE. He surely sleeps, doesn't he?"},{"section":3,"text":"--OKI NI\n\nOKI NI which literally means 'putting aside' is used to denote intervals of time or space and can best be translated 'every ---,' 'at intervals of ---.'\n\nExamples:\n\nICHI NICHI OKI NI. 'every other day' or 'one day apart'\n\nFUTSUKA OKI NI 'every third day' or 'two days apart'\n\nICHIJIKAN OKI NI 'every other hour' or 'at intervals of one hour'\n\nICHIMAIRU OKI NI 'every other mile' or 'at intervals of one mile' or 'one mile apart'\n\nISSHUUKAN OKI NI 'every other week,' 'one week apart,' or 'at intervals of one week'"},{"section":4,"text":"--MO AREBA -- MO ARU 'there are both -- and --'\n\nThe sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite) of the same verb' expresses the idea of 'one does both --- and ---' or 'there are both --- and ---.'\n\nExamples:\n\nHON MO AREBA KAMI MO ARIMASU. There are both books and papers.\n\nSAKANA MO TABEREBA NIKU MO TABERU. I eat both fish and meat.\n\nNIHONGO MO HANASEBA EIGO MO HANASU. He speaks both Japanese and English.\n\nThe sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of I-adjectives + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite forms) of the same adjective or other adjectives' expresses the idea of 'both are ---.'\n\nNote: Depending upon the sentence, sometimes such particles as NI, E, etc., are inserted between the noun and MO.\n\nExamples:\n\nKYOOTO MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA MO CHIKAI. Both Kyoto and Nara are close.\n\nKYOOTO NI MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA NI MO CHIKAI. It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.\n\nANO SEITO WA KAKU NO MO MAZUKEREBA, YOMU NO MO MAZUI. He is poor in both writing and reading.\n\nANO ONNA NO HITO WA ATAMA MO YOKEREBA, KAO MO KIREI DESU. She is both smart and beautiful."},{"section":5,"text":"KOOTSUUJOO\n\nFollowing some compound nouns, JOO expresses the idea of 'from the standpoint of ---' or 'from --- point of view.'\n\nExamples:\n\nKOOTSUUJOO 'from the point of view of transportation'\n\nKENKOOJOO 'from the standpoint of health'\n\nKYOOIKUJOO 'from an educational point of view'\n\nSHOOGYOOJOO 'so far as commerce is concerned'"},{"section":6,"text":"NOBORI versus KUDARI\n\nTrains of the main trunk line that leave Tokyo\n\nstation for Osaka, Kyuushuu area and those that leave Ueno station for Niigata, Nagano, Hokkaido area are called KUDARI, and conversely trains that head toward Tokyo and Ueno stations are called NOBORI.\n\nBranch line trains that move toward main trunk lines are NOBORI, and those that move away are KUDARI.\n\nOrdinarily, NOBORI trains are given even numbers and KUDARI trains are given odd numbers. However, there are exceptions to this."},{"section":7,"text":"SHITETSU\n\nBesides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways there are many private lines that run thru Tokyo. The names of some of them are: KEIHIN KYUUKOO DENTETSU, TOKYO KYUUKOO DENTETSU, ODAKYUU DENTETSU, SEIBU TETSUDOO, TOOBU TETSUDOO, KEIOO TEITO DENTETSU, etc."},{"section":8,"text":"KOKUDEN\n\nKOKUDEN is an abbreviated form of KOKUTETSU DENSHA. There are seven lines around the Tokyo area. They are the YAMATE line (from SHINAGAWA TO SHINAGAWA), the CHUUOO line (Tokyo to Takao), the KEIHIN-TOOHOKUSEN (Oomiya to Isogo), the NANBU line (Kawasaki to Tachikawa), the SOOMU line (Ocha-no-mizu to Chiba), the JOOBAN line (Ueno to Toride), the TSURUMI line (Tsurumi to Oogimachi).\n\nThere are four lines around Osaka. They are the TOOKAIDOO main line (Kyoto to Nishi-Akashi), the OSAKA loop line (Osaka to Osaka), the KATAMACHI line (Nagao to Katamachi), and the HANWA line (Tennooji to Higashi-Wakayama)."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"交通","gloss":"traffic, transportation"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ください","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"国電、","gloss":"National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"線","gloss":"line"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"まず","gloss":"first, first of all"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"駅","gloss":"railroad station"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"北","gloss":"north"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"西","gloss":"west"},{"word":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"word":"南","gloss":"south"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"まん中","gloss":"center, middle"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Regional trains and busy railways · Dialogue 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Private railways in Tokyo","paragraphs":["The speakers compare national and private rail travel. *国鉄の外に 私鉄が 十本いじょう あります* means \"Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines.\"","*私鉄* means \"private railway line\". Tokyo has many such lines besides the National Railways and National Electric Railways.","*あれば あるものですね* reacts to that number with \"There surely are many.\""]},{"title":"Important for transportation","paragraphs":["*鉄道は 日本の交通上 一番大切なものです* says railways are the most important thing from the standpoint of Japanese transportation.","*上* follows some compound nouns and means \"from the standpoint of\". *交通上* means \"from a transportation standpoint\".","*三分おきぐらいに 電車が 出ます* says trains leave about every three minutes. *おき* marks the interval."]},{"title":"Kanji: 立","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 私","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.007","source":"地方に 旅行したい時には、国鉄を 利用する のですね。","translation":"When you want to travel to the country, you utilize the National Railways, don't you?","reading":"ちほおにりょこうしたいときには、こくてつをりようするのですね。","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"country","reading":"ちほお"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"旅行","gloss":"travel","reading":"りょこう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"利用","gloss":"use","reading":"りよう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.008","source":"ええ、東北地方、うら日本、又は 東の方に 行く れっ車は 大抵 上のから 出ます。 かん西地方に 行く れっ車は 東京駅から 出ます。 国鉄の外に 私鉄が 十本いじょう あります。","translation":"Yes. Trains that go to the northeast region, the back side of Japan along the Sea of Japan or to the east, usually leave from Ueno. Trains that go to the Kansai region leave from Tokyo Station. Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines.","reading":"ええ、とうほくちほお、うらにほん、またはひがしのほうにいくれっしゃはたいていうえのからでます。かんさいちほおにいくれっしゃはとうきょうえきからでます。こくてつのほかにしてつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"東北","gloss":"northeast","reading":"とうほく"},{"text":"地方、","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほお"},{"text":"うら","gloss":"back side"},{"text":"日本、","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"又","gloss":"or","reading":"また"},{"text":"は","gloss":"or"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"上","gloss":"Ueno","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"かん","gloss":"Kansai"},{"text":"西","gloss":"Kansai"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Station","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Tokyo Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"私鉄","gloss":"private railway lines","reading":"してつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"本","gloss":"lines"},{"text":"いじょう","gloss":"more than"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.009","source":"へえ、あれば あるものですね。","translation":"Is that so? There surely are many, aren't there?","reading":"へえ、あればあるものですね。","words":[{"text":"へえ、","gloss":"is that so"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so many"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.010","source":"何しろ 鉄道は 日本の交通上 一番大切なものですからね。 それで ダイヤも つめてあります。","translation":"At any rate, railways are most important from the standpoint of Japanese transportation, you see. So the diagrams for running trains are crammed.","reading":"なにしろてつどおはにほんのこおつうじょういちばんたいせつなものですからね。それでダイヤもつめてあります。","words":[{"text":"何しろ","gloss":"at any rate","reading":"なにしろ"},{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどお"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"transportation"},{"text":"上","gloss":"standpoint"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important"},{"text":"な","gloss":"important"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you see"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"so"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"ダイヤ","gloss":"train schedules"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"つめ","gloss":"are crammed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are crammed"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"are crammed"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are crammed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.011","source":"東京駅の ホームに 立っていると、電車が 毎分 いく本も 着いたり、出たりしていますね。","translation":"If you stand on the platform of Tokyo station, you'll see many electric trains arriving and leaving every minute, isn't that right?","reading":"とうきょうえきのホームにたっていると、でんしゃがまいふんいくほんもついたり、でたりしていますね。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Station","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Tokyo Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ホーム","gloss":"platform"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"立っ","gloss":"stand","reading":"たっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"electric trains","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"毎分","gloss":"every minute","reading":"まいふん"},{"text":"いく","gloss":"how many"},{"text":"本","gloss":"trains","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"着い","gloss":"arrive","reading":"つい"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"keep doing so"},{"text":"て","gloss":"keep doing so"},{"text":"い","gloss":"keep doing so"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"keep doing so"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.012","source":"山手線では、昼間は 三分おきぐらいに 電車が 出ます。 その外の 線も ありますから、交通は 実に ひんぱんです。","translation":"On the Yamate Line, trains leave about every three minutes during daytime. Since there are other lines, traffic is really busy (frequent).","reading":"やまてせんでは、ひるまはさんぷんおきぐらいにでんしゃがでます。そのほかのせんもありますから、こおつうはじつにひんぱんです。","words":[{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昼間","gloss":"daytime","reading":"ひるま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes","reading":"ぷん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"electric trains","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"線","gloss":"lines","reading":"せん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"traffic","reading":"こおつう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"実","gloss":"really","reading":"じつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"うら","gloss":"back, reverse side"},{"word":"東","gloss":"east"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"私鉄","gloss":"private railway line"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"いじょう","gloss":"more than"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"何しろ","gloss":"at any rate, in any case"},{"word":"鉄道","gloss":"railway, railroad"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ダイヤ","gloss":"diagram for running trains"},{"word":"ホーム","gloss":"platform"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"電車","gloss":"streetcar, electric train"},{"word":"昼間","gloss":"daytime"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent, busy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Railway lines and endpoints · Dialogue 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Lines and endpoints","paragraphs":["The principal National Electric Railway lines are identified by their endpoints. *山手線* runs from *品川* back to *品川*.","The repeated endpoint marks a loop. *中央線* runs from *東京* to *高尾*.","*常磐線* runs from *上野* to *取手*."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.013","source":"山手線 — 品川→品川","translation":"Yamate Line—Shinagawa to Shinagawa.","reading":"やまてせん—しながわ→しながわ","words":[{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Yamate Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"品川→","gloss":"Shinagawa","reading":"しながわ"},{"text":"品川","gloss":"Shinagawa","reading":"しながわ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.014","source":"中央線 — 東京→高尾","translation":"Chuo Line—Tokyo to Takao.","reading":"ちゅうおうせん—とうきょう→たかお","words":[{"text":"中央","gloss":"Chuo Line","reading":"ちゅうおう"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Chuo Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"東京→","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"高尾","gloss":"Takao","reading":"たかお"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.015","source":"京浜東北線 — 大宮 → 磯子","translation":"Keihin-Tohoku Line—Omiya to Isogo.","reading":"けいひんとうほくせん—おおみや→いそご","words":[{"text":"京浜","gloss":"Keihin-Tohoku Line"},{"text":"東北","gloss":"Keihin-Tohoku Line"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Keihin-Tohoku Line"},{"text":"大宮→","gloss":"Omiya"},{"text":"磯子","gloss":"Isogo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.016","source":"南部線 — 川崎→立川","translation":"Nambu Line—Kawasaki to Tachikawa.","reading":"なんぶせん—かわさき→たちかわ","words":[{"text":"南部","gloss":"Nambu Line","reading":"なんぶ"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Nambu Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"川崎→","gloss":"Kawasaki","reading":"かわさき"},{"text":"立川","gloss":"Tachikawa","reading":"たちかわ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.017","source":"総武線 — お茶の水→千葉","translation":"Sobu Line—Ochanomizu to Chiba.","reading":"そうぶせん—おちゃのみず→ちば","words":[{"text":"総武","gloss":"Sobu Line","reading":"そうぶ"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Sobu Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"お茶の水→","gloss":"Ochanomizu","reading":"おちゃのみず"},{"text":"千葉","gloss":"Chiba","reading":"ちば"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L061.dlg.018","source":"常磐線 — 上野 → 取手","translation":"Joban Line—Ueno to Toride.","reading":"じょうばんせん—うえの→とりで","words":[{"text":"常磐","gloss":"Joban Line"},{"text":"線—","gloss":"Joban Line"},{"text":"上野→","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"取手","gloss":"Toride"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"線—","gloss":"line"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Linking actions and settings · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Actions in one route","paragraphs":["*うえのを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* means \"It passes through Ueno, runs west, and comes out at Ikebukuro.\"","The TE-form usually continues a statement. Here, *走り* is the second base, the polite form without *ます*, and links the last two actions.","This use sometimes replaces repeated TE-forms and has a literary style."]},{"title":"Different settings in one sentence","paragraphs":["*ジョンズさんは 家では英語を話し、学校では 日本語を話します* means \"Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school.\"","The second base *話し* links contrasting settings. The final verb *話します* completes the sentence and supplies the polite ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.01","source":"うえのを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます。","translation":"It passes through Ueno and runs toward the west and comes out at Ikebukuro.","reading":"うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。","words":[{"text":"うえの","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"passes through","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"passes through"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"走り、","gloss":"runs","reading":"はしり"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"Ikebukuro"},{"text":"ぶくろ","gloss":"Ikebukuro"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"出","gloss":"comes out","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.02","source":"スミスさんは 日本で生れ、日本で 大きくなりました。","translation":"Mr. Smith was born in Japan and grew up in Japan.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんでうまれ、にほんでおおきくなりました。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"生れ、","gloss":"was born","reading":"うまれ"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"grew up","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"grew up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.03","source":"山田さんは 英語もわかり、日本語も わかります。","translation":"Mr. Yamada understands both English and Japanese.","reading":"やまださんはえいごもわかり、にほんごもわかります。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"わかり、","gloss":"understands"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understands"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.04","source":"生徒は 学校で六時間勉強し、家で三時間勉強します。","translation":"The students study for six hours at school and for three hours at home.","reading":"せいとはがっこうでろくじかんべんきょうし、いえでさんじかんべんきょうします。","words":[{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"do"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.05","source":"ジョンズさんは 家では英語を話し、学校では 日本語を話します。","translation":"Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school.","reading":"ジョンズさんはいえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し、","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp1.06","source":"山本さんは 毎朝七時に起き、七時半に学校へ行きます。","translation":"Mr. Yamamoto gets up at seven every morning and goes to school at seven thirty.","reading":"やまもとさんはまいあさしちじにおき、しちじはんにがっこうへいきます。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎朝","gloss":"every morning"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"起き、","gloss":"gets up"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"goes","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp1.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Emphasising surprising amounts · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"There surely are many","paragraphs":["*あれば あるものですね* means \"There surely are many.\" The repeated verb makes the statement emphatic.","Put the BA-form of a verb first, then its basic form and *ものです*. The same verb appears in both forms."]},{"title":"A remarkable amount","paragraphs":["*よく食べれば食べるものですね* means \"He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?\"","The BA-form *食べれば* is followed by the basic form *食べる* and *ものです*. This pattern stresses the remarkable amount of eating."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.01","source":"あれば あるものですね。","translation":"There surely are many.","reading":"あればあるものですね。","words":[{"text":"あれ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so many"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.02","source":"居れば居るものですね。(日本人が)","translation":"There certainly are a lot of Japanese people, aren't there?","reading":"いればいるものですね。(にほんじんが)","words":[{"text":"居れ","gloss":"are present","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"are present","reading":"いる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so many"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"(日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"が)","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.03","source":"ほんとに 飲めば飲むものですね。 (ビールを)","translation":"He certainly drinks a lot of beer, doesn't he?","reading":"ほんとにのめばのむものですね。(ビールを)","words":[{"text":"ほんと","gloss":"really"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"飲め","gloss":"drink","reading":"のめ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"飲む","gloss":"drinks","reading":"のむ"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"(ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を)","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.04","source":"よく降れば降るものですね。(雨が)","translation":"It certainly rains a lot, doesn't it?","reading":"よくふればふるものですね。(あめが)","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"really"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"(雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が)","gloss":"subject"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.05","source":"ねれば ねるものですね。","translation":"He certainly sleeps a lot, doesn't he?","reading":"ねればねるものですね。","words":[{"text":"ねれ","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ねる","gloss":"sleeps"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.06","source":"よく食べれば食べるものですね。","translation":"He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?","reading":"よくたべればたべるものですね。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"really"},{"text":"食べれ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eats","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp2.07","source":"よく話せば話すものです。","translation":"He certainly talks a lot.","reading":"よくはなせばはなすものです。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"really"},{"text":"話せ","gloss":"talk","reading":"はなせ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"talks","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"が)","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"(ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"を)","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"(雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"ねる","gloss":"to sleep"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying how often things happen · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"Every five minutes","paragraphs":["*五分おきに 電車が 出ます* means \"The streetcar leaves every five minutes.\"","A duration followed by *おきに* marks a regular interval. It means \"every\" or \"at intervals of\"."]},{"title":"The interval before the action","paragraphs":["*私は 四時間おきに このくすりを 飲みます* means \"I take this medicine every four hours.\"","The measured interval *四時間* comes directly before *おきに*."]}],"lines":[{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.01","source":"五分おきに 電車が 出ます。","translation":"The streetcar leaves every five minutes.","reading":"ごふんおきにでんしゃがでます。","words":[{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes","reading":"ふん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"streetcar","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leaves","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.01.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.02","source":"田中さんは 二年おきに 新しい車を 買います。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka buys a new car every two years.","reading":"たなかさんはにねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"くるま"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buys","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.02.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.03","source":"このバスは 一時間おきに 出ます。","translation":"This bus leaves every hour.","reading":"このバスはいちじかんおきにでます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hour","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leaves","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.03.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.04","source":"あの方は 一週間おきに 手紙を 出します。","translation":"That person sends a letter every week.","reading":"あのかたはいっしゅうかんおきにてがみをだします。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"week","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"sends","reading":"だし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.04.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.05","source":"私は 四時間おきに このくすりを 飲みます。","translation":"I take this medicine every four hours.","reading":"わたくしはよじかんおきにこのくすりをのみます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よ"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"take","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.05.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp3.06","source":"あの方は 二週間おきに 家へ帰ります。","translation":"That person goes home every two weeks.","reading":"あのかたはにしゅうかんおきにいえへかえります。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"方","gloss":"person","reading":"かた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"weeks","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"intervals"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"returns","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp3.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying both things apply · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"Both books and papers","paragraphs":["*本も あれば 紙も あります* means \"There are both books and papers.\" Each noun takes *も*.","The first verb is in the BA-form. The second uses the basic form of the same verb, either polite or plain."]},{"title":"Both actions or qualities","paragraphs":["*田中さんは 読むのも早ければ 話すのも早いです* means \"Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly.\"","I-adjectives use the same pattern. A particle can stand before *も*, as in *京都にも近ければ ならにも近い*."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.01","source":"本も あれば 紙も あります。","translation":"There are both books and papers.","reading":"ほんもあればかみもあります。","words":[{"text":"本","gloss":"books","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"紙","gloss":"paper","reading":"かみ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.01.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.02","source":"京都にも近ければ ならにも近い。","translation":"It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.","reading":"きょうとにもちかければならにもちかい。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近けれ","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"Nara"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近い。","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.02.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.03","source":"この学校には 男の生徒も居れば 女の生徒も居ます。","translation":"There are both male and female students at this school.","reading":"このがっこうにはおとこのせいともいればおんなのせいともいます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男","gloss":"male","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居れ","gloss":"are present","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"女","gloss":"female","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"are present","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.03.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.04","source":"日本語には かん字も あれば かなも あります。","translation":"Japanese has both kanji and kana.","reading":"にほんごにはかんじもあればかなもあります。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かな","gloss":"kana"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.04.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.05","source":"スミスさんは 英語も話せば 日本語も話します。","translation":"Mr. Smith speaks both English and Japanese.","reading":"スミスさんはえいごもはなせばにほんごもはなします。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"話せ","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなせ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.05.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.06","source":"田中さんは 読むのも早ければ 話すのも早いです。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly.","reading":"たなかさんはよむのもはやければはなすのもはやいです。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"reads","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"早けれ","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"早い","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.06.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.07","source":"ジョンズさんは 足も長ければ 手も長い。","translation":"Mr. Jones has both long legs and long arms.","reading":"ジョンズさんはあしもながければてもながい。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"長けれ","gloss":"long","reading":"ながけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"手","gloss":"arms","reading":"て"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"長い。","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.07.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L061.gp4.08","source":"日本語は 書くのも むずかしければ 読むのも むずかしい。","translation":"Japanese is difficult both to write and to read.","reading":"にほんごはかくのもむずかしければよむのもむずかしい。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"むずかしけれ","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"読む","gloss":"read","reading":"よむ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"むずかしい。","gloss":"difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.gp4.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"近い。","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"かな","gloss":"Japanese syllabary"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"むずかしい。","gloss":"difficult"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Linking contrasting daily actions · Pattern 1 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From east to west","paragraphs":["*日は 東から出、西に はいります* means \"The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.\"","The second base *出* links the first action to *はいります*, the final verb."]},{"title":"Contrasts across one sentence","paragraphs":["*今日は 牛肉を 食べ、明日は さかなを 食べます* means \"Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish.\"","The second base *食べ* links actions at different times. Other lines contrast direction, place, or means in the same position."]},{"title":"Kanji: 見","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.m1","source":"日は 東から出、西に はいります。","translation":"The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.","reading":"ひはひがしからで、にしにはいります。","words":[{"text":"日","gloss":"sun","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出、","gloss":"rises","reading":"で"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"sets"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.01","source":"私は 朝七時半に 学校へ行き、午後五時に 家へ帰ります。","translation":"I go to school at seven thirty in the morning and return home at five in the afternoon.","reading":"わたくしはあさしちじはんにがっこうへいき、ごごごじにいえへかえります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き、","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"return","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.02","source":"この学校は 午前八時に 始まり、午後四時に 終ります。","translation":"This school starts at eight in the morning and ends at four in the afternoon.","reading":"このがっこうはごぜんはちじにはじまり、ごごよじにおわります。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"morning","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"始まり、","gloss":"starts"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"終り","gloss":"ends","reading":"おわり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.03","source":"今日は 牛肉を 食べ、明日は さかなを 食べます。","translation":"Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish.","reading":"きょうはぎゅうにくをたべ、あしたはさかなをたべます。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"牛肉","gloss":"beef","reading":"ぎゅうにく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ、","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.04","source":"田中さんは アメリカで 生れ、アメリカで 大きくなりました。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka was born in America and grew up in America.","reading":"たなかさんはアメリカでうまれ、アメリカでおおきくなりました。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"America"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"生れ、","gloss":"was born","reading":"うまれ"},{"text":"アメリカ","gloss":"America"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"grew up","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"grew up"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.05","source":"私たちは 目で見、耳で聞きます。","translation":"We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.","reading":"わたくしたちはめでみ、みみでききます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"目","gloss":"eyes","reading":"め"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"見、","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"耳","gloss":"ears","reading":"みみ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"聞き","gloss":"hear","reading":"きき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"午後","gloss":"p.m., afternoon"},{"word":"午前","gloss":"a.m., morning"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"牛肉","gloss":"beef"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"word":"アメリカ","gloss":"America; U.S.A."}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Daytime and nighttime routines · Pattern 1 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Day and night","paragraphs":["*ええ、昼間は 休み、夜 働くのです* means \"No, he rests during the day and works at night.\"","The second base *休み* links routines at two different times, as *出* linked two directions."]},{"title":"Home and school","paragraphs":["*いいえ、家では 英語を話し、学校では 日本語を 話します* means \"No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school.\"","The second base *話し* links actions in contrasting places. The final verb carries the polite ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.06","source":"パーカーさんは 昼間は 働かないのですか。","translation":"Doesn't Mr. Parker work during the day?","reading":"パーカーさんはひるまははたらかないのですか。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昼間","gloss":"daytime","reading":"ひるま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"働か","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらか"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.07","source":"ええ、昼間は 休み、夜 働くのです。","translation":"No, he rests during the day and works at night.","reading":"ええ、ひるまはやすみ、よるはたらくのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"昼間","gloss":"daytime","reading":"ひるま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"休み、","gloss":"rests","reading":"やすみ"},{"text":"夜","gloss":"night","reading":"よる"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"works","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.08","source":"先週末 どうしましたか。","translation":"What did you do last weekend?","reading":"せんしゅうまつどうしましたか。","words":[{"text":"先週","gloss":"last weekend","reading":"せんしゅう"},{"text":"末","gloss":"last weekend","reading":"まつ"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.09","source":"天気が よかったので、朝の間 勉強し、午後は つりに 出かけました。","translation":"Since the weather was good, I studied during the morning and went fishing in the afternoon.","reading":"てんきがよかったので、あさのあいだべんきょうし、ごごはつりにでかけました。","words":[{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よかっ","gloss":"good"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"during","reading":"あいだ"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"do"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つり","gloss":"fishing"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"出かけ","gloss":"went out","reading":"でかけ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.10","source":"あなたは 家でも 学校でも 日本語を 話しますか。","translation":"Do you speak Japanese both at home and at school?","reading":"あなたはいえでもがっこうでもにほんごをはなしますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt1.11","source":"いいえ、家では 英語を話し、学校では 日本語を 話します。","translation":"No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school.","reading":"いいえ、いえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し、","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speak","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"夜","gloss":"night, evening"},{"word":"先週","gloss":"last week"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"つり","gloss":"fishing"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Emphasising remarkable extent · Pattern 2 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A remarkable number","paragraphs":["*居れば居るものです* means \"There surely are many animate objects.\"","The BA-form and repeated basic form before *ものです* give an emphatic reaction."]},{"title":"Large amounts and changes","paragraphs":["*人が あつまれば あつまるものですね* means \"People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?\"","The same repeated pattern reacts to a remarkable extent. Other lines apply it to blowing, raining, becoming dirty, eating, and growing."]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.m1","source":"居れば居るものです。","translation":"There surely are many (animate objects).","reading":"いればいるものです。","words":[{"text":"居れ","gloss":"there are","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"there are","reading":"いる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.01","source":"風が ふけば ふくものですね。","translation":"The wind can really blow, can't it?","reading":"かぜがふけばふくものですね。","words":[{"text":"風","gloss":"wind","reading":"かぜ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふけ","gloss":"blows"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ふく","gloss":"blows"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"really"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.02","source":"雨が 降れば 降るものですね。","translation":"It can really rain, can't it?","reading":"あめがふればふるものですね。","words":[{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降れ","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rains","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"really"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.03","source":"人が あつまれば あつまるものですね。","translation":"People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?","reading":"ひとがあつまればあつまるものですね。","words":[{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あつまれ","gloss":"gather"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"あつまる","gloss":"gather"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"in large numbers"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.04","source":"よごれればよごれるものですね。","translation":"It certainly gets dirty, doesn't it?","reading":"よごれればよごれるものですね。","words":[{"text":"よごれれ","gloss":"gets dirty"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"よごれる","gloss":"gets dirty"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.05","source":"食べられれば食べられるものですね。","translation":"You certainly can eat a lot, can't you?","reading":"たべられればたべられるものですね。","words":[{"text":"食べ","gloss":"can eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"られれ","gloss":"can eat"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"can eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"られる","gloss":"can eat"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"a lot"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.06","source":"大きくなれば(大きく)なるものですね。","translation":"It certainly grows large, doesn't it?","reading":"おおきくなれば(おおきく)なるものですね。","words":[{"text":"大きく","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"(大きく)","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.06.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ふく","gloss":"to blow (v.i.)"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"あつまる","gloss":"to gather"},{"word":"よごれる","gloss":"to become soiled (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Reacting to large changes · Pattern 2 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"A large increase","paragraphs":["*そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね* means \"Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?\"","It reacts to Tokyo's population increasing by about five million.","The BA-form and repeated verb before *ものですね* emphasize the size of the increase."]},{"title":"A large capacity","paragraphs":["*そうですか。飲めば飲めるものですね* means \"Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?\"","Here the two verb forms differ. The reaction still stresses a remarkable capacity."]}],"lines":[{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.07","source":"東京の人口は 二十年の間に 五百万ぐらい ふえました。","translation":"Tokyo's population increased by about five million over twenty years.","reading":"とうきょうのじんこおはにじゅうねんのあいだにごひゃくまんぐらいふえました。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこお"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty years","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"twenty years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"period"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"五百","gloss":"five million","reading":"ごひゃく"},{"text":"万","gloss":"five million","reading":"まん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.08","source":"そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね。","translation":"Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?","reading":"そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ふえれ","gloss":"increases"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increases"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"a lot"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.09","source":"スミスさんは もう十本も ビールを 飲みましたよ。","translation":"Mr. Smith has already drunk ten bottles of beer.","reading":"スミスさんはもうじゅっぽんもビールをのみましたよ。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"本","gloss":"bottles"},{"text":"も","gloss":"as many as"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.10","source":"そうですか。飲めば飲めるものですね。","translation":"Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?","reading":"そうですか。のめばのめるものですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"飲め","gloss":"can drink","reading":"のめ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"飲める","gloss":"can drink","reading":"のめる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"a lot"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.11","source":"そうですか。飲めれば飲めるものですね。","translation":"Is that so? If he is able to drink, he certainly can drink a lot, can't he?","reading":"そうですか。のめればのめるものですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"飲めれ","gloss":"can drink","reading":"のめれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"飲める","gloss":"can drink","reading":"のめる"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"a lot"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt2.12","source":"そうですか、本とうにのびればのびるものですね。","translation":"Is that so? It really does grow when it starts growing, doesn't it?","reading":"そうですか、ほんとうにのびればのびるものですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"本","gloss":"really","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"really"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"のびれ","gloss":"grows"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"when"},{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grows"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt2.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"五百","gloss":"500"},{"word":"ふえる","gloss":"to increase (v.i.)"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"のびる","gloss":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stating regular time intervals · Pattern 3 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Every half-hour","paragraphs":["*この電車は 三十分おきに 出ます* means \"This streetcar leaves every half-hour.\"","*おきに* marks the measured interval. The duration stands before it."]},{"title":"Intervals of distance","paragraphs":["*二メートルおきに 木が うえてあります* means \"Trees have been planted every two meters.\"","The measure can state distance as well as time. The same pattern covers minutes, years, weeks, hours, and meters."]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.m1","source":"この電車は 三十分おきに 出ます。","translation":"This streetcar leaves every half-hour.","reading":"このでんしゃはさんじゅっぷんおきにでます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"streetcar","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.m1.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.01","source":"三十分おきに バスが ここを 通ります。","translation":"A bus passes here every thirty minutes.","reading":"さんじゅっぷんおきにバスがここをとおります。","words":[{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.01.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.02","source":"あの人は 一年おきに 新しい車を 買います。","translation":"That person buys a new car every year.","reading":"あのひとはいちねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one year","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"one year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"くるま"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.02.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.03","source":"私は 一週間おきに 友だちに 手紙を 出します。","translation":"I send a letter to my friend every week.","reading":"わたくしはいっしゅうかんおきにともだちにてがみをだします。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one week","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"one week","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"友だち","gloss":"friend","reading":"ともだち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"send","reading":"だし"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.03.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.04","source":"一時間おきに 十分の きゅうけいが あります。","translation":"There is a ten-minute break every hour.","reading":"いちじかんおきにじゅっぷんのきゅうけいがあります。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one hour","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"one hour","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"ten minutes"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"きゅうけい","gloss":"break"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.04.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.05","source":"二メートルおきに 木が うえてあります。","translation":"Trees have been planted every two meters.","reading":"にメートルおきにきがうえてあります。","words":[{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"メートル","gloss":"meters"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"木","gloss":"trees","reading":"き"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"うえ","gloss":"have been planted"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have been planted"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have been planted"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.05.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"三十","gloss":"30"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"通り","gloss":"street"},{"word":"きゅうけい","gloss":"recess"},{"word":"メートル","gloss":"meter"},{"word":"木","gloss":"tree, wood"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about regular intervals · Pattern 3 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Dates at an interval","paragraphs":["*一日から 十日まで、一日おきに 言ってください* asks for every other date from the first through the tenth.","The answer gives *一日、三日、五日、七日、九日*. It leaves one date between each stated date."]},{"title":"Correcting an interval","paragraphs":["*このバスは 一時間おきに、ここを 通るのですか* asks whether the bus passes every hour.","*いいえ、三十分おきに ここを 通ります* answers that it passes every thirty minutes. The answer replaces the proposed interval."]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.06","source":"一日から 十日まで、一日おきに 言ってください。","translation":"Please say every other date from the first through the tenth.","reading":"ついたちからとおかまで、いちにちおきにいってください。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"first"},{"text":"日","gloss":"first"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"十","gloss":"tenth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"tenth"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"through"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one day","reading":"いち"},{"text":"日","gloss":"one day","reading":"にち"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"every other"},{"text":"に","gloss":"each"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.06.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.07","source":"はい、一日、三日、五日、七日、九日","translation":"Yes, the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth.","reading":"はい、ついたち、みっか、いつか、なのか、ここのか","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"一日、","gloss":"first"},{"text":"三","gloss":"third"},{"text":"日、","gloss":"third"},{"text":"五","gloss":"fifth"},{"text":"日、","gloss":"fifth"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seventh"},{"text":"日、","gloss":"seventh"},{"text":"九","gloss":"ninth"},{"text":"日","gloss":"ninth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.07.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.08","source":"毎年 新しい車を 買うのですか。","translation":"Do you buy a new car every year?","reading":"まいねんあたらしいくるまをかうのですか。","words":[{"text":"毎年","gloss":"every year"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.08.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.09","source":"いいえ、大抵 二年おきぐらいに 買います。","translation":"No, I usually buy one about every two years.","reading":"いいえ、たいていにねんおきぐらいにかいます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two years","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"two years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy","reading":"かい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.09.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.10","source":"このバスは 一時間おきに、ここを 通るのですか。","translation":"Does this bus pass here every hour?","reading":"このバスはいちじかんおきに、ここをとおるのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"バス","gloss":"bus"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one hour","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"one hour","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"通る","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.10.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt3.11","source":"いいえ、三十分おきに ここを 通ります。","translation":"No, it passes here every thirty minutes.","reading":"いいえ、さんじゅっぷんおきにここをとおります。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"interval"},{"text":"に","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"を","gloss":"through"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt3.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"まで、","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一日、","gloss":"first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"毎年","gloss":"every year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"通る","gloss":"to pass"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pairing people, skills and places · Pattern 4 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Both people are included","paragraphs":["*男の人も 居れば 女の人も 居ます* means \"There are both men and women.\"","Each noun takes *も*, and the first verb *居れば* takes the BA-form."]},{"title":"Abilities, activities, and places","paragraphs":["*モンテレーは 海にも近ければ 山にも近い* means \"Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains.\"","The same pattern includes two abilities, activities, or qualities. Particles such as *に* stand before *も*."]}],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.01","source":"男の人も 居れば 女の人も 居ます。","translation":"There are both men and women.","reading":"おとこのひともいればおんなのひともいます。","words":[{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"man"},{"text":"人","gloss":"man","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居れ","gloss":"there are","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"there are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.01.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.02","source":"手も 長ければ 足も 長い。","translation":"Both hands and legs are long.","reading":"てもながければあしもながい。","words":[{"text":"手","gloss":"hands","reading":"て"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"長けれ","gloss":"are long","reading":"ながけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"長い。","gloss":"are long","reading":"ながい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.02.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.03","source":"私は 牛肉も食べれば さかなも 食べます。","translation":"I eat both beef and fish.","reading":"わたくしはぎゅうにくもたべればさかなもたべます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"牛肉","gloss":"beef","reading":"ぎゅうにく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"食べれ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"さかな","gloss":"fish"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.03.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.04","source":"あの人は 日本語も出来れば 英語も出来ます。","translation":"That person can speak both Japanese and English.","reading":"あのひとはにほんごもできればえいごもできます。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来れ","gloss":"can speak","reading":"できれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can speak","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.04.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.05","source":"あの人は ゴルフも やれば テニスも やります。","translation":"That person plays both golf and tennis.","reading":"あのひとはゴルフもやればテニスもやります。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"やれ","gloss":"play"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"テニス","gloss":"tennis"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"やり","gloss":"play"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.05.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.06","source":"あの生徒は 書くのも おそければ 話すのも おそいです。","translation":"That student is slow both at writing and at speaking.","reading":"あのせいとはかくのもおそければはなすのもおそいです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"書く","gloss":"writing","reading":"かく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"writing"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"おそけれ","gloss":"is slow"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"話す","gloss":"speaking","reading":"はなす"},{"text":"の","gloss":"speaking"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"おそい","gloss":"slow"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.06.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.07","source":"モンテレーは 海にも近ければ 山にも近い。","translation":"Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains.","reading":"モンテレーはうみにもちかければやまにもちかい。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"海","gloss":"ocean","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近けれ","gloss":"is close","reading":"ちかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近い。","gloss":"is close","reading":"ちかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"word":"テニス","gloss":"tennis"},{"word":"おそい","gloss":"be late"},{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying both options are included · Pattern 4 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"More than one group","paragraphs":["*いいえ、りく軍の生徒も居れば 海軍の生徒も居ます* means \"No, there are both Army students and Navy students.\"","It answers a question that asks whether the school has only Army students.","The *も* and BA-form pattern corrects the assumption that only one option applies."]},{"title":"More than one skill","paragraphs":["*いいえ、読み方も教えれば 書き方も教えます* means \"No, it teaches both reading and writing.\"","The same pattern replaces an assumption of speaking alone with two included skills."]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.08","source":"この学校には りく軍の生徒しか居ないのですか。","translation":"Are there only Army students at this school?","reading":"このがっこうにはりくぐんのせいとしかいないのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"りく","gloss":"Army"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Army","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"居","gloss":"there are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.08.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.09","source":"いいえ、りく軍の生徒も居れば 海軍の生徒も居ます。","translation":"No, there are both Army students and Navy students.","reading":"いいえ、りくぐんのせいともいればかいぐんのせいともいます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"りく","gloss":"Army"},{"text":"軍","gloss":"Army","reading":"ぐん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居れ","gloss":"there are","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"海軍","gloss":"Navy","reading":"かいぐん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"居","gloss":"there are","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.09.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.10","source":"この学校では 話し方しか 教えないのですか。","translation":"Does this school teach only speaking?","reading":"このがっこうでははなしかたしかおしえないのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speaking","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"方","gloss":"speaking","reading":"かた"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"that"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.10.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.11","source":"いいえ、読み方も教えれば 書き方も教えます。","translation":"No, it teaches both reading and writing.","reading":"いいえ、よみかたもおしえればかきかたもおしえます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"読み","gloss":"reading","reading":"よみ"},{"text":"方","gloss":"reading","reading":"かた"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"教えれ","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"書き","gloss":"writing","reading":"かき"},{"text":"方","gloss":"writing","reading":"かた"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.11.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.12","source":"あなたの家は 学校にも近ければ、店にも近いので、便利ですね。","translation":"Your house is close to both the school and the stores, so it is convenient, isn’t it?","reading":"あなたのいえはがっこうにもちかければ、みせにもちかいので、べんりですね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近けれ","gloss":"is close","reading":"ちかけれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"店","gloss":"stores","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"close","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"便利","gloss":"convenient","reading":"べんり"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.12.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L061.pt4.13","source":"ええ、学校へ 歩いて行く事も出来れば、店へ 歩いて行く事も 出来ます。","translation":"Yes, I can walk both to the school and to the stores.","reading":"ええ、がっこうへあるいていくこともできれば、みせへあるいていくこともできます。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"歩い","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"事","gloss":"doing so","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来れ","gloss":"can","reading":"できれ"},{"text":"ば、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"店","gloss":"stores","reading":"みせ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"歩い","gloss":"walk","reading":"あるい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"事","gloss":"doing so","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.pt4.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"軍","gloss":"army, military"},{"word":"店","gloss":"store, shop"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Railways serving Tokyo · Reading Selection 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Railways and Tokyo transportation","paragraphs":["The passage presents railways as especially important in Japan. *鉄道は日本の交通上一番大切なものであって* says they are the most important means of transportation.","The *上* in *交通上* gives the transportation standpoint."]},{"title":"National and private systems","paragraphs":["*東京には国鉄、国電の外に 私鉄が十本いじょうあります* says Tokyo has over ten private lines besides the two national systems.","*私鉄* again names private railway lines. The passage describes Tokyo rail traffic as *ひんぱん*, \"frequent\" or \"busy\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.001","source":"鉄道は日本の交通上一番大切なものであって、","translation":"Railways are the most important means of transportation in Japan, and","reading":"てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょういちばんたいせつなものであって、","words":[{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"transportation"},{"text":"上","gloss":"standpoint"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important"},{"text":"な","gloss":"important"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"means"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.002","source":"日本ぐらい鉄道を利用している国はあまりありません。","translation":"There are few countries that use railways as much as Japan does.","reading":"にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありません。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"利用","gloss":"use","reading":"りよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"国","gloss":"countries","reading":"くに"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.003","source":"ことに","translation":"In particular,","reading":"ことに","words":[{"text":"こと","gloss":"in particular"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in particular"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.004","source":"東京の交通はひんぱんです。","translation":"rail traffic in Tokyo is frequent.","reading":"とうきょうのこうつうはひんぱんです。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"rail traffic","reading":"こうつう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.005","source":"東京には国鉄、国電の外に","translation":"In Tokyo, besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways,","reading":"とうきょうにはこくてつ、こくでんのほかに","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国鉄、","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"国電","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in addition"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.006","source":"私鉄が十本いじょうあります。","translation":"there are more than ten private railway lines.","reading":"してつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。","words":[{"text":"私鉄","gloss":"private railway lines","reading":"してつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"本","gloss":"lines"},{"text":"いじょう","gloss":"more than"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"国鉄、","gloss":"National Railways"},{"word":"国電","gloss":"National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Tokyo railways and routes · Reading Selection 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Routes to different regions","paragraphs":["The passage includes trains from Tokyo to Kansai and trains to Tohoku and the Japan Sea side.","*国鉄には東京からかん西地方に行くのも あれば東北地方、うら日本などに行くのもあります* uses the pattern for two included destinations."]},{"title":"The Yamate loop","paragraphs":["*おもなのは山手線* identifies the Yamate Line as the main National Electric Railway line.","It leaves Shinagawa, passes through Ueno, Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro, then returns to Shinagawa. This is the *国電* loop."]},{"title":"Kanji: 下","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.007","source":"又これらの外に都電、地下鉄","translation":"Besides these, there are also the municipal streetcars and the subway.","reading":"またこれらのほかにとでん、ちかてつ","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"these"},{"text":"ら","gloss":"these"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in addition"},{"text":"都電、","gloss":"municipal streetcars","reading":"とでん"},{"text":"地下","gloss":"subway","reading":"ちか"},{"text":"鉄","gloss":"subway","reading":"てつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.008","source":"国鉄には東京からかん西地方に行くのも","translation":"On the National Railways, there are trains that go from Tokyo to the Kansai region,","reading":"こくてつにはとうきょうからかんさいちほうにいくのも","words":[{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かん","gloss":"Kansai"},{"text":"西","gloss":"Kansai","reading":"さい"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.009","source":"あれば東北地方、うら日本などに行くのもあります。","translation":"and there are also trains that go to the Tohoku region, the Japan Sea side of Japan, and other places.","reading":"あればとうほくちほう、うらにほんなどにいくのもあります。","words":[{"text":"あれ","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東北","gloss":"Tohoku","reading":"とうほく"},{"text":"地方、","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"うら","gloss":"Japan Sea side"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan Sea side","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.010","source":"国電の","translation":"Of the National Electric Railway lines,","reading":"こくでんの","words":[{"text":"国電","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.011","source":"おもなのは山手線で、それは品川駅を出て、上の、いけぶくろ、","translation":"the main one is the Yamanote Line, which leaves Shinagawa Station and goes through Ueno and Ikebukuro,","reading":"おもなのはやまてせんで、それはしながわえきをでて、うえの、いけぶくろ、","words":[{"text":"おもな","gloss":"main"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"品川","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"しながわ"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leaves","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"leaves"},{"text":"上","gloss":"Ueno","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"の、","gloss":"Ueno"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"Ikebukuro"},{"text":"ぶくろ、","gloss":"Ikebukuro"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.012","source":"新じゅく、しぶや、目ぐろを通って又品川駅に帰ります。","translation":"then passes through Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro and returns to Shinagawa Station.","reading":"しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。","words":[{"text":"新","gloss":"Shinjuku","reading":"しん"},{"text":"じゅく、","gloss":"Shinjuku"},{"text":"しぶや、","gloss":"Shibuya"},{"text":"目","gloss":"Meguro","reading":"め"},{"text":"ぐろ","gloss":"Meguro"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"passes through","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"passes through"},{"text":"又","gloss":"then","reading":"また"},{"text":"品川","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"しながわ"},{"text":"駅","gloss":"Shinagawa Station","reading":"えき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"returns","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"鉄","gloss":"steel, iron"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Inbound and outbound trains · Reading Selection 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Toward and away from Tokyo","paragraphs":["*大たいに東京に来るのが上りで、東京を出て行くのが下り* says trains toward Tokyo are generally *上り*. Trains leaving Tokyo are *下り*.","The direction determines whether the train is *上り* or *下り*."]},{"title":"Direction on a branch line","paragraphs":["*かん線にむかって行く* describes movement toward a main line. *のが上りで、そこからはんたいの方にむかって行くのが下りです* contrasts the two directions.","A branch train moving toward a main trunk line is *上り*. One moving away is *下り*.","The passage also says trains leave about every three to six minutes, using *おき* for the interval."]}],"lines":[{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.013","source":"この線では電車は三分から六分おきぐらいに出ます。","translation":"On this line, trains depart about every three to six minutes.","reading":"このせんではでんしゃはさんぷんからろっぷんおきぐらいにでます。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"線","gloss":"line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"trains","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes","reading":"ぷん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"出","gloss":"depart","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.014","source":"国鉄のれっ車では、上り、下りと言う言葉を使って","translation":"On National Railway trains, the terms “inbound” and “outbound” are used,","reading":"こくてつのれっしゃでは、のぼり、くだりということばをつかって","words":[{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"車","gloss":"trains","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"上り、","gloss":"inbound","reading":"のぼり"},{"text":"下り","gloss":"outbound","reading":"くだり"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"terms","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"are used","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are used"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.015","source":"いますが、大たいに東京に来るのが上りで、東京を出て行くのが下り","translation":"and generally, trains coming to Tokyo are inbound, while trains leaving Tokyo are outbound.","reading":"いますが、だいたいにとうきょうにくるのがのぼりで、とうきょうをでていくのがくだり","words":[{"text":"い","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"大たい","gloss":"generally","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"generally"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上り","gloss":"inbound","reading":"のぼり"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"while"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"leave","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"下り","gloss":"outbound","reading":"くだり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.016","source":"です。","translation":"That is how it is.","reading":"です。","words":[{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.017","source":"東京にむかって走らないれっ車では、かん線にむかって行く","translation":"For trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those going toward the main line","reading":"とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃでは、かんせんにむかっていく","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"むかっ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"走ら","gloss":"run","reading":"はしら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"車","gloss":"trains","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん線","gloss":"main line","reading":"かんせん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"むかっ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"going","reading":"いく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L061.rd.018","source":"のが上りで、そこからはんたいの方にむかって行くのが下りです。","translation":"are inbound, and those going in the opposite direction from there are outbound.","reading":"のがのぼりで、そこからはんたいのほうにむかっていくのがくだりです。","words":[{"text":"の","gloss":"those"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上り","gloss":"inbound","reading":"のぼり"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"are"},{"text":"そこ","gloss":"there"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"はんたい","gloss":"opposite"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"むかっ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"going","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"those"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"下り","gloss":"outbound","reading":"くだり"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.rd.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"上り、","gloss":"up train (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"下り","gloss":"down train (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"かん線","gloss":"trunk line"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Japan's railway network · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Japan's railway network","paragraphs":["The questions ask why railways matter and which national, electric, and private systems serve Tokyo.","*鉄道は 日本の交通上 どんなものですか* asks what railways are from Japan's transportation standpoint. An answer identifies them as the most important means.","*国電の おもなものは どの線ですか* asks for the main line. An answer names the Yamate Line."]}],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.001","source":"などもあります","translation":"There are also such things.","reading":"などもあります","words":[{"text":"など","gloss":"such things"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.001.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.002","source":"鉄道は 日本の交通上 どんなものですか。","translation":"What are railways in terms of transportation in Japan?","reading":"てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょうどんなものですか。","words":[{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"交通","gloss":"transportation","reading":"こうつう"},{"text":"上","gloss":"in terms of","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.002.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.003","source":"日本ぐらい 鉄道を 利用している国は あまり ありませんか。","translation":"Are there few countries that use railways as much as Japan does?","reading":"にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありませんか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"利用","gloss":"use","reading":"りよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"use"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"use"},{"text":"国","gloss":"countries","reading":"くに"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"many"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.003.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.004","source":"東京では 国鉄、国電の外に どんな鉄道が 走っていますか。","translation":"Besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways, what kinds of railways operate in Tokyo?","reading":"とうきょうではこくてつ、こくでんのほかにどんなてつどうがはしっていますか。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国鉄、","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"国電","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"外","gloss":"besides","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in addition"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kinds"},{"text":"鉄道","gloss":"railways","reading":"てつどう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"走っ","gloss":"operate","reading":"はしっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"い","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"operate"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.004.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.005","source":"国鉄には どんなのが ありますか。","translation":"What kinds of lines does the National Railways have?","reading":"こくてつにはどんなのがありますか。","words":[{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kinds"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.005.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.006","source":"国電の おもなものは どの線ですか。","translation":"Which is the main National Electric Railway line?","reading":"こくでんのおもなものはどのせんですか。","words":[{"text":"国電","gloss":"National Electric Railways","reading":"こくでん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"main"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"線","gloss":"line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Railway routes and directions · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Routes, intervals, and directions","paragraphs":["The questions ask about the Yamate route, its departure interval, and the distinction between *上り* and *下り* trains.","*山手線の電車は 何分おきぐらいに 出ますか* asks about the interval. An answer gives about three to six minutes.","Other answers state the route's endpoints and distinguish movement toward Tokyo or a trunk line from movement away."]}],"lines":[{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.007","source":"山手線は どこから出て、どこに着きますか。","translation":"Where does the Yamanote Line leave from, and where does it arrive?","reading":"やまてせんはどこからでて、どこにつきますか。","words":[{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"leave","reading":"で"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"着き","gloss":"arrive","reading":"つき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.007.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.008","source":"と中 どこを 通りますか。","translation":"Where does it pass along the way?","reading":"とちゅうどこをとおりますか。","words":[{"text":"と","gloss":"along the way"},{"text":"中","gloss":"along the way","reading":"ちゅう"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.008.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.009","source":"山手線の電車は 何分おきぐらいに 出ますか。","translation":"About how many minutes apart do trains on the Yamanote Line depart?","reading":"やまてせんのでんしゃはなんぷんおきぐらいにでますか。","words":[{"text":"山手","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"やまて"},{"text":"線","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"せん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"trains","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何分","gloss":"how many minutes","reading":"なんぷん"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"出","gloss":"depart","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.009.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.010","source":"上りれっ車と言うのは、どんな れっ車ですか。","translation":"What kind of train is called an inbound train?","reading":"のぼりれっしゃというのは、どんなれっしゃですか。","words":[{"text":"上り","gloss":"inbound","reading":"のぼり"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.010.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.011","source":"下りれっ車は どんな れっ車ですか。","translation":"What kind of train is an outbound train?","reading":"くだりれっしゃはどんなれっしゃですか。","words":[{"text":"下りれ","gloss":"outbound train","reading":"くだりれ"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"outbound train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"outbound train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"train"},{"text":"車","gloss":"train","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.011.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L061.q.012","source":"東京にむかって 走らない れっ車では どうですか。","translation":"What about trains that do not run toward Tokyo?","reading":"とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃではどうですか。","words":[{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"むかっ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"て","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"走ら","gloss":"run","reading":"はしら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"っ","gloss":"trains"},{"text":"車","gloss":"trains","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.q.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"上り","gloss":"up train (See Cultural Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Railway directions and line names · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Railway lines and movement","paragraphs":["These words name Tokyo railway systems, routes, compass directions, and movement.","*国鉄* means \"National Railways\". *西* means \"west\", and *よこぎる* means \"to traverse\" or \"to cross\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.001","source":"国鉄","translation":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ","words":[{"text":"国鉄","gloss":"National Railways","reading":"こくてつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.001.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.002","source":"さそく通行","translation":"left-side traffic","reading":"さそくつうこう","words":[{"text":"さそく通行","gloss":"left-side traffic","reading":"さそくつうこう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.002.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.003","source":"線","translation":"line","reading":"せん","words":[{"text":"線","gloss":"line","reading":"せん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.003.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.004","source":"山手線","translation":"Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)","reading":"やまてせん","words":[{"text":"山手線","gloss":"Yamanote Line","reading":"やまてせん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.004.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.005","source":"北","translation":"north","reading":"きた","words":[{"text":"北","gloss":"north","reading":"きた"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.005.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.006","source":"西","translation":"west","reading":"にし","words":[{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.006.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.007","source":"南","translation":"south","reading":"みなみ","words":[{"text":"南","gloss":"south","reading":"みなみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.007.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.008","source":"一まわりする","translation":"to go around once","reading":"ひとまわりする","words":[{"text":"一まわりする","gloss":"go around once","reading":"ひとまわりする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.008.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.009","source":"中おう線","translation":"Chuuoosen Line","reading":"ちゅうおうせん","words":[{"text":"中おう線","gloss":"Chuo Line","reading":"ちゅうおうせん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.009.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.010","source":"よこぎる","translation":"to traverse, cross","reading":"よこぎる","words":[{"text":"よこぎる","gloss":"cross"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.010.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.011","source":"一緒になる","translation":"to come together","reading":"いっしょになる","words":[{"text":"一緒になる","gloss":"come together","reading":"いっしょになる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"さそく通行","gloss":"left-side traffic"},{"word":"山手線","gloss":"Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)"},{"word":"一まわりする","gloss":"to go around once"},{"word":"中おう線","gloss":"Chuuoosen Line"},{"word":"よこぎる","gloss":"to traverse, cross"},{"word":"一緒になる","gloss":"to come together"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Regional and private railway words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Regions, railways, and viewpoint","paragraphs":["These words cover regions, private railways, emphatic quantity, and the transportation point of view.","*東北地方* means \"northeast region\". *私鉄* means \"private railway line\", and *交通上* means \"from a transportation standpoint\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.012","source":"地方","translation":"country, region","reading":"ちほう","words":[{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.012.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.013","source":"利用する","translation":"to utilize, take advantage","reading":"りようする","words":[{"text":"利用する","gloss":"make use of","reading":"りようする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.013.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.014","source":"東北地方","translation":"northeast region","reading":"とうほくちほう","words":[{"text":"東北地方","gloss":"northeast region","reading":"とうほくちほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.014.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.015","source":"うら日本","translation":"backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan","reading":"うらにほん","words":[{"text":"うら日本","gloss":"Sea of Japan side","reading":"うらにほん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.015.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.016","source":"東","translation":"east","reading":"ひがし","words":[{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.016.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.017","source":"かん西地方","translation":"Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)","reading":"かんさいちほう","words":[{"text":"かん西地方","gloss":"Kansai region","reading":"かんさいちほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.017.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.018","source":"私鉄","translation":"private railway line","reading":"してつ","words":[{"text":"私鉄","gloss":"private railway line","reading":"してつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.018.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.019","source":"あれば あるものです","translation":"there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"あればあるものです","words":[{"text":"あればあるものです","gloss":"surely many exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.019.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.020","source":"何しろ","translation":"at any rate, in any case","reading":"なにしろ","words":[{"text":"何しろ","gloss":"at any rate","reading":"なにしろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.020.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.021","source":"交通上","translation":"from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"こうつうじょう","words":[{"text":"交通上","gloss":"transportation standpoint","reading":"こうつうじょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.021.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.022","source":"ダイヤ","translation":"diagram for running trains","reading":"ダイヤ","words":[{"text":"ダイヤ","gloss":"train schedule"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"利用する","gloss":"to utilize, take advantage"},{"word":"東北地方","gloss":"northeast region"},{"word":"うら日本","gloss":"backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan"},{"word":"かん西地方","gloss":"Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)"},{"word":"あればあるものです","gloss":"there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"交通上","gloss":"from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Words for railway traffic · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Railway traffic and direction","paragraphs":["These words cover railway frequency, regular intervals, and inbound and outbound directions.","*ひんぱん* means \"frequent\" or \"busy\". *上り* means \"up train\", and *下り* means \"down train\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.023","source":"つめる","translation":"to cram, pack, crowd","reading":"つめる","words":[{"text":"つめる","gloss":"pack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.023.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.024","source":"ホーム","translation":"platform","reading":"ホーム","words":[{"text":"ホーム","gloss":"platform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.024.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.025","source":"--おき","translation":"at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--おき","words":[{"text":"--おき","gloss":"at intervals"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.025.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.026","source":"ひんぱん","translation":"frequent, busy","reading":"ひんぱん","words":[{"text":"ひんぱん","gloss":"frequent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.026.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.027","source":"大たいに","translation":"generally speaking","reading":"だいたいに","words":[{"text":"大たいに","gloss":"generally speaking","reading":"だいたいに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.027.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.028","source":"上り","translation":"up train (See Cultural Notes)","reading":"のぼり","words":[{"text":"上り","gloss":"inbound train","reading":"のぼり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.028.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.029","source":"下り","translation":"down train (See Cultural Notes)","reading":"くだり","words":[{"text":"下り","gloss":"outbound train","reading":"くだり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.029.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.030","source":"むかって","translation":"toward, facing toward","reading":"むかって","words":[{"text":"むかって","gloss":"toward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.030.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.031","source":"かん線","translation":"trunk line","reading":"かんせん","words":[{"text":"かん線","gloss":"trunk line","reading":"かんせん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.031.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.032","source":"はんたいの方","translation":"opposite direction","reading":"はんたいのほう","words":[{"text":"はんたいの方","gloss":"opposite direction","reading":"はんたいのほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.032.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.033","source":"とうりゅうする","translation":"to stay, sojourn","reading":"とうりゅうする","words":[{"text":"とうりゅうする","gloss":"stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"つめる","gloss":"to cram, pack, crowd"},{"word":"--おき","gloss":"at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"大たいに","gloss":"generally speaking"},{"word":"むかって","gloss":"toward, facing toward"},{"word":"はんたいの方","gloss":"opposite direction"},{"word":"とうりゅうする","gloss":"to stay, sojourn"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Travel, sightseeing and convenience · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Travel, direction, and access","paragraphs":["These lines cover travel plans, train directions, and access to two places or railway systems.","*大たいに 東京に来る れっ車を 上りと 言い、東京を 出て行くのを 下りと 言います* identifies trains coming to and leaving Tokyo.","*一週間ぐらい とまる つもりです* means \"I intend to stay about a week.\" *大さかは 京都にも近ければ ならにも近いし、よい所です* says Osaka is close to both Kyoto and Nara."]},{"title":"Kanji: 物","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.034","source":"とまる","translation":"to lodge, stay","reading":"とまる","words":[{"text":"とまる","gloss":"stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.034.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.035","source":"見物(する)","translation":"sightseeing (to do sightseeing)","reading":"けんぶつ(する)","words":[{"text":"見物(する)","gloss":"sightseeing","reading":"けんぶつ(する)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.035.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.036","source":"--にも近ければ","translation":"It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)","reading":"--にもちかければ","words":[{"text":"--にも近ければ","gloss":"close to both","reading":"--にもちかければ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.036.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.037","source":"大たいに 東京に来る れっ車を 上りと 言い、東京を 出て行くのを 下りと 言います。","translation":"In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains.","reading":"だいたいにとうきょうにくるれっしゃをのぼりといい、とうきょうをでていくのをくだりといいます。","words":[{"text":"大たいに東京に来るれっ車を上りと言い、東京を出て行くのを下りと言います。","gloss":"Tokyo-bound trains go up","reading":"だいたいにとうきょうにくるれっしゃをのぼりといい、とうきょうをでていくのをくだりといいます。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.037.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.038","source":"東京にむかって 走らない れっ車は 大切な かん線の方に 行くのが 上りで、その はんたいの方に 行くのが 下りです。","translation":"As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains.","reading":"とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃはたいせつなかんせんのほうにいくのがのぼりで、そのはんたいのほうにいくのがくだりです。","words":[{"text":"東京にむかって走らないれっ車は大切なかん線の方に行くのが上りで、そのはんたいの方に行くのが下りです。","gloss":"main-line-bound trains go up","reading":"とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃはたいせつなかんせんのほうにいくのがのぼりで、そのはんたいのほうにいくのがくだりです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.038.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.039","source":"何日ぐらい 大さかに とうりゅう なさる つもりですか。","translation":"About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?","reading":"なんにちぐらいおおさかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。","words":[{"text":"何日ぐらい大さかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。","gloss":"planning Osaka stay","reading":"なんにちぐらいおおさかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.039.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.040","source":"一週間ぐらい とまる つもりです。 大さかを 見物 したいと 思っています。","translation":"I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka.","reading":"いっしゅうかんぐらいとまるつもりです。おおさかをけんぶつしたいとおもっています。","words":[{"text":"一週間ぐらいとまるつもりです。大さかを見物したいと思っています。","gloss":"weeklong Osaka sightseeing","reading":"いっしゅうかんぐらいとまるつもりです。おおさかをけんぶつしたいとおもっています。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.040.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.041","source":"東京には 国鉄もあれば 私鉄もあるし、交通は 大変便利です。","translation":"There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient.","reading":"とうきょうにはこくてつもあればしてつもあるし、こうつうはたいへんべんりです。","words":[{"text":"東京には国鉄もあれば私鉄もあるし、交通は大変便利です。","gloss":"Tokyo transportation is convenient","reading":"とうきょうにはこくてつもあればしてつもあるし、こうつうはたいへんべんりです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.041.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L061.w.042","source":"大さかは 京都にも近ければ ならにも近いし、よい所です。","translation":"Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place.","reading":"おおさかはきょうとにもちかければならにもちかいし、よいところです。","words":[{"text":"大さかは京都にも近ければならにも近いし、よい所です。","gloss":"Osaka is conveniently located","reading":"おおさかはきょうとにもちかければならにもちかいし、よいところです。"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L061.w.042.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":9,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Look at the railway sketch on page 140 and talk about it.\n\n2 Talk about the National Railways and the National Electric Railways.\n\n3 Differentiate Nobori ressha and Kudari ressha."},{"section":10,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and study the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study the Pattern Drills.\n\n3 Learn to read and write the new kanji.\n\n4 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n5 Use the guide given for practice in free conversation."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"とまる","gloss":"to stop"},{"word":"見物(する)","gloss":"sightseeing (to do sightseeing)"},{"word":"--にも近ければ","gloss":"It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"大たいに東京に来るれっ車を上りと言い、東京を出て行くのを下りと言います。","gloss":"In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains."},{"word":"東京にむかって走らないれっ車は大切なかん線の方に行くのが上りで、そのはんたいの方に行くのが下りです。","gloss":"As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains."},{"word":"何日ぐらい大さかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。","gloss":"About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?"},{"word":"一週間ぐらいとまるつもりです。大さかを見物したいと思っています。","gloss":"I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka."},{"word":"東京には国鉄もあれば私鉄もあるし、交通は大変便利です。","gloss":"There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient."},{"word":"大さかは京都にも近ければならにも近いし、よい所です。","gloss":"Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place."}],"paradigms":[]}]}