{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L077","title":"Lesson 77","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 77: farm animals and machinery · dialogue 1 of 3, livestock and dairy farming · dialogue 2 of 3, kobe beef production · dialogue 3 of 3, only because of who or where · perception drill, only because something matters · perception drill, emphasising identity, explaining actions through circumstances · pattern 1 2 of 3, restating decisive reasons · pattern 1 3 of 3, only by doing something · pattern 2 1 of 3, explaining why something is possible · pattern 2 2 of 3, linking actions to their causes · pattern 2 3 of 3, farm machinery in japan · questions 1 of 2, livestock, farming machinery and livestock · word list 1 of 4, regions, poultry, beef and dairy words · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/75","lines":143},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/74","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/76","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Farm animals and machinery · Dialogue 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Animals and farm machines","paragraphs":["Two speakers compare animal power with farm machinery in Japan. One saw cattle and horses used for cultivation near Kinugawa hot spring.","*今では その 反対ですよ* says that the opposite is now true, at least in Kantō and Kansai."]},{"title":"East and west of Japan","paragraphs":["*関東、関西 へんではね* limits the claim to Kantō and Kansai.","*関東* means the Tokyo district. *関西* means roughly the Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe districts."]},{"title":"Kanji: 耕 to 反","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 対, 関, 牛, 作","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.001","source":"日本の 農業は きぼが 小さいので、農機具を 使用する 事が 少いですね。","translation":"Since agriculture in japan is small in scale, farm machines and implements are hardly ever used, isn’t that right?","reading":"にほんののうぎょうはきぼがちいさいので、のうきぐをしようすることがすくないですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"き","gloss":"scale"},{"text":"ぼ","gloss":"scale"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm machinery","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm machinery","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"事","gloss":"instances","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.002","source":"そうです。農機具など 買い入れるだけの 経済力も ないのです。それで、牛や 馬など 家ちくが かわれているんです。","translation":"That’s right. They have no economic capability either to purchase farm machines or implements. For that reason, domestic animals; such as, cattle and horses are raised.","reading":"そうです。のうきぐなどかいいれるだけのけいざいりょくもないのです。それで、うしやうまなどかちくがかわれているんです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm machinery","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm machinery","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase","reading":"かいいれる"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"economic capability","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"力","gloss":"economic capability","reading":"りょく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"either"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domestic animals","reading":"かちく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"かわれ","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.003","source":"この 間 鬼怒川 おんせんの 方へ 行った 時も、耕作に 牛や 馬を 使っているのを 見受けました。","translation":"The other day when I went to Kinugawa hot spring, I saw cattle and horses being used for cultivation.","reading":"このあいだきぬがわおんせんのほうへいったときも、こうさくにうしやうまをつかっているのをみうけました。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"the other day"},{"text":"間","gloss":"the other day"},{"text":"鬼怒","gloss":"Kinugawa"},{"text":"川","gloss":"Kinugawa"},{"text":"おんせん","gloss":"hot spring"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"direction","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"went","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"went"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"also"},{"text":"耕作","gloss":"cultivation","reading":"こうさく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"being used","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being used"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"being used"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見受け","gloss":"saw","reading":"みうけ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"saw"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"saw"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.004","source":"そうでしょう。思ったより 多いでしょう。","translation":"I suppose so. There are more than you expected, isn’t that right?","reading":"そうでしょう。おもったよりおおいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"expected","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"expected"},{"text":"より","gloss":"than"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"more","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.005","source":"ええ、そうですね。私は 日本では 田や はたけを 耕すのに 牛や 馬ばかり 使って 耕うん機は ほんの わずかと 思っていたんですよ。","translation":"Yes, that’s right. I thought they only used cattle and horses to cultivate rice fields and fields and very few cultivating machines in Japan.","reading":"ええ、そうですね。わたくしはにほんではたやはたけをたがやすのにうしやうまばかりつかってこううんきはほんのわずかとおもっていたんですよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"田","gloss":"rice fields","reading":"た"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"fields"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"耕す","gloss":"cultivate","reading":"たがやす"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"only"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"used","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"used"},{"text":"耕うん","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"こううん"},{"text":"機","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"き"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほんの","gloss":"only"},{"text":"わずか","gloss":"very few"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"was thinking","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was thinking"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was thinking"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was thinking"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.006","source":"そうですか。今では その 反対ですよ。少くとも 関東、関西 へんではね。","translation":"Is that so? At present it is completely","reading":"そうですか。いまではそのはんたいですよ。すくなくともかんとう、かんさいへんではね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"反対","gloss":"opposite","reading":"はんたい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"少く","gloss":"at least","reading":"すくなく"},{"text":"とも","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"関東、","gloss":"Kanto","reading":"かんとう"},{"text":"関西","gloss":"Kansai","reading":"かんさい"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"1 NARA KOSO Following nominals and nominals plus particles, NARA KOSO singles out a reason and best rendered in English with ’’only because it is — Examples: ANATA NARA KOSO, DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’Only because it’s you, it can be done.” NIHON DE NARA KOSO. KONNA KOTO GA DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’Only because it’s in Japan, you can do this sort of thing.” WATAKUSHI WA GENKI NARA KOSO. KONNA SHIGOTO GA DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’Only because I am healthy, I can do this sort of work.” HAWAI NARA KOSO. FUYU DEMO OYOGU KOTO GA DEKIRU NO DESU.\n\n1 ’’Only because it’s Hawaii, can you swim even in winter.” KIMI GA BOKU NO YUUJIN NARA KOSO. BOKU WA KONNA KOTO O IU NO DESU. ’’Only because you are my friend, do I tell you this sort of thing.”"},{"section":2,"text":"2 ----- BA KOSO Following the conditional form of verbs and i-adjectives KOSO singles out a reason, best rendered in English with ’’Only because you do such-and-such”, or ’’Only because this is such-and-such. Examples: NIHON DE AREBA KOSO, KONNA KOTO GA DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’You can do this sort of thing, only because this is Japan.” ANO HITO WA OKANE GA AREBA KOSO MAINEN ATARASHII JIDOOSHA O KAU KOTO GA DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’Only because he has money, can he buy a new car every year\n\n2 BENKYOO SURE BA KOSO, ANO SEITO WA YOKU DEKIRU NO DESU. ’’That student does well only because he studies hard KORE WA YASUKEREBA KOSO, KATTA N DESU. ”I bought this only because it is cheap.”"},{"section":3,"text":"B1 KANTOO vs. KANSAI In the Kamakura Period Japan was divided into two parts, east and west at the Suzuka mountain range which is about thirty miles due east of Kyoto, where a barrier was erected. Today we roughly designate Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe districts as Kansai and Tokyo districts as Kantoo."},{"section":4,"text":"TOOHOKU The northeastern section of Japan is called the TOOHOKU region. Another name for this region is Oou\n\ndistrict. This region includes 6 prefectures of Aomori, Akita, Iwate, Yamagata, Miyagi and Fukushima, This region, in general, is considered to be a young region with a low standard of living, low income and behind the times in agricultural technique."},{"section":5,"text":"KINKI-CHIHOO Originally KINKI occupied the central position surrounding the Imperial Palace, This area included from the Kyoo-ga-misaki on the northern tip of Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Shio-no-Misaki to the south, tip of Shima peninsula to the east, and to the borderline of Okayama Prefecture and Hyoogo Prefecture to the west. Administratively this area includes seven prefectures; namely, urban prefectures of Kyoto and Osaka, prefectures of Hyoogo, Nara, Wakayama, Shiga and Mie."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"農業","gloss":"agriculture"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"き","gloss":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase (v.t.)"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"牛","gloss":"cow, cattle"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"馬","gloss":"horse"},{"word":"家ちく","gloss":"domesticated animal"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"川","gloss":"river"},{"word":"おんせん","gloss":"hot spring"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"耕作","gloss":"cultivation; tillage"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"より","gloss":"than (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"田","gloss":"paddy field"},{"word":"はたけ","gloss":"field"},{"word":"耕す","gloss":"cultivate; till (vt)"},{"word":"ばかり","gloss":"about"},{"word":"ほんの","gloss":"trivial, just slight, little"},{"word":"わずか","gloss":"a small amount; trifling"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"関東、","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama area (See Cult Notes)"},{"word":"関西","gloss":"Osaka-Kyoto area (See Cult Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Livestock and dairy farming · Dialogue 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Livestock across Japan","paragraphs":["The speakers list the main animals raised in Japan, then ask about sheep.","*北海道 と 東北 を のぞいては 少いです* means \"With the exception of Hokkaido and Tōhoku, there are very few.\""]},{"title":"The northeast region","paragraphs":["*東北* is the northeastern region of Japan. The line identifies it with Hokkaido as an exception to the scarcity of sheep.","Pastures are scarce in Kantō and Kansai, while Hokkaido has many sheep and dairy farms."]},{"title":"Kanji: 鳥","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.007","source":"日本で かっている おもな 家ちくは 何ですか。","translation":"What are the principal domestic animals in Japan?","reading":"にほんでかっているおもなかちくはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"principal"},{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domestic animals","reading":"かちく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.008","source":"牛、馬、ぶた、やぎ、いぬ、ねこ、うさぎ、鳥るいでは にわとり、あひる、七めん鳥、はと など かっています。","translation":"They raise cattle, horses, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits, and chickens, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons among fowl.","reading":"うし、うま、ぶた、やぎ、いぬ、ねこ、うさぎ、ちょうるいではにわとり、あひる、しちめんちょう、はとなどかっています。","words":[{"text":"牛、","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"馬、","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"ぶた、","gloss":"pigs"},{"text":"やぎ、","gloss":"goats"},{"text":"いぬ、","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"ねこ、","gloss":"cats"},{"text":"うさぎ、","gloss":"rabbits"},{"text":"鳥","gloss":"fowl","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"るい","gloss":"fowl"},{"text":"で","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"にわとり、","gloss":"chickens"},{"text":"あひる、","gloss":"ducks"},{"text":"七","gloss":"turkeys","reading":"しち"},{"text":"めん","gloss":"turkeys"},{"text":"鳥、","gloss":"turkeys","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"はと","gloss":"pigeons"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.009","source":"ひつじは かっていませんか。","translation":"Don’t they raise sheep?","reading":"ひつじはかっていませんか。","words":[{"text":"ひつじ","gloss":"sheep"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"do not raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do not raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"do not raise"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not raise"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not raise"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.010","source":"北 海 道 と 東 北 を のぞいては 少いです。","translation":"With the exception of Hokkaidoo and Toohoku, there are very few.","reading":"ほっかいどうととうほくをのぞいてはすくないです。","words":[{"text":"北","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"海","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"道","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東","gloss":"Tohoku"},{"text":"北","gloss":"Tohoku"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"のぞい","gloss":"excluding"},{"text":"て","gloss":"excluding"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.011","source":"関東、関西では ぼく場は 見ませんね。","translation":"You don’t see pastures in Kantoo and Kansai, do you?","reading":"かんとう、かんさいではぼくじょうはみませんね。","words":[{"text":"関東、","gloss":"Kanto","reading":"かんとう"},{"text":"関西","gloss":"Kansai","reading":"かんさい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぼく場","gloss":"pastures"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"見","gloss":"do not see","reading":"み"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not see"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not see"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.012","source":"少いです。北 海 道は 米国みたい ですから、ひつじの かずも 多いし、らく農の かずも 多いです。","translation":"There are a few. Since Hokkaidoo is just like the United States, there are many sheep and dairy farms.","reading":"すくないです。ほっかいどうはべいこくみたいですから、ひつじのかずもおおいし、らくのうのかずもおおいです。","words":[{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"},{"text":"北","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"海","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"道","gloss":"Hokkaido"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"みたい","gloss":"like"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ひつじ","gloss":"sheep"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"らく農","gloss":"dairy farms"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"牛、","gloss":"cow, cattle"},{"word":"馬、","gloss":"horse"},{"word":"ぶた、","gloss":"pig, hog"},{"word":"やぎ、","gloss":"goat"},{"word":"いぬ、","gloss":"dog"},{"word":"ねこ、","gloss":"cat"},{"word":"うさぎ、","gloss":"rabbit, hare"},{"word":"にわとり、","gloss":"chicken"},{"word":"あひる、","gloss":"duck"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"はと","gloss":"pigeon; dove"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ひつじ","gloss":"sheep"},{"word":"北","gloss":"north"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"東","gloss":"east"},{"word":"ぼく場","gloss":"pasture"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"らく農","gloss":"dairy farm"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Kobe beef production · Dialogue 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Beef from the Kinki region","paragraphs":["One speaker asks where Japanese beefsteaks come from. The answer begins *近畿地方です*, \"They come from the Kinki region.\"","The speaker describes cattle receiving beer and good food, with fat rubbed into the meat. The production is said to be expensive."]},{"title":"The Kinki region","paragraphs":["*近畿地方* is the Osaka-Kyoto area. The line presents it as the source of the beef.","*日本でならこそ* and *日本で あればこそ* each make Japan the reason this production is possible."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.013","source":"日本の ビフテキは 実に うまいですが、どこから 来ますか。","translation":"Japanese beef steaks are very delicious, but where do they come from?","reading":"にほんのビフテキはじつにうまいですが、どこからきますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beef steaks"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"実","gloss":"very","reading":"じつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"very"},{"text":"うまい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"come"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.014","source":"近畿地方です。あのあたりでは 牛に ビールを 飲ませたり、よい 食べ物を やったりし、その上、しぼうを 肉にもみこむそうです。","translation":"They come from Kinki region. Around there,","reading":"きんきちほうです。あのあたりではうしにビールをのませたり、よいたべものをやったりし、そのうえ、しぼうをにくにもみこむそうです。","words":[{"text":"近畿","gloss":"Kinki","reading":"きんき"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"around"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"make drink","reading":"のま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"make drink"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"make drink"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"give"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"give"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"do"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"上、","gloss":"besides","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"しぼう","gloss":"fat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"肉","gloss":"meat","reading":"にく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"もみこむ","gloss":"rub into"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.015","source":"へえー、日本でならこそ、そういう 事が 出来る のですね。","translation":"Oh? Only in japan such a thing is possible, isn’t that right?","reading":"へえー、にほんでならこそ、そういうことができるのですね。","words":[{"text":"へえー、","gloss":"oh"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"only"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L077.dlg.016","source":"そうですとも。日本で あればこそ 出来る 事で、米国などでは とても 出来ないでしょうね。高いものにつきますから。","translation":"of course. Only because it is Japan such a thing is possible and such a thing is utterly impossible in the United States because it proves to be expensive.","reading":"そうですとも。にほんであればこそできることで、べいこくなどではとてもできないでしょうね。たかいものにつきますから。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"も。","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"utterly"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"impossible","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"impossible"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"outcome"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"つき","gloss":"amounts to"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"amounts to"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.dlg.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beef steak"},{"word":"うまい","gloss":"savory, delicious, good"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"あたり","gloss":"vicinity, neighborhood"},{"word":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"word":"しぼう","gloss":"fat"},{"word":"肉","gloss":"meat, flesh"},{"word":"もみこむ","gloss":"massage--into,rub--into"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"こそ、","gloss":"indeed, certainly\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Only because of who or where · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Only because it is you","paragraphs":["*あなたならこそ 出来る のです* means \"Only because it is you, can it be done.\" The person is singled out as the reason.","*ならこそ* follows a noun, or a noun with a particle, and stresses that reason. English uses \"only because it is\"."]},{"title":"A place as the reason","paragraphs":["*米国で ならこそ、そんな 事が 出来る のです* means \"Only because it is America, is such a thing possible.\"","Here *ならこそ* follows the noun and the particle *で*. The place is the decisive condition for what can happen."]}],"lines":[{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.01","source":"あなたならこそ 出来る のです。","translation":"Only because it*s you, can it be done,","reading":"あなたならこそできるのです。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.02","source":"山田さんは 毎晩 九時まで 働くそうですが、ほんとによく 働きますね。","translation":"I understand Mr, Yamada -works until nine every night, but he really works hard, doesn’t he?","reading":"やまださんはまいばんくじまではたらくそうですが、ほんとによくはたらきますね。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"毎晩","gloss":"every night"},{"text":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"text":"時","gloss":"o'clock"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"works","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ほんと","gloss":"really"},{"text":"に","gloss":"really"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"works","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"works"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.03","source":"若い人 ならこそ、そんな 事が 出来る のですよ。私などは とても 出来ませんね。","translation":"Only because he is young, can he do such a thing. We can never do that,","reading":"わかいひとならこそ、そんなことができるのですよ。わたくしなどはとてもできませんね。","words":[{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"utterly"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.04","source":"米国では 自動車のない 家は ほとんど ありませんよ。","translation":"There is hardly any home without a car in America,","reading":"べいこくではじどうしゃのないいえはほとんどありませんよ。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"without"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not having"},{"text":"家","gloss":"homes","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"hardly"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are not"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"there are not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"there are not"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.05","source":"米国で ならこそ、そんな 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"Only because it’s America, is such a thing possible.","reading":"べいこくでならこそ、そんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.06","source":"君が 友人 ならこそ、こんな 事を 言う のですが、あんまり 酒を 飲まない ように する 方が いいね。","translation":"Only because you are my friend, I say this sort of thing to you, but you had better not drink too much.","reading":"きみがゆうじんならこそ、こんなことをいうのですが、あんまりさけをのまないようにするほうがいいね。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"友人","gloss":"friend","reading":"ゆうじん"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"酒","gloss":"alcohol","reading":"さけ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"not drink","reading":"のま"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not drink"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"方","gloss":"way","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.07","source":"ええ、ありがとう。これから あんまり 飲まない ように する つもりです。","translation":"Yes, thank you. I will try not to drink too much from now on.","reading":"ええ、ありがとう。これからあんまりのまないようにするつもりです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ありがとう。","gloss":"thank you"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"あんまり","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"not drink","reading":"のま"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not drink"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.08","source":"大木さんの おとうさんは 八十だそうですが、まだ 毎週 一度は ゴルフを やって いらっしゃる そうですね。","translation":"I understand Mr. Ooki’s father is 80 year’s old, but I understand he is still playing golf once a week.","reading":"おおきさんのおとうさんははちじゅうだそうですが、まだまいしゅういちどはゴルフをやっていらっしゃるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"大木","gloss":"Oki","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"お","gloss":"father"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"father"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"father"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"八十","gloss":"eighty","reading":"はちじゅう"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"毎週","gloss":"every week","reading":"まいしゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"once","reading":"いち"},{"text":"度","gloss":"once","reading":"ど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"いらっしゃる","gloss":"is playing"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.09","source":"そうですか。けんこう ならこそ、そんな 事が 出来る のですね。","translation":"Is that right? Only because he is healthy, can he do that.","reading":"そうですか。けんこうならこそ、そんなことができるのですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.10","source":"モンテレーでは 冬でも オーバーを 着なくても いいのですね。","translation":"Even in winter you don’t have to wear an overcoat in Monterey, isn’t that right?","reading":"モンテレーではふゆでもオーバーをきなくてもいいのですね。","words":[{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"冬","gloss":"winter","reading":"ふゆ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着","gloss":"not wear","reading":"き"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not wear"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp1.11","source":"そう、モンテレー ならこそ、そんな 事が 出来る のですよ。","translation":"That’s right. Only because it’s Monterey, is such a thing possible.","reading":"そう、モンテレーならこそ、そんなことができるのですよ。","words":[{"text":"そう、","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"こそ","gloss":"indeed, certainly\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"九","gloss":"nine"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"君","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"},{"word":"友人","gloss":"friend"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"酒","gloss":"Sake, rice wine"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"八十","gloss":"80"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"word":"いらっしゃる","gloss":"to come, go (honorific verb)"},{"word":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"word":"モンテレー","gloss":"Monterey"},{"word":"冬","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"オーバー","gloss":"overcoat"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Only because something matters · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Importance as the reason","paragraphs":["*大切であればこそ 教えているんだよ* means \"I am teaching it only because it is important.\" The conditional form before *こそ* singles out the reason.","A verb or I-adjective takes its conditional form before *こそ*. English uses \"only because\" for the emphasized reason."]},{"title":"Practice makes the result possible","paragraphs":["*れん習すればこそ あんなに上手に 話せるのですよ* means \"He can speak well like that only because he practices.\"","*米国であればこそ、こんな事が出来るのです* means \"Only because it is America, can this sort of thing be done.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.01","source":"米国であればこそ、こんな事が出来るのです。","translation":"Only because it’s America, can you do this sort of thing.","reading":"べいこくであればこそ、こんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.02","source":"あなたが 友人で あればこそ、こんな 事を 言う のですから、悪く 思わないでくださいよ。","translation":"Only because you are my friend, do I say this sort of thing, so please don’t feel bad about it,","reading":"あなたがゆうじんであればこそ、こんなことをいうのですから、わるくおもわないでくださいよ。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"友人","gloss":"friend","reading":"ゆうじん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"not feel","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"思わ","gloss":"not feel","reading":"おもわ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not feel"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください","gloss":"please"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.03","source":"ええ、よく わかっています。","translation":"Yes, I understand perfectly.","reading":"ええ、よくわかっています。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"perfectly"},{"text":"わかっ","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"て","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"い","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.04","source":"先生、この かん字は 大切ですか。","translation":"Teacher, is this Kanji important?","reading":"せんせい、このかんじはたいせつですか。","words":[{"text":"先生、","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.05","source":"大切であればこそ 教えているんだよ。","translation":"I am teaching it only because it is important.","reading":"たいせつであればこそおしえているんだよ。","words":[{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"am teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am teaching"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am teaching"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"because"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.06","source":"人口のぞうかは 国の発てんを たすけますか。","translation":"Does an increase in population aid the development of a nation?","reading":"じんこうのぞうかはくにのはってんをたすけますか。","words":[{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"国","gloss":"nation","reading":"くに"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"発てん","gloss":"development","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たすけ","gloss":"aid"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"aid"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.07","source":"もちろんそうです。人口がぞうかすればこそ 国が発てんするのです。","translation":"Of course, it does. A nation develops only because population increases.","reading":"もちろんそうです。じんこうがぞうかすればこそくにがはってんするのです。","words":[{"text":"もちろん","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"if it increases"},{"text":"か","gloss":"if it increases"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if it increases"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if it increases"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"国","gloss":"nation","reading":"くに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"発てん","gloss":"develops","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"develops"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.08","source":"パーカーさんの 家には 自動車が 三台 あるそうですね。","translation":"I understand Mr. Parker has three cars, is that so?","reading":"パーカーさんのいえにはじどうしゃがさんだいあるそうですね。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three","reading":"さん"},{"text":"台","gloss":"cars","reading":"だい"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"has"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.09","source":"パーカーさんは お金が あればこそ、そんな事が 出来るのですよ。","translation":"Such a thing is possible only because Mr. Parker has money.","reading":"パーカーさんはおかねがあればこそ、そんなことができるのですよ。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"if he has"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if he has"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"possible","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.10","source":"ジョンズさんは よく 日本語を 話しますが、家でよく れん習するのでしょうね。","translation":"Mr. Jones speaks Japanese well, but I suppose he practices hard at home.","reading":"ジョンズさんはよくにほんごをはなしますが、いえでよくれんしゅうするのでしょうね。","words":[{"text":"ジョンズ","gloss":"Jones"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"話し","gloss":"speaks","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"speaks"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"れん","gloss":"practices"},{"text":"習","gloss":"practices"},{"text":"する","gloss":"practices"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.10.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L077.gp2.11","source":"れん習すればこそ あんなに上手に 話せるのですよ。","translation":"He can speak well like that only because he practices.","reading":"れんしゅうすればこそあんなにじょうずにはなせるのですよ。","words":[{"text":"れん","gloss":"if he practices"},{"text":"習","gloss":"if he practices"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if he practices"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if he practices"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"skillfully"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"話せる","gloss":"can speak"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.gp2.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ください","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"もちろん","gloss":"of course, to be sure"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"話せる","gloss":"to be able to speak"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Emphasising identity, place and reason · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The exact reason","paragraphs":["*私は 元気 ならこそ、こんな 事が 出来る のです* means \"It is precisely because I am healthy that I can do this sort of thing.\"","The *ならこそ* from *あなたならこそ* now marks health, identity, necessity and preference as the decisive reason."]},{"title":"A place before the reason","paragraphs":["*日本で ならこそ、こんな 事が 出来る のです* means \"It is precisely in Japan that one can do this sort of thing.\"","With *で* before *ならこそ*, the emphasized reason is a place."]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.m1","source":"私は 元気 ならこそ、こんな 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"It is precisely because I am healthy that I can do this sort of thing.","reading":"わたくしはげんきならこそ、こんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"元気","gloss":"healthy","reading":"げんき"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.01","source":"下手 ならこそ、もっと 勉強しなければ ならないのです。","translation":"It is precisely because I am not good at it that I must study harder.","reading":"へたならこそ、もっとべんきょうしなければならないのです。","words":[{"text":"下手","gloss":"unskilled","reading":"へた"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"harder"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"must study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"must study"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.02","source":"子供 ならこそ、こんな 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"It is precisely because he is a child that he can do this sort of thing.","reading":"こどもならこそ、こんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if one is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.03","source":"あなた ならこそ、こんな 事が 言える のです。","translation":"It is precisely because you are you that you can say this sort of thing.","reading":"あなたならこそ、こんなことがいえるのです。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"言える","gloss":"can say","reading":"いえる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.04","source":"これは 必要 ならこそ 買った のです。","translation":"I bought this precisely because it was necessary.","reading":"これはひつようならこそかったのです。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.05","source":"これは 米国で ならこそ、食べる 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"It is precisely in the United States that one can eat this.","reading":"これはべいこくでならこそ、たべることができるのです。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"America","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"if it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.06","source":"日本で ならこそ、こんな 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"It is precisely in Japan that one can do this sort of thing.","reading":"にほんでならこそ、こんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.07","source":"すき ならこそ 食べる のです。","translation":"I eat it precisely because I like it.","reading":"すきならこそたべるのです。","words":[{"text":"すき","gloss":"like"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because I do"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"下手","gloss":"unskilled, poor in doing things"},{"word":"もっと","gloss":"more (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"言える","gloss":"can be said"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining actions through circumstances · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The circumstance that permits it","paragraphs":["*土曜日 ならこそ、あんなに おそくまで 起きていた のです* means \"He stayed up that late precisely because it was Saturday.\"","Here *ならこそ* makes Saturday the decisive reason for the past action."]},{"title":"Health behind ability","paragraphs":["*元気 ならこそ、こんなに 毎日 働くことが 出来る のです* means \"It is precisely because I am healthy that I can work this much every day.\"","Here the emphasized condition explains an ability rather than a past action."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.08","source":"土曜日 ならこそ、こんなに おそくまで 起きている ことが 出来る のです。","translation":"It is precisely because it is Saturday that I can stay up this late.","reading":"どようびならこそ、こんなにおそくまでおきていることができるのです。","words":[{"text":"土曜","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"どよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"び"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because it is"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"stay up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"stay up"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"stay up"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"can"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.09","source":"あなたの 子供さんは 昨晩 一時まで テレビを 見ていましたが、いつも あんなに おそくまで 起きている のですか。","translation":"Your child was watching television until one o’clock last night; does he always stay up that late?","reading":"あなたのこどもさんはさくばんいちじまでテレビをみていましたが、いつもあんなにおそくまでおきているのですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"昨晩","gloss":"last night","reading":"さくばん"},{"text":"一時","gloss":"one o'clock","reading":"いちじ"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"was watching","reading":"み"},{"text":"て","gloss":"was watching"},{"text":"い","gloss":"was watching"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"was watching"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was watching"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"stay up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"stay up"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"stay up"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.10","source":"いいえ、土曜日 ならこそ、あんなに おそくまで 起きていた のです。","translation":"No, he stayed up that late precisely because it was Saturday.","reading":"いいえ、どようびならこそ、あんなにおそくまでおきていたのです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"土曜","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"どよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Saturday","reading":"び"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because it was"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"stayed up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"stayed up"},{"text":"い","gloss":"stayed up"},{"text":"た","gloss":"stayed up"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.11","source":"あなたは お元気ですね。","translation":"You are healthy, aren’t you?","reading":"あなたはおげんきですね。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"元気","gloss":"healthy","reading":"げんき"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.12","source":"ええ、元気 ならこそ、こんなに 毎日 働くことが 出来る のです。","translation":"Yes, it is precisely because I am healthy that I can work this much every day.","reading":"ええ、げんきならこそ、こんなにまいにちはたらくことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"元気","gloss":"healthy","reading":"げんき"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because I am"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"can"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.13","source":"あなた ならこそ 私は 言う のですが、外の人には 言わないでくださいよ。","translation":"I am telling you this precisely because it is you, but please do not tell anyone else.","reading":"あなたならこそわたくしはいうのですが、ほかのひとにはいわないでくださいよ。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"tell","reading":"いう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"言わ","gloss":"tell","reading":"いわ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください","gloss":"please"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.14","source":"はい、かしこまりました。","translation":"Yes, certainly.","reading":"はい、かしこまりました。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かしこまり","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"certainly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.15","source":"子供たちは 寒いのに シャツ一枚で 遊んでいますね。","translation":"Although it is cold, the children are playing in just their shirts, aren’t they?","reading":"こどもたちはさむいのにシャツいちまいであそんでいますね。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"children"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"寒い","gloss":"cold","reading":"さむい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"although"},{"text":"に","gloss":"although"},{"text":"シャツ","gloss":"shirt"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one shirt","reading":"いち"},{"text":"枚","gloss":"one shirt","reading":"まい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"遊ん","gloss":"are playing","reading":"あそん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are playing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are playing"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are playing"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"おそく","gloss":"late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)"},{"word":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Restating decisive reasons · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A reason set against a limit","paragraphs":["*子供 ならこそ あんな事が 出来る のですね* means \"It is precisely because they are children that they can do such a thing.\"","The next sentence contrasts the adults, who cannot do it. The *ならこそ* form marks the decisive difference."]},{"title":"One place against another","paragraphs":["*日本で ならこそ 出来る のです* means \"It can be done precisely because this is Japan.\"","*米国ですから、女の人でも こんなに 飲んで 遊ぶ 事が 出来る のです* gives an ordinary reason. *ならこそ* presents such a reason as decisive."]}],"lines":[{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.16","source":"子供 ならこそ あんな事が 出来る のですね。私たち大人には とても 出来ませんよ。","translation":"It is precisely because they are children that they can do such a thing, isn’t it? We adults certainly cannot do it.","reading":"こどもならこそあんなことができるのですね。わたくしたちおとなにはとてもできませんよ。","words":[{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because they are"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"大人","gloss":"adults","reading":"おとな"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"possibly"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.17","source":"米国でも こんな 事が 出来ますか。","translation":"Can this sort of thing be done in the United States too?","reading":"べいこくでもこんなことができますか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.18","source":"いいえ、日本で ならこそ 出来る のです。米国では とても 出来ませんね。","translation":"No, it can be done precisely because this is Japan. It certainly cannot be done in the United States.","reading":"いいえ、にほんでならこそできるのです。べいこくではとてもできませんね。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"because it is"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"possibly"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.19","source":"私は けんこう ですから、一週間に 二度 ゴルフを やる ことが 出来る のです。","translation":"Because I am healthy, I can play golf twice a week.","reading":"わたくしはけんこうですから、いっしゅうかんににどゴルフをやることができるのです。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"です","gloss":"am"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one week","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"週間","gloss":"one week","reading":"しゅうかん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two times","reading":"に"},{"text":"度","gloss":"two times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ゴルフ","gloss":"golf"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"play"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"can"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.20","source":"あなたですから、私は こんな 事を あなたに 言う 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"Because it is you, I can tell you this sort of thing.","reading":"あなたですから、わたくしはこんなことをあなたにいうことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"です","gloss":"are"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"tell","reading":"いう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"can","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.21","source":"米国ですから、女の人でも こんなに 飲んで 遊ぶ 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"Because this is the United States, even women can drink and enjoy themselves this much.","reading":"べいこくですから、おんなのひとでもこんなにのんであそぶことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"women"},{"text":"人","gloss":"women","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"飲ん","gloss":"drink","reading":"のん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"遊ぶ","gloss":"enjoy themselves","reading":"あそぶ"},{"text":"事","gloss":"can","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.22","source":"明日は 休ですから、こんなに おそくまで 起きている のです。","translation":"Because tomorrow is a day off, I am staying up this late.","reading":"あしたはやすみですから、こんなにおそくまでおきているのです。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"休","gloss":"day off","reading":"やすみ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"おそく","gloss":"late"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"起き","gloss":"am staying up","reading":"おき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am staying up"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am staying up"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt1.23","source":"これは 大切ですから、よく 勉強しなければ なりません。","translation":"Because this is important, you must study it thoroughly.","reading":"これはたいせつですから、よくべんきょうしなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt1.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"やる","gloss":"to do"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Only by doing something · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An action that enables a result","paragraphs":["*よく 勉強すればこそ 日本語が 上手に なれる のです* means \"It is precisely by studying hard that you can become good at Japanese.\"","In *勉強すればこそ*, the conditional form with *こそ* emphasizes the action that enables the result."]},{"title":"A negative reason","paragraphs":["*わからなければこそ、あなたに 聞いている のです* means \"It is precisely because I do not understand that I am asking you.\"","A negative conditional form can carry the same emphasis."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.m1","source":"よく 勉強すればこそ 日本語が 上手に なれる のです。","translation":"It is precisely by studying hard that you can become good at Japanese.","reading":"よくべんきょうすればこそにほんごがじょうずになれるのです。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if you do"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"skillful","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"become"},{"text":"なれる","gloss":"can become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.01","source":"米国で あればこそ、女の人でも こんな事が 出来るのです。","translation":"It is precisely because this is the United States that even women can do this sort of thing.","reading":"べいこくであればこそ、おんなのひとでもこんなことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"women"},{"text":"人","gloss":"women","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.02","source":"けんこうであればこそ、毎日 十時間 働ける のです。","translation":"It is precisely because I am healthy that I can work ten hours every day.","reading":"けんこうであればこそ、まいにちじゅうじかんはたらけるのです。","words":[{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten hours","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"時間","gloss":"ten hours","reading":"じかん"},{"text":"働ける","gloss":"can work","reading":"はたらける"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.03","source":"好きであればこそ、食べる のです。","translation":"I eat it precisely because I like it.","reading":"すきであればこそ、たべるのです。","words":[{"text":"好き","gloss":"like","reading":"すき"},{"text":"で","gloss":"are"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"are"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.04","source":"よく 食べればこそ、大きくなる のです。","translation":"It is precisely by eating well that you grow big.","reading":"よくたべればこそ、おおきくなるのです。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"食べれ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.05","source":"日本語は 役に立てばこそ、今 勉強している のです。","translation":"It is precisely because Japanese is useful that I am studying it now.","reading":"にほんごはやくにたてばこそ、いまべんきょうしているのです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"役","gloss":"useful","reading":"やく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"立て","gloss":"useful","reading":"たて"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"am studying","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"am studying"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am studying"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am studying"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.06","source":"わからなければこそ、あなたに 聞いている のです。","translation":"It is precisely because I do not understand that I am asking you.","reading":"わからなければこそ、あなたにきいているのです。","words":[{"text":"わから","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"am asking","reading":"きい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am asking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am asking"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.07","source":"よく 勉強すればこそ、上手になる のです。","translation":"It is precisely by studying hard that you become good at it.","reading":"よくべんきょうすればこそ、じょうずになるのです。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if you do"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"skillful","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"become"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"なれる","gloss":"to get used to, get accustomed"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"時間","gloss":"hour, time"},{"word":"好き","gloss":"to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Explaining why something is possible · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Usefulness as the reason","paragraphs":["*役に立てばこそ、私が あなたに 教えている のです* means \"It is precisely because it will be useful that I am teaching you.\"","The conditional form with *こそ* makes usefulness the reason for teaching."]},{"title":"A person who makes it possible","paragraphs":["*山本さんで あればこそ 出来る 事ですね* means \"This fine work is something that precisely Mr. Yamamoto can do.\"","The reply says that nobody else could do it. Mr. Yamamoto is the decisive condition."]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.08","source":"うまければこそ、こんなに 沢山 食べている のです。","translation":"It is precisely because it is delicious that I am eating so much.","reading":"うまければこそ、こんなにたくさんたべているのです。","words":[{"text":"うまけれ","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"am eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.09","source":"日本語を 知っていれば 日本へ行って 役に立つでしょうか。","translation":"If I know Japanese, will it be useful when I go to Japan?","reading":"にほんごをしっていればにほんへいってやくにたつでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"知っ","gloss":"know","reading":"しっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"know"},{"text":"いれ","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"go","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"役","gloss":"useful","reading":"やく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"立つ","gloss":"useful","reading":"たつ"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.10","source":"役に立てばこそ、私が あなたに 教えている のです。","translation":"It is precisely because it will be useful that I am teaching you.","reading":"やくにたてばこそ、わたくしがあなたにおしえているのです。","words":[{"text":"役","gloss":"useful","reading":"やく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"立て","gloss":"useful","reading":"たて"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"am teaching","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am teaching"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am teaching"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.11","source":"日本でも こんな 大きぼの 農業を やっていますか。","translation":"Do they also carry on agriculture on this large a scale in Japan?","reading":"にほんでもこんなおおきぼののうぎょうをやっていますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"大","gloss":"large scale","reading":"おお"},{"text":"き","gloss":"large scale"},{"text":"ぼ","gloss":"large scale"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"のうぎょう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"carry on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"carry on"},{"text":"い","gloss":"carry on"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"carry on"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.12","source":"いいえ、米国であればこそ 出来る のです。日本では とても 出来ません。","translation":"No, it can be done precisely because this is the United States. It certainly cannot be done in Japan.","reading":"いいえ、べいこくであればこそできるのです。にほんではとてもできません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"possibly"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"cannot do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.13","source":"こんな きれいな 仕事は 山本さんで あればこそ 出来る 事ですね。","translation":"This fine work is something that precisely Mr. Yamamoto can do, isn’t it?","reading":"こんなきれいなしごとはやまもとさんであればこそできることですね。","words":[{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あれ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.14","source":"そうです。あの人で なければ 出来ない 事です。","translation":"That’s right. It is something that no one but he can do.","reading":"そうです。あのひとでなければできないことです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.15","source":"あの生徒は かん字が ちっとも 出来ませんね。","translation":"That student cannot do kanji at all, can he?","reading":"あのせいとはかんじがちっともできませんね。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ちっとも","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"cannot do","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot do"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"ちっとも","gloss":"not even a little (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Linking actions to their causes · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Study as the condition","paragraphs":["*勉強すればこそ 出来るので* means \"It is precisely by studying that one can do them.\" The rest contrasts this with failing to study.","The line contrasts *勉強すればこそ* with *勉強しなければ*, studying with not studying."]},{"title":"Youth as the condition","paragraphs":["*若ければこそ、あんな 事が 出来る のですね* means \"It is precisely because he is young that he can do such a thing.\"","Here an I-adjective takes its conditional form before *こそ*."]}],"lines":[{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.16","source":"勉強が 足りないんですね。勉強すればこそ 出来るので、勉強しなければ かん字などは 習えませんよ。","translation":"He has not studied enough. It is precisely by studying that one can do them; if one does not study, one cannot learn things like kanji.","reading":"べんきょうがたりないんですね。べんきょうすればこそできるので、べんきょうしなければかんじなどはならえませんよ。","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"足り","gloss":"enough","reading":"たり"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"if one does"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such things"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"習え","gloss":"cannot learn","reading":"ならえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"cannot learn"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"cannot learn"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.17","source":"山本さんは 日曜日も 休まないで、働いているそうですね。","translation":"I hear that Mr. Yamamoto works without taking even Sundays off.","reading":"やまもとさんはにちようびもやすまないで、はたらいているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"山本","gloss":"Yamamoto","reading":"やまもと"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日曜","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"にちよう"},{"text":"日","gloss":"Sunday","reading":"び"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"休ま","gloss":"take off","reading":"やすま"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"without"},{"text":"働い","gloss":"works","reading":"はたらい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"works"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"works"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.18","source":"ええ、そうらしいです。若ければこそ、あんな 事が 出来る のですね。","translation":"Yes, apparently so. It is precisely because he is young that he can do such a thing, isn’t it?","reading":"ええ、そうらしいです。わかければこそ、あんなことができるのですね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"apparently"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"若けれ","gloss":"young","reading":"わかけれ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"こそ、","gloss":"precisely"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.19","source":"田村さんは お金が あるから、あんないい 家を 買う 事が 出来る のです。","translation":"Because Mr. Tamura has money, he can buy such a nice house.","reading":"たむらさんはおかねがあるから、あんないいいえをかうことができるのです。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"has"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"あんな","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"can","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can do","reading":"できる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.20","source":"沢山 食べるから 大きくなる のです。","translation":"You grow big because you eat a lot.","reading":"たくさんたべるからおおきくなるのです。","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"big","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.21","source":"わからないから、君に 聞いている のです。","translation":"I am asking you because I do not understand.","reading":"わからないから、きみにきいているのです。","words":[{"text":"わから","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"am asking","reading":"きい"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am asking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am asking"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.22","source":"きまりが 悪いから、赤い かおを している のです。","translation":"His face is red because he is embarrassed.","reading":"きまりがわるいから、あかいかおをしているのです。","words":[{"text":"きまり","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"text":"が","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"embarrassed","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"赤い","gloss":"red","reading":"あかい"},{"text":"かお","gloss":"face"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is showing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is showing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is showing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L077.pt2.23","source":"おいしいから、こんなに 沢山 食べている のです。","translation":"I am eating this much because it is delicious.","reading":"おいしいから、こんなにたくさんたべているのです。","words":[{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"much"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"am eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am eating"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.pt2.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"かお","gloss":"face"},{"word":"おいしい","gloss":"tasty, delicious"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farm machinery in Japan · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"From animal power to shared machines","paragraphs":["The passage explains why farmers used cattle and horses, then describes the increase in cultivating machines. It names *関東、関西* as areas where the change is especially common.","*農機具は 大抵 一けんの 農家が 一台 買うのですか* asks whether each farm household usually buys one machine. The answer says five or six households buy one together."]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.001","source":"日本の 農業は きぼが 小さいので、大きな 農機具は あまり 使用していませんでした。又 日本の 百姓は 農機具を 買い入れるだけの 経済力も 持っていなかったのです。ですから、田や はたけを 耕すのに、牛や 馬などの 家ちくを 使っていました。ところが 最近では 耕うん機を 使っている 百姓の かずが ひじょうに ふえて来ました。ことに 関東、関西の へんでは そうです。大抵 五六けんの 農家が 一しょになって 耕うん機を 買い入れるのです。","translation":"Because agriculture in Japan was small in scale, large farm machines and implements were not used very much. Also, Japanese farmers did not have enough financial means to purchase farm machines and implements. Therefore, they used domestic animals such as cattle and horses to cultivate rice fields and other fields. Recently, however, the number of farmers using cultivating machines has increased greatly. This is especially so around the Kanto and Kansai regions. Usually, five or six farm households join together to purchase a cultivating machine.","reading":"にほんののうぎょうはきぼがちいさいので、おおきなのうきぐはあまりしようしていませんでした。またにほんのひゃくしょうはのうきぐをかいいれるだけのけいざいりょくももっていなかったのです。ですから、たやはたけをたがやすのに、うしやうまなどのかちくをつかっていました。ところがさいきんではこううんきをつかっているひゃくしょうのかずがひじょうにふえてきました。ことにかんとう、かんさいのへんではそうです。たいていごろっけんののうかがいっしょになってこううんきをかいいれるのです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農業","gloss":"agriculture","reading":"うぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"き","gloss":"scale"},{"text":"ぼ","gloss":"scale"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very much"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"use"},{"text":"い","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"百姓","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase","reading":"かいいれる"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"financial means","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"力","gloss":"financial means","reading":"りょく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"did not have","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"did not have"},{"text":"い","gloss":"did not have"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"did not have"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did not have"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"田","gloss":"rice fields","reading":"た"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"はたけ","gloss":"fields"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"耕す","gloss":"cultivate","reading":"たがやす"},{"text":"の","gloss":"in order"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"to"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domestic animals","reading":"かちく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"used","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"used"},{"text":"い","gloss":"used"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"used"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"used"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"however"},{"text":"が","gloss":"however"},{"text":"最近","gloss":"recently","reading":"さいきん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"耕うん","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"こううん"},{"text":"機","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"using","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"using"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"using"},{"text":"百姓","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ひじょう","gloss":"greatly"},{"text":"に","gloss":"greatly"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"来","gloss":"has increased","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"has increased"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"に","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"関東、","gloss":"Kanto","reading":"かんとう"},{"text":"関西","gloss":"Kansai","reading":"かんさい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"五六","gloss":"five or six","reading":"ごろっ"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"households"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm households","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一しょ","gloss":"together","reading":"いっしょ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"together"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"become"},{"text":"耕うん","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"こううん"},{"text":"機","gloss":"cultivating machine","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase","reading":"かいいれる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.001.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.002","source":"日本では 耕作に 使うために 牛や 馬などの 家ちくを かっていますが、その外、ぶた、やぎ、いぬ、ねこ、うさぎ、それから 鳥るいでは にわとり、あひる、七めん鳥、はとなどを かっています。やぎは おもに ちちを とるために かっています。又 日本の 農家では 大抵 にわとりを かっています。近畿地方では 食糧のため 牛を 沢山 かっています。神戸の ビフテキは 有名です。この あたりでは 牛に ビールを 飲ませたり、よい 食べ物を やったりし、その上、しぼうを 肉に もみこむのだそうです。ですから、肉も やわらかくて 大変 おいしいそうです。北海道では らく農の かずも 多く、牛を 沢山","translation":"In Japan, domestic animals such as cattle and horses are raised for use in cultivation; in addition, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, and rabbits are raised, as are chickens, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons among fowl. Goats are raised mainly for their milk. Also, most Japanese farm households raise chickens. In the Kinki region, many cattle are raised for food. Kobe beefsteak is famous. In this area, they reportedly give the cattle beer and good food, and in addition massage the fat into the meat. Therefore, the meat is said to be tender and very delicious. In Hokkaido there are also many dairy farmers, and they raise many","reading":"にほんではこうさくにつかうためにうしやうまなどのかちくをかっていますが、そのほか、ぶた、やぎ、いぬ、ねこ、うさぎ、それからちょうるいではにわとり、あひる、しちめんちょう、はとなどをかっています。やぎはおもにちちをとるためにかっています。またにほんののうかではたいていにわとりをかっています。きんきちほうではしょくりょうのためうしをたくさんかっています。こうべのビフテキはゆうめいです。このあたりではうしにビールをのませたり、よいたべものをやったりし、そのうえ、しぼうをにくにもみこむのだそうです。ですから、にくもやわらかくてたいへんおいしいそうです。ほっかいどうではらくのうのかずもおおく、うしをたくさん","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"耕作","gloss":"cultivation","reading":"こうさく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domestic animals","reading":"かちく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"その","gloss":"other"},{"text":"外、","gloss":"than","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"ぶた、","gloss":"pigs"},{"text":"やぎ、","gloss":"goats"},{"text":"いぬ、","gloss":"dogs"},{"text":"ねこ、","gloss":"cats"},{"text":"うさぎ、","gloss":"rabbits"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"から","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"鳥","gloss":"fowl","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"るい","gloss":"fowl"},{"text":"で","gloss":"among"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"にわとり、","gloss":"chickens"},{"text":"あひる、","gloss":"ducks"},{"text":"七","gloss":"turkeys","reading":"しち"},{"text":"めん","gloss":"turkeys"},{"text":"鳥、","gloss":"turkeys","reading":"ちょう"},{"text":"はと","gloss":"pigeons"},{"text":"など","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"やぎ","gloss":"goats"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おもに","gloss":"mainly"},{"text":"ちち","gloss":"milk"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"obtain"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm households","reading":"うか"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"にわとり","gloss":"chickens"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"近畿","gloss":"Kinki","reading":"きんき"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"食糧","gloss":"food","reading":"しょくりょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"神戸","gloss":"Kobe","reading":"こうべ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beefsteak"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"有名","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"あたり","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ビール","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"give to drink","reading":"のま"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"give to drink"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"give"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"among other things"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"do"},{"text":"その","gloss":"in"},{"text":"上、","gloss":"addition","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"しぼう","gloss":"fat"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"肉","gloss":"meat","reading":"にく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"もみこむ","gloss":"massage into"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"肉","gloss":"meat","reading":"にく"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"やわらかく","gloss":"tender"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"very","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"北海道","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"らく農","gloss":"dairy farmers"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"多く、","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.002.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.003","source":"かっています。ですから、北海道では 大きな ぼく場が 沢山 見られます。日本で 出来る バターや チーズや 牛にゅうは おもに 北海道から 来るのです。","translation":"cattle. Therefore, many large pastures can be seen in Hokkaido. The butter, cheese, and milk produced in Japan come mainly from Hokkaido.","reading":"かっています。ですから、ほっかいどうではおおきなぼくじょうがたくさんみられます。にほんでできるバターやチーズやぎゅうにゅうはおもにほっかいどうからくるのです。","words":[{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"北海道","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"ぼく場","gloss":"pastures","reading":"ぼくじょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"見","gloss":"can be seen","reading":"み"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"can be seen"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"can be seen"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんで"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"produced","reading":"きる"},{"text":"バター","gloss":"butter"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"チーズ","gloss":"cheese"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"牛にゅう","gloss":"milk","reading":"ぎゅうにゅう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おもに","gloss":"mainly"},{"text":"北海道","gloss":"Hokkaido","reading":"ほっかいどう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.003.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.004","source":"なぜ 日本の 百姓は 大きな 農機具を あまり 使用していませんでしたか。","translation":"Why did Japanese farmers not use large farm machines and implements very much?","reading":"なぜにほんのひゃくしょうはおおきなのうきぐをあまりしようしていませんでしたか。","words":[{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"百姓","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very much"},{"text":"使用","gloss":"use","reading":"しよう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"use"},{"text":"て","gloss":"use"},{"text":"い","gloss":"use"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did not use"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.004.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.005","source":"日本の 百姓は 大きな 農機具を 買い入れるだけの 経済力を 持っていましたか。","translation":"Did Japanese farmers have enough financial means to purchase large farm machines and implements?","reading":"にほんのひゃくしょうはおおきなのうきぐをかいいれるだけのけいざいりょくをもっていましたか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"百姓","gloss":"farmers","reading":"ひゃくしょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase","reading":"かいいれる"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"経済","gloss":"financial means","reading":"けいざい"},{"text":"力","gloss":"financial means","reading":"りょく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"did have","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"did have"},{"text":"い","gloss":"did have"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did have"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did have"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.005.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.006","source":"最近では どうですか。","translation":"How is it nowadays?","reading":"さいきんではどうですか。","words":[{"text":"最近","gloss":"nowadays","reading":"さいきん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"contrast"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.006.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.007","source":"ことに どのへんで 農機具を 沢山 使っていますか。","translation":"In which regions in particular are many farm machines and implements used?","reading":"ことにどのへんでのうきぐをたくさんつかっていますか。","words":[{"text":"こと","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"に","gloss":"especially"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"へん","gloss":"area"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"使っ","gloss":"are using","reading":"つかっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are using"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.007.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.008","source":"農機具は 大抵 一けんの 農家が 一台 買うのですか。","translation":"Does each farm household usually buy one farm machine?","reading":"のうきぐはたいていいっけんののうかがいちだいかうのですか。","words":[{"text":"農","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"のう"},{"text":"機具","gloss":"farm equipment","reading":"きぐ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"けん","gloss":"household"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farm household","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"台","gloss":"machine","reading":"だい"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"に、","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"けん","gloss":"numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"},{"word":"おもに","gloss":"mainly, chiefly"},{"word":"ちち","gloss":"milk"},{"word":"とる","gloss":"to take (v.t.)"},{"word":"食糧","gloss":"food"},{"word":"多く、","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"バター","gloss":"butter"},{"word":"チーズ","gloss":"cheese"},{"word":"牛にゅう","gloss":"milk"},{"word":"なぜ","gloss":"why?"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Livestock, beef and dairy products · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Animals, beef and dairy products","paragraphs":["The questions ask why farmers raise different animals, why Kobe beef is tender, and where dairy farming is concentrated.","*近畿地方では 何を 沢山 かっていますか* means \"What do they raise in large numbers in the Kinki region?\" An answer names cattle and their use for food.","Other answers connect goats with milk and connect Hokkaido with dairy farms, butter, cheese and milk."]}],"lines":[{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.009","source":"日本では どんな 家ちくを かっていますか。","translation":"What kinds of domestic animals are raised in Japan?","reading":"にほんではどんなかちくをかっていますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kinds of"},{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domestic animals","reading":"かちく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.009.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.010","source":"牛や 馬は 大抵 何のために かっていますか。","translation":"For what purpose are cattle and horses usually raised?","reading":"うしやうまはたいていなんのためにかっていますか。","words":[{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"馬","gloss":"horses","reading":"うま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.010.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.011","source":"やぎは 何のために かっていますか。","translation":"For what purpose are goats raised?","reading":"やぎはなんのためにかっていますか。","words":[{"text":"やぎ","gloss":"goats"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are raised"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.011.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.012","source":"近畿地方では 何を 沢山 かっていますか。","translation":"What do they raise in large numbers in the Kinki region?","reading":"きんきちほうではなにをたくさんかっていますか。","words":[{"text":"近畿","gloss":"Kinki","reading":"きんき"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"in large numbers","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"て","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"い","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.012.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.013","source":"神戸の ビフテキは どうですか。","translation":"What is Kobe beefsteak like?","reading":"こうべのビフテキはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"神戸","gloss":"Kobe","reading":"こうべ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beefsteak"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.013.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.014","source":"神戸の ビフテキは なぜ 肉が やわらかくて おいしいのですか。","translation":"Why is the meat in Kobe beefsteak tender and delicious?","reading":"こうべのビフテキはなぜにくがやわらかくておいしいのですか。","words":[{"text":"神戸","gloss":"Kobe","reading":"こうべ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ビフテキ","gloss":"beefsteak"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なぜ","gloss":"why"},{"text":"肉","gloss":"meat","reading":"にく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"やわらかく","gloss":"tender"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.014.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.015","source":"らく農は おもに どこで やっていますか。","translation":"Where is dairy farming mainly carried on?","reading":"らくのうはおもにどこでやっていますか。","words":[{"text":"らく農","gloss":"dairy farming"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おもに","gloss":"mainly"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"is carried on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is carried on"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is carried on"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is carried on"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.015.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L077.q.016","source":"日本で 出来る バター、チーズ、牛にゅうなどは おもに どこから 来ますか。","translation":"Where do butter, cheese, milk, and other dairy products made in Japan mainly come from?","reading":"にほんでできるバター、チーズ、ぎゅうにゅうなどはおもにどこからきますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほんで"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"made","reading":"きる"},{"text":"バター、","gloss":"butter"},{"text":"チーズ、","gloss":"cheese"},{"text":"牛にゅう","gloss":"milk","reading":"ぎゅうにゅう"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and others"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おもに","gloss":"mainly"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.q.016.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"やぎ","gloss":"goat"},{"word":"バター、","gloss":"butter"},{"word":"チーズ、","gloss":"cheese"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Farming machinery and livestock · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Farming work and resources","paragraphs":["The words cover farm machinery, purchasing power, livestock and cultivation.","*農機具* means \"farm machines and implements\". *経済力* means \"economic capability\". *家ちく* means \"domesticated animal\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.001","source":"家ちく","translation":"domesticated animal","reading":"かちく","words":[{"text":"家ちく","gloss":"domesticated animal","reading":"かちく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.001.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.002","source":"農機具","translation":"farm machines & implements","reading":"のうきぐ","words":[{"text":"農機具","gloss":"farm machines and implements","reading":"のうきぐ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.002.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.003","source":"買い入れる","translation":"purchase (v.t.)","reading":"かいいれる","words":[{"text":"買い入れる","gloss":"purchase","reading":"かいいれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.003.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.004","source":"経済力","translation":"economic capability","reading":"けいざいりょく","words":[{"text":"経済力","gloss":"economic capability","reading":"けいざいりょく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.004.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.005","source":"牛","translation":"cow, cattle","reading":"うし","words":[{"text":"牛","gloss":"cattle","reading":"うし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.005.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.006","source":"馬","translation":"horse","reading":"うま","words":[{"text":"馬","gloss":"horse","reading":"うま"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.006.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.007","source":"耕作","translation":"cultivation; tillage","reading":"こうさく","words":[{"text":"耕作","gloss":"cultivation","reading":"こうさく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.007.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.008","source":"かう","translation":"raise, rear, breed (v.t.)","reading":"かう","words":[{"text":"かう","gloss":"raise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.008.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.009","source":"見受ける","translation":"see (v.t.)","reading":"みうける","words":[{"text":"見受ける","gloss":"see","reading":"みうける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.009.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.010","source":"思ったより","translation":"than expected; than first thought","reading":"おもったより","words":[{"text":"思ったより","gloss":"than expected","reading":"おもったより"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.010.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.011","source":"耕うん機","translation":"cultivation machine","reading":"こううんき","words":[{"text":"耕うん機","gloss":"cultivation machine","reading":"こううんき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"農機具","gloss":"farm machines & implements"},{"word":"経済力","gloss":"economic capability"},{"word":"かう","gloss":"raise, rear, breed (v.t.)"},{"word":"見受ける","gloss":"see (v.t.)"},{"word":"思ったより","gloss":"than expected; than first thought"},{"word":"耕うん機","gloss":"cultivation machine"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Regions, cultivation and animals · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Regions, amounts and animals","paragraphs":["The words cover cultivation, quantities, animals and two regions.","*関東* means \"the Tokyo-Yokohama area\". *関西* means \"the Osaka-Kyoto area\". *耕す* means \"cultivate\" or \"till\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.012","source":"ところが","translation":"however","reading":"ところが","words":[{"text":"ところが","gloss":"however"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.012.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.013","source":"耕す","translation":"cultivate; till (vt)","reading":"たがやす","words":[{"text":"耕す","gloss":"cultivate","reading":"たがやす"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.013.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.014","source":"わずか","translation":"a small amount; trifling","reading":"わずか","words":[{"text":"わずか","gloss":"a small amount"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.014.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.015","source":"少くとも","translation":"at least","reading":"すくなくとも","words":[{"text":"少くとも","gloss":"at least","reading":"すくなくとも"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.015.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.016","source":"関東","translation":"Tokyo-Yokohama area (See Cult Notes)","reading":"かんとう","words":[{"text":"関東","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama area","reading":"かんとう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.016.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.017","source":"関西","translation":"Osaka-Kyoto area (See Cult Notes)","reading":"かんさい","words":[{"text":"関西","gloss":"Osaka-Kyoto area","reading":"かんさい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.017.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.018","source":"ぶた","translation":"pig, hog","reading":"ぶた","words":[{"text":"ぶた","gloss":"pig"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.018.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.019","source":"やぎ","translation":"goat","reading":"やぎ","words":[{"text":"やぎ","gloss":"goat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.019.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.020","source":"ねこ","translation":"cat","reading":"ねこ","words":[{"text":"ねこ","gloss":"cat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.020.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.021","source":"うさぎ","translation":"rabbit, hare","reading":"うさぎ","words":[{"text":"うさぎ","gloss":"rabbit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.021.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.022","source":"鳥るい","translation":"birds, fowl","reading":"ちょうるい","words":[{"text":"鳥るい","gloss":"birds","reading":"ちょうるい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ところが","gloss":"however"},{"word":"少くとも","gloss":"at least"},{"word":"関東","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama area (See Cult Notes)"},{"word":"ぶた","gloss":"pig, hog"},{"word":"ねこ","gloss":"cat"},{"word":"うさぎ","gloss":"rabbit, hare"},{"word":"鳥るい","gloss":"birds, fowl"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Poultry, sheep and dairy farming · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Animals and regional farming","paragraphs":["The words cover poultry, sheep, dairy farming and two regions.","*東北* means \"northeastern Honshu\". *近畿地方* means \"the Osaka-Kyoto area\". *らく農* means \"dairy farm\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.023","source":"にわとり","translation":"chicken","reading":"にわとり","words":[{"text":"にわとり","gloss":"chicken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.023.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.024","source":"あひる","translation":"duck","reading":"あひる","words":[{"text":"あひる","gloss":"duck"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.024.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.025","source":"七めん鳥","translation":"turkey","reading":"しちめんちょう","words":[{"text":"七めん鳥","gloss":"turkey","reading":"しちめんちょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.025.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.026","source":"はと","translation":"pigeon; dove","reading":"はと","words":[{"text":"はと","gloss":"pigeon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.026.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.027","source":"ひつじ","translation":"sheep","reading":"ひつじ","words":[{"text":"ひつじ","gloss":"sheep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.027.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.028","source":"--を のぞいて(は)","translation":"with the exception of ---","reading":"--をのぞいて(は)","words":[{"text":"--をのぞいて(は)","gloss":"except for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.028.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.029","source":"東北","translation":"northeastern Honshu (See Cult Notes)","reading":"とうほく","words":[{"text":"東北","gloss":"northeastern Honshu","reading":"とうほく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.029.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.030","source":"ぼく場","translation":"pasture","reading":"ぼくじょう","words":[{"text":"ぼく場","gloss":"pasture","reading":"ぼくじょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.030.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.031","source":"らく農","translation":"dairy farm","reading":"らくのう","words":[{"text":"らく農","gloss":"dairy farm","reading":"らくのう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.031.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.032","source":"近畿地方","translation":"Osaka-Kyoto area (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"きんきちほう","words":[{"text":"近畿地方","gloss":"Osaka-Kyoto area","reading":"きんきちほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.032.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.033","source":"しぼう","translation":"fat","reading":"しぼう","words":[{"text":"しぼう","gloss":"fat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.033.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"にわとり","gloss":"chicken"},{"word":"あひる","gloss":"duck"},{"word":"七めん鳥","gloss":"turkey"},{"word":"--をのぞいて(は)","gloss":"with the exception of ---"},{"word":"東北","gloss":"northeastern Honshu (See Cult Notes)"},{"word":"近畿地方","gloss":"Osaka-Kyoto area (See Cult. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Beef and dairy words · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Beef, milk and decisive reasons","paragraphs":["The words cover beef, dairy products and forms for a decisive reason.","*---ならこそ* means \"only because it is\". *であればこそ* means \"only because it is in\". *牛にゅう* means \"milk\"."]}],"lines":[{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.034","source":"もみこむ","translation":"massage--into,rub--into","reading":"もみこむ","words":[{"text":"もみこむ","gloss":"rub into"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.034.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.035","source":"---ならこそ","translation":"only because it is (See cult. Notes)","reading":"---ならこそ","words":[{"text":"---ならこそ","gloss":"only because it is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.035.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.036","source":"であればこそ","translation":"only because it is in --- (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"であればこそ","words":[{"text":"であればこそ","gloss":"only because it is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.036.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.037","source":"高いものにつく","translation":"prove to be expensive","reading":"たかいものにつく","words":[{"text":"高いものにつく","gloss":"prove to be expensive","reading":"たかいものにつく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.037.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.038","source":"ちち","translation":"milk","reading":"ちち","words":[{"text":"ちち","gloss":"milk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.038.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.039","source":"バター","translation":"butter","reading":"バター","words":[{"text":"バター","gloss":"butter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.039.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.040","source":"チーズ","translation":"cheese","reading":"チーズ","words":[{"text":"チーズ","gloss":"cheese"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.040.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L077.w.041","source":"牛にゅう","translation":"milk","reading":"ぎゅうにゅう","words":[{"text":"牛にゅう","gloss":"milk","reading":"ぎゅうにゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L077.w.041.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":6,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1a Talk about domestic animals raised both in Japan and in the United States.\n\n1b Talk about domestic animals used for farm work.\n\n1c Talk about dairy farming in Japan.\n\n2a Look at the pictures on Pages 238 to 246 and talk about them."},{"section":7,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercises following each pattern.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"---ならこそ","gloss":"only because it is (See cult. Notes)"},{"word":"であればこそ","gloss":"only because it is in --- (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"高いものにつく","gloss":"prove to be expensive"}],"paradigms":[]}]}