{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L071","title":"Lesson 71","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 71: car repairs and road damage · dialogue 1 of 4, falling rocks and broken lights · dialogue 2 of 4, road hazards and teasing · dialogue 3 of 4, a minor car accident · dialogue 4 of 4, leaving things as they are · perception drill, saying something is unnecessary · perception drill, leaving things unfinished · pattern 1 1 of 3, windows, checking what was left undone · pattern 1 3 of 3, saying what need not happen · pattern 2 1 of 3, declining unnecessary help · pattern 2 2 of 3, asking what must be done · pattern 2 3 of 3, broken cars and driving hazards · reading selection 1 of 2, questions about road damage · reading selection 2 of 2, car parts and road damage · word list 1 of 4, glass, tires, collisions.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/69","lines":151},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/68","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/70","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Car repairs and road damage · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Repairs before a family drive","paragraphs":["*自動車の 手入れを してるんだ。来週は 家族を つれて ドライブに 行こうと 思って* means the speaker is repairing his car before a family drive.","*ドライブ* is the loan word for \"a drive\". Loan words are nouns in Japanese, and adding *SURU* makes an appropriate verb.","*DCRAIBU-SURU* means \"to drive\"."]},{"title":"Poor roads damage the whole car","paragraphs":["*日本は 道路が 悪いので、自動車も 早く いたむね* says cars wear out quickly because roads in Japan are bad.","*エンジンばかりでなく、シャシーや ボデーも 早く いたむよ* adds the chassis and body to the engine.","*BAKKU-SURU* means \"to go backward\"."]},{"title":"Kanji: 路, 窓, 石","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.001","source":"\"自動車\"","translation":"The Automobile","reading":"\"じどうしゃ\"","words":[{"text":"\"","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車\"","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.002","source":"中々 せいが 出ますね。","translation":"You sure are working hard, aren’t you?","reading":"なかなかせいがでますね。","words":[{"text":"中々","gloss":"really","reading":"なかなか"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"effort"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"put forth","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.003","source":"自動車の 手入れを してるんだ。来週は 家族を つれて ドライブに 行こうと 思って。","translation":"I am repairing my car, hoping to go for a drive next week taking my family along.","reading":"じどうしゃのていれをしてるんだ。らいしゅうはかぞくをつれてドライブにいこうとおもって。","words":[{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"手入れ","gloss":"repairs","reading":"ていれ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"てる","gloss":"am doing"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"来週","gloss":"next week","reading":"らいしゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家族","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take along"},{"text":"ドライブ","gloss":"drive"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"行こう","gloss":"let's go","reading":"いこう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"am hoping","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て。","gloss":"am hoping"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.004","source":"日本は 道路が 悪いので、自動車も 早く いたむね。","translation":"Since the roads are bad in Japan, the car sure wears out fast, doesn’t it?","reading":"にほんはどうろがわるいので、じどうしゃもはやくいたむね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"道路","gloss":"roads","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"いたむ","gloss":"wears out"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.005","source":"エンジンばかりでなく、シャシーや ボデーも 早く いたむよ。","translation":"Not only the engine, but the chassis and the body wear out fast too.","reading":"エンジンばかりでなく、シャシーやボデーもはやくいたむよ。","words":[{"text":"エンジン","gloss":"engine"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"only"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"なく、","gloss":"not"},{"text":"シャシー","gloss":"chassis"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ボデー","gloss":"body"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"いたむ","gloss":"wear out"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.006","source":"ほそう道路が 少いので、窓ガラスが 前を 走っている自動車に はねられた石で こわれたり、ヘッドライトが こわれたり するね。","translation":"Since the paved roads are scarce, sometimes window panes and headlights break by a rock caused to fly by a car going ahead of you, don’t they.","reading":"ほそうどうろがすくないので、まどガラスがまえをはしっているじどうしゃにはねられたいしでこわれたり、ヘッドライトがこわれたりするね。","words":[{"text":"ほそう","gloss":"paved"},{"text":"道路","gloss":"road","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"scarce","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window pane","reading":"まど"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"window pane"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ahead","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"走っ","gloss":"is driving","reading":"はしっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is driving"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is driving"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"はね","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"た","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"石","gloss":"rock","reading":"いし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"ヘッドライト","gloss":"headlight"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"する","gloss":"happen"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"----- PPANASHI NI SURU\nFollowing the MASU-form base of verbs, ----- PPANASHI NI SURU expresses an idea of “to do such-and-such and leave it as is”\n\nMeaning | MASU-form | --PPANASHI form\nto use | TSUKAIMASU | TUSKA IPPANASHI\nto drink | NOMIMASU | NOMIPPANASHI\nto eat | KUIMASU | KU IPPANASHI\nto eat | TABEMASU | TABEPPANASHI\nto open | AKMSU | AKEPPANASHI\nto borrow | KARIMASU | KAR IPPANASHI\nto cook | RYOORISHIMASU | RYOOR ISHIPPANASHI\nto break | KCWAREMASU | KOWAREPPANASHI\n\nMADO O AKEPPANASHI NI SHITE WA IKEMASEN. “You must not leave the window open.”\n\nANO HITO WA TABEPPANASHI NI SHITE DETE IKIMASHITA. “He ate and went out leaving (the dirty dishes) as is.”\n\nOKANE O KARIPPANASHI NI SHITE WA IKEMASEN. “You must not borrow money and leave it as is (without paying back).”"},{"section":2,"text":"2 ---NAKUTTATTE II--“don’t have to.”\n---NAKUTTATTE II is a synonymous expression of NAKUTE MO II and means “don’t have to do such-and-such.” It follows 1st base of the negative base of verbs.\n\nKIMI WA IKANAKUTTATTE II. “You don’t have to go.”\n\nKOMBAN WA BENKYOO SHINAKUTTATTE II. “We don’t have to study tonight.”\n\nKIMI WA KONAKUTTATTE II YO. “You don’t have to come.”\n\nSAMUI KARA MADO O AKENAKUTTATTE II. “It’s cold, so you don’t have to open the window.”"},{"section":3,"text":"NA (Negative Imperative Particle).\nA verb in its basic form (dictionary form) plus a particle NA is an abrupt, informal negative imperative used by men in addressing close friends, intimates, and inferiors. An accented verbal retains its original accent before NA, but a normally unaccented verb acquires an accent on its final syllable. NA may be followed by YO.\n\nTABERU NA. “don’t eat.”\n\nNOMU NA. “don’t drink.”\n\nSURU NA. “don’t do (it).”\n\nAMMARI ASOBU NA. “don’t fool around too much.”\n\nSONNA NI SHIKARU NA. “don’t scold so much.”"},{"section":4,"text":"--NANKA\nNANKA, or its more formal equivalent, NADO, following one or more nominals, indicates that the preceding are mentioned as examples of a longer possible list. It often follows a series of nominals joined by\n\nparticle YA, which also indicates that the words listed are examples of a longer series.\n\nWATAKUSHI NANKA “people like me”, “I, for example.”\n\nKYONEN NANKA “last year, for example”\n\nPEN YA EMPITSU NANKA “Pens and pencils and so on”\n\nWATAKUSHI WA SONNA KOTO NANKA SHIRIMASEN. “I don’t know such a thing.”\n\nKYONEN NANKA AME GA HOTONDO FURIMASEN DESHITA. “Last year, for example, it hardly rained.”\n\nHON YA ZASSHI NANKA KATTE KIMASHITA. “I bought books and magazines and things like that.”"},{"section":5,"text":"Since the Meiji Restoration of 1868, English learning has become very vigorous and English words rapidly flowed from the school to the home and since World War II, Japanese have poured their energies into the study of English and adopted a tremendous number of loan-words. English has provided ninety percent of the foreign words used by the Japanese today. All loan words are considered nouns in Japanese. To make an appropriate verb out of them, the verb SURU is suffixed. Following are the examples of English words used as verbs and the Katakana is used for these words\n\n1 DORAIBU-SURU to drive"},{"section":6,"text":"PANKU-SURU to puncture"},{"section":7,"text":"BAKKU-SURU to go backward"},{"section":8,"text":"DANSU-SURU to dance"},{"section":9,"text":"PASU-SURU to pass"},{"section":10,"text":"KONTC^OORU -S URU to control\n\netc."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"車\"","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"中々","gloss":"considerably, very"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"手入れ","gloss":"care, mending"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"てる","gloss":"to shine (v.i.)"},{"word":"だ。","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"来週","gloss":"next week"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"ドライブ","gloss":"a drive"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"道路","gloss":"road"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"いたむ","gloss":"get damaged, wear out (vi)"},{"word":"エンジン","gloss":"engine"},{"word":"ばかり","gloss":"about"},{"word":"シャシー","gloss":"chassis"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ボデー","gloss":"body"},{"word":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"石","gloss":"rock, stone"},{"word":"ヘッドライト","gloss":"headlight"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Falling rocks and broken lights · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Falling rocks and broken lights","paragraphs":["*落ちて 来る 石で ボンネット、やね、トランクの ふたなどが こわれたりするだろう* says falling rocks can damage several parts of a car.","*NADO* follows one or more nouns and marks examples from a longer possible list. *NANKA* is its less formal equivalent."]},{"title":"Damage left unfixed","paragraphs":["*こわれっぱなしにしている人が あるから なあ* says some people leave the equipment broken without fixing it.","In *こわれっぱなし*, *っぱなし* marks the broken condition as one that remains unchanged.","*DANSU-SURU* means \"to dance\". The loan word is a noun, and *SURU* follows it."]},{"title":"Kanji: 落","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.007","source":"するね。前めん窓ガラスが 時々 こわされるよ。","translation":"They sure do. Sometimes a windshield breaks.","reading":"するね。ぜんめんまどガラスがときどきこわされるよ。","words":[{"text":"する","gloss":"they do"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"前め","gloss":"windshield","reading":"ぜんめ"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"windshield"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"windshield","reading":"まど"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"windshield"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"こわさ","gloss":"is broken"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"is broken"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.008","source":"安全ガラスでなかったら 大変だね。","translation":"It would be terrible if it wasn’t safety glass, wouldn’t it?","reading":"あんぜんガラスでなかったらたいへんだね。","words":[{"text":"安全","gloss":"safety glass","reading":"あんぜん"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"safety glass"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たら","gloss":"if"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"terrible","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.009","source":"そう。でも 前を走っている自動車に はねられた石より がけの上から 落ちる 石の方が あぶないね。","translation":"You are right. But the rocks that fall from a cliff are more dangerous than the rocks caused to fly by a car running in front.","reading":"そう。でもまえをはしっているじどうしゃにはねられたいしよりがけのうえからおちるいしのほうがあぶないね。","words":[{"text":"そう。","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も","gloss":"but"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ahead","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"走っ","gloss":"is driving","reading":"はしっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is driving"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is driving"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"はね","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"た","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"石","gloss":"rocks","reading":"いし"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"がけ","gloss":"cliff"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"落ちる","gloss":"falling","reading":"おちる"},{"text":"石","gloss":"rocks","reading":"いし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"the ones","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あぶない","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.010","source":"切り通しを 通る 時には、落ちて 来る 石で ボンネット、やね、トランクの ふたなどが こわれたりするだろう。","translation":"When you go through a cut through of a road sometimes the hood of a car, the roof, the trunk cover, etc. will be damaged by falling rocks.","reading":"きりどおしをとおるときには、おちてくるいしでボンネット、やね、トランクのふたなどがこわれたりするだろう。","words":[{"text":"切り通し","gloss":"road cutting","reading":"きりどおし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通る","gloss":"pass through","reading":"とおる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"落ち","gloss":"falling","reading":"おち"},{"text":"て","gloss":"falling"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"coming","reading":"くる"},{"text":"石","gloss":"rocks","reading":"いし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"ボンネット、","gloss":"hood"},{"text":"やね、","gloss":"roof"},{"text":"トランク","gloss":"trunk"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ふた","gloss":"lid"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"get damaged"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"する","gloss":"happen"},{"text":"だろう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.011","source":"前の 自動車の テールライトや ストップライト、ほうこうしじとうなどが こわれて いる時も あぶないね。","translation":"When tail lights, brake lights, turn signals etc. are broken, it is also dangerous.","reading":"まえのじどうしゃのテールライトやストップライト、ほうこうしじとうなどがこわれているときもあぶないね。","words":[{"text":"前","gloss":"ahead","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"テールライト","gloss":"taillights"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ストップ","gloss":"brake light"},{"text":"ライト、","gloss":"brake light"},{"text":"ほう","gloss":"turn signal"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"turn signal"},{"text":"し","gloss":"turn signal"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"turn signal"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"turn signal"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"are broken"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are broken"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are broken"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あぶない","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.012","source":"こわれっぱなしにしている人が あるから なあ。","translation":"There are some people who leave them broken without fixing them, you see.","reading":"こわれっぱなしにしているひとがあるからなあ。","words":[{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"leave them"},{"text":"て","gloss":"leave them"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"leave them"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"なあ。","gloss":"you know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう。","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"がけ","gloss":"cliff"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"落ちる","gloss":"to fall"},{"word":"あぶない","gloss":"dangerous (I-adj.)"},{"word":"切り通し","gloss":"cut through of a road"},{"word":"通る","gloss":"to pass"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"ボンネット、","gloss":"hood of a car"},{"word":"やね、","gloss":"roof"},{"word":"トランク","gloss":"trunk"},{"word":"ふた","gloss":"lid"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"テールライト","gloss":"taillight"},{"word":"じ","gloss":"character, word"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Road hazards and teasing · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A puncture and unwanted sympathy","paragraphs":["*タイヤが パンクすると これも あぶない* says a punctured tire is also dangerous.","*PANKU-SURU* means \"to puncture\".","*そんな 変な どうじょうなんかしなくったって いいよ* rejects the other speaker's sympathy as unnecessary."]},{"title":"A blunt order not to","paragraphs":["*まあ、そんなに やっきに なるな。じょうだんだよ* means \"Do not be so serious. I am only kidding.\"","A dictionary-form verb plus *な* gives an abrupt, informal negative command. Men use it with close friends, intimates, and inferiors."]},{"title":"Kanji: 速","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 力","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.013","source":"山道を 通っている時、速力を 出している時など タイヤが パンクすると これも あぶない。","translation":"When a tire punctures when you are going through a mountain road and when you are speeding, it is also dangerous.","reading":"やまみちをとおっているとき、そくりょくをだしているときなどタイヤがパンクするとこれもあぶない。","words":[{"text":"山道","gloss":"mountain road","reading":"やまみち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"along"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"are traveling","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are traveling"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are traveling"},{"text":"時、","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"速力","gloss":"speed","reading":"そくりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"are speeding","reading":"だし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are speeding"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are speeding"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"タイヤ","gloss":"tire"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"パンク","gloss":"puncture"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あぶない。","gloss":"dangerous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.014","source":"日本は 山は 多いし、道路は 悪いし、自動車を 持っている人には どうじょうするよ。","translation":"There are many mountains,and roads are bad in Japan, so I sympathize with persons who own private cars.","reading":"にほんはやまはおおいし、どうろはわるいし、じどうしゃをもっているひとにはどうじょうするよ。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山","gloss":"mountains","reading":"やま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"道路","gloss":"roads","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"own","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"own"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"own"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どうじょう","gloss":"sympathy"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.015","source":"そんな 変な どうじょうなんかしなくったって いいよ。","translation":"You don’t have to give such strange sympathy.","reading":"そんなへんなどうじょうなんかしなくったっていいよ。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"変","gloss":"strange","reading":"へん"},{"text":"な","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"どうじょう","gloss":"sympathy"},{"text":"なんか","gloss":"such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"okay"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.016","source":"まあ、そんなに やっきに なるな。じょうだんだよ。","translation":"Don’t be so serious. I am only kidding.","reading":"まあ、そんなにやっきになるな。じょうだんだよ。","words":[{"text":"まあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"so"},{"text":"に","gloss":"so"},{"text":"やっき","gloss":"serious"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"な。","gloss":"don't"},{"text":"じょうだん","gloss":"joke"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.017","source":"君も 自家用車が あるんだから、このたびは ゆるす。","translation":"Since you too have a private car. I’ll forgive you this time.","reading":"きみもじかようしゃがあるんだから、このたびはゆるす。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"自家","gloss":"private car"},{"text":"用","gloss":"private car"},{"text":"車","gloss":"private car"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact is"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゆるす。","gloss":"forgive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.018","source":"僕のは この間 窓ふき器がこわれた。","translation":"My windshield wipers broke the other day.","reading":"ぼくのはこのあいだまどふききがこわれた。","words":[{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"窓ふき","gloss":"windshield wiper"},{"text":"器","gloss":"windshield wiper"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"山道","gloss":"mountain road"},{"word":"時、","gloss":"time"},{"word":"速力","gloss":"speed"},{"word":"タイヤ","gloss":"tire"},{"word":"あぶない。","gloss":"dangerous (I-adj.)"},{"word":"山","gloss":"mountain"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"なんか","gloss":"and so on, etc., such a (see Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"まあ、","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"じょうだん","gloss":"joke, jest"},{"word":"君","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ゆるす。","gloss":"forgive, pardon(vt)"},{"word":"僕","gloss":"I (see notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"A minor car accident · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A collision and a broken bumper","paragraphs":["*君は その時 ついとつして バンパーを こわしたとか* reports that the driver struck a car from behind and broke the bumper.","*PASU-SURU* means \"to pass\"."]},{"title":"Blaming the wiper","paragraphs":["*窓ふき器の せいに したとか* means \"I hear you blamed it on the windshield wiper.\" The driver admits that the report is correct.","*KONTC^OORU -S URU* means \"to control\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.019","source":"君は その時 ついとつして バンパーを こわしたとか。","translation":"I hear you bumped into the rear of a car and broke the bumper.","reading":"きみはそのときついとつしてバンパーをこわしたとか。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"ついと","gloss":"rear-end collision"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"rear-end collision"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"バンパー","gloss":"bumper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こわし","gloss":"break"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"I hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.020","source":"ちょっと はずかしくて 人にも 言えん。","translation":"It’s embarrassing and I can’t tell anybody about it.","reading":"ちょっとはずかしくてひとにもいえん。","words":[{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"はずかしく","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"人","gloss":"anyone","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"tell","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"cannot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.021","source":"は、は、は----。窓ふき器の せいに したとか。","translation":"Ha, ha, ha. I hear you blamed it on the windshield wiper.","reading":"は、は、は----。まどふききのせいにしたとか。","words":[{"text":"は、","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"は----。","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"窓ふき","gloss":"windshield wiper","reading":"まどふき"},{"text":"器","gloss":"windshield wiper","reading":"き"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"blame"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"I hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L071.dlg.022","source":"そうなんだよ。 は、は、は----。","translation":"That’s right. Ha, ha, ha.","reading":"そうなんだよ。は、は、は----。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"は----。","gloss":"ha"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.dlg.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"バンパー","gloss":"bumper"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Leaving things as they are · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Doing it and leaving it","paragraphs":["*こわれっぱなしにしておきました* means \"I left it broken.\"","Add *っぱなしにする* to the base before the polite ending to describe doing something and leaving it as it is.","*TABEMASU* becomes *TABEPPANASHI*. *NOMIMASU* becomes *NOMIPPANASHI*."]},{"title":"Food left after eating","paragraphs":["*食べっぱなしにして、そうじも せずに 帰ったらしいですね* says they ate, left everything as it was, and went home without cleaning.","The lines also use *っぱなし* for a window left open, a recorder left in use, and a car left broken."]}],"lines":[{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.01","source":"こわれっぱなしにしておきました。","translation":"I left it broken.","reading":"こわれっぱなしにしておきました。","words":[{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.02","source":"じゅぎょうが 終ったら、まどを あけっぱなしにしないで 帰るんだよ。","translation":"When the classroom instruction ends, you had better go home without leaving the windows open.","reading":"じゅぎょうがおわったら、まどをあけっぱなしにしないでかえるんだよ。","words":[{"text":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"class instruction"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"終っ","gloss":"end","reading":"おわっ"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で","gloss":"without"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.03","source":"はい、今日は わすれずに まどを しめて 帰ります。","translation":"Yes, I’ll go home without forgetting to close the window today.","reading":"はい、きょうはわすれずにまどをしめてかえります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わすれ","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without"},{"text":"に","gloss":"without"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.04","source":"自動車が こわれたそうですが、なおしましたか。","translation":"I hear your car broke down, but have you repaired it?","reading":"じどうしゃがこわれたそうですが、なおしましたか。","words":[{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break down"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"なお","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"し","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.05","source":"いいえ、もう古い自動車ですから、こわれっぱなしにしてあります。","translation":"No, since it’s already an old car, it is left broken (unrepaired).","reading":"いいえ、もうふるいじどうしゃですから、こわれっぱなしにしてあります。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"has been"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.06","source":"テープレコーダーを かりたら、使いっぱなしにしないで、かりた所へ 持って行くんですよ。","translation":"When you borrow a tape recorder, please don’t use it and leave it as is, but you had better take it back to the place where you borrowed it.","reading":"テープレコーダーをかりたら、つかいっぱなしにしないで、かりたところへもっていくんですよ。","words":[{"text":"テープ","gloss":"tape recorder"},{"text":"レコーダー","gloss":"tape recorder"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かり","gloss":"borrow"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"without"},{"text":"かり","gloss":"borrow"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"所","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"take","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.07","source":"はい、かしこまりました。","translation":"Yes, sir.","reading":"はい、かしこまりました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes sir"},{"text":"かしこまり","gloss":"understood"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.08","source":"この ピクニックの テーブルは ずい分 よごれているね。","translation":"This picnic table is really dirty, isn’t it?","reading":"このピクニックのテーブルはずいぶんよごれているね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ピクニック","gloss":"picnic"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"テーブル","gloss":"table"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"よごれ","gloss":"is dirty"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is dirty"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is dirty"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.09","source":"食べっぱなしにして、そうじも せずに 帰ったらしいですね。","translation":"It seems they ate and left it as is and went home without cleaning it after eating.","reading":"たべっぱなしにして、そうじもせずにかえったらしいですね。","words":[{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without"},{"text":"に","gloss":"without"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.10","source":"昨晩は 酒を 飲みっぱなしにして、お手つだいもせず 帰って 失礼しました。","translation":"I am sorry for going home last night without helping to clean up after drinking.","reading":"さくばんはさけをのみっぱなしにして、おてつだいもせずかえってしつれいしました。","words":[{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"酒","gloss":"alcohol","reading":"さけ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲み","gloss":"drink","reading":"のみ"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"お","gloss":"help"},{"text":"手つだい","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだい"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"失礼","gloss":"was rude","reading":"しつれい"},{"text":"し","gloss":"was rude"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp1.11","source":"いいえ、そんな心配は いりません。子供たちが 手つだってくれましたから。","translation":"No, you don’t need to worry like that because the children helped me.","reading":"いいえ、そんなしんぱいはいりません。こどもたちがてつだってくれましたから。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"心配","gloss":"worry","reading":"しんぱい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"手つだっ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"help"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"for me"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"じゅぎょう","gloss":"classroom instruction"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"古い","gloss":"old, antique"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"word":"酒","gloss":"Sake, rice wine"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying something is unnecessary · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"An action is unnecessary","paragraphs":["*君は 行かなくったって いい* means \"You do not have to go.\"","Add *なくったって いい* to the negative base of a verb to say that its action is unnecessary."]},{"title":"A reason for not taking medicine","paragraphs":["*もう ねつが なくなったから、くすりを 飲まなくったっていい* says taking medicine is unnecessary because the fever has gone.","The lines apply the same form to submitting work, hurrying, working, taking medicine, and entering a hospital."]}],"lines":[{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.01","source":"君は 行かなくったって いい。","translation":"You don’t have to go.","reading":"きみはいかなくったっていい。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"all right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.02","source":"先生、この宿題は 今日の 午後 出さなければ ならないのですか。","translation":"Teacher, do we have to turn in the homework this afternoon?","reading":"せんせい、このしゅくだいはきょうのごごださなければならないのですか。","words":[{"text":"先生、","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"宿題","gloss":"homework","reading":"しゅくだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"turn in","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.03","source":"いいや、今日の 午後 出さなくったっていい。明日の 朝 出せば よろしい。","translation":"No, you don’t have to turn it in this afternoon. You may turn it in tomorrow morning.","reading":"いいや、きょうのごごださなくったっていい。あしたのあさだせばよろしい。","words":[{"text":"いい","gloss":"no"},{"text":"や、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"turn in","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"出せ","gloss":"turn in","reading":"だせ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"よろしい。","gloss":"all right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.04","source":"今晩の 映画は あまり 急いで 行かなくったって いいんでしょう。","translation":"You don’t have to hurry and go to tonight’s movie, do you?","reading":"こんばんのえいがはあまりいそいでいかなくったっていいんでしょう。","words":[{"text":"今晩","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"that much"},{"text":"急い","gloss":"hurry","reading":"いそい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.05","source":"ええ、七時半に 始まるんですから、まだ 三十分 あります。","translation":"No, since it’s going to start at seven-thirty, there is still half an hour left.","reading":"ええ、しちじはんにはじまるんですから、まださんじゅっぷんあります。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven thirty"},{"text":"時","gloss":"seven thirty"},{"text":"半","gloss":"seven thirty"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"始まる","gloss":"start","reading":"はじまる"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"分","gloss":"thirty minutes"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"remain"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.06","source":"あなたは 今週の 土曜日に 働かなければ ならないんですか。","translation":"Do you have to work on Saturday this week?","reading":"あなたはこんしゅうのどようびにはたらかなければならないんですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今週","gloss":"this week","reading":"こんしゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"土曜","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"どよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"び"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"働か","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらか"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.07","source":"ええ、半日だけ 働くことに なっています。だが 午後は 働かなくったっていいんです。","translation":"Yes, I am supposed to work only half a day but I don’t have to work in the afternoon.","reading":"ええ、はんにちだけはたらくことになっています。だがごごははたらかなくったっていいんです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"半日","gloss":"half day","reading":"はんにち"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"arrangement"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"is supposed to"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is supposed to"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is supposed to"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"働か","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらか"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.08","source":"くすりを 飲まないんですか。","translation":"Aren’t you going to take the medicine?","reading":"くすりをのまないんですか。","words":[{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"take","reading":"のま"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.09","source":"ええ、もう ねつが なくなったから、くすりを 飲まなくったっていいと 医者が 言っていました。","translation":"No, since the fever went down, the doctor was saying that I don’t have to take the medicine.","reading":"ええ、もうねつがなくなったから、くすりをのまなくったっていいといしゃがいっていました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"ねつ","gloss":"fever"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"なくなっ","gloss":"went away"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"take","reading":"のま"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"医者","gloss":"doctor","reading":"いしゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"was saying","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was saying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was saying"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was saying"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.10","source":"大木さんの 奥さんは 入院しなくったって よくなったそうですよ。","translation":"I understand it so turned out that Mrs. Ooki doesn’t have to go to the hospital.","reading":"おおきさんのおくさんはにゅういんしなくったってよくなったそうですよ。","words":[{"text":"大木","gloss":"Ooki","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"入院","gloss":"hospitalize","reading":"にゅういん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.10.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L071.gp2.11","source":"そうですか。それは よかったですね。","translation":"Is that right? I am glad (that was good).","reading":"そうですか。それはよかったですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よかっ","gloss":"was good"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.gp2.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いい。","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"宿題","gloss":"homework"},{"word":"午後","gloss":"p.m., afternoon"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"や、","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"朝","gloss":"morning"},{"word":"よろしい。","gloss":"good!"},{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"三十","gloss":"30"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"今週","gloss":"this week"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"くすり","gloss":"medicine"},{"word":"ねつ","gloss":"fever"},{"word":"医者","gloss":"medical doctor"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Leaving things unfinished · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A window left open","paragraphs":["*昨晩 まどを あけっぱなしにして ねました* means \"Last night I went to sleep with the window left open.\"","Here *っぱなしにして* follows *あけ* and leaves the window in that state."]},{"title":"Food left unfinished","paragraphs":["*子供たちは 食べっぱなしにして、遊びに 出た* means the children left their food unfinished and went out to play.","Other lines leave borrowed things used, a clock broken, a house entrusted to children, and a kitchen dirty after cooking."]}],"lines":[{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.m1","source":"昨晩 まどを あけっぱなしにして ねました。","translation":"Last night I went to sleep with the window left open.","reading":"さくばんまどをあけっぱなしにしてねました。","words":[{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"まど","gloss":"window"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ね","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.01","source":"昨日 生徒は 教室の 窓を あけっぱなしにして 帰りました。","translation":"Yesterday the students went home leaving the classroom windows open.","reading":"きのうせいとはきょうしつのまどをあけっぱなしにしてかえりました。","words":[{"text":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday","reading":"きのう"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"帰り","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.02","source":"田村さんは いつも かりた物を 使いっぱなしにして、私の ところに 持って来ます。","translation":"Mr. Tamura always brings things he has borrowed back to me after using them and leaving them as they are.","reading":"たむらさんはいつもかりたものをつかいっぱなしにして、わたくしのところにもってきます。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"かり","gloss":"borrow"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"物","gloss":"thing","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"私","gloss":"me","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"bring","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"来","gloss":"bring","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.03","source":"時計がこわれたが、もう古いので、こわれっぱなしにしておきました。","translation":"The clock broke, but since it was already old, I left it broken.","reading":"とけいがこわれたが、もうふるいので、こわれっぱなしにしておきました。","words":[{"text":"時計","gloss":"clock","reading":"とけい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おき","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.04","source":"子供たちは 食べっぱなしにして、遊びに 出た。","translation":"The children left their food unfinished and went out to play.","reading":"こどもたちはたべっぱなしにして、あそびにでた。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left unfinished"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"遊び","gloss":"play","reading":"あそび"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出","gloss":"go out","reading":"で"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.05","source":"ある親は 家を 子供に まかせっぱなしにして 出ます。","translation":"Some parents leave the house entirely to their children and go out.","reading":"あるおやはいえをこどもにまかせっぱなしにしてでます。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"親","gloss":"parents","reading":"おや"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"まかせ","gloss":"entrust"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"出","gloss":"go out","reading":"で"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.06","source":"台所は 料理しっぱなしにしてあるから、きたない。","translation":"The kitchen is dirty because it was left as it was after cooking.","reading":"だいどころはりょうりしっぱなしにしてあるから、きたない。","words":[{"text":"台所","gloss":"kitchen","reading":"だいどころ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"cook","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"has been"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きたない。","gloss":"dirty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.07","source":"窓の ガラスが こわしっぱなしにしてあります。","translation":"The windowpane has been left broken.","reading":"まどのガラスがこわしっぱなしにしてあります。","words":[{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわし","gloss":"break"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"has been"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ね","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"昨日","gloss":"yesterday"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"台所","gloss":"kitchen"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Windows, lights and water · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Water and lights left on","paragraphs":["*水道の 水が 出しっぱなしにしてある* means the tap water has been left running.","*電とうを つけっぱなしにして ねた* applies *っぱなし* to sleeping with a light left on."]},{"title":"Windows and objects left unattended","paragraphs":["*自動車の 窓を あけっぱなしにして おいても いいのですか* asks whether the car window may remain open.","*何でも 使いっぱなしにして おく* describes using everything and leaving it as it is."]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.08","source":"水道の 水が 出しっぱなしにしてある。","translation":"The tap water has been left running.","reading":"すいどうのみずがだしっぱなしにしてある。","words":[{"text":"水道","gloss":"water supply","reading":"すいどう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"水","gloss":"water","reading":"みず"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"run","reading":"だし"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left running"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ある。","gloss":"has been"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.09","source":"あなたは 昨晩 電とうを つけっぱなしにして ねたらしいですね。けさ 電とうが 外に ついていましたよ。","translation":"It seems you went to sleep with the light left on last night, didn't you? The outside light was on this morning.","reading":"あなたはさくばんでんとうをつけっぱなしにしてねたらしいですね。けさでんとうがそとについていましたよ。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"turn on"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left on"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ね","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"けさ","gloss":"this morning"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"was on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was on"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was on"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was on"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.10","source":"た分 けすのを わすれたのでしょう。","translation":"You probably forgot to turn it off.","reading":"たぶんけすのをわすれたのでしょう。","words":[{"text":"た","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"分","gloss":"probably","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"けす","gloss":"turn off"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the act"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"わすれ","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.11","source":"昨晩、窓を あけっぱなしにして ねたので、かぜを 引いたらしいです。","translation":"It seems I caught a cold because I slept with the window left open last night.","reading":"さくばん、まどをあけっぱなしにしてねたので、かぜをひいたらしいです。","words":[{"text":"昨晩、","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ね","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"引い","gloss":"catch","reading":"ひい"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.12","source":"そうですか。私も いつも 窓を あけっぱなしにして ねるんですがね、かぜは 引きません。","translation":"Is that so? I always sleep with the window left open too, but I don't catch cold.","reading":"そうですか。わたくしもいつもまどをあけっぱなしにしてねるんですがね、かぜはひきません。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ねる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ね、","gloss":"you know"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"引き","gloss":"catch","reading":"ひき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.13","source":"自動車の 窓を あけっぱなしにして おいても いいのですか。自動車の 中の 物をぬすまれますよ。","translation":"Is it all right to leave the car window open? Things inside the car will be stolen.","reading":"じどうしゃのまどをあけっぱなしにしておいてもいいのですか。じどうしゃのなかのものをぬすまれますよ。","words":[{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あけ","gloss":"open"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おい","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"て","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬすま","gloss":"steal"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"be stolen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.14","source":"ええ、だが ぬすまれるような物は ないから、心配は いりません。","translation":"Yes, but there is nothing worth stealing, so there is no need to worry.","reading":"ええ、だがぬすまれるようなものはないから、しんぱいはいりません。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"but"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ぬすま","gloss":"steal"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"be stolen"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"な","gloss":"of"},{"text":"物","gloss":"thing","reading":"もの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not exist"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"心配","gloss":"worry","reading":"しんぱい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.15","source":"うちの 子供は ほんとに 困ったものです。こんなに 何でも 使いっぱなしにして おくんですよ。","translation":"My child is really a problem. He uses everything and just leaves it like this.","reading":"うちのこどもはほんとにこまったものです。こんなになんでもつかいっぱなしにしておくんですよ。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"my"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほんと","gloss":"really"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"困っ","gloss":"is troublesome","reading":"こまっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"person"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this much"},{"text":"に","gloss":"this much"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"も","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left that way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おく","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"水道","gloss":"water service, water main"},{"word":"水","gloss":"water"},{"word":"ある。","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"けす","gloss":"to erase, extinguish"},{"word":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"word":"ねる","gloss":"to sleep"},{"word":"おい","gloss":"nephew"},{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Checking what was left undone · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A radio left broken","paragraphs":["*もう こわれっぱなしにして あるのです* means the radio has been left broken.","*古い ラジオですから、なおさない つもりです* gives the reason and says the speaker does not intend to repair it."]},{"title":"Checks after use","paragraphs":["*教室の 電とうが けしてありましたか* asks whether the classroom lights were turned off.","The other checks concern closed windows and cleaned areas after eating or drinking."]}],"lines":[{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.16","source":"子供は 皆 同じですよ。","translation":"All children are the same.","reading":"こどもはみなおなじですよ。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"all","reading":"みな"},{"text":"同じ","gloss":"same","reading":"おなじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.17","source":"この ラジオを なおさないのですか。","translation":"Aren't you going to repair this radio?","reading":"このラジオをなおさないのですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"なおさ","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.18","source":"ええ、もう こわれっぱなしにして あるのです。古い ラジオですから、なおさない つもりです。","translation":"No, I have just left it broken. Since it is an old radio, I do not intend to repair it.","reading":"ええ、もうこわれっぱなしにしてあるのです。ふるいラジオですから、なおさないつもりです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"has been"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"なおさ","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intention"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.19","source":"教室の 窓が しめてありましたか。","translation":"Were the classroom windows closed?","reading":"きょうしつのまどがしめてありましたか。","words":[{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"had been"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.20","source":"この こわれた 時計を なおしますか。","translation":"Will you repair this broken clock?","reading":"このこわれたとけいをなおしますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時計","gloss":"clock","reading":"とけい"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"なおし","gloss":"repair"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.21","source":"食べた後で きれいに そうじして ありましたか。","translation":"Was everything cleaned up after you ate?","reading":"たべたあとできれいにそうじしてありましたか。","words":[{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"後","gloss":"after","reading":"あと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"after"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"に","gloss":"cleanly"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"had been"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.22","source":"ビールを 飲んだ後で きれいに そうじして ありましたか。","translation":"Was everything cleaned up after you drank the beer?","reading":"ビールをのんだあとできれいにそうじしてありましたか。","words":[{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ん","gloss":"drink","reading":"のん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"後","gloss":"after","reading":"あと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"after"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"に","gloss":"cleanly"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"had been"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt1.23","source":"教室の 電とうが けしてありましたか。","translation":"Were the classroom lights turned off?","reading":"きょうしつのでんとうがけしてありましたか。","words":[{"text":"教室","gloss":"classroom","reading":"きょうしつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"電とう","gloss":"light","reading":"でんとう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"けして","gloss":"turned off"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"had been"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt1.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Saying what need not happen · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"No need to study or pay","paragraphs":["*今晩は 勉強しなくったっていいそうです* reports that studying tonight is unnecessary.","*君は はらわなくったっていいよ* applies *なくったっていい* to paying."]},{"title":"No need to hurry","paragraphs":["*時間は じゅう分あるから、急がなくったっていい* means there is plenty of time, so hurrying is unnecessary.","The other lines make taking lunch, attaching a stamp, getting help, and moving unnecessary."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.m1","source":"今晩は 勉強しなくったっていいそうです。","translation":"They say we do not have to study tonight.","reading":"こんばんはべんきょうしなくったっていいそうです。","words":[{"text":"今晩は","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばんは"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"they say"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.01","source":"君は はらわなくったっていいよ。僕が はらうから。","translation":"You do not have to pay. I will pay.","reading":"きみははらわなくったっていいよ。ぼくがはらうから。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はらわ","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"はらう","gloss":"pay"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.02","source":"おべんとうは 持って 行かなくったって いいそうです。","translation":"They say we do not have to take our lunches with us.","reading":"おべんとうはもっていかなくったっていいそうです。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"boxed lunch"},{"text":"べんとう","gloss":"boxed lunch"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"take","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"go","reading":"いか"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"they say"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.03","source":"時間は じゅう分あるから、急がなくったっていい。","translation":"There is plenty of time, so you do not have to hurry.","reading":"じかんはじゅうぶんあるから、いそがなくったっていい。","words":[{"text":"時間","gloss":"time","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"じゅう","gloss":"plenty"},{"text":"分","gloss":"plenty","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"急が","gloss":"hurry","reading":"いそが"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"fine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.04","source":"葉書には 切手は はらなくったっていい。","translation":"You do not have to put a stamp on a postcard.","reading":"はがきにはきってははらなくったっていい。","words":[{"text":"葉書","gloss":"postcard","reading":"はがき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"切手","gloss":"stamp","reading":"きって"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"はら","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"fine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.05","source":"明日の 朝は 早く起きなくったって よくなりました。","translation":"It is no longer necessary to get up early tomorrow morning.","reading":"あしたのあさははやくおきなくったってよくなりました。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"朝","gloss":"morning","reading":"あさ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"get up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"okay"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.06","source":"手つだって もらわなくったっていいですよ。","translation":"You do not have to get anyone to help you.","reading":"てつだってもらわなくったっていいですよ。","words":[{"text":"手つだっ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"help"},{"text":"もらわ","gloss":"receive help"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.07","source":"そんな事を しなくったっていいんですよ。","translation":"You do not have to do such a thing.","reading":"そんなことをしなくったっていいんですよ。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.07.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.08","source":"移転しなくったって よくなりました。","translation":"It is no longer necessary to move.","reading":"いてんしなくったってよくなりました。","words":[{"text":"移転","gloss":"move","reading":"いてん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"okay"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"はらう","gloss":"to pay"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"べんとう","gloss":"box lunch"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"葉書","gloss":"post card"},{"word":"切手","gloss":"postage stamp"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Declining unnecessary help · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An offer to wrap something","paragraphs":["*お包み いたしましょうか* offers to wrap something.","*包まなくったって いいよ* declines because the item will be used immediately."]},{"title":"Reasons for declining","paragraphs":["*こう空ゆうびんで 出さなくったっていいんです* says airmail is unnecessary because the letter is not urgent.","Other reasons make closing a window or rising around six unnecessary."]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.09","source":"お包み いたしましょうか。","translation":"Shall I wrap it for you?","reading":"おつつみいたしましょうか。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"honorable"},{"text":"包み","gloss":"wrapping","reading":"つつみ"},{"text":"いたし","gloss":"humbly do"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall I"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.10","source":"いや、すぐ 使う物だから、包まなくったって いいよ。","translation":"No, I am going to use it right away, so you do not have to wrap it.","reading":"いや、すぐつかうものだから、つつまなくったっていいよ。","words":[{"text":"いや、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"right away"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"物","gloss":"thing","reading":"もの"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"包ま","gloss":"wrap","reading":"つつま"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.11","source":"窓を しめましょうか。","translation":"Shall I close the window?","reading":"まどをしめましょうか。","words":[{"text":"窓","gloss":"window","reading":"まど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall I"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.12","source":"いいえ、しめなくったっていい。まだ少しあついから。","translation":"No, you do not have to close it. It is still a little hot.","reading":"いいえ、しめなくったっていい。まだすこしあついから。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"しめ","gloss":"close"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい。","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.13","source":"明日は ピクニックですから 六時ごろ 起きて行きましょうか。","translation":"Since the picnic is tomorrow, shall we get up around six and go?","reading":"あしたはピクニックですからろくじごろおきていきましょうか。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ピクニック","gloss":"picnic"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"get up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall we"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.14","source":"そんなに 早く起きなくったっていいですよ。九時ごろから 出かければいいのですから。","translation":"You do not have to get up that early. We only need to leave around nine.","reading":"そんなにはやくおきなくったっていいですよ。くじごろからでかければいいのですから。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"get up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine","reading":"く"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出かけれ","gloss":"leave","reading":"でかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.15","source":"この手紙は こう空ゆうびんで 出しましょうか。","translation":"Shall I send this letter by airmail?","reading":"このてがみはこうくうゆうびんでだしましょうか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"空","gloss":"airmail","reading":"くう"},{"text":"ゆうびん","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"send","reading":"だし"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall I"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.16","source":"こう空ゆうびんで 出さなくったっていいんです。あんまり 急いだ手紙では ありませんから","translation":"You do not have to send it by airmail. It is not a very urgent letter.","reading":"こうくうゆうびんでださなくったっていいんです。あんまりいそいだてがみではありませんから","words":[{"text":"こう","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"空","gloss":"airmail","reading":"くう"},{"text":"ゆうびん","gloss":"airmail"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"出さ","gloss":"send","reading":"ださ"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"急い","gloss":"urgent","reading":"いそい"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"urgent"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.17","source":"田中さんは七時までに 来る事になっているんですが、来ませんね。","translation":"Mr. Tanaka is supposed to come by seven, but he has not come, has he?","reading":"たなかさんはしちじまでにくることになっているんですが、きませんね。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven","reading":"しち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"supposed to","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"decided"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ましょう","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いや、","gloss":"no"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"ゆうびん","gloss":"postal service"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking what must be done · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"No need to wait","paragraphs":["*七時までに来なかったら、待たなくったっていいと 言っていましたよ* reports that waiting is unnecessary if he does not arrive by seven.","Here *待たなくったっていい* places the unnecessary action inside a reported statement."]},{"title":"What must happen","paragraphs":["*葉書には切手を はらなくては なりませんか* means \"Do you have to put a stamp on a postcard?\"","The remaining questions ask about Sunday school, knowing Japanese, seeing a doctor, and studying on Friday evenings."]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.18","source":"七時までに来なかったら、待たなくったっていいと 言っていましたよ。","translation":"He said that if he did not come by seven, we did not have to wait.","reading":"しちじまでにこなかったら、またなくったっていいといっていましたよ。","words":[{"text":"七","gloss":"seven","reading":"しち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o’clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たら、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"待た","gloss":"wait","reading":"また"},{"text":"なくっ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"たって","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"said","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"said"},{"text":"い","gloss":"said"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.19","source":"では、もう十五分ぐらい待って、来なければ 先に 出かけましょう。","translation":"Then let us wait about fifteen more minutes, and if he does not come, let us go on ahead.","reading":"では、もうじゅうごふんぐらいまって、こなければさきにでかけましょう。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"more"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fifteen"},{"text":"五","gloss":"fifteen"},{"text":"分","gloss":"minutes"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"待っ","gloss":"wait","reading":"まっ"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"先","gloss":"ahead","reading":"さき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出かけ","gloss":"leave","reading":"でかけ"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"let us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.20","source":"葉書には切手を はらなくては なりませんか。","translation":"Do you have to put a stamp on a postcard?","reading":"はがきにはきってをはらなくてはなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"葉書","gloss":"postcard","reading":"はがき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"切手","gloss":"stamp","reading":"きって"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はら","gloss":"put on"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.21","source":"あなた方は 日曜日にも 学校に来なければなりませんか。","translation":"Do you have to come to school on Sundays too?","reading":"あなたがたはにちようびにもがっこうにこなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"方","gloss":"people","reading":"がた"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日曜","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"にちよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"び"},{"text":"に","gloss":"on"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.22","source":"日本へ行く人は 日本語を 知らなくてはなりませんか。","translation":"Do people going to Japan have to know Japanese?","reading":"にほんへいくひとはにほんごをしらなくてはなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"know","reading":"しら"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.23","source":"かるい病気でも 医者にかからなくては なりませんか。","translation":"Do you have to see a doctor even for a minor illness?","reading":"かるいびょうきでもいしゃにかからなくてはなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"かるい","gloss":"minor"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"医者","gloss":"doctor","reading":"いしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"かから","gloss":"consult"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.23.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L071.pt2.24","source":"この学校の生徒は 金曜日の晩も 勉強しなくては なりませんか。","translation":"Do the students at this school have to study on Friday evenings too?","reading":"このがっこうのせいとはきんようびのばんもべんきょうしなくてはなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"金曜","gloss":"Friday","reading":"きんよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Friday","reading":"び"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"晩","gloss":"evening","reading":"ばん"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.pt2.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かるい","gloss":"light"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Broken cars and driving hazards · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Broken signals and collisions","paragraphs":["*テイル ライト、ストップ ライト、ほうこうしじとう などが こわれて いるために、ついとつして バンパーを こわすことが あります* describes a collision caused by broken signals.","*など* marks the listed lights as examples from a longer possible list."]},{"title":"Damage left unfixed","paragraphs":["*それを こわれっぱなしにして 運転している人が 多いらしいです* says many people leave such equipment broken and keep driving.","*タイヤが パンクする* is very dangerous on mountain roads or at high speed."]}],"lines":[{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.001","source":"あります。","translation":"There are.","reading":"あります。","words":[{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.002","source":"もう一つ あぶない事は 前を 走っている 自動車の テイル ライト、ストップ ライト、ほうこうしじとう などが こわれて いるために、ついとつして バンパーを こわすことが あります。","translation":"Another danger is that the taillights, brake lights, turn signals, and so on of the car ahead may be broken, causing you to run into it and damage your bumper.","reading":"もうひとつあぶないことはまえをはしっているじどうしゃのテイルライト、ストップライト、ほうこうしじとうなどがこわれているために、ついとつしてバンパーをこわすことがあります。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"あぶない","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"前","gloss":"ahead","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"走っ","gloss":"running","reading":"はしっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"running"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"running"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"テイル","gloss":"taillight"},{"text":"ライト、","gloss":"taillight"},{"text":"ストップ","gloss":"brake light"},{"text":"ライト、","gloss":"brake light"},{"text":"ほう","gloss":"turn signals"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"turn signals"},{"text":"し","gloss":"turn signals"},{"text":"じ","gloss":"turn signals"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"turn signals"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"broken"},{"text":"て","gloss":"broken"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"broken"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"because"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ついと","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"し","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"て","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"バンパー","gloss":"bumper"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こわす","gloss":"damage"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"may"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.003","source":"そんな物が、こわれても、それを こわれっぱなしにして 運転している人が 多いらしいです。","translation":"It seems that even when such things break, many people leave them broken and keep driving.","reading":"そんなものが、こわれても、それをこわれっぱなしにしてうんてんしているひとがおおいらしいです。","words":[{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"break"},{"text":"て","gloss":"break"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"them"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"っぱなし","gloss":"left broken"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in that state"},{"text":"し","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"て","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"運転","gloss":"drive","reading":"うんてん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"drive"},{"text":"て","gloss":"drive"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"drive"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.004","source":"山道を 通っている時や 速力を 出している時など タイヤが パンクすると これも 大変 あぶない事です。","translation":"A flat tire is also very dangerous when you are driving on a mountain road or at high speed.","reading":"やまみちをとおっているときやそくりょくをだしているときなどタイヤがパンクするとこれもたいへんあぶないことです。","words":[{"text":"山道","gloss":"mountain road","reading":"やまみち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"travel","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"travel"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"travel"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"速力","gloss":"speed","reading":"そくりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"produce","reading":"だし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"produce"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"produce"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"タイヤ","gloss":"tire"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"パンク","gloss":"go flat"},{"text":"する","gloss":"go flat"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"あぶない","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.005","source":"ミラーさんは 来週 家族を つれて 何をする事に なっていますか。","translation":"What is Mr. Miller planning to do with his family next week?","reading":"ミラーさんはらいしゅうかぞくをつれてなにをすることになっていますか。","words":[{"text":"ミラー","gloss":"Miller"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来週","gloss":"next week","reading":"らいしゅう"},{"text":"家族","gloss":"family","reading":"かぞく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"bring along"},{"text":"て","gloss":"bring along"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"plan","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"decided"},{"text":"て","gloss":"decided"},{"text":"い","gloss":"decided"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.006","source":"それで 何をしていますか。","translation":"What is he doing because of that?","reading":"それでなにをしていますか。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"doing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.007","source":"日本では なぜ 自動車が 早く いたみますか。","translation":"Why do cars wear out quickly in Japan?","reading":"にほんではなぜじどうしゃがはやくいたみますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"cars","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"cars","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"quickly","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"いたみ","gloss":"wear out"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"こわす","gloss":"break (vt)"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Questions about road damage · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Causes and results of damage","paragraphs":["*がけの上から 落ちて 来る 石で、何がこわれる事が ありますか* asks what falling rocks can break.","Answers name damaged parts or explain why windowpanes, headlights, and bumpers break."]},{"title":"A puncture in dangerous conditions","paragraphs":["*山道を 通っている時や 速力を 出している時など タイヤが パンクすると どうですか* asks about a puncture on a mountain road or at high speed.","An answer states the danger caused by a puncture in those conditions."]}],"lines":[{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.008","source":"エンジンだけ いたみますか。","translation":"Is it only the engine that wears out?","reading":"エンジンだけいたみますか。","words":[{"text":"エンジン","gloss":"engine"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"いたみ","gloss":"wear out"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.009","source":"なぜ 日本では 窓ガラスや ヘッドライトが はねられた 石で こわれる事が 多いですか。","translation":"Why are windowpanes and headlights in Japan often broken by flying stones?","reading":"なぜにほんではまどガラスやヘッドライトがはねられたいしでこわれることがおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"窓","gloss":"windowpanes","reading":"まど"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"windowpanes"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ヘッドライト","gloss":"headlights"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"はね","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"sent flying"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"石","gloss":"stones","reading":"いし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"こわれる","gloss":"break"},{"text":"事","gloss":"often","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.010","source":"日本には 山道が 多いですか。","translation":"Are there many mountain roads in Japan?","reading":"にほんにはやまみちがおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山道","gloss":"mountain roads","reading":"やまみち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.011","source":"がけの上から 落ちて 来る 石で、何がこわれる事が ありますか。","translation":"What can be broken by rocks falling from the top of a cliff?","reading":"がけのうえからおちてくるいしで、なにがこわれることがありますか。","words":[{"text":"がけ","gloss":"cliff"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"落ち","gloss":"fall","reading":"おち"},{"text":"て","gloss":"fall"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"石","gloss":"rocks","reading":"いし"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"by"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれる","gloss":"break"},{"text":"事","gloss":"may","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.012","source":"どんな場合に ついとつして、バンパーを こわしますか。","translation":"In what situations do cars collide and damage their bumpers?","reading":"どんなばあいについとつして、バンパーをこわしますか。","words":[{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"situations","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ついと","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"し","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"collide"},{"text":"バンパー","gloss":"bumpers"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こわし","gloss":"damage"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L071.rd.013","source":"山道を 通っている時や 速力を 出している時など タイヤが パンクすると どうですか。","translation":"What happens if a tire goes flat when you are driving on a mountain road or at high speed?","reading":"やまみちをとおっているときやそくりょくをだしているときなどタイヤがパンクするとどうですか。","words":[{"text":"山道","gloss":"mountain road","reading":"やまみち"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"通っ","gloss":"travel","reading":"とおっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"travel"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"travel"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"や","gloss":"or"},{"text":"速力","gloss":"speed","reading":"そくりょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出し","gloss":"produce","reading":"だし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"produce"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"produce"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"タイヤ","gloss":"tire"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"パンク","gloss":"go flat"},{"text":"する","gloss":"go flat"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what happens"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.rd.013.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こわれる","gloss":"break (vi)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Car parts and road damage · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Roads, cars, and flying stones","paragraphs":["*道路* means \"road\", while *ほそう道路* means \"paved road\". *いたむ* means \"get damaged\" or \"wear out\".","*エンジン* is \"engine\" and *ボデー* is \"body\". *はねられた石* means \"a rock caused to fly\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.001","source":"せいが 出る","translation":"work hard (vi)","reading":"せいがでる","words":[{"text":"せいが出る","gloss":"work hard","reading":"せいがでる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.001.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.002","source":"ドライブ","translation":"a drive","reading":"ドライブ","words":[{"text":"ドライブ","gloss":"a drive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.002.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.003","source":"道路","translation":"road","reading":"どうろ","words":[{"text":"道路","gloss":"road","reading":"どうろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.003.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.004","source":"いたむ","translation":"get damaged, wear out (vi)","reading":"いたむ","words":[{"text":"いたむ","gloss":"wear out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.004.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.005","source":"エンジン","translation":"engine","reading":"エンジン","words":[{"text":"エンジン","gloss":"engine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.005.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.006","source":"シャシー","translation":"chassis","reading":"シャシー","words":[{"text":"シャシー","gloss":"chassis"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.006.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.007","source":"ボデー","translation":"body","reading":"ボデー","words":[{"text":"ボデー","gloss":"body"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.007.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.008","source":"ほそう道路","translation":"paved road","reading":"ほそうどうろ","words":[{"text":"ほそう道路","gloss":"paved road","reading":"ほそうどうろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.008.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.009","source":"窓ガラス","translation":"window pane","reading":"まどガラス","words":[{"text":"窓ガラス","gloss":"window pane","reading":"まどガラス"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.009.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.010","source":"はねられた石","translation":"a rock caused to fly","reading":"はねられたいし","words":[{"text":"はねられた石","gloss":"flying rock","reading":"はねられたいし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.010.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.011","source":"はねる","translation":"cause to fly or scatter, splash(vi)","reading":"はねる","words":[{"text":"はねる","gloss":"send flying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.011.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.012","source":"石","translation":"rock, stone","reading":"いし","words":[{"text":"石","gloss":"rock","reading":"いし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"せいが出る","gloss":"work hard (vi)"},{"word":"ほそう道路","gloss":"paved road"},{"word":"窓ガラス","gloss":"window pane"},{"word":"はねられた石","gloss":"a rock caused to fly"},{"word":"はねる","gloss":"cause to fly or scatter, splash(vi)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Glass, lights and bodywork · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Glass, lights, and bodywork","paragraphs":["*前めん窓ガラス* means \"windshield\", while *安全ガラス* means \"safety glass\".","*ボンネット* is \"hood of a car\". *テールライト* is \"taillight\", and *ほうこうしじとう* is \"turn signal\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.013","source":"こわれる","translation":"break (vi)","reading":"こわれる","words":[{"text":"こわれる","gloss":"break"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.013.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.014","source":"ヘッドライト","translation":"headlight","reading":"ヘッドライト","words":[{"text":"ヘッドライト","gloss":"headlight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.014.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.015","source":"前めん窓ガラス","translation":"windshield","reading":"まえめんまどガラス","words":[{"text":"前めん窓ガラス","gloss":"windshield","reading":"まえめんまどガラス"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.015.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.016","source":"こわす","translation":"break (vt)","reading":"こわす","words":[{"text":"こわす","gloss":"break"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.016.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.017","source":"安全ガラス","translation":"safety glass","reading":"あんぜんガラス","words":[{"text":"安全ガラス","gloss":"safety glass","reading":"あんぜんガラス"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.017.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.018","source":"がけ","translation":"cliff","reading":"がけ","words":[{"text":"がけ","gloss":"cliff"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.018.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.019","source":"切り通し","translation":"cut through of a road","reading":"きりどおし","words":[{"text":"切り通し","gloss":"road cutting","reading":"きりどおし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.019.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.020","source":"ボンネット","translation":"hood of a car","reading":"ボンネット","words":[{"text":"ボンネット","gloss":"car hood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.020.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.021","source":"やね","translation":"roof","reading":"やね","words":[{"text":"やね","gloss":"roof"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.021.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.022","source":"テールライト","translation":"taillight","reading":"テールライト","words":[{"text":"テールライト","gloss":"taillight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.022.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.023","source":"ストップライト","translation":"brake light","reading":"ストップライト","words":[{"text":"ストップライト","gloss":"brake light"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.023.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.024","source":"ほうこうしじとう","translation":"turn signal(light)","reading":"ほうこうしじとう","words":[{"text":"ほうこうしじとう","gloss":"turn signal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"前めん窓ガラス","gloss":"windshield"},{"word":"安全ガラス","gloss":"safety glass"},{"word":"ボンネット","gloss":"hood of a car"},{"word":"やね","gloss":"roof"},{"word":"ストップライト","gloss":"brake light"},{"word":"ほうこうしじとう","gloss":"turn signal(light)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Tires, speed and sympathy · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Tires, reactions, and commands","paragraphs":["*タイヤ* means \"tire\", and *パンクする* means \"puncture\". *どうじょうする* means \"sympathize\".","*なくったっていいよ* means \"you do not have to\". The abrupt negative command ending *な* means \"do not\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.025","source":"こわれっぱなし","translation":"left broken (see Gram. Notes)","reading":"こわれっぱなし","words":[{"text":"こわれっぱなし","gloss":"left broken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.025.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.026","source":"---なあ","translation":"you see (emph. expression at end of sentence. Used mostly by men)","reading":"---なあ","words":[{"text":"---なあ","gloss":"you see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.026.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.027","source":"山道","translation":"mountain road","reading":"やまみち","words":[{"text":"山道","gloss":"mountain road","reading":"やまみち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.027.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.028","source":"速力","translation":"speed","reading":"そくりょく","words":[{"text":"速力","gloss":"speed","reading":"そくりょく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.028.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.029","source":"タイヤ","translation":"tire","reading":"タイヤ","words":[{"text":"タイヤ","gloss":"tire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.029.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.030","source":"パンクする","translation":"puncture (vi)","reading":"パンクする","words":[{"text":"パンクする","gloss":"get a flat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.030.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.031","source":"どうじょうする","translation":"sympathize","reading":"どうじょうする","words":[{"text":"どうじょうする","gloss":"sympathize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.031.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.032","source":"なんか","translation":"and so on, etc., such a (see Gram. Notes)","reading":"なんか","words":[{"text":"なんか","gloss":"and so on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.032.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.033","source":"---なくったっていいよ","translation":"you don’t have to- (see Gram. Notes)","reading":"---なくったっていいよ","words":[{"text":"---なくったっていいよ","gloss":"do not have to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.033.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.034","source":"やっきになる","translation":"be serious","reading":"やっきになる","words":[{"text":"やっきになる","gloss":"be serious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.034.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.035","source":"---な","translation":"don’t, not (see Gram. Notes)","reading":"---な","words":[{"text":"---な","gloss":"do not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.035.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.036","source":"自家用車","translation":"family car","reading":"じかようしゃ","words":[{"text":"自家用車","gloss":"family car","reading":"じかようしゃ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こわれっぱなし","gloss":"left broken (see Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"---なあ","gloss":"you see (emph. expression at end of sentence. Used mostly by men)"},{"word":"パンクする","gloss":"puncture (vi)"},{"word":"どうじょうする","gloss":"sympathize"},{"word":"---なくったっていいよ","gloss":"you don’t have to- (see Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"やっきになる","gloss":"be serious"},{"word":"---な","gloss":"don’t, not (see Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"自家用車","gloss":"family car"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Collisions, blame and forgiveness · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A collision and its aftermath","paragraphs":["*ついとつする* means \"bump into the rear\", and *バンパー* means \"bumper\". *窓ふきき* is \"windshield wiper\".","*せいにする* means \"blame something for\". *ゆるす* means \"forgive\" or \"pardon\", and *落ちる* means \"to fall\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.037","source":"このたびは","translation":"this time","reading":"このたびは","words":[{"text":"このたびは","gloss":"this time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.037.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.038","source":"ゆるす","translation":"forgive, pardon(vt)","reading":"ゆるす","words":[{"text":"ゆるす","gloss":"forgive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.038.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.039","source":"窓ふきき","translation":"windshield wiper","reading":"まどふきき","words":[{"text":"窓ふきき","gloss":"windshield wiper","reading":"まどふきき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.039.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.040","source":"ついとつする","translation":"bump into the rear","reading":"ついとつする","words":[{"text":"ついとつする","gloss":"rear-end"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.040.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.041","source":"バンパー","translation":"bumper","reading":"バンパー","words":[{"text":"バンパー","gloss":"bumper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.041.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.042","source":"せいにしたとか","translation":"I heard you blamed it on ----.","reading":"せいにしたとか","words":[{"text":"せいにしたとか","gloss":"I heard you blamed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.042.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.043","source":"せいにする","translation":"blame something for (see Gram.Notes)","reading":"せいにする","words":[{"text":"せいにする","gloss":"blame on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.043.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.044","source":"は、は、は.","translation":"ha ha ha","reading":"は、は、は.","words":[{"text":"は、は、は.","gloss":"ha ha ha"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.044.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L071.w.045","source":"落ちる","translation":"to fall","reading":"おちる","words":[{"text":"落ちる","gloss":"fall","reading":"おちる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L071.w.045.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":11,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Looking at the car practice naming parts of the car with your fellow students.\n\n2 Compare travelling by automobile in Japan and in the United States."},{"section":12,"text":"Homework\n\nMemorize the Dialogue and the Vocabulary.\n\nStudy Grammar Perception Drill.\n\nStudy Pattern Practice and do the exercise at the end of each pattern.\n\nLearn to read and write new Kanji.\n\nRead the Explanatory Notes.\n\nRead the Guide for Free Conversation and practice exercises given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"このたびは","gloss":"this time"},{"word":"ゆるす","gloss":"forgive, pardon(vt)"},{"word":"窓ふきき","gloss":"windshield wiper"},{"word":"ついとつする","gloss":"bump into the rear"},{"word":"せいにしたとか","gloss":"I heard you blamed it on ----."},{"word":"せいにする","gloss":"blame something for (see Gram.Notes)"},{"word":"は、は、は.","gloss":"ha ha ha"}],"paradigms":[]}]}