{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L074","title":"Lesson 74","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 74: problems facing japanese agriculture · dialogue 1 of 4, agricultural land and statistics · dialogue 2 of 4, farmland units and acreage · dialogue 3 of 4, poor soil and farm income · dialogue 4 of 4, citing recent statistics · perception drill, citing a teacher · perception drill, citing a newspaper · perception drill, citing the radio · perception drill, reporting information from sources · perception drill, converting dollars to yen · perception drill, converting land measurements · perception drill, reporting facts from sources · pattern 1 1 of 3, relaying news and forecasts · pattern 1 2 of 3, naming information sources · pattern 1 3 of 3, expressing exact equivalents · pattern 2 1 of 3, comparing equivalent units · pattern 2 2 of 3, asking about equivalents · pattern 2 3 of 3, limits on agricultural land · reading selection 1 of 2, farmland size and poor soil · reading selection 2 of 2, asking about farm statistics · questions 1 of 2, explaining agricultural constraints · questions 2 of 2, agriculture and land words · word list 1 of 4, land use and statistics words · word list 2 of 4, farm measurements and households · word list 3 of 4, farming comparisons and income · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/72","lines":175},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/71","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/73","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Problems facing Japanese agriculture · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Advanced methods on limited land","paragraphs":["*まあ、ぎじゅつてきには すすんでいると 言えましょう* means \"Well, I suppose you can say that it is advanced technically.\"","The speakers discuss Japanese agriculture. Its methods are advanced, but its greatest problem is land."]},{"title":"The problem beyond control","paragraphs":["*一番大きな 問題で、しかも われわれの どうする事も出来ない事は 土地の 問題です* identifies land as the greatest problem.","Japan is a small country, and the speakers say that they cannot change this limit."]},{"title":"Kanji: : 農","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: : 業","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: : 必","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: : 要","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: : 広","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 土","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.001","source":"“農業” (1)","translation":"“Agriculture” (1)","reading":"“のうぎょう”(1)","words":[{"text":"“","gloss":"opening quote"},{"text":"農業”","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"(1)","gloss":"part one"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.002","source":"日本の 農業は すすんでいる そうですね。","translation":"(f) I understand Japanese agriculture is advanced, isn’t that right?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうはすすんでいるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すすん","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"で","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.003","source":"まあ、ぎじゅつてきには すすんでいると 言えましょう。","translation":"Well, I suppose you can say that it is advanced technically,","reading":"まあ、ぎじゅつてきにはすすんでいるといえましょう。","words":[{"text":"まあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"ぎじゅつ","gloss":"technical"},{"text":"てき","gloss":"technical"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すすん","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"で","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"can say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ましょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.004","source":"日本の 農業に かんする 問題は 何ですか。","translation":"What is the problem concerning Japanese agriculture?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうにかんするもんだいはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"かんする","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.005","source":"沢山 ありますがね、一番大きな 問題で、しかも われわれの どうする事も出来ない事は 土地の 問題です。","translation":"There are many; but the problem of land is the biggest problem and furthermore, we can’t do anything about it,","reading":"たくさんありますがね、いちばんおおきなもんだいで、しかもわれわれのどうすることもできないことはとちのもんだいです。","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ね、","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"しかも","gloss":"furthermore"},{"text":"われわれ","gloss":"we"},{"text":"の","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.006","source":"そうでしょうね。何にしても 日本は せまい国ですから。","translation":"I suppose so. In any case, japan is a small country, so —,","reading":"そうでしょうね。なんにしてもにほんはせまいくにですから。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"small"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---NI YORU TO\nNouns and pronouns followed by NI YORU TO indicate the source of the statement that follows. The source may be a person, but more often it is thing, particularly something said or written. Most sentences containing ---NI YORU TO also contain SOO DESU or SOO DA (Les. 31) as a further indication that the information is second-hand.\n\nTANAKA SENSEI NI YORU TO, SUMISU-SAN WA AMMARI BENKYOO SHINAI SOO DESU. “According to Professor TANAKA, Mr. Smith does not study too hard.”\n\nSHIMBUN NI YORU TO, ASHITA WA AME DA SOO DESU. “According to the newspaper, it is going to rain tomorrow.”\n\nRAJIO NI YORU TO, KOMBAN WA SAMUKU NARU SOO DESU. “According to the radio, it is going to be cold tonight.”\n\nYAMADA-SAN NO HANASHI NI YORU TO, GURIIN-SAN NO OKU-SAN WA BYOOKI DA SOO DESU. “According to Mr. Yamada, I understand Mrs. Green is sick.”\n\nSAIKIN NO TOOKEI NI YORU TO, NIPPON NO JINKOO WA ZUIBUN FUETA SOO DESU. “According to the recent statistics, the population of Japan increased very much.”"},{"section":2,"text":"2 ---NI SOOTOO SURU\nFollowing nouns and pronouns NI SOOTOO SURU expresses an idea of “be equal to”, “be equivalent to”, “correspond to”, etc.\n\nICHI-DORU WA 360 YEN NI SOOTOO SHIMASU. “A dollar is equivalent to 360 yen.”\n\nSORE NI SOOTOO SURU EIGO WA ARIMASEN. “There is no corresponding expression in English.”\n\nKONO KOTOBA GA CHOODO SORE NI SOOTOO SHIMASU. “This is just the word for it. (This word corresponds exactly to that)”\n\nSANKAGETSU NO GEKKYUU NI SOOTOO SURU BOONASU O MORAIMASHITA. “I got a bonus equal to three month’s salary.”"},{"section":3,"text":"KO (Numberator)\nKO as well as KEN is used for counting houses and shops. Following is the list of number and numerator combinations for KO.\n\n| \nIKKO | 1 house\nNIKO | 2 houses\nSANKO | 3 houses\nYONKO orSHIKO | 4 houses\nGOKO | 5 houses\nROKKO | 6 houses\nNANAKO orSHICHIKO | 7 houses\nHACHIKO or HAKKO | 8 houses\nKYUUKO | 9 houses\nJIKKO | 10 houses\nHYAKKO | 100 houses"},{"section":4,"text":"CHOO, TAN, SE, TSUBO\nThese are units of measuring lots and fields. ITCHOO is JITPAN and is approximately 2.5 acres. ITTAN is JISSE, ISSE is SANJUU TSUBO. HITOTSUBO is approximately 36 square feet."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"農業”","gloss":"agriculture"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"まあ、","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ましょう。","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しかも","gloss":"furthermore"},{"word":"土地","gloss":"land, lot"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"せまい","gloss":"narrow, crowded"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"から。","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Agricultural land and statistics · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"What agricultural land includes","paragraphs":["*農業用地というのは 何ですか* means \"What is meant by agricultural land?\"","The answer includes land, roads, building lots, waterways, and ponds needed for agriculture.","*ごく さい近の とう計によると* identifies recent statistics as the source of the figures that follow."]},{"title":"Units for measuring land","paragraphs":["*町というのは どのぐらいの 広さですか* asks how large a *町* is.","*CHOO*, *TAN*, *SE*, and *TSUBO* measure lots and fields. *ITCHOO* is *JITPAN* and approximately 2.5 acres.","*ITTAN* is *JISSE*. *ISSE* is *SANJUU TSUBO*. *HITOTSUBO* is approximately 36 square feet."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.007","source":"農業用地は 日本の そうめんせきの 十七パーセントほどですから、スイスより悪いです。","translation":"Since the land utilized for agriculture is about 17 percent of the total area of Japan, it is worse than Switzerland,","reading":"のうぎょうようちはにほんのそうめんせきのじゅうしちパーセントほどですから、スイスよりわるいです。","words":[{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"よう"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"total area"},{"text":"めんせき","gloss":"total area"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"十","gloss":"seventeen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seventeen","reading":"しち"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"スイス","gloss":"Switzerland"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"worse","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.008","source":"農業用地というのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is meant by agrieultural land?","reading":"のうぎょうようちというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"よう"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.009","source":"それは 農業に 必要な 土地、道路、宅地、水路、いけ、なども 入れた ものです。","translation":"That is the area that includes lands, roads, building lots, waterways, ponds that are necessary for agriculture.","reading":"それはのうぎょうにひつようなとち、どうろ、たくち、すいろ、いけ、などもいれたものです。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"necessary"},{"text":"土地、","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"道路、","gloss":"roads","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"宅地、","gloss":"building lots","reading":"たくち"},{"text":"水路、","gloss":"waterways","reading":"すいろ"},{"text":"いけ、","gloss":"ponds"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"入れ","gloss":"included","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"included"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.010","source":"それでは、実さいに 使用している 土地は せまいのですね。","translation":"Then, the land that is actually utilized is small, isn’t it?","reading":"それでは、じっさいにしようしているとちはせまいのですね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"実さい","gloss":"actually","reading":"じっさい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"is using","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is using"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is using"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is using"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"small"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.011","source":"そうです。ごく さい近の とう計によると、こう地は 十四パーセントぐらいだそうで、六百万町そこそこだそうです。","translation":"That’s right, according to the latest statistics, the land under cultivation is about 14 percent. As 1 understand it, it’s only about 6 million CHOO,","reading":"そうです。ごくさいきんのとうけいによると、こうちはじゅうよんパーセントぐらいだそうで、ろっぴゃくまんちょうそこそこだそうです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ごく","gloss":"very"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"latest"},{"text":"近","gloss":"latest","reading":"きん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"計","gloss":"statistics","reading":"けい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteen","reading":"よん"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"六百","gloss":"six million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"six million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"そこそこ","gloss":"only about"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.012","source":"町というのは どのぐらいの 広さですか。","translation":"How big is a so-called CHOO?","reading":"ちょうというのはどのぐらいのひろさですか。","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"cho","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"広","gloss":"area","reading":"ひろ"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"area"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"農業","gloss":"agriculture"},{"word":"めんせき","gloss":"area, dimension"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"word":"ほど","gloss":"to the extent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"スイス","gloss":"Switzerland"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"土地、","gloss":"land, lot"},{"word":"道路、","gloss":"road"},{"word":"宅地、","gloss":"building lot"},{"word":"水路、","gloss":"waterway, channel"},{"word":"いけ、","gloss":"pond, dam, reservoir"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"実さい","gloss":"truth, actuality"},{"word":"ごく","gloss":"very"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"六百","gloss":"600"},{"word":"町","gloss":"town"},{"word":"そこそこ","gloss":"only about"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farmland units and acreage · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"One measure in acres","paragraphs":["*一町は 十たんで、エーカーにすれば 二エーカー半ぐらいに そうとうします* means \"One cho is ten tan and equals about two and a half acres.\"","Here *に そうとうします* says that one land measure is equivalent to another."]},{"title":"Counting farm households","paragraphs":["*農家 一戸の へいきんこう地は どのぐらいですか* asks about the average cultivated land per farm household.","Here *戸* counts a farm household. *KO* also counts houses and shops.","The number and *KO* join into one word, as in *IKKO*, \"one house.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 田","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 戸","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.013","source":"一町は 十たんで、エーカーにすれば 二エーカー半ぐらいに そうとうします。","translation":"One CHOO is 10 TAN, and if you convert it into acres, it is equivalent to about two acres and a half.","reading":"いっちょうはじゅったんで、エーカーにすればにエーカーはんぐらいにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"tan"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"tan"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"is"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"convert"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is equivalent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.014","source":"その中、田は どのぐらいですか。","translation":"Out of it, how much is rice field?","reading":"そのなか、たはどのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"中、","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"田","gloss":"rice field","reading":"た"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.015","source":"水田が 三百五十万町ぐらいで、はたけが 二百五十万町ほどです。","translation":"The rice field covers about three and a half million CHOO and the dry field about two million and a half CHOO.","reading":"すいでんがさんびゃくごじゅうまんちょうぐらいで、はたけがにひゃくごじゅうまんちょうほどです。","words":[{"text":"水田","gloss":"rice fields","reading":"すいでん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"dry fields"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二百","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.016","source":"農家 一戸の へいきんこう地は どのぐらいですか。","translation":"How big is the average land under cultivation per one farm house?","reading":"のうかいっこのへいきんこうちはどのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm household"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"戸","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.017","source":"一町に たりん 小さいものです。","translation":"It is small being less than one CHOO.","reading":"いっちょうにたりんちいさいものです。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"falls short"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"falls short"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.018","source":"それは 小さいですね。","translation":"That’s small, isn’t it?","reading":"それはちいさいですね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"田","gloss":"paddy field"},{"word":"水田","gloss":"rice field, paddy"},{"word":"三百","gloss":"300"},{"word":"五十","gloss":"50"},{"word":"はたけ","gloss":"field"},{"word":"二百","gloss":"200"},{"word":"戸","gloss":"classifier of counting families and/or houses"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Poor soil and farm income · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"A second problem","paragraphs":["*土地が やせている事でしょう* means \"It probably is the fact that the land is sterile.\"","The speakers compare this poor soil with the limited amount of land."]},{"title":"Little income for hard work","paragraphs":["*日本の 百しょうは くろうのわりに しゅう入が 少いのです* says that Japanese farmers have little income considering their hard work.","The land is both limited and poor."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.019","source":"米国みたいな 大きな 農業国と くらべると、話しに ならんほど小さいでしょう。","translation":"If you compare it with a big agricultural country like the United States, it probably is small beyond comparison.","reading":"べいこくみたいなおおきなのうぎょうこくとくらべると、はなしにならんほどちいさいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"みたい","gloss":"like"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"国","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"くらべる","gloss":"compare"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"beyond comparison","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"beyond comparison"},{"text":"ならん","gloss":"beyond comparison"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"beyond comparison"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.020","source":"二番目の 問題は。","translation":"What is the second problem?","reading":"にばんめのもんだいは。","words":[{"text":"二","gloss":"second","reading":"に"},{"text":"番","gloss":"second","reading":"ばん"},{"text":"目","gloss":"second","reading":"め"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.021","source":"土地が やせている事でしょう。","translation":"It probably is the fact that the land is sterile.","reading":"とちがやせていることでしょう。","words":[{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.022","source":"そうですか。","translation":"Is that right?","reading":"そうですか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L074.dlg.023","source":"土地は せまいし、やせてはいるし、日本の 百しょうは くろうのわりに しゅう入が 少いのです。","translation":"As for Japanese farmers, the income is small considering their hard work because the land is small and sterile.","reading":"とちはせまいし、やせてはいるし、にほんのひゃくしょうはくろうのわりにしゅうにゅうがすくないのです。","words":[{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"small"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is sterile"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"百しょう","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くろう","gloss":"hard work"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"わり","gloss":"considering"},{"text":"に","gloss":"considering"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"income"},{"text":"入","gloss":"income","reading":"にゅう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"small","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.dlg.023.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"は。","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"しゅう","gloss":"state"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Citing recent statistics · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"A teacher as the source","paragraphs":["*先生の 話によると ----- そうです* frames a reported statement as information from a teacher.","*先生の 話によると* means \"according to the teacher.\""]},{"title":"The source comes first","paragraphs":["*によると* follows a noun or pronoun and identifies the source of the statement that follows. The source is often something said or written.","The statement usually ends in *そうです*, which marks the information as second-hand."]}],"lines":[{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp1.01","source":"先生の 話によると ----- そうです。","translation":"According to the recent statistics, population of Japan has increased greatly.","reading":"せんせいのはなしによると-----そうです。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と-----","gloss":"when"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp1.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"},{"word":"と-----","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Citing a teacher · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"A newspaper as the source","paragraphs":["*新聞によると ----- そうです* names a newspaper as the source of a second-hand report.","*新聞によると* means \"according to the newspaper.\" The report ends in *そうです*."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp2.01","source":"新聞によると ----- そうです。","translation":"According to what teacher says —.","reading":"しんぶんによると-----そうです。","words":[{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と-----","gloss":"when"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp2.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Citing a newspaper · Perception drill, Block 3","teaching":[{"title":"The radio as the source","paragraphs":["*ラジオによると ----- そうです* names the radio as the source of a second-hand report.","*ラジオによると* means \"according to the radio.\" The report ends in *そうです*."]}],"lines":[{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp3.01","source":"ラジオによると ----- そうです。","translation":"According to the newspaper ——.","reading":"ラジオによると-----そうです。","words":[{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と-----","gloss":"when"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp3.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Citing the radio · Perception drill, Block 4","teaching":[{"title":"A person as the source","paragraphs":["*田中さんによると ----- そうです* names Mr. Tanaka as the source of a second-hand report.","*田中さんによると* means \"according to Mr. Tanaka.\" The report ends in *そうです*."]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp4.01","source":"田中さんによると ----- そうです。","translation":"According to the radio —.","reading":"たなかさんによると-----そうです。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と-----","gloss":"when"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp4.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Reporting information from sources · Perception drill, Block 5","teaching":[{"title":"A forecast from the radio","paragraphs":["*けさの ラジオによると、 二三日は 雨は 降らない そうですよ* reports no rain for the next two or three days.","*けさの ラジオによると* identifies the morning radio report as the source. *そうですよ* marks the forecast as second-hand."]},{"title":"One amount equals another","paragraphs":["*一ドルは 三百六十円に そうとうします* means \"One dollar is equivalent to 360 yen.\"","*に そうとうする* follows a noun or pronoun. It means \"be equal to,\" \"be equivalent to,\" or \"correspond to.\"","The same form compares amounts, units, and things."]}],"lines":[{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.01","source":"このざっしによると -----","translation":"According to Mr. Tanaka —.","reading":"このざっしによると-----","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ざっし","gloss":"magazine"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と-----","gloss":"when"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.01.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.02","source":"空が 曇って来ましたが、 雨に なるのでは ないでしょうか。","translation":"According to this magazine ———.","reading":"そらがくもってきましたが、あめになるのではないでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"空","gloss":"sky","reading":"そら"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"曇っ","gloss":"has become cloudy","reading":"くもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has become cloudy","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"た","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.02.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.03","source":"いいえ、けさの ラジオによると、 二三日は 雨は 降らない そうですよ。","translation":"The sky has become cloudy, but don’t you suppose it’s going to rain?","reading":"いいえ、けさのラジオによると、にさんにちはあめはふらないそうですよ。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"けさ","gloss":"this morning"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"二三","gloss":"two or three","reading":"にさん"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"降ら","gloss":"will fall","reading":"ふら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.03.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.04","source":"田中さんの 話によると、 パーカーさんの奥さんは 入院なさっているそうですね。","translation":"No, according to the radio this morning, it’s not going to rain for the next two or three days.","reading":"たなかさんのはなしによると、パーカーさんのおくさんはにゅういんなさっているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mrs."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"入院","gloss":"is hospitalized","reading":"にゅういん"},{"text":"なさっ","gloss":"is hospitalized"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is hospitalized"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is hospitalized"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.04.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.05","source":"そうですか。 ちっとも 知りませんでした。","translation":"According to what Mr. Tanaka says, I understand Mrs. Parker is in the hospital.","reading":"そうですか。ちっともしりませんでした。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"did not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"did not know"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"did not know"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"did not know"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did not know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.05.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.06","source":"山田さんの 話によると、 昨晩の 映画は ずい分よかったそうですね。","translation":"Is that right? I didn’t know it at all.","reading":"やまださんのはなしによると、さくばんのえいがはずいぶんよかったそうですね。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"映画","gloss":"movie","reading":"えいが"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"よかっ","gloss":"was good"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was good"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.06.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.07","source":"そうですか。 私も 行くはずでしたが、 用事が あって 行けなかったのです。","translation":"According to what Mr. Yamada says, I understand last night’s movie was very good.","reading":"そうですか。わたくしもいくはずでしたが、ようじがあっていけなかったのです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"はず","gloss":"supposed"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"用事","gloss":"business","reading":"ようじ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"had"},{"text":"て","gloss":"had"},{"text":"行け","gloss":"could not go","reading":"いけ"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"could not go"},{"text":"た","gloss":"could not go"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.07.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.08","source":"昨晩の 新聞によると、 あさってごろから あつくなる そうですよ。","translation":"Is that right? I, too, was supposed to go, but I had personal business to attend to and I couldn’t go.","reading":"さくばんのしんぶんによると、あさってごろからあつくなるそうですよ。","words":[{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"あさって","gloss":"day after tomorrow"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"become hot"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become hot"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.08.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.09","source":"そうですか。 しかし、 これ以上 あつくなっては 困りますね。","translation":"According to last night’s paper, it’s going to be hot from around day after tomorrow.","reading":"そうですか。しかし、これいじょうあつくなってはこまりますね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"以上","gloss":"more than","reading":"いじょう"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"get hotter"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"get hotter"},{"text":"て","gloss":"get hotter"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"困り","gloss":"will be troubled","reading":"こまり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"will be troubled"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.09.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.10","source":"ある本によると、 北海道の 気こうは 丁度 米国の ミネソタしゅうの ようだ そうですね。","translation":"Is that right? But if it gets hotter than this, I’ll be troubled.","reading":"あるほんによると、ほっかいどうのきこうはちょうどべいこくのミネソタしゅうのようだそうですね。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"北海道","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"気","gloss":"climate","reading":"き"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"climate"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"丁度","gloss":"just","reading":"ちょうど"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ミネソタ","gloss":"Minnesota"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"state"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"like"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.10.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.11","source":"そうでしょう。 私は まだ ミネソタしゅうへ 行ったことが ないので 知りませんが、","translation":"According to some book, the climate of Hokkaidoo is just like the climate of the state of Minnesota, U.S.A.","reading":"そうでしょう。わたくしはまだミネソタしゅうへいったことがないのでしりませんが、","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"ミネソタ","gloss":"Minnesota"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"state"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"have been","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"experience"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"do not know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not know"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.11.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.12","source":"一ドルは 何円に そうとうしますか。","translation":"I don’t know because I have never been to the state of Minnesota, but I suppose so.","reading":"いちドルはなんえんにそうとうしますか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.12.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.13","source":"一ドルは 三百六十円に そうとうします。","translation":"one Choo is equivalent to about two and a half acres.","reading":"いちドルはさんびゃくろくじゅうえんにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"360","reading":"さんびゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"360","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is equivalent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.13.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.14","source":"日本では、このごろは 皆 メートルを 使っていますが、 私は まだ メートルの 使い方に なれていませんのです。 一キロは","translation":"How many yen is one dollar equivalent to?","reading":"にほんでは、このごろはみなメートルをつかっていますが、わたくしはまだメートルのつかいかたになれていませんのです。いちキロは","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"everyone","reading":"みな"},{"text":"メートル","gloss":"meters"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"are using","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"メートル","gloss":"meters"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"usage","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"方","gloss":"usage","reading":"かた"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"am accustomed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am accustomed"},{"text":"い","gloss":"am accustomed"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"am accustomed"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"am accustomed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometer"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.14.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.15","source":"どのぐらいですか。","translation":"One dollar is equivalent to 360 yen.","reading":"どのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.15.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.16","source":"一キロは 一マイルの 四分の三ぐらいに そうとうします。","translation":"In Japan, they all use meters these days, and I haven’t yet become accustomed to the usage of meters. About how long is one kilometer?","reading":"いちキロはいちマイルのよんぶんのさんぐらいにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometer"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"mile"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"四","gloss":"three quarters","reading":"よん"},{"text":"分","gloss":"three quarters","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"three quarters"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three quarters","reading":"さん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is equivalent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.16.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.17","source":"日本の 会社では 一年に 二度 ボーナスを もらうそうですね。","translation":"one kilometer is equal to about three quarters of a mile.","reading":"にほんのかいしゃではいちねんににどボーナスをもらうそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"companies","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ボーナス","gloss":"bonus"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もらう","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.17.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.18","source":"そうです。 クリスマスには 大抵 二か月から 三か月ぐらいの 給料に そうとうする ボーナスを もらうそうです。","translation":"I understand they receive a bonus twice a year in the Japanese firm, is that right?","reading":"そうです。クリスマスにはたいていにかげつからさんかげつぐらいのきゅうりょうにそうとうするボーナスをもらうそうです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"クリスマス","gloss":"Christmas"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"か月","gloss":"months","reading":"かげつ"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"給料","gloss":"salary","reading":"きゅうりょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"ボーナス","gloss":"bonus"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もらう","gloss":"receive"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.18.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.19","source":"西洋料理には 日本の「おすし」に そうとうする 食べ物が ありますか。","translation":"That’s right. I understand they usually receive a bonus equivalent to two to three months wages during Christmas.","reading":"せいようりょうりにはにほんの「おすし」にそうとうするたべものがありますか。","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"「お","gloss":"sushi"},{"text":"すし」","gloss":"sushi"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.19.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.20","source":"そうですね。 西洋料理には 御はんを 使いませんから、そんなものは ないでしょう。","translation":"In western cooking, is there a food that corresponds to Japanese ’’Osushi”?","reading":"そうですね。せいようりょうりにはごはんをつかいませんから、そんなものはないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"well"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"御","gloss":"rice","reading":"ご"},{"text":"はん","gloss":"rice"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"do not use","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not use"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not use"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not exist"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.20.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.21","source":"米国の お金の 五セントは 何円に そうとうしますか。","translation":"Well, let me see. Since they don’t use rice in western cooking, I don’t suppose there is such a thing.","reading":"べいこくのおかねのごセントはなんえんにそうとうしますか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.21.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp5.22","source":"一ドルが 三百六十円ですから、 五セントは 十八円にそうとうします。","translation":"Five cents in U. S. money is equivalent to how many yen?","reading":"いちドルがさんびゃくろくじゅうえんですから、ごセントはじゅうはちえんにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"360","reading":"さんびゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"360","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"セント","gloss":"cents"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"eighteen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eighteen","reading":"はち"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is equivalent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp5.22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"ちっとも","gloss":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"映画","gloss":"movie"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"用事","gloss":"personal business"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"word":"円","gloss":"yen (unit of money)"},{"word":"六十","gloss":"60"},{"word":"メートル","gloss":"meter"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"キロ","gloss":"kilometer"},{"word":"マイル","gloss":"mile"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"会社","gloss":"company, firm"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"もらう","gloss":"to receive (tangible things)"},{"word":"給料","gloss":"wage, salary"},{"word":"西洋","gloss":"occident, the West"},{"word":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"八","gloss":"eight"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Converting dollars to yen · Perception drill, Block 6","teaching":[{"title":"Statistics as the source","paragraphs":["*さい近の とうけいによると、 日本の人口は ずい分ふえた そうです* reports that Japan's population increased greatly.","*さい近の とうけいによると* names recent statistics as the source. *そうです* marks the information as second-hand."]}],"lines":[{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp6.01","source":"さい近の とうけいによると、 日本の人口は ずい分ふえた そうです。","translation":"Since one dollar is 360 yen, five cents is equivalent to 18 yen.","reading":"さいきんのとうけいによると、にほんのじんこうはずいぶんふえたそうです。","words":[{"text":"さい","gloss":"latest"},{"text":"近","gloss":"latest","reading":"きん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"と","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"うけい","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"greatly"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp6.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Converting land measurements · Perception drill, Block 7","teaching":[{"title":"One land measure in acres","paragraphs":["*一町は 二エーカー半ぐらいに そうとうします* means \"One cho is equivalent to about two and a half acres.\"","*二エーカー半ぐらい* means \"about two and a half acres.\" Here *に そうとうします* links the two measurements."]}],"lines":[{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L074.gp7.01","source":"一町は 二エーカー半ぐらいに そうとうします。","translation":"One chō is equivalent to about two and a half acres.","reading":"いっちょうはにエーカーはんぐらいにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is equivalent"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is equivalent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.gp7.01.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Reporting facts from sources · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A source and a reported fact","paragraphs":["*新聞によると、明日は 雨だ そうです* means \"According to the newspaper, it is supposed to rain tomorrow.\"","The source stands before *によると*. The reported fact ends in *そうです*."]},{"title":"People and statistics as sources","paragraphs":["*さい近の とう計によると、東京都の 自動車の かずが ずい分 ふえているそうです* reports a considerable increase in Tokyo automobiles.","A person, an explanation, or statistics can replace the newspaper as the source."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.m1","source":"新聞によると、明日は 雨だ そうです。","translation":"According to the newspaper, it is supposed to rain tomorrow.","reading":"しんぶんによると、あしたはあめだそうです。","words":[{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.01","source":"ラジオによると、明日も 天気だそうです。","translation":"According to the radio, the weather is supposed to be fine tomorrow too.","reading":"ラジオによると、あしたもてんきだそうです。","words":[{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"fine weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.02","source":"新聞によると、あさってごろから あつくなるそうです。","translation":"According to the newspaper, it is supposed to get hot around the day after tomorrow.","reading":"しんぶんによると、あさってごろからあつくなるそうです。","words":[{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"あさって","gloss":"day after tomorrow"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.03","source":"田中さんの 話によると、スミスさんは けっこんするそうです。","translation":"According to Mr. Tanaka, Mr. Smith is going to get married.","reading":"たなかさんのはなしによると、スミスさんはけっこんするそうです。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"けっこん","gloss":"marriage"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.04","source":"山本さんの 話によると、ミラーさんは 大阪に転役したそうです。","translation":"According to Mr. Yamamoto, Mr. Miller has been transferred to Osaka.","reading":"やまもとさんのはなしによると、ミラーさんはおおさかにてんえきしたそうです。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"ミラー","gloss":"Miller"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"転","gloss":"was transferred","reading":"てん"},{"text":"役し","gloss":"was transferred","reading":"えきし"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was transferred"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.05","source":"先生の 説明によると、この言葉は このごろは 使わないそうです。","translation":"According to the teacher’s explanation, this word is not used nowadays.","reading":"せんせいのせつめいによると、このことばはこのごろはつかわないそうです。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"説明","gloss":"explanation","reading":"せつめい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"word","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"nowadays"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.06","source":"先生によると、これは 違っているそうです。","translation":"According to the teacher, this is wrong.","reading":"せんせいによると、これはちがっているそうです。","words":[{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"違っ","gloss":"is wrong","reading":"ちがっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is wrong"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is wrong"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.07","source":"さい近の とう計によると、東京都の 自動車の かずが ずい分 ふえているそうです。","translation":"According to recent statistics, the number of automobiles in Tokyo has increased considerably.","reading":"さいきんのとうけいによると、とうきょうとのじどうしゃのかずがずいぶんふえているそうです。","words":[{"text":"さい","gloss":"recent"},{"text":"近","gloss":"recent","reading":"きん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"計","gloss":"statistics","reading":"けい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"都","gloss":"Tokyo Metropolis","reading":"と"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"automobile","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"automobile","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"considerably"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.08","source":"大木さんの 話によると、パーカーさんは あまり 勉強しないそうです。","translation":"According to Mr. Ōki, Mr. Parker does not study very much.","reading":"おおきさんのはなしによると、パーカーさんはあまりべんきょうしないそうです。","words":[{"text":"大木","gloss":"Oki","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very much"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.09","source":"友人の 話では あなたの おじょうさんが けっこんなさるそうですが、本とうですか。","translation":"I heard from a friend that your daughter is getting married; is that true?","reading":"ゆうじんのはなしではあなたのおじょうさんがけっこんなさるそうですが、ほんとうですか。","words":[{"text":"友人","gloss":"friend","reading":"ゆうじん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"お","gloss":"daughter"},{"text":"じょう","gloss":"daughter"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"daughter"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"けっこん","gloss":"marriage"},{"text":"なさる","gloss":"does, honorific"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"本","gloss":"true","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"true"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"説明","gloss":"explanation"},{"word":"都","gloss":"capital"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"word":"友人","gloss":"friend"},{"word":"なさる","gloss":"to do (honorific verb) (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Relaying news and forecasts · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A forecast from the radio","paragraphs":["*ラジオによると 降らないそうですから、そんな心配は いりません* means \"According to the radio, it is not supposed to rain, so there is no need to worry.\"","The source report supplies the reason for the conclusion."]},{"title":"News from a newspaper","paragraphs":["*新聞によると、東京は オリンピックの じゅんびの ために ずい分いそがしいそうですね* reports that Tokyo is very busy preparing for the Olympics.","The *によると* and *そうです* pair also relays news rather than a forecast."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.10","source":"ええ、来月の 終りに けっこんすることに なっています。","translation":"Yes, she is to be married at the end of next month.","reading":"ええ、らいげつのおわりにけっこんすることになっています。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"終り","gloss":"end","reading":"おわり"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"けっこん","gloss":"marriage"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"arrangement"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"is scheduled"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is scheduled"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is scheduled"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is scheduled"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.11","source":"曇って来ましたが、明日の ピクニックに 雨が 降るのでは ないでしょうか。","translation":"It has become cloudy; don’t you think it may rain on tomorrow’s picnic?","reading":"くもってきましたが、あしたのピクニックにあめがふるのではないでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"曇っ","gloss":"has become cloudy","reading":"くもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has become cloudy","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"た","gloss":"has become cloudy"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ピクニック","gloss":"picnic"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.12","source":"ラジオによると 降らないそうですから、そんな心配は いりません。","translation":"According to the radio, it is not supposed to rain, so there is no need to worry about that.","reading":"ラジオによるとふらないそうですから、そんなしんぱいはいりません。","words":[{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"降ら","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"心配","gloss":"worry","reading":"しんぱい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"is not needed"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"is not needed"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"is not needed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.13","source":"新聞によると、来月から 小包料が 上るそうですね。","translation":"According to the newspaper, parcel-post rates are going up next month, aren’t they?","reading":"しんぶんによると、らいげつからこづつみりょうがあがるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"小包","gloss":"parcel-post rate","reading":"こづつみ"},{"text":"料","gloss":"parcel-post rate","reading":"りょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上る","gloss":"rise","reading":"あがる"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.14","source":"そうですか。私は そんな事は ちっとも 知りませんでしたね。","translation":"Is that so? I did not know anything about that at all.","reading":"そうですか。わたくしはそんなことはちっともしりませんでしたね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.15","source":"大木さんの 話によると、ミラーさんは 東京へ 移転なさるそうですね。","translation":"According to Mr. Ōki, Mr. Miller is moving to Tokyo, isn’t he?","reading":"おおきさんのはなしによると、ミラーさんはとうきょうへいてんなさるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"大木","gloss":"Oki","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"ミラー","gloss":"Miller"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"移転","gloss":"move","reading":"いてん"},{"text":"なさる","gloss":"does, honorific"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.16","source":"ええ、そうらしいです。来月の 始めごろ 日本へ しゅっぱつされるらしいです。","translation":"Yes, apparently so. It seems he will leave for Japan around the beginning of next month.","reading":"ええ、そうらしいです。らいげつのはじめごろにほんへしゅっぱつされるらしいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"来月","gloss":"next month","reading":"らいげつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"始め","gloss":"beginning","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"しゅっぱつ","gloss":"depart"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"will honorably"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"will honorably"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.17","source":"新聞によると、東京は オリンピックの じゅんびの ために ずい分いそがしいそうですね。","translation":"According to the newspaper, Tokyo is very busy preparing for the Olympics, isn’t it?","reading":"しんぶんによると、とうきょうはオリンピックのじゅんびのためにずいぶんいそがしいそうですね。","words":[{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"東京","gloss":"Tokyo","reading":"とうきょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"オリンピック","gloss":"Olympics"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"じゅんび","gloss":"preparation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"いそがしい","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.18","source":"ええ、新しい 道路も どんどん 出来ている そうです。","translation":"Yes, I hear that new roads are being built one after another too.","reading":"ええ、あたらしいどうろもどんどんできているそうです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"道路","gloss":"roads","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"どんどん","gloss":"one after another"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"being built","reading":"でき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being built"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"being built"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.19","source":"山田さんの 話によると、とても おもしろいそうです。","translation":"According to Mr. Yamada, it is very interesting.","reading":"やまださんのはなしによると、とてもおもしろいそうです。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"account","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"おもしろい","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"来月","gloss":"next month"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"小包","gloss":"parcel, small package"},{"word":"上る","gloss":"to eat, drink, come"},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"じゅんび","gloss":"preparation"},{"word":"いそがしい","gloss":"busy"},{"word":"道路","gloss":"road"},{"word":"どんどん","gloss":"rapidly"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"おもしろい","gloss":"interesting, to be fun"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Naming information sources · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Sources with identifying details","paragraphs":["*知り合いからの 手紙* is \"a letter from an acquaintance.\" *けさの 新聞* is \"this morning's newspaper.\"","Details identify when a source was received, bought, heard, or read. *きのう 読んだ本* is \"a book read yesterday.\""]},{"title":"Sources for uncertain facts","paragraphs":["*明日 雨が 降るでしょうか* means \"Will it rain tomorrow?\"","The possible sources support answers about weather, health, difficulty, and future plans."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.20","source":"知り合いからの 手紙","translation":"A letter from an acquaintance.","reading":"しりあいからのてがみ","words":[{"text":"知り合い","gloss":"acquaintance","reading":"しりあい"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.21","source":"けさの 新聞","translation":"This morning’s newspaper.","reading":"けさのしんぶん","words":[{"text":"けさ","gloss":"this morning"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"新聞","gloss":"newspaper","reading":"しんぶん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.22","source":"昨晩 買った ざっし","translation":"A magazine bought last night.","reading":"さくばんかったざっし","words":[{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ざっし","gloss":"magazine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.23","source":"今晩 聞いた ラジオのニュース","translation":"The radio news heard this evening.","reading":"こんばんきいたラジオのニュース","words":[{"text":"今晩","gloss":"this evening","reading":"こんばん"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"heard","reading":"きい"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ラジオ","gloss":"radio"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ニュース","gloss":"news"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.24","source":"きのう 読んだ本","translation":"A book read yesterday.","reading":"きのうよんだほん","words":[{"text":"きのう","gloss":"yesterday"},{"text":"読ん","gloss":"read","reading":"よん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.24.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.25","source":"明日 雨が 降るでしょうか。","translation":"Will it rain tomorrow?","reading":"あしたあめがふるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"fall","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.25.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.26","source":"今日の午後 あつくなるでしょうか。","translation":"Will it get hot this afternoon?","reading":"きょうのごごあつくなるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"午後","gloss":"afternoon","reading":"ごご"},{"text":"あつく","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.26.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.27","source":"田村さんの 奥さんは 病気ですか。","translation":"Is Mrs. Tamura ill?","reading":"たむらさんのおくさんはびょうきですか。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"ill","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.27.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.28","source":"日本語は むずかしいでしょうか。","translation":"Is Japanese difficult?","reading":"にほんごはむずかしいでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.28.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt1.29","source":"スミスさんは 移転するでしょうか。","translation":"Will Mr. Smith move?","reading":"スミスさんはいてんするでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"移転","gloss":"move","reading":"いてん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt1.29.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"午後","gloss":"p.m., afternoon"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Expressing exact equivalents · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An exact currency equivalent","paragraphs":["*一ドルは 三百六十円に そうとうします* means \"One dollar is equivalent to 360 yen.\"","The value before *に そうとうします* is the corresponding amount."]},{"title":"More than measurements","paragraphs":["*一佐は 大佐に そうとうする 階きゅうです* means \"Issa is a rank equivalent to colonel.\"","The same form compares currencies, units, times, ranks, words, and cultural things. *約* marks an approximate figure."]}],"lines":[{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.m1","source":"一ドルは 三百六十円に そうとうします。","translation":"One dollar is equivalent to 360 yen.","reading":"いちドルはさんびゃくろくじゅうえんにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"three hundred","reading":"さんびゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.01","source":"この日本語に そうとうする 英語は ありません。","translation":"There is no English equivalent of this Japanese expression.","reading":"このにほんごにそうとうするえいごはありません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.02","source":"一リは、四キロに そうとうします。","translation":"One ri is equivalent to four kilometers.","reading":"いちリは、よんキロにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"リ","gloss":"ri"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.03","source":"一リは 約二マイル半に そうとうします。","translation":"One ri is equivalent to about two and a half miles.","reading":"いちリはやくにマイルはんにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"リ","gloss":"ri"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"約","gloss":"about","reading":"やく"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.04","source":"日本語の ある PARTICLES は 英語の PREPOSITION に そうとうします。","translation":"Some Japanese particles correspond to English prepositions.","reading":"にほんごのあるPARTICLESはえいごのPREPOSITIONにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"PARTICLES","gloss":"particles"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"PREPOSITION","gloss":"prepositions"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"correspond"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.05","source":"一佐は 大佐に そうとうする 階きゅうです。","translation":"Issa is a rank equivalent to colonel.","reading":"いっさはたいさにそうとうするかいきゅうです。","words":[{"text":"一佐","gloss":"Japanese colonel","reading":"いっさ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大佐","gloss":"colonel","reading":"たいさ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"階","gloss":"rank","reading":"かい"},{"text":"きゅう","gloss":"rank"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.06","source":"サンフランシスコの午前八時は ニューヨークの午前十一時にそうとうします。","translation":"Eight a.m. in San Francisco corresponds to eleven a.m. in New York.","reading":"サンフランシスコのごぜんはちじはニューヨークのごぜんじゅういちじにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m.","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m.","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"十","gloss":"eleven","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"eleven","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"correspond"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.07","source":"西洋料理には すきやきにそうとうする料理はありません。","translation":"There is no dish in Western cuisine equivalent to sukiyaki.","reading":"せいようりょうりにはすきやきにそうとうするりょうりはありません。","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"Western cuisine","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すきやき","gloss":"sukiyaki"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"料理","gloss":"dish","reading":"りょうり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一佐","gloss":"Colonel, Captain (Navy) (Japanese rank)"},{"word":"サンフランシスコ","gloss":"San Francisco"},{"word":"午前","gloss":"a.m., morning"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"word":"すきやき","gloss":"SUKIYAKI"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Comparing equivalent units · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Asking for a corresponding thing","paragraphs":["*しな語 には ひらがな や かたかなに そうとうするものが ありますか* asks whether Chinese has anything equivalent to hiragana and katakana.","The corresponding item stands before *に そうとうする*."]},{"title":"Explaining equivalent measurements","paragraphs":["*四キロが 二マイル半に そうとうするのです* means \"Four kilometers is equivalent to two and a half miles.\"","The same form supports questions and explanations about currencies, distances, times, and climates."]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.08","source":"北海道の 冬の気こうは ミネソタの冬の気こうに そうとうするそうです。","translation":"The winter climate of Hokkaido is said to be comparable to the winter climate of Minnesota.","reading":"ほっかいどうのふゆのきこうはミネソタのふゆのきこうにそうとうするそうです。","words":[{"text":"北海道","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"気","gloss":"climate","reading":"き"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"climate"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ミネソタ","gloss":"Minnesota"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"気","gloss":"climate","reading":"き"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"climate"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"comparable"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.09","source":"しな語 (CHINESE) には ひらがな や かたかなに そうとうするものが ありますか。","translation":"Does Chinese have anything equivalent to hiragana and katakana?","reading":"しなご(CHINESE)にはひらがなやかたかなにそうとうするものがありますか。","words":[{"text":"しな","gloss":"Chinese language"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Chinese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"(CHINESE)","gloss":"Chinese"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.10","source":"いいえ、しな語には かん字しか ありません。","translation":"No, Chinese has only Chinese characters.","reading":"いいえ、しなごにはかんじしかありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"しな","gloss":"Chinese language"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Chinese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"Chinese characters"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.11","source":"十ドルは 日本の お金の 何円ですか。","translation":"How many Japanese yen is ten dollars?","reading":"じゅうドルはにほんのおかねのなんえんですか。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.12","source":"一ドルが三百六十円にそうとうするのですから、十ドルは 三千六百円です。","translation":"Since one dollar is equivalent to 360 yen, ten dollars is 3,600 yen.","reading":"いちドルがさんびゃくろくじゅうえんにそうとうするのですから、じゅうドルはさんぜんろっぴゃくえんです。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"three hundred","reading":"さんびゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三千","gloss":"three thousand","reading":"さんぜん"},{"text":"六百","gloss":"six hundred","reading":"ろっぴゃく"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.13","source":"日本では キロを 使っていますが、キロは 何マイルに そうとうしますか。","translation":"Japan uses kilometers, but how many miles is a kilometer equivalent to?","reading":"にほんではキロをつかっていますが、キロはなんマイルにそうとうしますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"use"},{"text":"い","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"use"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometer"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.14","source":"四キロが 二マイル半に そうとうするのです。","translation":"Four kilometers is equivalent to two and a half miles.","reading":"よんキロがにマイルはんにそうとうするのです。","words":[{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"キロ","gloss":"kilometers"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.15","source":"今モントレーは 午前八時半ですが、ニューヨークの何時に そうとうしますか。","translation":"It is now eight-thirty a.m. in Monterey; what time does that correspond to in New York?","reading":"いまモントレーはごぜんはちじはんですが、ニューヨークのなんじにそうとうしますか。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"モントレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m.","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"じ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"correspond"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"ひらがな","gloss":"HIRAGANA syllabary"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かたかな","gloss":"KATAKANA syllabary"},{"word":"三千","gloss":"3,000"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about equivalents · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A matching time","paragraphs":["*ニューヨークは モントレーより三時間早いから 午前十一時半に そうとうします* gives the corresponding time as 11:30 a.m.","The reason comes first, followed by the matching time before *に そうとうします*."]},{"title":"Direct questions about matches","paragraphs":["*西洋風の 家には、日本の 家の床の間に そうとうするものが ありますか* asks about a Western equivalent to the Japanese tokonoma.","Direct questions can ask the matching number, time, rank, or feature without *そうとうする*."]}],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.16","source":"ニューヨークは モントレーより三時間早いから 午前十一時半に そうとうします。","translation":"New York is three hours ahead of Monterey, so it corresponds to eleven-thirty a.m.","reading":"ニューヨークはモントレーよりさんじかんはやいからごぜんじゅういちじはんにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"モントレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"早い","gloss":"ahead","reading":"はやい"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m.","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"十","gloss":"eleven","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"eleven","reading":"いち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"correspond"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.17","source":"西洋風の 家には、日本の 家の床の間に そうとうするものが ありますか。","translation":"Is there anything in a Western-style house equivalent to the tokonoma in a Japanese house?","reading":"せいようふうのいえには、にほんのいえのとこのまにそうとうするものがありますか。","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"風","gloss":"style","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"床の間","gloss":"alcove"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.18","source":"いいえ、西洋風の 家には そんなものは ありませんね。","translation":"No, a Western-style house has nothing like that.","reading":"いいえ、せいようふうのいえにはそんなものはありませんね。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Western","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"風","gloss":"style","reading":"ふう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.19","source":"一リは 何マイルぐらいですか。","translation":"About how many miles is one ri?","reading":"いちリはなんマイルぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"リ","gloss":"ri"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"マイル","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.20","source":"一ドルは 何円ですか。","translation":"How many yen is one dollar?","reading":"いちドルはなんえんですか。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"円","gloss":"yen","reading":"えん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.21","source":"ニューヨークの 午前八時は モントレーの何時ですか。","translation":"What time is eight a.m. in New York in Monterey?","reading":"ニューヨークのごぜんはちじはモントレーのなんじですか。","words":[{"text":"ニューヨーク","gloss":"New York"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"午前","gloss":"a.m.","reading":"ごぜん"},{"text":"八","gloss":"eight","reading":"はち"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock","reading":"じ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"モントレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"何時","gloss":"what time","reading":"なんじ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.22","source":"一佐は 大佐ですか。","translation":"Is an issa a colonel?","reading":"いっさはたいさですか。","words":[{"text":"一佐","gloss":"first-class captain","reading":"いっさ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大佐","gloss":"colonel","reading":"たいさ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L074.pt2.23","source":"しな語には ひらがな や かたかなが ありますか。","translation":"Does Chinese have hiragana and katakana?","reading":"しなごにはひらがなやかたかながありますか。","words":[{"text":"しな","gloss":"Chinese"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Chinese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひらがな","gloss":"hiragana"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"かたかな","gloss":"katakana"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.pt2.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"床の間","gloss":"alcove (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"何時","gloss":"what time"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Limits on agricultural land · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Limited agricultural land","paragraphs":["The passage describes advanced agricultural methods constrained by the size of Japan.","*農業用地は 日本の そうめんせきの 十七パーセントぐらいしかないのです* says agricultural land is only about 17 percent of Japan's total area."]},{"title":"Less land is cultivated","paragraphs":["Agricultural land includes roads, building lots, waterways, ponds, and land needed for agriculture.","*ですから、実さいに 使用している 土地は せまいのです* says that the land actually used is therefore limited."]}],"lines":[{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.001","source":"日本の 農業は ぎじゅつてきには かなりすすんで いると 言えます。","translation":"It can be said that Japanese agriculture is fairly advanced technically.","reading":"にほんののうぎょうはぎじゅつてきにはかなりすすんでいるといえます。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぎじゅつ","gloss":"technical"},{"text":"てき","gloss":"technical"},{"text":"に","gloss":"technically"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"すすん","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"で","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"can say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.002","source":"しかし、日本の 農業に かんしては 色々の 問題が あります。","translation":"However, there are various problems concerning Japanese agriculture.","reading":"しかし、にほんののうぎょうにかんしてはいろいろのもんだいがあります。","words":[{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かんし","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problems","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.003","source":"一番大きな 問題は 土地の 問題で、これは われわれの どうする事も 出来ない 事です。","translation":"The biggest problem is the problem of land, and there is nothing we can do about it.","reading":"いちばんおおきなもんだいはとちのもんだいで、これはわれわれのどうすることもできないことです。","words":[{"text":"一番","gloss":"most","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"biggest","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"われわれ","gloss":"we"},{"text":"の","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.004","source":"何に しても、日本は せまい国です。","translation":"In any case, Japan is a small country.","reading":"なんにしても、にほんはせまいくにです。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"small"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.005","source":"農業用地は 日本の そうめんせきの 十七パーセントぐらいしかないのです。","translation":"Agricultural land makes up only about 17 percent of Japan's total area.","reading":"のうぎょうようちはにほんのそうめんせきのじゅうしちパーセントぐらいしかないのです。","words":[{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"よう"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"total area"},{"text":"めんせき","gloss":"total area"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"十","gloss":"seventeen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seventeen","reading":"しち"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"しか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not more"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.006","source":"この 農業用地というのは 農業に 必要な 土地、道路、宅地、水路、いけなども 入れたものです。","translation":"This agricultural land includes land, roads, building lots, waterways, ponds, and other things necessary for agriculture.","reading":"こののうぎょうようちというのはのうぎょうにひつようなとち、どうろ、たくち、すいろ、いけなどもいれたものです。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"よう"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"necessary"},{"text":"土地、","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"道路、","gloss":"roads","reading":"どうろ"},{"text":"宅地、","gloss":"building lots","reading":"たくち"},{"text":"水路、","gloss":"waterways","reading":"すいろ"},{"text":"いけ","gloss":"ponds"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so on"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"入れ","gloss":"include","reading":"いれ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"things"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.007","source":"ですから、実さいに 使用している 土地は せまいのです。","translation":"Therefore, the land actually in use is limited.","reading":"ですから、じっさいにしようしているとちはせまいのです。","words":[{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"実さい","gloss":"actually","reading":"じっさい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"limited"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.008","source":"ごくさい近の","translation":"These are the most recent figures.","reading":"ごくさいきんの","words":[{"text":"ご","gloss":"most recent"},{"text":"くさい","gloss":"most recent"},{"text":"近","gloss":"most recent","reading":"きん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"いけ","gloss":"pond, dam, reservoir"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farmland size and poor soil · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Cultivated land in two measures","paragraphs":["*とう計によると、こう地は 十四パーセントぐらいで、六百万町そこそこだそうです* reports about 14 percent, or only about six million chō.","*一町* is ten *たん* and corresponds to about two and a half acres."]},{"title":"Small farms and poor soil","paragraphs":["The average cultivated land per farm household is less than one chō. The soil is also poor.","*日本の 百しょうは くろうの わりに しゅう入は 少いのです* says Japanese farmers have little income considering their hard work."]}],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.009","source":"とう計によると、こう地は 十四パーセントぐらいで、六百万町そこそこだそうです。","translation":"According to statistics, cultivated land accounts for about 14 percent, or just about six million cho.","reading":"とうけいによると、こうちはじゅうよんパーセントぐらいで、ろっぴゃくまんちょうそこそこだそうです。","words":[{"text":"とう","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"計","gloss":"statistics","reading":"けい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"fourteen","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"四","gloss":"fourteen","reading":"よん"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"六百","gloss":"six million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"six million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"そこそこ","gloss":"only about"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.010","source":"一町は 十たんで、エーカーにすれば 二エーカー半ぐらいに そうとうします。","translation":"One cho is ten tan and is equivalent to about two and a half acres.","reading":"いっちょうはじゅったんで、エーカーにすればにエーカーはんぐらいにそうとうします。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"tan"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"tan"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"convert"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"半","gloss":"half","reading":"はん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.011","source":"その中、水田は 三百五十万町ぐらいで、はたけが 二百五十万町ほどです。","translation":"Of that, about three and a half million cho are rice paddies, and about two and a half million cho are fields.","reading":"そのなか、すいでんはさんびゃくごじゅうまんちょうぐらいで、はたけがにひゃくごじゅうまんちょうほどです。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"中、","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"水田","gloss":"rice paddies","reading":"すいでん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"三百","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"3.5 million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"fields"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"二百","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"万","gloss":"2.5 million"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.012","source":"それで 農家 一戸の へいきんこう地は 一町に たりんぐらい 小さいものです。","translation":"Thus, the average cultivated area per farm household is so small that it is less than one cho.","reading":"それでのうかいっこのへいきんこうちはいっちょうにたりんぐらいちいさいものです。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm household"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"戸","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"の","gloss":"per"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"に","gloss":"than"},{"text":"たりん","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"so"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.013","source":"米国みたいな 大きな 農業国と くらべると 話しに ならないほど 小さいものです。","translation":"Compared with a large agricultural country like the United States, it is too small to even compare.","reading":"べいこくみたいなおおきなのうぎょうこくとくらべるとはなしにならないほどちいさいものです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"みたい","gloss":"like"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"国","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"くらべる","gloss":"compare"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"comparison","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ほど","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.014","source":"日本の 農業に かんする もう一つの 問題は 土地が やせている事です。","translation":"Another problem concerning Japanese agriculture is that the soil is poor.","reading":"にほんののうぎょうにかんするもうひとつのもんだいはとちがやせていることです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かんする","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"土地","gloss":"soil","reading":"とち"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.014.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L074.rd.015","source":"土地は せまいし、やせては いるし、日本の 百しょうは くろうの わりに しゅう入は 少いのです。","translation":"The land is limited and the soil is poor, so Japanese farmers earn little for all their hard work.","reading":"とちはせまいし、やせてはいるし、にほんのひゃくしょうはくろうのわりにしゅうにゅうはすくないのです。","words":[{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せまい","gloss":"limited"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is poor"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"百しょう","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くろう","gloss":"hard work"},{"text":"の","gloss":"in"},{"text":"わり","gloss":"proportion"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"income"},{"text":"入","gloss":"income","reading":"にゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"little","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.rd.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"たりん","gloss":"not sufficfent, short of"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about farm statistics · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Answers from the farm statistics","paragraphs":["*実さいに 使用している こう地は どのぐらいですか* means \"How much cultivated land is actually in use?\"","The questions ask for cultivated acreage, rice-field acreage, field acreage, household averages, and farm income.","An answer gives the relevant amount or explains the limit on land or income."]}],"lines":[{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.001","source":"土地の 問題は われわれが どうする 事も 出来ない事ですか。","translation":"Is the land problem something we cannot do anything about?","reading":"とちのもんだいはわれわれがどうすることもできないことですか。","words":[{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"われわれ","gloss":"we"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.001.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.002","source":"実さいに 使用している こう地は どのぐらいですか。","translation":"How much cultivated land is actually in use?","reading":"じっさいにしようしているこうちはどのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"実さい","gloss":"actually","reading":"じっさい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.002.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.003","source":"一町は どのぐらいですか（何エーカーにそうとうしますか）。","translation":"How much is one cho (how many acres is it equivalent to)?","reading":"いっちょうはどのぐらいですか（なんエーカーにそうとうしますか）。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one"},{"text":"町","gloss":"cho"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"（何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"エーカー","gloss":"acres"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そうとう","gloss":"equivalent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か）。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.003.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.004","source":"実さいに 使用している こう地の中、水田は どのぐらいですか。","translation":"Of the cultivated land actually in use, how much is rice paddies?","reading":"じっさいにしようしているこうちのなか、すいでんはどのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"実さい","gloss":"actually","reading":"じっさい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"in use"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中、","gloss":"among","reading":"なか"},{"text":"水田","gloss":"rice paddies","reading":"すいでん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.004.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.005","source":"はたけは？","translation":"How much is fields?","reading":"はたけは？","words":[{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"fields"},{"text":"は？","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.005.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.006","source":"農家一戸の へいきんこう地は どのぐらいですか。","translation":"What is the average cultivated area per farm household?","reading":"のうかいっこのへいきんこうちはどのぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm household"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"戸","gloss":"one household"},{"text":"の","gloss":"per"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"cultivated land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.006.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.007","source":"日本の 百しょうの しゅう入は どうですか。","translation":"How much do Japanese farmers earn?","reading":"にほんのひゃくしょうのしゅうにゅうはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"百しょう","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"しゅう","gloss":"income"},{"text":"入","gloss":"income","reading":"にゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining agricultural constraints · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Answers about agricultural limits","paragraphs":["The questions ask about Japanese agriculture, its land, its largest problem, and its second problem.","*日本の 農業に かんして 一番大きな問題は 何ですか* means \"What is the biggest problem concerning Japanese agriculture?\"","An answer identifies limited land. Other answers describe poor soil and the resulting low income."]}],"lines":[{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.008","source":"なぜ しゅう入が 少いのですか。","translation":"Why do they earn so little?","reading":"なぜしゅうにゅうがすくないのですか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"しゅ","gloss":"income"},{"text":"う","gloss":"income"},{"text":"入","gloss":"income","reading":"にゅう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"little","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.008.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.009","source":"日本の 農業は どうですか。","translation":"What is Japanese agriculture like?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what like"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.009.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.010","source":"日本の 農業に かんして 一番大きな問題は 何ですか。","translation":"What is the biggest problem concerning Japanese agriculture?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうにかんしていちばんおおきなもんだいはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かんし","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"biggest","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"biggest","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.010.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.011","source":"日本の 農業用地は どのぐらいありますか。","translation":"How much agricultural land does Japan have?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうようちはどのぐらいありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.011.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.012","source":"農業用地というのは 何ですか。","translation":"What is meant by agricultural land?","reading":"のうぎょうようちというのはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"用","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"よう"},{"text":"地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"ち"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.012.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.013","source":"米国みたいな 大きな 農業国と くらべると どうですか。","translation":"How does it compare with a large agricultural country like the United States?","reading":"べいこくみたいなおおきなのうぎょうこくとくらべるとどうですか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"みたい","gloss":"like"},{"text":"な","gloss":"like"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"国","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"くらべる","gloss":"compare"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.013.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L074.q.014","source":"日本の 農業に かんする もう一つの 問題は 何ですか。","translation":"What is another problem concerning Japanese agriculture?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうにかんするもうひとつのもんだいはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かんする","gloss":"concerning"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.q.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Agriculture and land words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Agriculture and its land","paragraphs":["The entries distinguish agriculture from the land used for it.","*農業* means \"agriculture.\" *土地* means \"land\" or \"lot.\"","*農業用地* means \"land utilized for agriculture.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.001","source":"農業","translation":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう","words":[{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.001.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.002","source":"ぎじゅつてき","translation":"technical","reading":"ぎじゅつてき","words":[{"text":"ぎじゅつてき","gloss":"technical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.002.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.003","source":"しかも","translation":"furthermore","reading":"しかも","words":[{"text":"しかも","gloss":"furthermore"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.003.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.004","source":"われわれ(の)","translation":"we, (our)","reading":"われわれ(の)","words":[{"text":"われわれ(の)","gloss":"we or our"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.004.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.005","source":"どうすることも出来ない","translation":"we can't do anything about","reading":"どうすることもできない","words":[{"text":"どうすることも出来ない","gloss":"cannot do anything","reading":"どうすることもできない"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.005.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.006","source":"土地","translation":"land, lot","reading":"とち","words":[{"text":"土地","gloss":"land","reading":"とち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.006.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.007","source":"用地","translation":"land utilized for","reading":"ようち","words":[{"text":"用地","gloss":"land used for","reading":"ようち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.007.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.008","source":"農業用地","translation":"land utilized for agriculture","reading":"のうぎょうようち","words":[{"text":"農業用地","gloss":"agricultural land","reading":"のうぎょうようち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.008.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.009","source":"めんせき","translation":"area, dimension","reading":"めんせき","words":[{"text":"めんせき","gloss":"area"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.009.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.010","source":"スイス","translation":"Switzerland","reading":"スイス","words":[{"text":"スイス","gloss":"Switzerland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.010.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.011","source":"必要な","translation":"necessary, needed, important","reading":"ひつような","words":[{"text":"必要な","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつような"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ぎじゅつてき","gloss":"technical"},{"word":"われわれ(の)","gloss":"we, (our)"},{"word":"どうすることも出来ない","gloss":"we can't do anything about"},{"word":"用地","gloss":"land utilized for"},{"word":"農業用地","gloss":"land utilized for agriculture"},{"word":"必要な","gloss":"necessary, needed, important"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Land use and statistics words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Land use and cultivation","paragraphs":["The entries distinguish parts of agricultural land from land under cultivation.","*宅地* means \"building lot,\" and *水路* means \"waterway\" or \"channel.\"","*こう地* means \"land under cultivation.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.012","source":"宅地","translation":"building lot","reading":"たくち","words":[{"text":"宅地","gloss":"building lot","reading":"たくち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.012.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.013","source":"水路","translation":"waterway, channel","reading":"すいろ","words":[{"text":"水路","gloss":"waterway","reading":"すいろ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.013.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.014","source":"いけ","translation":"pond, dam, reservoir","reading":"いけ","words":[{"text":"いけ","gloss":"pond"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.014.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.015","source":"いれる","translation":"include, insert","reading":"いれる","words":[{"text":"いれる","gloss":"include"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.015.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.016","source":"そこそこ","translation":"only about","reading":"そこそこ","words":[{"text":"そこそこ","gloss":"only about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.016.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.017","source":"実さい","translation":"truth, actuality","reading":"じっさい","words":[{"text":"実さい","gloss":"actuality","reading":"じっさい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.017.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.018","source":"そうめんせき","translation":"total area","reading":"そうめんせき","words":[{"text":"そうめんせき","gloss":"total area"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.018.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.019","source":"使用(する)","translation":"utilization, ^e (vt)) [OCR as printed in txt]","reading":"しよう(する)","words":[{"text":"使用(する)","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう(する)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.019.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.020","source":"こう地","translation":"land under cultivation","reading":"こうち","words":[{"text":"こう地","gloss":"cultivated land","reading":"こうち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.020.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.021","source":"とう計","translation":"statistics","reading":"とうけい","words":[{"text":"とう計","gloss":"statistics","reading":"とうけい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.021.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.022","source":"町","translation":"measure of land (See cult. notes)","reading":"ちょう","words":[{"text":"町","gloss":"land measure","reading":"ちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"宅地","gloss":"building lot"},{"word":"水路","gloss":"waterway, channel"},{"word":"いれる","gloss":"include, insert"},{"word":"そうめんせき","gloss":"total area"},{"word":"使用(する)","gloss":"utilization, ^e (vt)) [OCR as printed in txt]"},{"word":"こう地","gloss":"land under cultivation"},{"word":"とう計","gloss":"statistics"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farm measurements and households · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Fields and farm households","paragraphs":["The entries distinguish two kinds of field and one farm household.","*水田* means \"rice field\" or \"paddy,\" while *はたけ* means \"field.\"","*一戸* means \"one family\" or \"one house.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.023","source":"ごく","translation":"very","reading":"ごく","words":[{"text":"ごく","gloss":"very"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.023.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.024","source":"--によると","translation":"according to ---- (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"--によると","words":[{"text":"--によると","gloss":"according to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.024.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.025","source":"広さ","translation":"area, dimension","reading":"ひろさ","words":[{"text":"広さ","gloss":"area","reading":"ひろさ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.025.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.026","source":"--にそうとうする","translation":"be equivalent to (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"--にそうとうする","words":[{"text":"--にそうとうする","gloss":"be equivalent to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.026.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.027","source":"たん","translation":"measure of land (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"たん","words":[{"text":"たん","gloss":"land measure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.027.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.028","source":"--にすれば","translation":"if you convert it into","reading":"--にすれば","words":[{"text":"--にすれば","gloss":"if converted into"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.028.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.029","source":"水田","translation":"rice field, paddy","reading":"すいでん","words":[{"text":"水田","gloss":"rice field","reading":"すいでん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.029.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.030","source":"はたけ","translation":"field","reading":"はたけ","words":[{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"field"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.030.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.031","source":"一戸","translation":"one family, one house","reading":"いっこ","words":[{"text":"一戸","gloss":"one household","reading":"いっこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.031.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.032","source":"戸","translation":"classifier of counting families and/or houses","reading":"こ","words":[{"text":"戸","gloss":"household counter","reading":"こ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.032.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.033","source":"へいきん","translation":"average","reading":"へいきん","words":[{"text":"へいきん","gloss":"average"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--によると","gloss":"according to ---- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"広さ","gloss":"area, dimension"},{"word":"--にそうとうする","gloss":"be equivalent to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たん","gloss":"measure of land (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"--にすれば","gloss":"if you convert it into"},{"word":"一戸","gloss":"one family, one house"},{"word":"へいきん","gloss":"average"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farming comparisons and income · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Shortage, comparison, and income","paragraphs":["The entries describe a shortage, a comparison, and the income at issue.","*たりん* means \"not sufficient\" or \"short of.\" *話しにならん* means \"beyond comparison.\"","*しゅう入* means \"income.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":168,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.034","source":"たりん","translation":"not sufficfent, short of","reading":"たりん","words":[{"text":"たりん","gloss":"not enough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.034.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.035","source":"たりる","translation":"be sufficient (vi)","reading":"たりる","words":[{"text":"たりる","gloss":"be enough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.035.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.036","source":"みたいな","translation":"such","reading":"みたいな","words":[{"text":"みたいな","gloss":"like that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.036.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.037","source":"話しにならん","translation":"beyond comparison, can't even mention","reading":"はなしにならん","words":[{"text":"話しにならん","gloss":"beyond comparison","reading":"はなしにならん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.037.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.038","source":"しゅう入","translation":"income","reading":"しゅうにゅう","words":[{"text":"しゅう入","gloss":"income","reading":"しゅうにゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.038.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.039","source":"しな語","translation":"Chinese","reading":"しなご","words":[{"text":"しな語","gloss":"Chinese language","reading":"しなご"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.039.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.040","source":"農業国","translation":"agricultural country","reading":"のうぎょうこく","words":[{"text":"農業国","gloss":"agricultural country","reading":"のうぎょうこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.040.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"ja.dli.L074.w.041","source":"---のわりに","translation":"considering ----; despite -----","reading":"---のわりに","words":[{"text":"---のわりに","gloss":"despite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L074.w.041.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":5,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\na Talk about the problems concerning Japanese agriculture.\n\nb Talk about agriculture in the United States,\n\nc Compare agriculture in Japan and that of the United States.\n\nd Talk about the land under cultivation in Japan.\n\na Look at the pictures on Pages 125 and 126 and describe them."},{"section":6,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary,\n\n2 Study Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercises following each pattern,\n\n4 Learn to read and write Kanji and do the exercises,\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and practice exercises."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"たりる","gloss":"be sufficient (vi)"},{"word":"みたいな","gloss":"such"},{"word":"話しにならん","gloss":"beyond comparison, can't even mention"},{"word":"しゅう入","gloss":"income"},{"word":"しな語","gloss":"Chinese"},{"word":"農業国","gloss":"agricultural country"},{"word":"---のわりに","gloss":"considering ----; despite -----"}],"paradigms":[]}]}